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The Book(s) of Kings (Hebrew: Sepher M'lakhim, ספר מלכים‎ - the two books were originally one^[1]) presents a narrative history of ancient Israel and Judah from the death of David to the release of his successor Jehoiachin from imprisonment in Babylon, a period of some 400 years (c.960-560 BCE).^[2] It concludes a series of historical books running from Joshua through Judges and Samuel, the overall purpose which is to provide a theological explanation for the destruction of the Jewish kingdom by Babylon in 586 BCE and a foundation for a return from exile.^[3]

Kings begins with the death of David, to whom Yahweh, the god of Israel, has promised an eternal dynasty, and the succession of his son Solomon. Solomon is praised for his wisdom and wealth, but he offends Yahweh by allowing other gods to be worshiped in Jerusalem. God therefore breaks the kingdom in two, with David's line reigning in the southern kingdom of Judah with a separate kingdom of Israel in the north. The kings of Israel are uniformly evil, allowing gods other than Yahweh to be worshiped, and eventually God brings about the destruction of the kingdom. A few of the kings of Judah are good, but most are evil, and eventually God destroys this kingdom also.

Contents[link]

Solomon greeting the Queen of Sheba - gate of Florence Baptistry

See 1 Kings and 2 Kings at Bible Gateway

David dies and Solomon comes to the throne. At the beginning of his reign he assumes God's promises to David and brings splendour to Israel and peace and prosperity to his people.^[4] The centrepiece of Solomon's reign is the building of the First Temple: the claim that this took place 480 years after the Exodus from Egypt marks it as a key event in Israel's history.^[5] At the end, however, he follows other gods and oppresses Israel.^[6]

As a consequence of Solomon's failure to stamp out the worship of gods other than Yahweh, the kingdom of David is split in two in the reign of his own son Rehoboam, who becomes the first to reign over the kingdom of Judah.^[7] The kings who follow Rehoboam in Jerusalem continue the royal line of David (i.e., they inherit the promise to David); in the north, however, dynasties follow each other in rapid succession, and the kings are uniformly bad (meaning that they fail to follow Yahweh alone). At length God brings the Assyrians to destroy the northern kingdom, leaving Judah as the sole custodian of the promise.

Hezekiah, the 14th king of Judah "did what was right in the eyes of the Lord" and institutes a far reaching religious reform, centralising sacrifice at the temple at Jerusalem and destroying the images of other gods. Yahweh saves Jerusalem and the kingdom from an invasion by Assyria. But Manasseh, the next king, reverses the reforms, and God announces that he will destroy Jerusalem because of this apostasy by the king. Mannasah's righteous grandson Josiah reinstitutes the reforms of Hezekiah, but it is too late: God, speaking through the prophetess Huldah, affirms that Jerusalem is to be destroyed.

God brings the Babylonians, Jerusalem is razed and the Temple destroyed, and the priests, prophets and royal court are led into captivity. (The final verses record how Jehoiachin, the last king, is set free and given honour by the king of Babylon).

Composition[link]

Rembrandt, "Jeremiah Lamenting the Destruction of Jerusalem", c. 1630

Textual history[link]

In the original Hebrew bible (the bible used by Jews) First and Second Kings were a single book, as were First and Second Samuel. When this was translated into Greek in the last few centuries (with some notable differences from the Hebrew text), Kings was joined with Samuel in a four-part work called the Book of Kingdoms. The Greek Orthodox branch of Christianity continues to use the Septuagint, but when a Latin translation of the Bible from the original languages (called the Vulgate) was made for the Western church, Kingdoms was first retitled the Book of Kings, parts One to Four, and eventually Kings and Samuel were separated, but as two books each.^[8]

The Deuteronomistic history[link]

According to Jewish tradition the author of Kings was Jeremiah, whose life overlapped the fall of Jerusalem in 586 BCE.^[9] The most common view today accepts Martin Noth's thesis that Kings concludes a unified series of books which reflect the language and theology of the Book of Deuteronomy, and which biblical scholars therefore call the Deuteronomistic history.^[10] Noth argued that the History was the work of a single individual living in the 6th century, but scholars today tend to treat it as made up of at least two layers,^[11] a first edition from the time of Josiah (late 7th century), promoting Josiah's religious reforms and the need for repentance, and (2) a second and final edition from the mid 6th century.^[12] Further levels of editing have also been proposed, including: a late 8th century edition pointing to Hezekiah of Judah as the model for kingship; an earlier 8th century version with a similar message but identifying Jehu of Israel as the ideal king; and an even earlier version promoting the House of David as the key to national well-being.^[13]

