Doolittle is the second studio album from the American alternative rock band Pixies, released in April 1989 on 4AD. The album's offbeat and dark subject material, featuring references to surrealism, Biblical violence, torture and death, contrasts with the clean production sound achieved by the newly hired producer Gil Norton. Doolittle was the Pixies' first international release, with Elektra Records acting as the album's distributor in the United States and PolyGram in Canada.
Pixies released two singles from Doolittle, "Here Comes Your Man" and "Monkey Gone to Heaven", both of which were chart successes on the US chart for Modern Rock Tracks. The album itself reached number eight on the UK Albums Chart, an unexpected success for the band. In retrospect, album tracks such as "Debaser", "Wave of Mutilation", "Monkey Gone to Heaven", "Gouge Away", and "Hey" are highly acclaimed by critics, while the album, along with debut LP Surfer Rosa, is often seen as the band's strongest work.
Doolittle has continued to sell consistently well in the years since its release, and in 1995 was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The album has been cited as inspirational by many alternative artists, while numerous music publications have ranked it as one of the most influential albums ever. A 2003 poll of NME writers ranked Doolittle as the second-greatest album of all time,[1] and Rolling Stone placed the album at 226 on its list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time".[2]
Following their highly regarded but commercially unsuccessful 1988 album Surfer Rosa,[3] the band embarked on a European tour with fellow Bostonians Throwing Muses, before beginning a tour of North American states. During this time Black Francis, the group's frontman and principal songwriter, began to write new material for a future album, with songs such as "Dead", "Hey", "Tame", and "There Goes My Gun" emerging through the course of the year.[4] Versions of the newly composed songs were recorded during several sessions for John Peel's radio show in 1988, while a live recording of "Hey" appeared on a free EP circulated with a 1988 edition of Sounds.[5]
Doolittle's lyrics contain several biblical references—principal Pixies songwriter Black Francis wanted the album to be operatic like the biblical
Whore of Babylon
In mid-1988, the Pixies began to record demo sessions while on breaks from touring. The band headed to the Boston recording studio Eden Sound, which at the time comprised a small room in the basement of a hair salon. They recorded at the studio for a week, in circumstances similar to the previous year's the Purple Tape sessions. Francis gave the demo tape and upcoming album the provisional title of Whore, though he later claimed his natural father had originally suggested the name. Francis has clarified that he was thinking of the word "in the more traditional sense [...] the operatic, biblical sense, [...] as in the great whore of Babylon."[6] After completing the demo tape, band manager Ken Goes suggested two producers for the album; Liverpudlian Gil Norton and American Ed Stasium. The band had previously worked with Norton while recording the single version of "Gigantic" in May 1988. Francis had no preference, although Ivo Watts-Russell, head of the band's label 4AD, wanted Norton to produce the Pixies' next album. He was hired as producer, with Stasium not even approached for the position.[7]
Norton arrived in Boston on October 31, 1988, and first visited Francis' apartment in to review the album's demos. The two talked about arrangements, and spent two days intensively analyzing the album's songs. Norton learned to gauge Francis’ reaction to changing arrangements, and later observed that the frontman "doesn't like to do anything twice." Norton spent a further two weeks in pre-production to familiarise himself with the Pixies' sound.[8]
Recording sessions for the album began on October 31, 1988 at Downtown Recorders in Boston, Massachusetts, at the time a professional 24-track studio. 4AD allowed the Pixies a budget of $40,000, excluding producer's fees. This was a modest sum for a 1980s major label album; however, it quadrupled the amount spent on the band's previous album, Surfer Rosa. Along with Norton, two assistant recording engineers and two second assistants were assigned to the project. The sessions lasted three weeks, concluding on November 23,[9] with "nearly a song a day" being recorded.[10]
