Roman consul[link]

Consul (abbrev. cos.; Latin plural consules) was the highest elected office of the Roman Republic and an appointive office under the Empire. The title was also used in other city states and also revived in modern states, notably in the First French Republic. The relating adjective is consular, from the Latin consularis (which has been used, substantiated, as a title in its own right).

Other uses in antiquity[link]

Other city states[link]

While many cities (as in Gaul) had a double-headed chief magistracy, often another title was used, such as Duumvir or native styles such as Meddix, but Consul was used in some.

Private sphere[link]

It was not uncommon for an organisation under Roman private law to copy the terminology of state and city institutions for its own statutory agents. The founding statute, or contract, of such an organisation was called lex, 'law'. The people elected each year were patricians, members of the upper class.

Medieval city states[link]

The city-state of Genoa, unlike ancient Rome, bestowed the title of Consul on various state officials, not necessarily restricted to the highest. Among these were Genoese officials stationed in various Mediterranean ports, whose role included helping Genoese merchants and sailors in difficulties with the local authorities. This institution, with its name, was later emulated by other powers and is reflected in the modern usage of the word (see Consul (representative)).

In England, the clerks of Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester, made a practice of using the Latin word consul rather than the more common comes when translating his title of 'Earl'. Modern historians sometimes call him "Robert the Consul", for that reason, though he himself and his contemporaries did not use that name.

French Revolution[link]

French Republic[link]

A portrait of the three Consuls,Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, Napoleon Bonaparte and Charles-François Lebrun (left to right)

After Napoleon Bonaparte in November 1799 staged a coup against the Directory government, the French Republic adopted a constitution, which conferred executive powers upon three Consuls, elected for a period of ten years. In reality, the First Consul, Bonaparte, dominated his two colleagues and held supreme power, soon making himself Consul for life and eventually, in 1804, Emperor.

The office was held by

• Napoleon Bonaparte, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, Roger Ducos, Provisional Consuls (10 November – 12 December 1799)
• Napoleon Bonaparte (First Consul), Jean-Jacques Cambacérès (Second Consul), Charles-François Lebrun (Third Consul), Consuls (12 December 1799 – 18 May 1804)

Roman Republic[link]

The French-sponsored Roman Republic (15 February 1798 – 23 June 1800) was headed by multiple consuls:

• Francesco Riganti, Carlo Luigi Costantini, Duke Bonelli-Crescenzi, Antonio Bassi, Gioacchino Pessuti, Angelo Stampa, Domenico Maggi, Provisional Consuls (15 February – 20 March 1798)
• Liborio Angelucci, Giacomo De Mattheis, Panazzi, Reppi, Ennio Quirino Visconti, Consuls (20 March – September 1798)
• Brigi, Calisti, Francesco Pierelli, Giuseppe Rey, Federico Maria Domenico Michele, Zaccaleoni, Consuls (September – 24 July 1799)

Consular rule was interrupted by the Neapolitan occupation (27 November – 12 December 1798), which installed a Provisional Government:

• Prince Giambattista Borghese, Prince Paolo-Maria Aldobrandini, Prince Gibrielli, Marchese Camillo Massimo, Giovanni Ricci (29 November 1798 - 12 December 1798)

Rome was occupied by France (11 July – 28 September 1799) and again by Naples (30 September 1799 – 23 June 1800), bringing an end to the Roman Republic.

Bolognese Republic[link]

The short-lived Bolognese Republic, proclaimed in 1796 as a French client republic in the Central Italian city of Bologna, had a government consisting of nine consuls and its head of state was the Presidente del Magistrato, i.e., chief magistrate, a presiding office held for four months by one of the consuls. As noted above, Bologna already had Consuls at some parts of its Medieval history.