Sources[link]

The editors/authors of the Deuteronomistic history cite a number of sources, including (for example) a "Book of the Acts of Solomon" and, frequently, the "Annals of the Kings of Judah" and a separate annal of the kings of Israel. The "Deuteronomic" perspective (that of the book of Deuteronomy) is particularly evident in prayers and speeches spoken by key figures at major transition points: Solomon's speech at the dedication of the Temple is a key example.^[14] The sources have been heavily edited to meet the Deuteronomistic agenda,^[15] but in the broadest sense they appear to have been:

• 1 Kings 1-2: The end of the "court history of David" (also called the Succession Narrative), which also constitutes most of 2 Samuel 9-20. The redactor has added notes at 1 Kings 2:2-4 and 2:10-12.
• For the rest of Solomon's reign the text names its source as "the book of the acts of Solomon", but other sources were employed, and much was added by the redactor.
• Israel and Judah: The two "chronicles" of Israel and Judah provided the chronological framework, but few details apart from the succession of monarchs and the account of how the Temple of Solomon was progressively stripped as true religion declined. A third source, or set of sources, were cycles of stories about various prophets (Elijah and Elisha, Isaiah, Ahijah and Micaiah), plus a few smaller miscellaneous traditions. The conclusion of the book (2 Kings 25:18-21 and 27:30) was probably based on personal knowledge.
• A few sections were editorial additions not based on sources. These include various predictions of the downfall of the northern kingdom, the equivalent prediction of the downfall of Judah following the reign of Manasseh, the extension of Josiah's reforms in accordance with the laws of Deuteronomy, and the revision of the narrative from Jeremiah concerning Judah's last days.^[16]

Themes and genre[link]

The kings of Israel and Judah

Kings is "history-like," but it mixes legends, folktales, miracle stories and fiction in with the annals, and its primary explanation for all that happens is God's offended sense of what is right; it is therefore more fruitful to read it as theological literature in the form of history.^[17] The theological bias is seen in the way it judges each king of Israel on the basis of whether he recognises the authority of the temple in Jerusalem (none do, and therefore all are "evil"), and each king of Judah on the basis of whether he destroys the "high places" (rivals to the Temple in Jerusalem); it gives only passing mention to important and successful kings like Omri and Jeroboam II and totally ignores one of the most significant events in ancient Israel's history, the battle of Qarqar.^[18]

The major themes of Kings are God's promise, the recurrent apostasy of the kings, and the judgement this brings on Israel:^[19]

• Promise: In return for Israel's promise to worship Yahweh alone, Yahweh makes promises to David and to Israel - to David, the promise that his line will rule Israel forever, to Israel, the promise of the land they will possess.
• Apostasy: the great tragedy of Israel's history, meaning the destruction of the kingdom and the Temple, is due to the failure of the people, but more especially the kings, to worship Yahweh alone (Yahweh being the god of Israel).
• Judgement: Apostasy leads to judgement. Judgement is not punishment, but simply the natural (or rather, God-ordained) consequence of Israel's failure to worship Yahweh alone.

Another and related theme is that of prophesy. The main point of the prophetic stories is that God's prophesies are always fulfilled, so that any not yet fulfilled will be so in the future. The implication, seen in the closing scenes of the book, with the release of Jehoiachin and his restoration to a place of honour in Babylon, is the promise to David of an eternal dynasty is still in effect, and the Davidic line will be restored.^[20]

Textual features[link]

James Tissot, The Flight of the Prisoners - the fall of Jerusalem, 586 BCE.

