Coordinates: 47°38′22.55″N 122°7′42.42″W / 47.6395972°N 122.12845°W / 47.6395972; -122.12845
Microsoft Corporation (NASDAQ: MSFT) is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, United States that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975 to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose to dominate the home computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems. Microsoft is one of the largest software corporations in the world.
Microsoft would also come to dominate the office suite market with Microsoft Office. The company has diversified into the video game industry with the Xbox and Xbox 360 consoles and the consumer electronics and digital services market MSN, the Zune and the Windows Phone OS. The ensuing rise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made an estimated three billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees (Forbes 400 list revealed that in March 2011 both Jon Shipley and Nathan Myhrvold lost their billionaire status). In May 2011, Microsoft Corporation acquired Skype Communications for $8.5 billion.[2]
Primarily in the 1990s, critics contend Microsoft used monopolistic business practices and anti-competitive strategies including refusal to deal and tying, put unreasonable restrictions in the use of its software, and used misrepresentative marketing tactics; both the U.S. Department of Justice and European Commission found the company in violation of antitrust laws. Known for its interviewing process with obscure questions, various studies and ratings were generally favorable to Microsoft's diversity within the company as well as its overall environmental impact with the exception of the electronics portion of the business.
File:1981BillPaul.jpg
Paul Allen and
Bill Gates (respectively) on October 19, 1981, in a sea of PCs after signing a pivotal contract. IBM called Microsoft in July 1980 inquiring about
programming languages for its upcoming PC line;
[3]:228 after failed negotiations with another company, IBM gave Microsoft a contract to develop the OS for the new line of PCs.
[4]
Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion in computer programming, were seeking to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems's (MITS) Altair 8800 microcomputer. Allen noticed that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device; after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didn't actually have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter. Although they developed the interpreter on a simulator and not the actual device, the interpreter worked flawlessly when they demonstrated the interpreter to MITS in Albuquerque, New Mexico in March 1975; MITS agreed to distribute it, marketing it as Altair BASIC.[3]:108, 112–114 They officially established Microsoft on April 4, 1975, with Gates as the CEO.[5] Allen came up with the original name of "Micro-Soft," as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, "ASCII Microsoft".[6] The company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979.[5]
| Microsoft Inc. logo history |
| Logo |
Years |
|
|
Microsoft "blibbet" logo, filed August 26, 1982 at the USPTO and used until 1987.[7] |
|
Microsoft "Pac-Man" logo, designed by Scott Baker and used since 1987, with the 1994–2002 slogan "Where do you want to go today?".[8][9] |
|
Microsoft logo as of 2006–2011, with the slogan "Your potential. Our passion."[9] |
|
Logo by Microsoft with the slogan"Be What's Next." 2011–present.[10] |
Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, called Xenix.[11] However, it was MS-DOS that solidified the company's dominance. After negotiations with Digital Research failed, IBM awarded a contract to Microsoft in November 1980 to provide a version of the CP/M OS, which was set to be used in the upcoming IBM Personal Computer (IBM PC).[12] For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, which IBM rebranded to PC-DOS. Following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to reverse engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles, but no such restriction applied to the operating systems. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOS's available software selection, Microsoft eventually became the leading PC operating systems vendor.[4][13]:210 The company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as a publishing division named Microsoft Press.[3]:232 Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in February after developing Hodgkin's disease.[3]:231
While jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20.[3]:242–243, 246 Microsoft moved its headquarters to Redmond on February 26, 1986, and on March 13 the company went public;[14] the ensuing rise in the stock would make an estimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees.[15] Due to the partnership with IBM, in 1990 the Federal Trade Commission set its eye on Microsoft for possible collusion; it marked the beginning of over a decade of legal clashes with the U.S. Government.[16] Microsoft announced the release of its version of OS/2 to original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) on April 2, 1987;[3]:243–244 meanwhile, the company was at work on a 32-bit OS, Microsoft Windows NT, using ideas from OS/2; it shipped on July 21, 1993 with a new modular kernel and the Win32 application programming interface (API), making porting from 16-bit (MS-DOS-based) Windows easier. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated.[17]
Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office, in 1990. The software bundled separate office productivity applications, such as Microsoft Word and Microsoft Excel.[3]:301 On May 22 Microsoft launched Windows 3.0 with a streamlined user interface graphics and improved protected mode capability for the Intel 386 processor.[18] Both Office and Windows became dominant in their respective areas.[19][20] Novell, a Word competitor from 1984–1986, filed a lawsuit years later claiming that Microsoft left part of its APIs undocumented in order to gain a competitive advantage.[21]
On July 27, 1994, the U.S. Department of Justice, Antitrust Division filed a Competitive Impact Statement that said, in part: "Beginning in 1988, and continuing until July 15, 1994, Microsoft induced many OEMs to execute anti-competitive "per processor" licenses. Under a per processor license, an OEM pays Microsoft a royalty for each computer it sells containing a particular microprocessor, whether the OEM sells the computer with a Microsoft operating system or a non-Microsoft operating system. In effect, the royalty payment to Microsoft when no Microsoft product is being used acts as a penalty, or tax, on the OEM's use of a competing PC operating system. Since 1988, Microsoft's use of per processor licenses has increased."[22]
Bill Gates giving his deposition in 1998 for the
United States v. Microsoft trial. Once the
U.S. Department of Justice 1993 took over from the Federal Trade Commission, a protracted legal wrangling between Microsoft and the department ensued, resulting in various settlements and possible blocked mergers. Microsoft would point to companies such as
AOL-Time Warner in its defense.