Later modern republics[link]

Paraguay[link]

In between series of juntas (and various other short-lived regimes), the young republic was governed by "consuls of the republic" in power (2 consuls alternating in power every 4 months):

• 12 October 1813 – 12 February 1814 José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco (1st time)
• 12 February 1814 – 12 June 1814 Fulgencio Yegros y Franco de Torres
• 12 June 1814 – 3 October 1814 José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia y Velasco (2nd time); he stayed on as "supreme dictator" 3 October 1814 – 20 September 1840 (from 6 June 1816 styled "perpetual supreme dictator")

After a few presidents of the Provisional Junta, there were again consuls of the republic, 14 March 1841 – 13 March 1844 (ruling jointly, but occasionally styled "first consul", "second consul"): Carlos Antonio López Ynsfrán (b. 1792 – d. 1862) + Mariano Roque Alonzo Romero (d. 1853) (the lasts of the aforementioned juntistas, Commandant-General of the Army) Thereafter all republican rulers were styled "president".

Revolutionary Greece[link]

Among the many petty local republics that were formed during the first year of the Greek Revolution, prior to the creation of a unified Provisional Government at the First National Assembly at Epidaurus, were:

• The Consulate of Argos (from 26 May 1821, under the Senate of the Peloponnese) had a single head of state, styled consul, 28 March 1821 – 26 May 1821: Stamatellos Antonopoulos
• The Consulate of East Greece (Livadeia) (from 15 November 1821, under the Areopagus of East Greece) was headed 1 April 1821 – 15 November 1821 by three Consuls: Lambros Nakos, Ioannis Logothetis & Ioannis Filon

Note: in Greek, the term for "consul" is "ypatos", which translates as "supreme one", and hence does not necessarily imply a joint office.

See also[link]

• Captain Regent (similar modern position in San Marino's government)
• Consularis (Roman gubernatorial style)
• Consulate
• Chronological listings of Roman consuls (in law always republican Magistrates):
  • List of Roman Consuls
• List of topics related to ancient Rome
• Pauly–Wissowa
• Political institutions of Rome

Sources and references[link]

• WorldStatesmen.org, see each present country

Patricia Neway (September 30, 1919 – January 24, 2012) was an American operatic soprano and musical theatre actress who had an active international career during the mid-1940s through the 1970s. One of the few performers of her day to enjoy equal success on both the opera and musical theatre stages, she was a regular performer on both Broadway and at the New York City Opera during the 1950s and 1960s. Emily Langer of The Washington Post wrote that, "Neway was a rare type of singer — one with the classical training and raw vocal strength to meet the demands of opera as well as the acting talent and appeal required to succeed in musical theater."^[1] She is particularly remembered for creating roles in the world premieres of several contemporary American operas, most notably Magda Sorel in Gian Carlo Menotti's The Consul. On Broadway she won a Tony Award for her portrayal of the Mother Abbess in the original production of Rodgers and Hammerstein's The Sound of Music.

Biography[link]

Born on Ditmas Avenue in Kensington, Brooklyn to Irish-American parents, Neway grew up in Rosebank, Staten Island. Her father was a printing plant foreman who had briefly worked in vaudeville as the high tenor in a vocal quartet. She attended the Notre Dame Academy on Staten Island and then Notre Dame College where she earned a degree in the sciences with a minor in mathematics. Although she had studied piano briefly as a child, her interest in music and singing awakened in her years at Notre Dame College after she began singing through a book of Neapolitan Songs that her uncle had given to her father as a present. What began as a hobby turned into a passion and following her graduation from Notre Dame she entered the Mannes College of Music where she earned a degree in vocal performance. She later studied singing with tenor Morris Gesell, whom she eventually married.^[2]

While still a student, Neway made her Broadway debut as a member of the chorus in a 1942 production of Jacques Offenbach's La vie parisienne.^[3] In April 1944 she was the soprano soloist in the world premiere of Norman Dello Joio's The Mystic Trumpeter with conductor Robert Shaw and the Collegiate Chorale at Town Hall.^[4] She made her first opera appearance in a leading role in 1946, as Fiordiligi in Così fan tutte, at Chautauqua Opera. In 1948, she returned to Broadway to portray the Female Chorus in the United States premiere of Benjamin Britten's The Rape of Lucretia, at the Ziegfeld Theatre.^[5]