Chronology[link]

The standard Hebrew text of Kings presents an impossible chronology.^[21] To take just a single example, Omri's accession to the throne of Israel in the 31st year of Asa of Judah (1 Kings 16:23) cannot follow the death of his predecessor Zimri in the 27th year of Asa (1 Kings 16:15).^[22] The Greek text corrects the impossibilities but does not seem to represent an earlier version.^[23] A large number of books have claimed to solve the difficulties, but the results differ, sometimes widely, and none have achieved consensus status.^[24]

Kings and 2 Chronicles[link]

2 Chronicles covers much the same time-period as Kings, but it ignores the northern kingdom of Israel almost completely, David is given a major role in planning the Temple, Hezekiah is given a much more far-reaching program of reform, and Manasseh is given an opportunity to repent of his sins, apparently to account for his long reign).^[25] It is usually assumed that the author of Chronicles used Kings as a source and re-wrote history as he would have liked it to have been.^[26]

See also[link]

• History of ancient Israel and Judah
• Kingdom of Judah
• Kingdom of Israel
• The Bible and history

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

Translations of 1 and 2 Kings[link]

• 1 Kings
• 2 Kings

Commentaries on Kings[link]

• Fretheim, Terence E (1997). First and Second Kings. Westminster John Knox Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7ODLAo9QouEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Terence+E.+Fretheim+First+and+Second+Kings&hl=en&ei=5_fYTa2VHomUvAPT4LWoBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

• Nelson, Richard Donald (1987). First and Second Kings. Westminster John Knox Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=d4jn8uj49RIC&pg=PA172&dq=Sweeney+I%26II+Kings&hl=en&ei=1ezYTdivNYeavgPks-DVCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

• Sweeney, Marvin (2007). I&II Kings: A Commentary. Westminster John Knox Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=d4jn8uj49RIC&pg=RA1-PA426&lpg=RA1-PA426&dq=Sweeney,+Marvin+%282007%29.+I+and+II+Kings:+A+Commentary&source=bl&ots=6OLB-pBzDZ&sig=kb1o-2NP0e46uEooxZfBJzyJZzQ&hl=en&ei=oznaTYuzAYO0sAOQv7CODA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CEYQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

General[link]

• Knight, Douglas A (1995). "Deuteronomy and the Deuteronomists". In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen and Kent Harold Richards. Old Testament Interpretation. T&T Clark. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Old+Testament+Interpretation+Mays+Peterson+Richards&source=bl&ots=HZqSU3Zu2b&sig=DYAIWu-XwOx8bxccjeLyTYojW4k&hl=en&ei=WJqlTM-NNoS3cM_89acH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

• Knight, Douglas A (1991). "Sources". In Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&dq=Mercer+Bible+Dictionary&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=p9iiTO7HMoWycY31vbcB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

• Leuchter, Mark; Adam, Klaus-Peter (2010). "Introduction". In Mark Leuchter, Klaus-Peter Adam, Karl-Peter Adam. Soundings in Kings: Perspectives and Methods in Contemporary Scholarship. Fortress Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8i3f3nZTm0YC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=Soundings+in+Kings&source=bl&ots=ocFWD1u6vU&sig=x9vOAf4jewcIB7XjAsxXcYUXlNQ&hl=en&ei=I-7YTdmALJGGvgOVktW3Bw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

• Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History. Eerdmans. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&pg=PA270&dq=problems+chronology+kings+israel+judah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=Pbz6ToLTDPHzmAWHloiSAg&ved=0CD4Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=problems%20chronology%20kings%20israel%20judah&f=false. 

• McKenzie, Steven L (1994). "The Books of Kings". In Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham. The history of Israel's traditions: the heritage of Martin Noth. Sheffield Academic Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=3gnxJjuqld0C&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&dq=The+history+of+Israel%27s+traditions:+the+heritage+of+Martin+Noth&source=bl&ots=tx1iBY32n9&sig=zYYoZiAVpzw58TlVzdaRLBHp0cA&hl=en&ei=zgXbTaLMKYG0rAeH-JHqDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CE4Q6AEwBzgK#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

• Perdue, Leo G (2001). "Preface: The Hebrew Bible in Current Research". In Leo G. Perdue. The Blackwell companion to the Hebrew Bible. Blackwell. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=41_0okLzQJkC&pg=PA337&lpg=PA337&dq=The+Deuteronomistic+History+Hermann+Spieckermann&source=bl&ots=mi_vwSUJE8&sig=ktLqDgn8fNebkKtmFj5OQG1XSnQ&hl=en&ei=vinOTZm8H4usugOmxKWTCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Preface&f=false. 