[16]
Following Bill Gates's internal "Internet Tidal Wave memo" on May 26, 1995 Microsoft began to redefine its offerings and expand its product line into computer networking and the World Wide Web.[23] The company released Windows 95 on August 24, 1995, featuring pre-emptive multitasking, a completely new user interface with a novel start button, and 32-bit compatibility; similar to NT, it provided the Win32 API.[24][25]:20 Windows 95 came bundled with the online service MSN, and for OEMs Internet Explorer, a web browser. Internet Explorer was not bundled with the retail Windows 95 boxes because the boxes were printed before the team finished the web browser, and instead was included in the Windows 95 Plus! pack.[26] Branching out into new markets in 1996, Microsoft and NBC Universal created a new 24/7 cable news station, MSNBC.[27] Microsoft created Windows CE 1.0, a new OS designed for devices with low memory and other constraints, such as personal digital assistants.[28] In October 1997, the Justice Department filed a motion in the Federal District Court, stating that Microsoft violated an agreement signed in 1994 and asked the court to stop the bundling of Internet Explorer with Windows.[3]:323–324
Bill Gates handed over the CEO position on January 13, 2000 to Steve Ballmer, an old college friend of Gates and employee of the company since 1980, creating a new position for himself as Chief Software Architect.[5][3]:111, 228 Various companies including Microsoft formed the Trusted Computing Platform Alliance in October 1999 to, among other things, increase security and protect intellectual property through identifying changes in hardware and software. Critics decry the alliance as a way to enforce indiscriminate restrictions over how consumers use software, and over how computers behave, a form of digital rights management; for example the scenario where a computer is not only secured for its owner, but also secured against its owner as well.[29][30] On April 3, 2000, a judgment was handed down in the case of United States v. Microsoft,[31] calling the company an "abusive monopoly";[32] it settled with the U.S. Department of Justice in 2004.[14] On October 25, 2001 Microsoft released Windows XP, unifying the mainstream and NT lines under the NT codebase.[33] The company released the Xbox later that year, entering the game console market dominated by Sony and Nintendo.[34] In March 2004 the European Union brought antitrust legal action against the company, citing it abused its dominance with the Windows OS, resulting in a judgment of €497 million ($613 million) and to produce new versions of Windows XP without Windows Media Player, Windows XP Home Edition N and Windows XP Professional N.[35][36]
CEO
Steve Ballmer at the
MIX event in 2008. In an interview about his management style in 2005, he mentioned that his first priority was to get the people he
delegates to in order. Ballmer also emphasized the need to continue pursuing new technologies even if initial attempts fail, citing the original attempts with Windows as an example.
[37]
Released in January 2007, the next version of Windows, Windows Vista, focused on features, security, and a redesigned user interface dubbed Aero.[38][39] Microsoft Office 2007, released at the same time, featured a "Ribbon" user interface which was a significant departure from its predecessors. Relatively strong sales of both titles helped to produce a record profit in 2007.[40] The European Union imposed another fine of €899 million ($1.4 billion) for Microsoft's lack of compliance with the March 2004 judgment on February 27, 2008, saying that the company charged rivals unreasonable prices for key information about its workgroup and backoffice servers. Microsoft stated that it was in compliance and that "these fines are about the past issues that have been resolved".[41]
Bill Gates retired from his role as Chief Software Architect on June 27, 2008 while retaining other positions related to the company in addition to being an advisor for the company on key projects.[42] Azure Services Platform, the company's entry into the cloud computing market for Windows, launched on October 27, 2008.[43] On February 12, 2009, Microsoft announced its intent to open a chain of Microsoft-branded retail stores, and on October 22, 2009 the first retail Microsoft Store opened in Scottsdale, Arizona; the same day the first store opened Windows 7 was officially released to the public. Windows 7's focus was on refining Vista with ease of use features and performance enhancements, rather than a large reworking of Windows.[44][45][46]
As the smartphone industry boomed beginning in 2007, Microsoft struggled to keep up with its rivals Apple and Google in providing a modern smartphone operating system. As a result, in 2010, Microsoft revamped their aging flagship mobile operating system, Windows Mobile, replacing it with the new Windows Phone OS; along with a new strategy in the smartphone industry that has Microsoft working more closely with smartphone manufactures, such as Nokia, and to provide a consistent user experience across all smartphones using Microsoft's Windows Phone OS.
Microsoft is a founding member of the Open Networking Foundation started on March 23, 2011. Other founding companies include Google, HP Networking, Yahoo, Verizon, Deutsche Telekom and 17 other companies. The nonprofit organization is focused on providing support for a new cloud computing initiative called Software-Defined Networking.[47] The initiative is meant to speed innovation through simple software changes in telecommunications networks, wireless networks, data centers and other networking areas.[48]
In May 2012, Microsoft opened its social networking site So.cl to the general public. [49] On 31st May 2012, Microsoft released the final version of its next generation [Windows]] 8 software.It is designed to power devices ranging from tablets to desktop compters.[50]
For the 2010 fiscal year, Microsoft had five product divisions: Windows & Windows Live Division, Server and Tools, Online Services Division, Microsoft Business Division, and Entertainment and Devices Division.
The company's Client division produces the flagship Windows OS line such as Windows 7; it also produces the Windows Live family of products and services. Server and Tools produces the server versions of Windows, such as Windows Server 2008 R2 as well as a set of development tools called Microsoft Visual Studio, Microsoft Silverlight, a web application framework, and System Center Configuration Manager, a collection of tools providing remote-control abilities, patch management, software distribution and a hardware/software inventory. Other server products include: Microsoft SQL Server, a relational database management system, Microsoft Exchange Server, for certain business-oriented e-mail and scheduling features, Small Business Server, for messaging and other small business-oriented features; and Microsoft BizTalk Server, for business process management.
Microsoft provides IT consulting ("Microsoft Consulting Services") and produces a set of certification programs handled by the Server and Tools division designed to recognize individuals who have a minimal set of proficiencies in a specific role; this includes developers ("Microsoft Certified Solution Developer"), system/network analysts ("Microsoft Certified Systems Engineer"), trainers ("Microsoft Certified Trainers") and administrators ("Microsoft Certified Systems Administrator" and "Microsoft Certified Database Administrator"). Microsoft Press, which publishes books, is also managed by the division. The Online Services Business division handles the online service MSN and the search engine Bing. As of December 2009, the company also possesses an 18% ownership of the cable news channel MSNBC without any editorial control; however, the division develops the channel's website, msnbc.com, in a joint venture with the channel's co-owner, NBC Universal.[51]
The Commons, located on the campus of the company's headquarters in Redmond.