In 1950, Neway made opera history when she starred as Magda Sorel in the world premiere of Gian Carlo Menotti's critically acclaimed Cold War-era opera The Consul at the Shubert Theatre in Philadelphia, with Cornell MacNeil as John Sorel and Marie Powers as the Mother.^[6] Later that year, she went with the production to the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway, where it ran for 269 performances. She later recorded the role for Decca Records, and performed the role for the premieres in London, Paris, and other European cities.^[7] Neway, Kuhlmann, and Powers also performed these roles in the UK at the Cambridge Theatre in February 1951, with Norman Kelley playing the role of the magician Nika. ^[8][9] For her work in the Broadway production she won the Donaldson Award for Best Actress in a Musical in 1950.^[10]

In 1951, Neway made her debut with the New York City Opera (NYCO), where she returned often through 1966. Her first appearance with the company was as Leah in the world premiere of David Tamkin's The Dybbuk on April 10, 1951, with Robert Rounseville as Channon.^[11] She also notably sang in the world premiere of Hugo Weisgall's Six Characters in Search of an Author in 1959, with Beverly Sills.^[12] Among the many other productions she appeared in with the NYCO were: Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana (as Santuzza, conducted by Julius Rudel), Alban Berg's Wozzeck (as Marie), Menotti's The Consul (as Magda), Amahl and the Night Visitors (as the Mother), and The Medium (as Mme Flora), Bucci's Tale for a Deaf Ear (as Laura Gates)^[13], Carlisle Floyd's Wuthering Heights (as Nellie, opposite Phyllis Curtin as Catherine); Benjamin Britten's The Turn of the Screw (as the Governess, with Richard Cassilly as Peter Quint), and Richard Strauss's Salome (as Herodias), among others.

While singing largely at the NYCO, Neway continued to perform with other opera companies and on Broadway. In 1952 she sang and recorded the title heroine in Gluck's Iphigénie en Tauride at the Aix-en-Provence Festival. Between 1952-1954 she was engaged as a principal soprano at the Opéra-Comique, in Paris. While there, she gave two of the greatest performances of her opera career, portraying the title role in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca, and the role of Katerina Mihaylovna in Franco Alfano's Risurrezione.^[5] In 1955, she sang in the world premiere of Raffaello de Banfield's Una lettera d'amore di Lord Byron in New Orleans, with Astrid Varnay. In 1957 she portrayed Madame de Croissy for NBC Opera Theatre's production of Poulenc's Dialogues of the Carmelites, with Rosemary Kuhlmann as Mother Marie, Elaine Malbin as Blanche, and Leontyne Price as Mme Lidoine.^[14]

Neway notably portrayed Miriam in the world premiere of Lee Hoiby's The Scarf at the very first Festival dei Due Mondi in Spoleto, Italy on June 20, 1958. In August 1958, she sang the role of the Mother in the world premiere of Menotti's Maria Golovin at the Brussels World's Fair.^[15] She continued with the production when it premiered on Broadway in November 1958, at the Martin Beck Theatre, under the umbrella of the NBC Opera Theatre. The following year she sang the role again with the New York City Opera in addition for recording the role for a national television broadcast on NBC.^[16]

In June 1959, Neway returned to the Spoleto Festival to portray Geraldine in the world premiere of Samuel Barber's A Hand of Bridge (which she recorded in 1960). The following November she returned to Broadway where she originated the role of the Mother Abbess in the original Broadway production of The Sound of Music for which she won the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical, in 1960.

In 1963, Neway created the role of Jenny MacDougald in the world premiere of Carlisle Floyd's The Sojourner and Mollie Sinclair, in Raleigh, North Carolina, opposite Norman Treigle as Lachlan Sinclair, and conductor Julius Rudel.

In 1964, she performed the role of Lady Thiang in The King and I at Lincoln Center with Risë Stevens as Anna and Darren McGavin as the King. In 1966, she made her first appearance at the San Francisco Opera, as the Governess in The Turn of the Screw. She returned there in 1972 to play the Widow Begbick in Kurt Weill's Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny.