• Spieckerman, Hermann (2001). "The Deuteronomistic History". In Leo G. Perdue. The Blackwell companion to the Hebrew Bible. Blackwell. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=41_0okLzQJkC&pg=PA337&lpg=PA337&dq=The+Deuteronomistic+History+Hermann+Spieckermann&source=bl&ots=mi_vwSUJE8&sig=ktLqDgn8fNebkKtmFj5OQG1XSnQ&hl=en&ei=vinOTZm8H4usugOmxKWTCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=The%20Deuteronomistic%20History%20Hermann%20Spieckermann&f=false. 

• Sutherland, Ray (1991). "Kings, Books of, First and Second". In Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard. Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&dq=Mercer+Bible+Dictionary&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=p9iiTO7HMoWycY31vbcB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

• Tomes, Roger (2003). "1 and 2 Kings". In James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson. Eerdmans commentary on the Bible. Eerdmans. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=Eerdmans+commentary+on+the+Bible+1+and+2+kings+Roger+Tomes&source=bl&ots=5R9RbZ_qTM&sig=hBIpxce9uAj8b1BxXMHnBZbT_cg&hl=en&ei=LpHbTe25GqbKiAKQ5MUe&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

• Van Seters, John (1997). In search of history: historiography in the ancient world and the origins of biblical history. Eisenbrauns. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=0-skPdXtewwC&pg=PA406&lpg=PA406&dq=Van+Seters+In+Search+of+History&source=bl&ots=dxODzzgvtN&sig=KnRJxwU_p0n4ACscqgd6K7aX2YU&hl=en&ei=N3DUTdWzA8rmrAeWjNmJAw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CB4Q6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=Samuel&f=false. 

• Walton, John H (2009). "The Deuteronomistic History". In Andrew E. Hill, John H. Walton. A Survey of the Old Testament. Zondervan. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=FxFZxCIc8OoC&pg=PA169&lpg=PA169&dq=Introduction+to+the+historical+books&source=bl&ots=xEsgWeTbCW&sig=4s0MAxaIVm8zfxmjnlx-4ZixTxw&hl=en&ei=4kTWTbCSKoKmvgOwzfGtBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCMQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q&f=false. 

• Wilson, Robert R (1995). "The Former Prophets: Reading the Books of Kings". In James Luther Mays, David L. Petersen, Kent Harold Richards. Old Testament Interpretation: Past, Present and Future: Essays in honor of Gene M. Tucker. Continuum International Publishing Group. http://books.google.com.au/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Old+Testament+Interpretation+Mays+Peterson+Richards&source=bl&ots=HZqSU3Zu2b&sig=DYAIWu-XwOx8bxccjeLyTYojW4k&hl=en&ei=WJqlTM-NNoS3cM_89acH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Kings%2C%20books%20of&f=false. 

External links[link]

Wikisource has original text related to this article: 1 Kings

Wikisource has original text related to this article: 2 Kings

Hebrew Wikisource has original text related to this article: קטגוריה:ספר מלכים

Original text

• מלכים א Melachim Aleph - Kings A (Hebrew - English at Mechon-Mamre.org)
• מלכים ב Melachim Bet - Kings B (Hebrew - English at Mechon-Mamre.org)

Jewish translations

• 1 Kings at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society 1917 translation)
• 2 Kings at Mechon-Mamre (Jewish Publication Society 1917 translation)

Christian translations

• Online Bible at GospelHall.org
• King James Bible Online - Kings I chapter-indexed English translation.
• King James Bible Online -Kings II chapter-indexed English translation.

Other links

• "books of Kings." Encyclopædia Britannica Online.
• Books of Kings article (Jewish Encyclopedia)

The Books were an American duo, formed in New York City in 1999, consisting of guitarist and vocalist Nick Zammuto and cellist Paul de Jong. Their releases typically incorporate samples of obscure sounds and speech.^[1][2] They have released three critically acclaimed albums on the German label Tomlab, and released their fourth studio album, The Way Out, on Temporary Residence Limited in July 2010.

History[link]

[edit] 1999–2002: Thought for Food

Zammuto and de Jong first met in New York City in 1999 as they shared the same apartment building.^[3] De Jong invited Zammuto to dinner at his apartment, where he played him some of his collection of audio and video samples, including a Shooby Taylor record.^[4] Zammuto said of their meeting that "we both kind of knew at that moment that we listened (to music) in interesting ways and had similar approaches to music."^[5] Soon after, they began playing what they considered to be pop music, in comparison to their own works, under the name The Books.^[5]

In 2000, The Books started work on what would become their début album Thought for Food.^[6] Zammuto and de Jong moved locations constantly during this time,^[6] recording in New York, Los Angeles, Boston, and finally in the basement of a hostel in North Carolina where Zammuto worked for a while after hiking the Appalachian Trail.^[5][7]

Thought for Food was released on October 22nd, 2002.^[8] Praised by critics for its distinctive sound,^[9] it featured extensive sampling from obscure sources coupled with mostly acoustic instrumentation.