The Microsoft Business Division produces Microsoft Office including Microsoft Office 2010, the company's line of office software. The software product includes Word (a word processor), Access (a relational database program), Excel (a spreadsheet program), Outlook (Groupware, frequently used with Exchange Server), PowerPoint (presentation software), and Publisher (desktop publishing software). A number of other products were added later with the release of Office 2003 including Visio, Project, MapPoint, InfoPath and OneNote. The division also develops enterprise resource planning (ERP) software for companies under the Microsoft Dynamics brand. These include: Microsoft Dynamics AX, Microsoft Dynamics NAV, Microsoft Dynamics GP, and Microsoft Dynamics SL. They are targeted at varying company types and countries, and limited to organizations with under 7,500 employees.[52] Also included under the Dynamics brand is the customer relationship management software Microsoft Dynamics CRM, part of the Azure Services Platform.
The Entertainment and Devices Division produces the Windows CE OS for embedded systems and Windows Phone for smartphones.[53] Microsoft initially entered the mobile market through Windows CE for handheld devices, eventually developing into the Windows Mobile OS and now, Windows Phone. Windows CE is designed for devices where the OS may not directly be visible to the end user, in particular, appliances and cars. The division also produces computer games that run on Windows PCs and other systems including titles such as Age of Empires, Halo and the Microsoft Flight Simulator series, and houses the Macintosh Business Unit which produces Mac OS software including Microsoft Office 2011 for Mac. Microsoft's Entertainment and Devices Division designs, markets, and manufactures consumer electronics including the Xbox 360 game console, the handheld Zune media player, and the television-based Internet appliance MSN TV. Microsoft also markets personal computer hardware including mice, keyboards, and various game controllers such as joysticks and gamepads.
Technical reference for developers and articles for various Microsoft magazines such as Microsoft Systems Journal (or MSJ) are available through the Microsoft Developer Network (MSDN). MSDN also offers subscriptions for companies and individuals, and the more expensive subscriptions usually offer access to pre-release beta versions of Microsoft software.[54][55] In April 2004 Microsoft launched a community site for developers and users, titled Channel9, that provides a wiki and an Internet forum.[56] Another community site that provides daily videocasts and other services, On10.net, launched on March 3, 2006.[57] Free technical support is traditionally provided through online Usenet newsgroups, and CompuServe in the past, monitored by Microsoft employees; there can be several newsgroups for a single product. Helpful people can be elected by peers or Microsoft employees for Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status, which entitles them to a sort of special social status and possibilities for awards and other benefits.[58]
Noted for its internal lexicon, the expression "eating our own dog food" is used to describe the policy of using prerelease and beta versions of products inside Microsoft in an effort to test them in "real-world" situations.[59] This is usually shortened to just "dog food" and is used as noun, verb, and adjective. Another bit of jargon, FYIFV or FYIV ("Fuck You, I'm [Fully] Vested"), is used by an employee to indicate they are financially independent and can avoid work anytime they wish.[60] The company is also known for its hiring process, mimicked in other organizations and dubbed the "Microsoft interview", which is notorious for off-the-wall questions such as "Why is a manhole cover round?".[61]
Microsoft is an outspoken opponent of the cap on H1B visas, which allow companies in the U.S. to employ certain foreign workers. Bill Gates claims the cap on H1B visas makes it difficult to hire employees for the company, stating "I'd certainly get rid of the H1B cap" in 2005.[62] Critics of H1B visas argue that relaxing the limits would result in increased unemployment for U.S. citizens due to H1B workers working for lower salaries.[63] The Human Rights Campaign Corporate Equality Index, a report of how progressive the organization deems company policies towards LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual and transsexual) employees, rated Microsoft as 87% from 2002 to 2004 and as 100% from 2005 to 2010 after they allowed gender expression.[64]
Criticism of Microsoft has followed the company's existence because of various aspects of its products and business practices. Ease of use, stability, and security of the company's software are common targets for critics. More recently, Trojan horses and other exploits have plagued numerous users due to faults in the security of Microsoft Windows and other programs. Microsoft is also accused of locking vendors into their products, and of not following and complying with existing standards in its software.[65] Total cost of ownership comparisons of Linux as well as Mac OS X to Windows are a continuous point of debate.
The company has been in numerous lawsuits by several governments and other companies for unlawful monopolistic practices. In 2004, the European Union found Microsoft guilty in a highly publicized anti-trust case. Additionally, Microsoft's EULA for some of its programs is often criticized as being too restrictive as well as being against open source software.
Microsoft has been criticized (along with Yahoo, AOL, and other companies) for its involvement in censorship in the People's Republic of China.[66] Microsoft has also come under criticism for outsourcing jobs to China and India.[67][68][69] There were reports of poor working conditions at a factory in southern China that makes some of Microsoft's products.[70]
Criticism of the company has resulted in it being deemed "the evil empire" by some.[71] In a sci-fi allusion, Microsoft has also been called "The Borg" after the fictional race of aliens in the Star Trek universe. It reflects the perception that Microsoft often acquires technology from other companies rather than developing it in-house[72], as well as to Microsoft's ability to adapt to and overwhelm its opponents' strategies. [73][74][75][76][77][78]
The company is run by a board of directors made up of mostly company outsiders, as is customary for publicly traded companies. Members of the board of directors as of June 2010 are: Steve Ballmer, Dina Dublon, Bill Gates (chairman), Raymond Gilmartin, Reed Hastings, Maria Klawe, David Marquardt, Charles Noski, and Helmut Panke.[79] Board members are elected every year at the annual shareholders' meeting using a majority vote system. There are five committees within the board which oversee more specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues with the company including auditing and reporting; the Compensation Committee, which approves compensation for the CEO and other employees of the company; the Finance Committee, which handles financial matters such as proposing mergers and acquisitions; the Governance and Nominating Committee, which handles various corporate matters including nomination of the board; and the Antitrust Compliance Committee, which attempts to prevent company practices from violating antitrust laws.[80]
Five year history graph of (NASDAQ:MSFT) stock on September 29, 2009.