In 1967, she appeared as Nettie in a special television production of Carousel, starring Robert Goulet as Billy Bigelow. Her featured solo was the song "You'll Never Walk Alone". In 1970 she created the role of the Queen in the world premiere of Menotti's stage play, The Leper.^[10]

Neway's other repertoire included Arnold Schönberg's Erwartung.

Retirement and death[link]

After retirement, Neway moved to Corinth, Vermont where she lived with her second husband, John Francis Byrne, until Byrne's death in 2008. Her first marriage to Morris Gesell had ended earlier in divorce.^[17] She died at her home in Corinth on January 24, 2012, aged 92.^[3]

References[link]

Videography[link]

• Menotti: The Consul (Ludgin; Torkanowsky, Dalrymple, 1960) VAI

External links[link]

• Patricia Neway at the Internet Broadway Database
• Patricia Neway at the Internet Movie Database

Eileen Farrell (February 13, 1920 – March 23, 2002^[1]) was an American soprano who had a nearly 60 year long career performing both classical and popular music in concerts, theatres, on radio and television, and on disc. While she was active as an opera singer, her concert engagements far outnumbered her theatrical appearances. Her career was mainly based in the United States, although she did perform internationally. The Daily Telegraph stated that she "was one of the finest American sopranos of the 20th century; she had a voice of magnificent proportions which she used with both acumen and artistry in a wide variety of roles."^[2]

Farrell began her career in 1940 as a member of the CBS Chorus on CBS Radio. In 1941 CBS Radio offered Farrell her own program, Eileen Farrell Sings, on which she performed both classical and popular music for 5 years.^[2] In 1947 she launched her career as a concert soprano and nine years later began performing on the opera stage.^[3] The pinnacle of her opera career was five seasons performing at the Metropolitan Opera from 1960-1966. She continued to perform and record both classical and popular music throughout her career, and is credited for releasing the first successful crossover album: "I've Got a Right to Sing the Blues" (1960).^[4] After announcing her retirement from performance in 1986, she still continued to perform and record music periodically up into the late 1990s.^[1][3] She was also active as a voice teacher, both privately and for nine years at Indiana University.^[3]

Early life and education[link]

Farrell was born in Willimantic, Connecticut, the youngest of four children born to Irish American Catholics Michael Farrell and Catherine Farrell (née Kennedy). Her parents were vaudeville singers who had performed under the name 'The Singing O'Farrells' prior to having children. The family moved quite frequently during Farrell's childhood to various towns in Connecticut. Eileen's first clear memories were of her family's home in Storrs, Connecticut which was where her parents were working as teachers of music and drama at Storrs Agricultural College (now the University of Connecticut).^[2]

When Farrell was five years old her family moved back to Willimantic. After attending first grade there, her family moved once again to Norwich, Connecticut after her mother obtained the post of organist at St. Mary's Church in that city. The family remained in Norwich for almost the next 10 years with Farrell completing her Freshman year of high school at Norwich Free Academy in 1935. The family then moved to Woonsocket, Rhode Island and Farrell entered Woonsocket High School in Fall 1936. She graduated from the school in 1939.

Farrell received her early vocal training from her parents during her childhood. Her mother, a talented coloratura soprano, was her primary teacher but her father, a baritone, also occasionally taught her. After graduating from highschool, she moved to New York City in August 1939 to study with retired Metropolitan Opera contralto Merle Alcock. While studying singing with Alcock, she received language coaching from Charlie Baker who was the music director of Rutgers Presbyterian Church. After working with him for a few months, he hired her as a paid singer at Rutgers. When her radio career took off, Baker became Farrell's vocal coach and helped her prepare most of her music. In her autobiography, Can't help singing: the life of Eileen Farrell (1999), she credits Baker with helping her succeed during the early years of her career on radio. Farrell later was a student of vocal and opera coach Eleanor McLellan with whom she credited for giving her a solid technique.^[4]

Early career in radio[link]

In 1940 Farrell began her career as a member of the CBS Chorus. After three months with the chorus, CBS offered her own weekly half hour radio program, Eileen Farrell Sings (also sometimes called Eileen Farrell Presents), on which she would perform both classical and popular music accompanied by the CBS Orchestra under conductor Howard Barlow. The program was coordinated by music director Jim Fassett and was mostly recorded at what is now the Ed Sullivan Theater. On the program she got to sing with several notable guest artists, including Margaret Harshaw, Frank Sinatra, Martial Singher, and Risë Stevens. The program first aired in early 1941 and quickly became popular. It ran through 1946.