Production and mixing began on November 28. The band relocated to Carriage House Studios, a residential studio in Stamford, Connecticut, to oversee production and record further tracks.[11] Norton recruited Steve Haigler as mixing engineer, whom he had worked with at Fort Apache Studios. During production, Haigler and Norton added layers of guitars and vocals to songs, including overdubbed guitars on "Debaser" and double tracking vocals on "Wave of Mutilation". During the recordings, Norton advised Francis to alter several songs; a noted example being "There Goes My Gun" which was originally intended as a much faster Hüsker Dü-style song. However, at Norton's advice, Francis slowed down the tempo.[7]
Norton's suggestions were not always welcome, and several instances of advice to add verses and increase track length contributed to the front man's building frustration. Eventually, Francis took Norton to a record store (the beat, sacramento,CA), where he handed him a copy of Buddy Holly's Greatest Hits, in which most of the songs are about two minutes long.[12] He told Norton, "If it's good enough for Buddy Holly..."[13] In a Rolling Stone interview, Francis later recalled that "this record is him trying to make us, shall I say, commercial, and us trying to remain somewhat grungy."[14] Production continued until December 12, 1988, with Norton and Haigler adding extra effects, including gated reverb to the mix. The master tapes were then sent for final post-production later that month.[15]
Doolittle features an eclectic mix of musical styles. While tracks such as "Tame" and "Crackity Jones" are fast and aggressive, and incorporate the band's trademark loud–quiet dynamic,[16] other songs such as "Silver", "I Bleed", and "Here Comes Your Man" reveal a quieter, slower and more melodic temperament.[17] With Doolittle, the band began to incorporate further instruments into their sound; for instance, "Monkey Gone to Heaven" features two violins and two cellos. Several tracks on Doolittle are constructed around simple repeating chord progressions.
"Tame" is based on a three chord formula; including Joey Santiago's playing a "Hendrix chord" over the main bass progression.[18] "I Bleed" is melodically simple, and is formed around a single rhythmical repetition. Some songs are influenced by other genres of music; while "Crackity Jones" has a distinctly Spanish sound, and incorporates G♯ and A triads over a C♯ pedal, the song's rhythm guitar, played by Francis, starts with an eighth-note downstroke typical of punk rock music.[19]
The lyrical themes explored on Doolittle range from the surrealism of "Debaser", to the environmental catastrophe of "Monkey Gone to Heaven". The women and whores of "Mr. Grieves", "Tame", and "Hey" share space with the Biblical analogies of "Dead" and "Gouge Away". Black Francis often claimed that Doolittle's lyrics were words which just "fit together nicely", and that "the point [of the album] is to experience it, to enjoy it, to be entertained by it."[20] Francis wrote all the material for the album with the exception of "Silver", which he co-wrote with Kim Deal.[21]
The album's opening track "Debaser" references surrealism, a theme that runs throughout the album. "Debaser" alludes to Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí's 1929 surrealist film Un chien andalou, and the lyric "slicing up eyeballs" refers to an early scene in the film.[22] Surrealism heavily influenced Francis in his college years and throughout his career with the Pixies. In 1989, Francis expressed his interest in surrealism and its influence on his songwriting method to the New York Times by stating "I got into avant-garde movies and Surrealism as an escape from reality. [...] To me, Surrealism is totally artificial. I recently read an interview with the director David Lynch who said he had ideas and images but that he didn't know exactly what they meant. That's how I write."[23]
Another of the album's main themes is environmental catastrophe. "Monkey Gone to Heaven" deals with man's destruction of the ocean and "confusion of man's place in the universe". As Francis put it: "On one hand, it's this big organic toilet. Things get flushed and repurified or decomposed and it's this big, dark, mysterious place. It's also a very mythological place where there are octopus's gardens, the Bermuda Triangle, Atlantis, and mermaids."[24] "Monkey Gone to Heaven" is concerned with man's relationship to the divine, a theme shared with "Mr. Grieves".