[81]
When Microsoft went public and launched its initial public offering (IPO) in 1986, the opening stock price was $21; after the trading day, the price closed at $27.75. As of July 2010, with the company's nine stock splits, any IPO shares would be multiplied by 288; if one was to buy the IPO today given the splits and other factors, it would cost about 9 cents.[82][3]:235–236[83] The stock price peaked in 1999 at around $119 ($60.928 adjusting for splits).[84] The company began to offer a dividend on January 16, 2003, starting at eight cents per share for the fiscal year followed by a dividend of sixteen cents per share the subsequent year, switching from yearly to quarterly dividends in 2005 with eight cents a share per quarter and a special one-time payout of three dollars per share for the second quarter of the fiscal year.[84][85] Though the company had subsequent increases in dividend payouts, the price of Microsoft's stock remained steady for years.[85][86]
One of Microsoft's business tactics, described by an executive as "embrace, extend and extinguish," initially embraces a competing standard or product, then extends it to produce their own version which is then incompatible with the standard, which in time extinguishes competition that does not or cannot use Microsoft's new version.[87] Various companies and governments sue Microsoft over this set of tactics, resulting in billions of dollars in rulings against the company.[88][31][36] Microsoft claims that the original strategy is not anti-competitive, but rather an exercise of its discretion to implement features it believes customers want.[89]
Standard and Poor's and Moody's have both given a AAA rating to Microsoft, whose assets were valued at $41 billion as compared to only $8.5 billion in unsecured debt. Consequently, in February 2011 Microsoft released a corporate bond amounting to $2.25 billion with relatively low borrowing rates compared to government bonds.[90]
For the first time in 20 years Apple Inc. surpassed Microsoft in Q1 2011 quarterly profits and revenues due to a slowdown in PC sales and continuing huge losses in Microsoft's Online Services Division (which contains its search engine Bing). Microsoft profits were $5.2 billion, while Apple Inc. profits were $6 billion, on revenues of $14.5 billion and $24.7 billion respectively.[91]
Microsoft's Online Services Division has been continuously loss-making since 2006 and in Q1 2011 it lost $726 million. This follows a loss of $2.5 billion for the year 2010.[92]
Microsoft is ranked on the 17th place in Greenpeace’s Guide to Greener Electronics (16th Edition) that ranks 18 electronics manufacturers according to their policies on toxic chemicals, recycling and climate change.[93] Microsoft’s timeline for phasing out BFRs and phthalates in all products is 2012 but its commitment to phasing out PVC is not clear. As yet (January 2011) it has no products that are completely free from PVC and BFRs.[94]
Microsoft's main U.S. campus received a silver certification from the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program in 2008, and it installed over 2,000 solar panels on top of its buildings in its Silicon Valley campus, generating approximately 15 percent of the total energy needed by the facilities in April 2005.[95]
Microsoft makes use of alternative forms of transit. It created one of the worlds largest private bus systems, the "Connector", to transport people from outside the company; for on-campus transportation, the "Shuttle Connect" uses a large fleet of hybrid cars to save fuel. The company also subsidises regional public transport as an incentive.[95][96] In February 2010 however, Microsoft took a stance against adding additional public transport and high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes to a bridge connecting Redmond to Seattle; the company did not want to delay the construction any further.[97]
Microsoft was ranked number 1 in the list of the World's Best Multinational Workplaces by the Great Place to Work Institute in 2011.[98]
In 2004, Microsoft commissioned research firms to do independent studies comparing the total cost of ownership (TCO) of Windows Server 2003 to Linux; the firms concluded that companies found Windows easier to administrate than Linux, thus those using Windows would administrate faster resulting in lower costs for their company (i.e. lower TCO).[99] This spurred a wave of related studies; a study by the Yankee Group concluded that upgrading from one version of Windows Server to another costs a fraction of the switching costs from Windows Server to Linux, although companies surveyed noted the increased security and reliability of Linux servers and concern about being locked into using Microsoft products.[100] Another study, released by the OSDL, claimed that the Microsoft studies were "simply outdated and one-sided" and their survey concluded that the TCO of Linux was lower due to Linux administrators managing more servers on average and other reasons.[101]
As part of the "Get the Facts" campaign Microsoft highlighted the .NET trading platform that it had developed in partnership with Accenture for the London Stock Exchange, claiming that it provided "five nines" reliability. After suffering extended downtime and unreliability[102][103] the LSE announced in 2009 that it was planning to drop its Microsoft solution and switch to a Linux based one in 2010.[104][105]
Microsoft adopted the so-called "Pac-Man Logo", designed by Scott Baker, in 1987. Baker stated "The new logo, in Helvetica italic typeface, has a slash between the o and s to emphasize the "soft" part of the name and convey motion and speed."[106] Dave Norris ran an internal joke campaign to save the old logo, which was green, in all uppercase, and featured a fanciful letter O, nicknamed the blibbet, but it was discarded.[107] Microsoft's logo with the "Your potential. Our passion." tagline below the main corporate name, is based on a slogan Microsoft used in 2008. In 2002, the company started using the logo in the United States and eventually started a TV campaign with the slogan, changed from the previous tagline of "Where do you want to go today?".[8][9][108] During the private MGX (Microsoft Global Exchange) conference in 2010, Microsoft unveiled the company's next tagline, "Be What's Next.".[10]
- ^ "2011 Form 10-K, Microsoft Corporation". United States Securities and Exchange Commission. July 28, 2011. http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/789019/000119312511200680/d10k.htm. Retrieved August 23, 2011.