[edit] 2002–2003: The Lemon of Pink

Shortly after the release of Thought for Food, the band relocated to North Adams, Massachusetts, near where Zammuto had graduated from Williams College in 1999, studying chemistry and visual arts.^[10] Zammuto and de Jong began the recording of The Lemon of Pink around this time. Anne Doerner, a guest vocalist on the album, said the process was much more arduous than the recording of Thought for Food, with Zammuto working on the album for five straight months.^[5]

The Lemon of Pink was released to critical acclaim^[11] on October 7th, 2003.^[12] It is similar in style to Thought for Food, but oriented more around vocals performed mostly by Anne Doerner.

[edit] 2003–2006: Lost and Safe, Music for a French Elevator, Prefuse 73 Reads The Books

In 2004, the French Ministry of Culture asked The Books to compose music for a new elevator in their building. The Books released a Mini CD of this work in 2006, under the name Music for a French Elevator and Other Short Format Oddities by the Books.^[13]

On April 5, 2005, The Books released their third studio album, Lost and Safe. Zammuto has a greater vocal presence in this album, and the album was criticized for this change of sound.^[14] Aside from this, Lost and Safe was well received by critics.^[15] Throughout early 2005, The Books collobarated with the electronica artist Prefuse 73. The Books appear on his album Surrounded by Silence ("Pagina Dos"), and the E.P. Prefuse 73 Reads the Books E.P. collects remixes of material sourced from The Books' albums.

Before starting a three-month^[16] tour of North America in April 2006, The Books had played only one concert,^[7] in October 2003 at a festival in Chicago, Illinois.^[17] Zammuto has expressed apprehensiveness towards touring, but says it is necessary to make a living, given his belief that people downloading The Books' music via file-sharing^[18] has put him under financial strain.

[edit] 2006–2012: Hiatus, The Way Out and break-up

Following the release of Music for a French Elevator, the band took a break from recording to tend to their new families, tour in support of their albums, and pursue some of their own projects, which included Zammuto scoring a feature documentary about the Biosphere 2.^[10]

In 2007, The Books released Play All, a DVD of thirteen music videos and three previously unreleased tracks.^[19] The Play All videos are composed of found footage transformed into a collage that matches their music. The Books often screen these videos during their live performances.^[20]

The Books toured heavily between 2005 and 2007, including two tours in Europe and two Canadian shows.^[6] In early 2009 The Books covered the Nick Drake song "Cello Song" in collaboration with José González for the Red Hot Organization's Dark Was the Night fund-raising album.^[21]

The Books began working on The Way Out in late 2008.^[22] Zammuto spoke of the album's New Age themes in an interview in April 2009, saying they took samples from self-help and hypnotherapy cassettes. When asked to describe the album, Zammuto said "You're getting verrry sleepy."^[3] On April 5, 2010, the duo announced that The Way Out would be released through Temporary Residence Limited in July.^[22] On April 27 Pitchfork Media began streaming the track "Beautiful People",^[23] which Zammuto described as "a three part christian harmony mixed with a sort of euro-disco-trash beat, an orchestra’s worth of sampled brass and lyrics about the twelfth root of two (my favorite irrational number), trigonometry and tangrams".^[24] The album was released on July 20.

The Books played the ATP New York 2010 music festival in Monticello, New York, in September 2010 and are currently touring North American tour with the Black Heart Procession. The band have been chosen by Portishead & ATP to perform at the ATP I'll Be Your Mirror festival that they will curate in July 2011 at London's Alexandra Palace.^[25]

In January of 2012, Nick Zammuto announced in an interview via Pitchfork Media that The Books were splitting up to focus on other projects.^[26]

On April 3rd 2012, Nick Zammuto released Zammuto, under the moniker Zammuto.

