For contemporary styles see Pantyhose, Hosiery

Florentine particolored hose, c. 1470

Hose are any of various styles of men's clothing for the legs and lower body, worn from the Middle Ages through the 17th century, when the term fell out of use in favor of breeches and stockings. (See also trousers.) The old plural form of "hose" was hosen. The French equivalent was chausses.

Early wool hose were fitted to the leg, and 15th century hose were often made particolored or mi-parti, having each leg a different color, or even one leg made of two colors. These early hose were footed, in the manner of modern tights, and were open from the crotch to the leg. When very short doublets were in fashion, codpieces were added to cover the front opening.

By the 16th century, hose had separated into two garments: upper hose or breeches and nether hose or stockings.

From the mid-16th to early 17th centuries, a variety of styles of hose were in fashion. Popular styles included:

• Trunk hose or round hose, short padded hose. Very short trunk hose were worn over cannions, fitted hose that ended above the knee.
• Slops or galligaskins, loose hose reaching just below the knee.

Trunk hose and slops could be paned or pansied, with strips of fabric (panes) over a full inner layer or lining. Pansied slop is a round hose characterized by the addition of a layer of panes, or strips of fabric running from the waistband to the leg band. These are commonly referred to as "pumpkin" pants.

• Pluderhosen, a Northern European form of pansied slops with a very full inner layer pulled out between the panes and hanging below the knee.^[1]
• Venetians, semi-fitted hose reaching just below the knee.

Gallery[link]

• 

  Hose or chausses worn with braies and tied to a belt, 1440

• 

  Servant wearing pluderhosen, 1565

• 

  Charles IX of France wearing padded hose, 1566

• 

  Sir Walter Raleigh in paned trunk hose and cannions, and his son in loose slops, 1602

See also[link]

• 1500–1550 in fashion
• 1550–1600 in fashion

Notes[link]

References[link]

Janet Arnold: Patterns of Fashion: the cut and construction of clothes for men and women 1560–1620, Macmillan 1985. Revised edition 1986. (ISBN 0-89676-083-9)

External links[link]

• Hose in the Middle Ages and Renaissance 13th–16th century hose, from illustrations and museums

v t e Hosiery Lower leg Bobby socks Bootee Knee highs Leg warmer Loose socks Socks Tabi Toe socks Crew sock Dress socks Anklet Low cut Full leg Fully fashioned stockings Hold-ups Leggings Legskin Pantyhose Stocking Tights Historical Boothose · Hose Brands Aerie Aristoc Frederick's of Hollywood Gerbe Gilly Hicks Hanes HanesBrands Jockey International L'eggs Levante No Nonsense Pretty Polly Spanx Victoria's Secret VienneMilano Wolford

This article does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2010)

A series of tubes

Look up hose in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A hose is a hollow tube designed to carry fluids from one location to another. Hoses are also sometimes called pipes (the word pipe usually refers to a rigid tube, whereas a hose is usually a flexible one), or more generally tubing. The shape of a hose is usually cylindrical (having a circular cross section).

Hose design is based on a combination of application and performance. Common factors are Size, Pressure Rating, Weight, Length, Straight hose or Coilhose and Chemical Compatabiltiy.

Hoses are made from one or a combination of many different materials. Applications mostly use nylon, polyurethane, polyethylene, PVC, or synthetic or natural rubbers, based on the environment and pressure rating needed. In recent years, hoses can also be manufactured from special grades of polyethylene (LDPE and especially LLDPE). Other hose materials include PTFE (Teflon), stainless steel and other metals.

Reinforced rubber hose[link]

To achieve a better pressure resistance hoses can be reinforced with fibers or steel cord. Commonly used reinforcement methods are braiding, spiralling, knitting and wrapping of fabric plies. The reinfocement increases the pressure resistance but also the stiffness. To obtain flexibility corrugations or bellows are used. Usually circumferential or helical reinforcement rings are applied to maintain these corrugated or bellowed structures under internal pressure.