- ^ "Microsoft buys Skype for $8.5 billion". The Search Office Space Blog. May 10, 2011. http://www.searchofficespace.com/blog/sos-news/microsoft-buys-skype-for-8-5-billion.html. Retrieved April 4, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Allan, Roy A. (2001). A History of the Personal Computer. Allan Publishing. ISBN 0-9689108-0-7. http://books.google.com/?id=FLabRYnGrOcC. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ a b "Microsoft to Microsoft disk operating system (MS-DOS)". Smart Computing (Sandhills Publishing Company) 6 (3). March 2002. http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles/archive/r0603/09r03/09r03.asp&guid=. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Bill Gates: A Timeline". BBC News (BBC). July 15, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5085630.stm. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Staples, Betsy (August 1984). "Kay Nishi bridges the cultural gap". Creative Computing 10 (8): 192. http://www.atarimagazines.com/creative/v10n8/192_Kay_Nishi_bridges_the_cul.php. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ^ "Serial Number: 7338210". Trademark Applications and Registrations Retrieval. USPTO. http://tarr.uspto.gov/tarr?regser=serial&entry=73382109. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ^ a b "The Rise and Rise of the Redmond Empire". Wired. December 1998. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/6.12/redmond.html. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ a b c Schmelzer, Randi (January 9, 2006). "McCann Thinks Local for Global Microsoft". Adweek. http://www.adweek.com/news/advertising/mccann-thinks-local-global-microsoft-83426. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ a b Topolsky, Joshua (July 22, 2010). "New Microsoft brand logos, company tagline revealed at MGX event?". engadget (Aol News). http://www.engadget.com/2010/07/22/new-microsoft-brand-logos-company-tagline-revealed-at-mgx-event/. Retrieved July 25, 2010.
- ^ Dyar, Dafydd Neal (November 4, 2002). "Under The Hood: Part 8". Computer Source. Archived from the original on September 11, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060901182630/http://www.computersourcemag.com/articles/viewer.asp?a=695. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ "Engines that move markets". Books.google.co.uk. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k9xS6t4ibxoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Engines+that+move+markets:+technology+investing+from+railroads+to+the&hl=en&ei=BJThTfsoiK3yA4bgoJQH&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=november%201980&f=false. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
- ^ Blaxill, Mark; Eckardt, Ralph (March 5, 2009). The Invisible Edge: Taking Your Strategy to the Next Level Using Intellectual Property. Portfolio Hardcover. ISBN 1-59184-237-9. http://books.google.com/?id=JO6kA0hebJIC&pg=PA210&lpg=PA210&dq=%22columbia+data+products%22+clone+bios&q=%22columbia%20data%20products%22%20clone%20bios. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- ^ a b "Microsoft Chronology". CBS News (CBS Interactive). http://www.cbsnews.com/elements/2006/06/16/in_depth_business/timeline1720211.shtml. Retrieved August 5, 2010.
- ^ Bick, Julie (May 29, 2005). "The Microsoft Millionaires Come of Age". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/29/business/yourmoney/29millionaire.html?ex=1275019200&en=de3d71cbbb7e06f8&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
- ^ a b "U.S. v. Microsoft: Timeline". Wired. November 4, 2002. http://www.wired.com/techbiz/it/news/2002/11/35212. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Thurrott, Paul (January 24, 2003). "Windows Server 2003: The Road To Gold". winsupersite.com. Penton Media. Archived from the original on June 4, 2010. http://web.archive.org/web/20100604082534/http://www.winsupersite.com/reviews/winserver2k3_gold1.asp. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ^ Athow, Desire (May 22, 2010). "Microsoft Windows 3.0 Is 20 Years Old Today!!!". ITProPortal. http://www.itproportal.com/2010/05/22/microsoft-windows-30-20-years-today/. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
- ^ Miller, Michael (August 1, 1998). "Windows 98 Put to the Test (OS Market Share 1993–2001)". PC Magazine. http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,1159610,00.asp. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
- ^ McCracken, Harry (September 13, 2000). "A Peek at Office Upgrade". PCWorld. http://www.pcworld.com/article/18462/a_peek_at_office_upgrade.html. Retrieved July 4, 2006.
- ^ Waner, Jim (November 12, 2004). "Novell Files WordPerfect Suit Against Microsoft". internetnews.com. http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/article.php/3435371/Novell-Files-WordPerfect-Suit-Against-Microsoft.htm. Retrieved July 15, 2010.
- ^ "Competitive Impact Statement : U.S. v. Microsoft Corporation". Justice.gov. http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f0000/0045.htm. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ Borland, John (April 15, 2003). "Victor: Software empire pays high price". CNET (CBS Interactive). http://news.cnet.com/2009-1032-995681.html. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
- ^ Cope, Jim (March 1996). "New And Improved". Smart Computing (Sandhills Publishing Company) 4 (3). http://www.smartcomputing.com/editorial/article.asp?article=articles/archive/95win/95win02/95win02.asp&guid=. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
- ^ Pietrek, Matt (March 1996) (PDF). Windows 95 Programming Secrets. IDG. ISBN 1-56884-318-6. http://cs.mipt.ru/docs/comp/eng/os/win32/win95_sys_progr_secr/main.pdf. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Thurrott, Paul (May 31, 2005). "MSN: The Inside Story". winsupersite.com (Penton Media). http://www.winsupersite.com/showcase/msn_inside_01.asp. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Marketplace: News Archives". Marketplace. American Public Media. July 15, 1996. Archived from the original on August 23, 2004. http://web.archive.org/web/20040823174040/http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/1996/07/15_mpp.html.
- ^ Tilly, Chris. "The History of Microsoft Windows CE". HPC:Factor. http://www.hpcfactor.com/support/windowsce/. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ Markoff, John (June 20, 2002). "Fears of Misuse of Encryption System Are Voiced". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2002/06/20/technology/20CODE.html?pagewanted=1. Retrieved July 7, 2010.