Musical style[link]

The Books are commonly cited by critics to be of a genre of their own,.^[27] Zammuto has described it as collage music.^[18] Paul de Jong described it as "the new folk music...[w]e make our own instruments, use our own libraries of sound bites while trying to create something universally human."^[28] Although they have said that their influences include Nirvana, David Bowie, Roxy Music as well as new wave and classical music, these do not show prominently in their music,^[29] though Zammuto was directly influenced by electronic musicians Squarepusher, Aphex Twin and Boards of Canada.^[30][31] The Books' music usually consists of acoustic instrumentation of folk melodies usually played on guitar, cello, banjo and more, combined with a diverse range of samples obtained from cassettes found in thrift stores,^[18] which are digitally processed and edited.^[5] They also rarely use a drum kit in recordings and performances, instead favouring inanimate objects like children's toys and filing cabinets, which are sampled and looped.^[29] Some observers contend that their music is aleatoric,^[32] but Zammuto has disagreed, saying the music is very tightly controlled.^[18]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• Thought for Food (2002)
• The Lemon of Pink (2003)
• Lost and Safe (2005)
• The Way Out (2010)

EP[link]

• Music for a French Elevator and Other Short Format Oddities by the Books (2006)

DVDs[link]

• Play All (2007)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• The Books on Myspace
• The Books discography at Discogs
• [1] Interview with The Books
• [2] Interview with Nick Zammuto about his new band and the break-up of The Books

Peter Paul Anatol Lieven (28 June 1960) is a British author, journalist, and policy analyst. He is presently a Senior Researcher (Bernard L. Schwartz fellow and American Strategy Program fellow) at the New America Foundation, where he focuses on US global strategy and the War on Terrorism, Associated Scholar of the Transnational Crisis Project, Chair of International Relations and Terrorism Studies at King's College London.

Between 2000 and 2005, he was a Senior Associate for Foreign and Security policy at Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Previously a journalist with the Financial Times covering Central Europe, with The Times (London) covering Pakistan, Afghanistan, the former Soviet Union, and Russia (including the First Chechen War), and wrote from India as a freelancer. He has also served as an editor at the International Institute for Strategic studies in London, where he worked for the Eastern Services of the BBC. He received a B.A. in history and a doctorate in political science from Jesus College, Cambridge.

Personal[link]

Anatol Lieven is the third and youngest son and fourth child (of five children) of Alexander Lieven (of the Russian princely family, tracing ancestry to Liv chieftain Kaupo) by his first wife, Irishwoman, Veronica Monaghan (d. 1979).^[1] He is the younger brother of academics Dominic Lieven and Elena Lieven, and distantly related to the Christopher Lieven (1774–1839), Ambassador to the Court of St James 1812-1834, whose wife was Dorothea von Benckendorff, later Princess Lieven (1785–1857), a notable society hostess. He is also the older brother of successful QC Nathalie Lieven.

See also[link]

• Dominic Lieven
• Elena Lieven
• Dorothea Lieven
• Christopher Lieven

Bibliography[link]

Books by Anatol Lieven[link]

• Pakistan: A Hard Country (2011)
• Ethical Realism (2006) with John Hulsman
• America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism (2004)
• Ukraine and Russia: Fraternal Rivals (1999)
• Chechnya: Tombstone of Russian Power (1998)
• The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence (1993) -- winner of the George Orwell Prize for Political Writing and the Yale University Press Governors’ Award.

Articles by Anatol Lieven[link]

• Book TV (C-SPAN) interview of Ralph Peters
• New America Foundation
• Financial Times
• International Herald Tribune
• London Review of Books
• Le Monde Diplomatique
• The Guardian
• Atlantic Monthly
• The Nation
• The New Statesman
• Foreign Affairs
• American Prospect
• OpenDemocracy.net

External links[link]

Official Bios[link]

• U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum
• Random House
• Oxford University Press
• Harvard University
• AP Watt
• World Political Forum
• New America Foundation
• American Strategy Program (New America Foundation)
• Bernard L. Schwartz Fellows Program (New America Foundation)
• Carnegie Endwoment for International Peace
• King's College

Interviews with Anatol Lieven[link]