Two songs on Doolittle are fashioned after Biblical stories: the story of David and Bathsheba in "Dead", and Samson and Delilah in "Gouge Away".[25] Francis' fascination with Biblical themes can be traced back to his teenage years; when he was twelve, he and his parents joined an evangelical church linked to the Assemblies of God. This background was to be an influence in Doolittle, where he referred to the Devil being "six" and God being "seven" in "Monkey Gone to Heaven".
Other songs explored eccentric subjects, such as in "Wave of Mutilation", which Francis described as being about "Japanese businessmen doing murder-suicides with their families because they'd failed in business, and they're driving off a pier into the ocean."[26] The song's opening phrase, "Cease to resist", is a reference to The Beach Boys' 1968 song "Never Learn Not to Love", their rewritten version of Charles Manson's composition "Cease to Exist."
"Wave of Mutilation"'s sea and underwater themes, which also feature in "Mr. Grieves" and "Monkey Gone to Heaven", are explorations of one arena for man's death and destruction.[27] Ben Sisario points out that the album begins ("Debaser") and ends ("Gouge Away") with songs about violence being done to eyes.[28] "Crackity Jones" covers another offbeat subject; Francis' roommate in his student exchange trip to San Juan, Puerto Rico, who he described as a "weird psycho gay roommate."[29]
Doolittle also references more ostensibly conventional subjects. "La La Love You", sung by the band's drummer David Lovering, is a love song—though with its "first base, second base, third base, home run" break, it's been referred to as "a dig at the very idea of a love song".[30] Francis gave it to Lovering as a song to sing, "like a Ringo thing"; Lovering at first refused to sing, but Norton said that soon he was unable to "get him away from the microphone."[31] As well as lead vocals on "La La Love You", Lovering played bass guitar on "Silver", with Deal playing slide guitar; this arrangement did not occur again.
Doolittle was the first album where Simon Larbalestier, the Pixies' cover photographer, and Vaughan Oliver, the band's cover artist, had access to the lyrics. According to Larbalestier, this "made a fundamental difference."[32] The availability of the lyrics allowed the art and photographs to be more closely tied to the content of the album; the cover references the themes in "Monkey Gone to Heaven", and depicts a stuffed monkey, with a halo and the numbers five, six and seven above it ("if man is five... then the Devil is six... then God is seven").
The surrealist and abstract images throughout the album booklet are linked to the album's content. "Gouge Away" is represented by a picture of a spoon containing hair, laid across a woman's torso; a direct pictorial representation of heroin, with the spoon and the hair being horses.[33] "I Bleed" is referenced with the image "As Loud As Hell"; the image shows "a ringing bell," with a set of teeth; this references the line "it shakes my teeth." "Walking with the Crustaceans" is a visual representation of "Wave of Mutilation"'s lyrics. Larbalestier later commented that he was interested in "early Surrealist stuff" at this time.[32]
During the recording sessions, Whore was discarded as a potential album title, after Oliver changed the cover artwork idea to a monkey and halo cover. Francis later explained his rationale for the move:[34]
| “ |
I thought people were going to think I was some kind of anti-Catholic or that I'd been raised Catholic and trying to get into this Catholic naughty-boy stuff. [...] A monkey with a halo, calling it Whore, that would bring all kinds of shit that wouldn't be true. So I said I'd change the title. |
” |
Francis then named the album Doolittle, from the "Mr. Grieves" lyric "Pray for a man in the middle / One that talks like Doolittle."[35] This was in the tradition of previous Pixies albums; both Come On Pilgrim and Surfer Rosa used song lyrics for the album title.