- ^ Stajano, Frank (2003). "Security for whom? The shifting security assumptions of pervasive computing". Software Security—Theories and Systems. Lecture notes in computer science (Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg) 2609: 16–27. DOI:10.1007/3-540-36532-X_2. ISBN 978-3-540-00708-1. http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~fms27/papers/2003-stajano-shifting.pdf. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
- ^ a b "United States v. Microsoft". U.S. Department of Justice. http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/ms_index.htm. Retrieved August 5, 2005.
- ^ Jackson, Thomas Penfield (November 5, 1999). "U.S. vs. Microsoft findings of fact". U.S. Department of Justice. http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f3800/msjudgex.htm. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ Thurrott, Paul (October 26, 2001). "WinInfo Short Takes: Windows XP Launch Special Edition". Windows IT Pro (Penton Media). http://www.windowsitpro.com/article/windows-xp2/wininfo-short-takes-windows-xp-launch-special-edition.aspx. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
- ^ "NPD Reports Annual 2001 U.S. Interactive Entertainment Sales Shatter Industry Record". Business Wire (CBS Interactive). February 7, 2002. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2002_Feb_7/ai_82604922. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
- ^ "Microsoft hit by record EU fine". CNN. March 25, 2004. Archived from the original on April 13, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060413082435/http://www.cnn.com/2004/BUSINESS/03/24/microsoft.eu. Retrieved August 14, 2010.
- ^ a b "Commission Decision of 24.03.2004 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 of the EC Treaty (Case COMP/C-3/37.792 Microsoft)" (PDF). Commission of the European Communities. April 21, 2004. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:62004A0201:EN:NOT. Retrieved August 5, 2005.
- ^ Wee, Gerald (November 10, 2005). "Steve Ballmer on management style". ITWorld. CIO Asia (IDG). http://www.itworld.com/051109ballmerinterview. Retrieved January 29, 2011.
- ^ Vamosi, Robert (January 23, 2007). "CNET Windows Vista review". CBS Interactive. http://reviews.cnet.com/windows/windows-vista-ultimate/4505-3672_7-32013603.html. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
- ^ Ricadela, Aaron (February 14, 2006). "Gates Says Security Is Job One For Vista". InformationWeek. http://www.informationweek.com/news/180201580. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
- ^ "Vista gives Microsoft view of record profit". Edinburgh Evening News. http://www.scotsman.com/news/vista-gives-microsoft-view-of-record-profit-1-1316524. Retrieved February 1, 2009.
- ^ "AFP:EU hits Microsoft with record 899 million euro antitrust fine". Agence France-Presse. February 27, 2008. http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5iozBXlp2nzuVxnMx_SwmtKvi7C-w. Retrieved June 1, 2008.
- ^ Conte, Natali Del (June 15, 2006). "Bill Gates Announces Resignation". PC Magazine (Ziff Davis, Inc.). http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,1977363,00.asp. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Fried, Ina (October 27, 2008). "Microsoft launches Windows Azure". CNET. CBS Interactive. http://news.cnet.com/microsoft-launches-windows-azure/. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
- ^ Fried, Ina (February 12, 2009). "Microsoft follows Apple into the retail business". CNET. CBS Interactive. http://news.cnet.com/8301-13860_3-10163206-56.html. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ Gaynor, Tim (October 22, 2009). "Long lines as Microsoft opens retail store". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/10/22/us-microsoft-store-idUSTRE59L5E220091022. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
- ^ Mintz, Jessica (October 22, 2009). "Windows 7 operating system makes its debut". MSNBC. Associated Press. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/33429899/ns/technology_and_science-tech_and_gadgets/. Retrieved April 4, 2012.
- ^ "Open Networking Foundation News Release". Openflow.org. March 21, 2011. http://www.openflow.org/wp/2011/03/open-networking-foundation-formed-to-speed-network-innovation/. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
- ^ ""Google and other titans form Open Networking Foundation." Noyes, March 23, 2011". ComputerWorld. March 23, 2011. http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/380663/google_other_titans_form_open_networking_foundation/?fp=4&fpid=78268965. Retrieved May 29, 2011.
- ^ "Microsoft". http://news.yahoo.com/microsoft-launches-social-network-cl-claims-not-compete-110708212.html. Retrieved 2012-05-23.
- ^ "Microsoft releases final test version of Windows 8". )1 June 2012. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/info-tech/article3479381.ece.
- ^ Carter, Bill (December 24, 2005). "Microsoft Quits MSNBC TV, but Web Partnership Remains". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/24/business/media/24msnbc.html. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
- ^ "Four Products Advance on Dynamics ERP Roadmap". Directions on Microsoft. April 27, 2009. http://www.directionsonmicrosoft.com/samples/49-samples/743-four-products-advance-on-dynamics-erp-roadmap.html. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
- ^ Cha, Bonnie (September 1, 2010). "Microsoft releases Windows Phone 7 to manufacturers". CNET. CBS Interactive. http://www.cnet.com/8301-17918_1-20015314-85.html. Retrieved September 7, 2010.
- ^ "MSDN Subscription FAQ". Microsoft. http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/ms123402.aspx?missingurl=%2fsubscriptions%2ffaq%2fdefault.aspx. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
- ^ "Microsoft Systems Journal Homepage". Microsoft. April 15, 2004. http://www.microsoft.com/msj/. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ Hobson, Neville (April 11, 2005). "Microsoft's Channel 9 And Cultural Rules". WebProNews (iEntry Inc). http://www.webpronews.com/topnews/2005/04/11/microsofts-channel-and-cultural-rules. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
- ^ "On10.net homepage". Microsoft. http://www.On10.net. Retrieved May 4, 2006.
- ^ Bray, Hiawatha (June 13, 2005). "Somehow, Usenet lumbers on". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/business/globe/articles/2005/06/13/somehow_usenet_lumbers_on/. Retrieved July 3, 2006.