Applications[link]

Hoses can be used in water or other liquid environments or to convey air or other gases. Hoses are used to carry fluids through air or fluid environments, and they are typically used with clamps, spigots, flanges, and nozzles to control fluid flow.

Specific applications include the following:

• A garden hose is used to water plants in a garden or lawn, or to convey water to a sprinkler for the same purpose.
• A Tough Hose is used to water crops in agriculture for drip irrigation
• A fire hose is used by firefighters to convey water to the site of a fire.
• Air hoses are used in underwater diving to carry air from a surface compressor or from air tanks. (See also Snorkeling.) Industrial uses for operating flexible machinery and worktable tooling such as pneumatic screw drivers, grinders, staplers, etc.
• Hoses have been used in air brake systems ever since the technology was invented by George Westinghouse in 1868. This includes:
  • Railway air brake hoses used between locomotives and railroad cars, and
  • Truck air brake hoses used between tractors and semi-trailers.
• In building services, metal or plastic hoses are used to move water around a building; whilst air ducts are used to move air around (see air conditioning). They can also be used to take out vibration, and thermal or settlement movement.
• Automotive hoses are used in automobiles to move fluids around for use in cooling, lubrication, and/or hydraulics. Hoses are also used to convey pressure or vacuum signals to control circuits or gauges, as well as conveying vacuum to heating, cooling, brake, and/or locking systems.
• In chemistry and medicine, hoses (usually called tubes) are used to move liquid chemicals or gases around.
• A fuel hose carries fuel.

See also[link]

• Cut-off factor
• Faucet
• Pipe
• Tubing

References[link]

Shovkat Alakbarova
Shovkat Alakbarova
Background information
Born	(1922-10-10)10 October 1922 Baku, Azerbaijan
Died	7 February 1993(1993-02-07) (aged 70) Baku, Azerbaijan
Genres	Classical
Years active	1937–1992

Shovkat Feyzulla qizi Alakbarova (Azerbaijani: Şövkət Ələkbərova) (10 October 1922, Baku – 7 February 1993, Baku) was an Azerbaijani singer.

Life and Career Development[link]

Shovkat Alakbarova was born to Azeri parents - Feyzulla and Hokuma Alakbarov and was the third of the family's four children. Her mother was a professional tar player and her father, a labourer, was a folk music lover. Both parents passed similar interests on to their children.^[1] As a child, Shovkat took up kamancha lessons. In 1937, she became one of the finalists at a contest held among amateur singers and judged by prominent Azerbaijani composers and musicians, such as Uzeyir Hajibeyov and Bulbul. She performed Qarabagh shikastasi at the Azerbaijan State Opera and Ballet Theatre in Baku (which was her first stage performance) and was chosen by Hajibeyov to join the newly formed Azerbaijan State Choir, where Alakbarova started her professional career as a singer. As a teenager, she was vocally trained by mugham instructor Aghalar Aliverdibeyov and opera singer Huseyngulu Sarabski. At the early stage of her career, she mostly performed folk songs.

Alakbarova singing Ağ çiçəyim

During the Second World War while giving concerts to soldiers in hospitals, train stations, military units, Alakbarova first sang patriotic war songs composed by Hajibeyov. She would make up to 50 performances a day, including those in distant places such as Stalingrad and Ukraine. Beginning in 1945, she worked with the Azerbaijan State Philharmonic Society. By the 1950s, she was recognized as the most popular Azerbaijani singer of both folk and composed songs. Most of Alakbarova's songs were in Azeri, however she also sang in Persian, Arabic, and Turkish. She toured over 20 countries in Europe, Asia and Africa. Three years before her death, in 1990, she went to Germany to receive medical treatment and at the same time to perform for the Azeri émigrés.

Family and Death[link]

In 1955, Alakbarova married film director and actor Latif Safarov, and later gave birth to two children: daughter Natella and son Bashir. Natella's death in 1992 severely affected 70 year-old Alakbarova's unstable health condition. She died a year after, at the age of 70.

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Shovkat Alakbarova

To listen to Shovkat Alakbarova, click here

• A Live performance (Karabakh Song)