In the months following Surfer Rosa, the Pixies' management fielded calls from a number of labels. Elektra Records A&R scout Peter Lubin first saw the band in October 1988, when they opened for The Jesus and Mary Chain. He immediately sought to convince the band to sign to his label. Pixies contracted to Elektra Records during a UK spring tour in 1989. Elektra followed by releasing a live promotional album, which contained two songs from their forthcoming album, "Debaser" and "Gouge Away", along with a selection of earlier material.[5]
However, Elektra had not yet attained distribution rights to Doolittle while 4AD, then a small British independent record label, held worldwide distribution rights. The problem facing 4AD was the fact that they did not have access to distribution outside of the United Kingdom; up to this point the band had to import all of their previous records from Europe. The Pixies' management sought international distribution; and while negotiations with Elektra and other record companies began in the third quarter of 1988, they were only completed just two weeks before Doolittle's release on April 2, 1989. PolyGram had already secured Canadian distribution rights by that time.[36]
Doolittle was released in the United Kingdom on April 17, 1989 and in the United States the following day. Throughout the States, helped by Elektra Records' major label status, retail displays were constructed for the record, and "Monkey Gone to Heaven", the first single from the album, was released to radio stations for inclusion on playlists.[37] Doolittle's chart performance in the United States was unremarkable; the album entered the Billboard 200 at number 171. However, with the help of college radio-play of "Monkey Gone to Heaven", Doolittle eventually rose to number 98 and spent two weeks in the Top 100.[38] In Britain, the record reached number eight on the UK Album Chart.[39] This chart placing was an unexpected success for the band, as their previous two records, Come On Pilgrim and Surfer Rosa, had failed to make such an impact on the British charts.[40]
In June 1989, 4AD released "Here Comes Your Man" as the album's second single. It reached number three on the US Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 56 in the UK Singles Chart.[39][41] It was not the last single from the album: in 1997, "Debaser" was released as a single to promote the Death to the Pixies compilation.
The song "Wave of Mutilation" features in the 2006 film, Southland Tales and its soundtrack, Southland Tales: Music from the Motion Picture.
Following its release, Doolittle sold steadily in America, and broke sales of 100,000 after six months. By early 1992, while the band were supporting U2 on their Zoo TV Tour, the album was selling 1,500 copies per week. The middle of 1993, two years after the band's last album, Trompe le Monde, saw sales average 1,200 copies per week. Doolittle was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1995.[42] Ten years after the breakup, Doolittle was still selling between 500 and 1,000 copies a week; the reunion tour saw sales creep back up to 1,200 copies per week. At the end of 2005, best estimates put total sales in America at between 800,000 and one million copies.[43]
Reaction to Doolittle was positive in general, with the album garnering praise from several major music publications. NME commented that "the songs on Doolittle have the power to make you literally jump out of your skin with excitement."[44] Q, giving the album four stars out of five, said that Doolittle's "carefully structured noise and straightforward rhythmic insistence makes perfect sense."[45] Tim Rolston, of the Daily Telegraph praised Doolittle as "a scintillating rock'n'roll album" and the Pixies' "finest half-hour so far."[46] Other publications also awarded the album four out of five stars, including the British music weekly Record Mirror, The Philadelphia Inquirer, the Los Angeles Times, and the Chicago Tribune.[44] The Village Voice's Robert Christgau gave the album a B+ rating, suggesting that "getting famous too fast could ruin them."[47]