* "Microsoft MVP Frequently Asked Questions". Microsoft. http://mvp.support.microsoft.com/mvpfaqs. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
- ^ CNET News.com Staff (July 21, 2003). "Microsoft tests its own dog food". ZDNet (CNET Networks, Inc.). Archived from the original on January 8, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070108214545/http://news.zdnet.com/2100-3513_22-5047467.html. Retrieved October 9, 2005.
- ^ Heileman, John (November 2000). "The Truth, The Whole Truth, and Nothing But The Truth". Wired. http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.11/microsoft_pr.html. Retrieved September 30, 2007.
- ^ Poundstone, William (May 21, 2003). "Square Manhole Covers and Crazy Questions". G4TV.com. http://g4tv.com/screensavers/features/6282/square_manhole_covers_and_crazy_questions.html. Retrieved July 1, 2006.
- ^ Mark, Roy (April 27, 2005). "Gates Rakes Congress on H1B Visa Cap". internetnews.com. http://www.internetnews.com/bus-news/article.php/3500986. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ "Bill Gates Targets Visa Rules for Tech Workers". NPR. March 12, 2008. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=88154016. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
- ^ "Corporate Equality Index Archive". Human Rights Campaign Foundation. http://www.hrc.org/about_us/7115.htm. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ "Writing history with Microsoft's Office lock-in". http://www.theregister.co.uk/2003/04/25/writing_history_with_microsofts_office/.
- ^ "Corporate Complicity in Chinese Internet Censorship". http://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/china0806/. Retrieved 2006-11-23.
- ^ "Who's buying Microsoft's outsourcing excuses?". InfoWorld. April 22, 2010.
- ^ "Microsoft plans to outsource more, says ex-worker". The Seattle Times. September 3, 2005.
- ^ "High-end tech jobs outsourced by Microsoft". Taipei Times. June 17, 2004.
- ^ "Microsoft Investigates 'Mass Suicide Threat'". Sky News. January 11, 2012
- ^ "Microsoft Purchases Evil From Satan". http://www.bbspot.com/News/2000/4/MS_Buys_Evil.html.
- ^ "Microsoft's list of companies it has acquired". http://www.microsoft.com/msft/acquisitions/history.mspx.
- ^ Ward, Mark (June 8, 2000). "Has Microsoft stifled innovation?". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/781765.stm. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ Rebello, Kathy (June 15, 1997). "Bill Gates's Quiet Shopping Spree". Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/1997/02/b3509221.htm. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ Borland, John (April 15, 2003). "Victor: Software empire pays high price". CNET News. http://news.com.com/2009-1032-995681.html. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ Lemos, Robert (June 10, 2003). "Microsoft moves into antivirus realm". CNET News. http://news.com.com/Microsoft+moves+into+antivirus+realm/2100-1002_3-1015237.html. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ Lea, Graham (December 21, 1999). "Nader slams MS pricing, licences, demands Office ports". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/1999/12/21/nader_slams_ms_pricing_licences/. Retrieved February 5, 2007.
- ^ DuBaud, Skinny (December 14, 1997). "Gates smells Java and crosses the street". CNet News. http://news.com.com/Gates+smells+Java+and+crosses+the+street/2011-1088_3-277604.html. Retrieved February 5, 2007. [dead link]
- ^ "Microsoft Board of Directors" (Press release). Microsoft. http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/bod/bod.aspx. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
- ^ "Microsoft Corporation Corporate Governance Guidelines". Microsoft. July 1, 2009. http://www.microsoft.com/about/companyinformation/corporategovernance/guidelines.mspx. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- ^ "Five year history graph of (NASDAQ:MSFT) stock". ZenoBank. AlphaTrade. September 29, 2009. http://zenobank.com/index.php?symbol=MSFT&page=quotesearch. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
- ^ Monkman, Carol Smith (March 14, 1986). "Microsoft stock is red hot on first trading day". Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Hearst Seattle Media, LLC): p. B9. http://blog.seattlepi.com/microsoft/archives/102018.asp. Retrieved July 18, 2010.
- ^ "MSFT stock performance and split info". Morningstar, Inc.. http://performance.morningstar.com/stock/performance-return.action?p=dividend_split_page&t=MSFT®ion=USA&culture=en-US&s=SPYZ. Retrieved July 17, 2010.
- ^ a b "Microsoft stock price spreadsheet from Microsoft investor relations" (xls). Microsoft. http://download.microsoft.com/download/d/a/7/da7e8eca-4410-4475-a211-03327408b655/msftpricehist.xls. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ a b "Dividend Frequently Asked Questions". Microsoft. http://www.microsoft.com/msft/FAQ/dividend.mspx. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ "Yahoo MSFT stock chart". Yahoo Finance. http://finance.yahoo.com/q/bc?s=MSFT&t=my. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
* "MSN Money MSFT chart with dividend and split info". MSN Money. Microsoft. http://moneycentral.msn.com/investor/charts/chartdl.aspx?Symbol=MSFT&C8=2005&CE=0&C5=10&C6=2005&C7=10&D9=1&C9=2&D0=1&CF=1&D4=1&D5=0&D3=0&ShowChtBt=Refresh+Chart&CP=0&PT=9. Retrieved December 13, 2008.
* Fried, Ina; Ard, Scott (June 15, 2006). "Gates stepping down from full-time Microsoft role, page 2". ZDNet. http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-148474.html?tag=st.prev. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ Rodger, Will (November 8, 1998). "Intel exec: MS wanted to 'extend, embrace and extinguish' competition". ZDNet. http://news.zdnet.com/2100-9595_22-100925.html. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ "Microsoft Corp. Licenses Burst.com Patents & Settles Suit" (Press release). Burst.com Inc.. March 11, 2005. http://www.burst.com/new/newsevents/pressrelease007.htm. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
* Orlowski, Andrew (March 5, 2004). "Eolas' web patent nullified". The Register. Situation Publishing Ltd. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/03/05/eolas_web_patent_nullified/. Retrieved May 18, 2006.