• 2011.05.28 Interview with Anatol Lieven about "Pakistan: A Hard Country" in www.theglobaldispatches.com
• National Public Radio interviews
• BBC online interviews
• Chicago Public Radio interviews
• 2006.03.06 Foreign Exchange with Fareed Zakaria (PBS, TV episode 209)
• 2005.09.25 Instituto Portugês de Relações Internacionais
• 2005.01.04 On Point (WBUR radio)
• 2004.12.01 Asia Source
• 2004.05.06 Conversations with History (Institute of International Studies, University of California at Berkeley)
• 2003.09.08 CNN
• 2003.07.18 BBC
• 2002.05.31 USA Today
• 2000.03.23 CNN
• undated City Paper of Baltic States
• Video discussion/debate with Lieven and Anne-Marie Slaughter on Bloggingheads.tv

Specific Articles by Anatol Lieven[link]

• 2008.10.01 "Heeding the lessons of another war with Maleeha Lodhi in International Herald Tribune
• 2007.03.26 "To Russia with Realism in The American Conservative
• 2007.03.17 "Eliot Cohen and Democratic Responsibility in The National Interest
• 2007.03.08 "Pakistan is the Priority" in The International Herald Tribune
• 2006.12.28 "The End of the West As We Know It" in The International Herald Tribune
• 2006.07.23 "Bush's Middle East Democracy Flop in The Los Angeles Times
• 2006.04.12 "How to Get Out of the Iran Trap" in The Washington Post
• 2006.03.19 "Why Are We Reheating the Cold War?" in The Los Angeles Times
• 2006.03.xx "A Long Voyage: As in India, the maintenance of social peace requires strict controls on free expression" in Prospect (UK)
• 2006.02.13 "Limits of Propaganda" in The Los Angeles Times
• 2003.07.19 "The Empire Strikes Back in The Nation
• 2002.10.03 "The Push for War in The London Review of Books
• Paul Theroff. Family genealogy

Notes[link]

1. ^ Paul Theroff. Family genealogy. Retrieved 29 November 2008.

This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since February 2010. It may be written from a fan's point of view, rather than a neutral point of view. Tagged since November 2009. The notability of this article's subject is in question. If notability cannot be established, it may be listed for deletion or removed. Tagged since November 2009.

Imam Shabir Ally^[1] is the president of the Islamic Information & Dawah Centre International in Toronto, Canada. He is a Muslim activist, preacher and speaker on Islam and Muslims.^{[citation needed]} He is also a debater engaging in regular debates in different parts of the world.^{[citation needed]}

He holds a B.A. in Religious Studies from Laurentian University in Sudbury, Ontario, with a specialization in Biblical Literature, and an M.A. in Religious Studies from the University of Toronto with a specialization in Quranic Exegesis.^{[citation needed]} He is now in his fourth year of PhD studies in Quranic Exegesis at the University of Toronto.^{[citation needed]} He currently teaches Arabic at the University of Toronto.

Debates / Lectures[link]

Ally is known for accepting literal interpretation of the Quran verses, but seeks to find their justification in similar expressions within the Christian Bible.^[2] To this end he has participated in a number of debates and lectures.^{[citation needed]} Some of the more notable debates include:^{[citation needed]}

• Shabir Ally vs. Sir Anthony Buzzard, 3rd Baronet
• Shabir Ally vs. John Gilchrist
• Shabir Ally vs. David Seccombe
• Shabir Ally vs. Bob Benjamin & Glen Schenkte
• Shabir Ally vs. Jay Smith
• Shabir Ally vs. Mike Licona
• Shabir Ally vs. James White
• Shabir Ally vs. William Lane Craig
• Shabir Ally vs. Dave Hunt
• Shabir Ally vs. Peter Atkins

Publications[link]

• Is Jesus God? The Bible Says No (Al-Attique Publications, Canada) ISBN 9960-9148-8-7
• What God Said About Eating Pork? (Al-Attique Publications, Canada) ISBN 9960-777-02-2
• Science in the Qur'an (Al-Attique Publications, Canada) ISBN 9960-9148-7-9
• 101 Clear Contradictions in the Bible (Al-Attique Publications, Canada) ISBN 1-894264-12-6
• Yahweh, Jehovah Or Allah (Al-Attique Publications, Canada) ISBN 894264185
• 101 Questions to Ask Visiting Jehovah's Witnesses (Al-Attique Publications, Canada) ISBN 1-894264-10-X
• Reply to Robert Morey's Source of Islam Theories (Al-Attique Publications, Canada) ISBN 9960-777-05-7

External links[link]

• Shabir Ally's Official Website

References[link]