Other music critics gave the album more mixed reviews.[45] Time Out said that "Gil Norton's toy theatre production makes a drama out of what should have been a crisis." Spin ran a hundred-word review of the album, including critic Joe Levy's comment "the insanity less surreal and more silly, and the songs themselves more like songs and less like adventures." Rolling Stone, reviewing the album in July 1989, gave the album three and a half stars.[45] Doolittle appeared on several end-of-year "Best Album" lists; both Rolling Stone and The Village Voice placed the album tenth, and independent music magazines Sounds and Melody Maker both ranked the album as the second-best of the year. NME also ranked the album highly, placing it fourth in their end-of-year list.[48]
The sudden loud to quiet dynamic present on Doolittle, most notably in "Tame", has been very influential on alternative rock. After writing "Smells Like Teen Spirit", both Kurt Cobain and Krist Novoselic of Nirvana thought: "this really sounds like the Pixies. People are really going to nail us for this."[49] Producer Gil Norton usually receives much credit for the album's dynamic, and is sought by bands seeking a similar sound.[50] Former The Smashing Pumpkins guitarist James Iha described Doolittle as less raw than Surfer Rosa but "more listenable" and "Here Comes Your Man" as a "classic pop record." Fellow alternative musician PJ Harvey was "in awe" of "I Bleed" and "Tame", and described Francis' writing as "amazing".[44]
During the recording of Doolittle, tensions between Francis and Deal became visible to band members and the production team. Bickering and standoffs between the two marred the recording sessions and led to increased stress among the band members.[51] John Murphy, Deal's husband at the time, later recalled that with Doolittle it "went from just all fun to work."[52] Exhaustion from touring and from releasing three records in two years contributed to the friction. This culminated at the end of the US post-Doolittle "Fuck or Fight" tour, where they were too tired to attend the end-of-tour party. Soon afterwards the band announced that they were taking a break.[53]
After they reconvened in 1990, Francis began to limit Deal's contributions to the band. He wrote and sang all the original material on the Pixies' two subsequent albums; 1990's Bossanova and 1991's Trompe le Monde (both produced by Norton and mixed by Haigler). This breakdown in the relationship between Deal and Francis, first apparent during the recording of Doolittle, ultimately led to the band's breakup in late 1992 and early 1993.[54]
A range of music magazines have since acclaimed Doolittle as one of the quintessential alternative rock albums of the 1980s. Rolling Stone, reviewing Doolittle again in 2002, gave the album a maximum score of five stars, remarking that it laid the "groundwork for Nineties rock."[55] Doolittle has received a number of international accolades and is consistently noted as one of the best albums of the 1980s in any genre.[48]
The information regarding accolades attributed to Doolittle is taken from AcclaimedMusic.net.[48]
(*) designates unordered lists.
All tracks were written by Black Francis, except where noted.
- "Debaser" – 2:52
- "Tame" – 1:55
- "Wave of Mutilation" – 2:04
- "I Bleed" – 2:34
- "Here Comes Your Man" – 3:21
- "Dead" – 2:21
- "Monkey Gone to Heaven" – 2:56
- "Mr. Grieves" – 2:05
- "Crackity Jones" – 1:24
- "La La Love You" – 2:43
- "No. 13 Baby" – 3:51
- "There Goes My Gun" – 1:49
- "Hey" – 3:31
- "Silver" (Francis/Deal) – 2:25
- "Gouge Away" – 2:45
- Pixies
- Additional musicians
- Arthur Fiacco – cello on "Monkey Gone to Heaven"
- Karen Karlsrud – violin on "Monkey Gone to Heaven"
- Corine Metter – violin on "Monkey Gone to Heaven"
- Ann Rorich – cello on "Monkey Gone to Heaven"
- Production
- Album
- Singles
- ^ a b "NME's 100 Best Albums". Rocklist.net. http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/nmes_100_best_albums.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ Rolling Stone Magazine 500 Greatest Albums of All Time Nov 18, 2003
- ^ Frank, Josh; Ganz, Caryn. "Fool the World: The Oral History of a Band Called Pixies". Virgin Books, 2006. ISBN 0-312-34007-9. p. 87
- ^ Frank, Ganz, 2005. p. 104
- ^ a b "4AD — Pixies profile". http://www.4ad.com/pixies/profile/?page=2. Retrieved 2007-01-01. [dead link]
- ^ Sisario, Ben. Doolittle 33⅓. Continuum, 2006. ISBN 0-8264-1774-4. p. 21
- ^ a b Sisario, 2006. p. 45
- ^ Frank, Ganz, 2005. p. 112
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 47
- ^ Ganz, Caryn. "Pixies - Doolittle". Spin. July 2005.