* Dennis, Tony (December 24, 2002). "Sendo & Microsoft – it all ends in tears". TheInquirer.net. Archived from the original on May 29, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080529141141/http://www.theinquirer.net/en/inquirer/news/2002/12/24/sendo--microsoft--it-all-ends-in-tears. Retrieved May 18, 2006.
* Nystedt, Dan (December 7, 2005). "Update: Microsoft fined $32M by South Korea". IDG News Service. http://www.infoworld.com/article/05/12/07/HNmicrosoftfined_1.html. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ "U.S. v. Microsoft: We're Defending Our Right to Innovate". The Wall Street Journal. May 20, 1998. Archived from the original on November 17, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071117094549/http://openacademy.mindef.gov.sg/openacademy/Learning+Resources/Microsoft/words/words_4.htm. Retrieved March 31, 2006.
- ^ "Microsoft sells $2.25 billion of debt at low rates". Reuters. February 4, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/04/us-microsoft-bonds-idUSTRE7128EZ20110204.
- ^ Charles Arthur (April 28, 2011). "Microsoft falls behind Apple for first time in 20 years | Technology". London: The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/apr/28/microsoft-falls-behind-apple. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ MG Siegler Apr 29, 2011 (April 29, 2011). "When Will Microsoft’s Internet Bloodbath End?". Techcrunch.com. http://techcrunch.com/2011/04/29/microsoft-internet-bloodbath/?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+Techcrunch+%28TechCrunch%29. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
- ^ "Guide to Greener Electronics – Greenpeace International (16th Edition)". Greenpeace International. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/en/campaigns/climate-change/cool-it/Guide-to-Greener-Electronics/Previous-Edition-October-2010/. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
- ^ "Ranking tables October 2010 – Greenpeace International". Greenpeace International. http://www.greenpeace.org/international/Global/international/publications/toxics/2010/version16/Ranking%20tables%20Oct%202010-Microsoft.pdf. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
- ^ a b Mills, Elinor (June 6, 2008). "Microsoft vs. Google: Who's greener?". CNET (CBS Interactive). http://news.cnet.com/Microsoft-vs.-Google-Whos-greener/2100-1022_3-6080297.html?tag=mncol;txt. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
- ^ "Fostering Alternative Ways to Commute at Microsoft". Microsoft. Archived from the original on May 1, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080501154211/http://www.microsoft.com/environment/our_commitment/articles/alternative_commuting.aspx.
- ^ "Seattle hires consultant to look at 520 bridge plan". King5 Television News. February 23, 2010. http://www.king5.com/news/Microsofts-big-520-advertisement-85031317.html. Retrieved July 3, 2010.
- ^ Tu, Janet I. (October 28, 2011). "Microsoft Pri0 | Microsoft named best multinational workplace". Seattle Times Newspaper. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/microsoftpri0/2016631709_microsoft_named_best_multinational_workplace_by_gr.html. Retrieved November 3, 2011.
- ^ Bishop, Todd (January 27, 2004). "Studies on Linux help their patron: Microsoft". Seattle Post-Intelligencer (Hearst Seattle Media, LLC). http://www.seattlepi.com/business/158237_msftresearch27.html. Retrieved July 16, 2010.
- ^ Foley, Mary Jo (March 24, 2004). "Yankee Independently Pits Windows TCO vs. Linux TCO". eWeek. http://www.microsoft-watch.com/content/operating_systems/yankee_independently_pits_windows_tco_vs_linux_tco.html. Retrieved July 14, 2010.
- ^ Jaques, Robert (February 13, 2006). "Linux fans hit back at Microsoft TCO claims". vnunet.com. http://www.vnunet.com/vnunet/news/2150210/linux-fans-hit-back-microsoft. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ Rowena Mason (September 10, 2008). "Seven-hour LSE blackout caused by double glitch". London: The Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/markets/4676369/Seven-hour-LSE-blackout-caused-by-double-glitch.html.
- ^ "London Stock Exchange trading hit by technical glitch". BBC News. November 26, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/8380607.stm.
- ^ David M. Williams (October 8, 2009). "London Stock Exchange gets the facts and dumps Windows for Linux". ITWire. http://www.itwire.com/opinion-and-analysis/the-linux-distillery/28359-london-stock-exchange-gets-the-facts-and-dumps-windows-for-linux.
- ^ "London Stock Exchange Rejects .NET For Open Source". Slashdot. October 6, 2009. http://linux.slashdot.org/story/09/10/06/1742203/London-Stock-Exchange-Rejects-NET-For-Open-Source.
- ^ Computer Reseller News Magazine. March 1987.
- ^ Osterman, Larry (July 14, 2005). "Remember the blibbet". Larry Osterman's WebLog. Microsoft. http://blogs.msdn.com/larryosterman/archive/2005/07/14/438777.aspx. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
- ^ Reimer, Jeremy (January 23, 2006). "Microsoft set to launch new marketing campaign". Ars Technica (Condé Nast Digital). http://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060123-6031.html. Retrieved August 18, 2008.
|
|
|
| Board of Directors |
|
|
| Chief officers |
|
|
| Presidents and VPs |
|
|
|
Links to related articles
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Consulting and
outsourcing |
|
|
| Imaging |
|
|
| Information storage |
|
|
| Mainframes |
|
|
| Mobile devices |
|
|
| Networking equipment |
|
|
| OEMs |
|
|
Personal computers
and servers |
|
|
| Point of sale |
|
|
| Semiconductors |
|
|
| Software |
|
|
Telecommunications
services |
|
|
| Websites |
|
|
|
Methodology: FY2010/11 applicable revenues of over: group 1-11 (ex. semiconductor foundries) - US$3 billion; group 12 - US$10 billion; group 13 - US$2 billion; semiconductor foundries - US$0.5 billion
|
|
|
|