- ^ Frank, Ganz, 2005. p. 116
- ^ Frank, Ganz, 2006. p. 114
- ^ Sisario, p. 46
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 52
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 55–6
- ^ Edwards, Mark (2004-08-08). "Pop:Loud quiet loud". London: The Sunday Times. http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/article465372.ece. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ "albumvote reviews — Doolittle by Pixies". http://www.albumvote.co.uk/albums/pixies-doolittle.html. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 80–82
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 102
- ^ Sisario, 2006. blurb
- ^ Doolittle CD cover booklet.
- ^ Ebert, Roger (2000-04-16). "Un Chien Andalou". RogerEbert.com. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20000416/REVIEWS08/401010369/1023. Retrieved 2007-03-19.
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 26.
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 96
- ^ Spitz, Marc. "Life to the Pixies." Spin. September 2004.
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 83
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 85
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 119.
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 12
- ^ Sisario, 2006, 104.
- ^ Frank, Ganz, 2005. p. 113
- ^ a b Frank, Ganz, 2005. p. 117
- ^ Frank, Ganz, 200. insert.
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 54
- ^ Francis, Black. Lyrics. "Mr. Grieves." Doolittle. LP. 4AD 1989.
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 22
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 61
- ^ a b "Pixies Album & Song Chart History". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/pixies/chart-history/5420?f=305&g=Albums. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ a b c d e f "PIXIES – The Official Charts Company". The Official UK Charts Company. http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/Pixies/. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 63
- ^ a b c "Pixies Album & Song Chart History – Alternative Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.billboard.com/#/artist/pixies/chart-history/5420?f=377&g=Singles. Retrieved 2011-04-17.
- ^ RIAA. "RIAA Certification". Archived from the original on March 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070308084509/http://www.riaa.com/gp/default.asp. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 69
- ^ a b c Frank, Ganz, 2005. p. 120
- ^ a b c Sisario, 2006. p. 62–3
- ^ Bie, Jean-Michel; Gourraud, Christophe. "Pixies Press Quotes". Alec Eiffel. http://aleceiffel.free.fr/press.html. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
- ^ "Robert Christgau: CG: Pixies". http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=Pixies. Retrieved 2007-01-30.
- ^ a b c "Doolittle at AcclaimedMusic.net". http://www.acclaimedmusic.net/061024/A760.htm. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
- ^ Azerrad, Michael. Come as You Are: The Story of Nirvana. Doubleday, 1993. ISBN 0-385-47199-8, p. 176
- ^ Buzz Magazine. "Eskimo Joe interview". Buzz Magazine Australia. http://livenudedann.wordpress.com/2009/06/26/eskimo-joe/. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
- ^ Sisario, 2006. p. 53
- ^ Frank, Ganz, 2005. p. 115
- ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Pixies > Biography". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p5149/biography. Retrieved 2006-09-10.
- ^ Frank, Ganz, 2005. p. 176
- ^ Mark Kemp (2002-11-28). "Doolittle: Review". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/album/220913/doolittle. Retrieved 2007-01-28.
- ^ "Electric Ladyland (100/100 Greatest Albums Ever)". Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070311042432/http://www.hotpress.com/vote/top100albums/top100list.adp. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ "Juice All Time 50 Albums". Rocklist.net. http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/juice.html. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ "Top 100 Albums of the 1980s". 20 November 2002. http://pitchfork.com/features/staff-lists/5882-top-100-albums-of-the-1980s/1/. Retrieved 1 June 2009.
- ^ "Q Ultimate Music Collection". Rocklist.net. http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/qcollection.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ "SPIN.com: 100 Greatest Albums, 1985–2005". 2005-06-20. Archived from the original on 2007-03-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20070312105828/http://www1.spin.com/features/magazine/covers/2005/06/0507_cover_greatest_albums/. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/feature/best-albums-of-the-1980s/308/page_7
- ^ "Tous les "Chart Runs" des Albums classés despuis 1985" (in French). InfoDisc. http://www.infodisc.fr/Albums_ChartRun.php. Retrieved 2011-04-17. Note: The Pixies must be searched manually.
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