While singing on her own program, Farrell also appeared as a guest on several other radio programs. She was a regular guest on Andre Kostelanetz's The Pause That Refreshes and Bernard Herrmann's Invitation to Music. She also made appearances on The Bell Telephone Hour, The Prudential Family Hour, Songs of the Centuries, and Your Hit Parade among others. In 1944 she made a special Christmas recording that was for the American soldiers stationed abroad during World War II with Shirley Temple as mistress of ceremonies.

Concert and opera career[link]

During 1947–1948, she toured the US as a concert singer, and in 1949 she toured South America.

Farrell's song recital in New York in October 1950 was enthusiastically acclaimed and gained her immediate recognition. That year, she also appeared in a concert performance of Berg's Wozzeck as Marie. In 1952, she was engaged by Arturo Toscanini for his first and only studio recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony, with the NBC Symphony Orchestra.

In the 1955 film Interrupted Melody, which starred Eleanor Parker as Australian soprano Marjorie Lawrence, Eileen Farrell supplied the singing voice. As early as 1956 she appeared before an audience of over 13,000 under the direction of the conductor Alfredo Antonini in a performance of arias from Verdi's Ernani at the Lewisohn Stadium in New York City.^[5]

In 1956 she made her stage debut as Santuzza in Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana with the San Carlo Opera in Tampa, Florida. In 1957 she debuted with the Lyric Opera of Chicago; in 1958, with the San Francisco Opera. She made her Metropolitan Opera debut on December 6, 1960, singing the title role in Gluck's Alceste. She opened the 1962–63 Met season as Maddalena in Giordano's Andrea Chénier, opposite Franco Corelli. She remained on the Met roster through the 1963–64 season, singing forty-four performance in six roles, then returned in March 1966 for two final performances as Maddalena. Her other roles at the Met included the title role in Ponchielli's La Gioconda, Leonora in Verdi's La forza del destino, Isabella in de Falla's Atlàntida, and Santuzza.

Farrell was equally at home singing pop material and opera. She made four Columbia albums of popular music: I've Got a Right to Sing the Blues, Here I Go Again, This Fling Called Love and Together with Love.

Throughout the 1960s she was a frequent soloist with the New York Philharmonic under the direction of Leonard Bernstein; she was also a favourite of Thomas Schippers. With Eugene Ormandy, the Philadelphia Orchestra, and the Mormon Tabernacle Choir, she was a featured soloist in an abridged recording of Handel's Messiah. The other featured soloists were Martha Lipton, Davis Cunningham and William Warfield.

From 1971 to 1980, Farrell was professor of music at the Indiana University School of Music in Bloomington. From 1983 to 1985, she was professor of music at the University of Maine in Orono. She also made several recordings of blues music late in her career, as well as a well-received duet with Frank Sinatra on his "Trilogy" album, in which they sang a version of the country music hit "For the Good Times". This introduced her to a new group of fans, especially Sinatra expert Charles Fasciano, who considered this song his personal favorite. She published a memoir, Can't Help Singing, in 1999.

Beginning in 1987 she began to record pop albums again. Her first was for the Audiophile label called With Much Love. She later recorded several albums for the Reference label that were well received.

Farrell was married to a NYPD officer, Robert Reagan, with whom she maintained homes in the Grymes Hill and Emerson Hill areas of Staten Island, NY. She was elected to Woonsocket's Hall of Fame. She died in March 2002, aged 82.

References[link]

Sources[link]

• Eileen Farrell; Brian Kellow (1999). Can't help singing: the life of Eileen Farrell. University Press of New England. http://books.google.com/books?id=i2-TXEUD4ywC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%22Eileen+Farrell%22&hl=en&ei=tW3JTfSSGdHr0QH1nayTCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CD0Q6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=Woonsocket%20&f=false. 

External links[link]

• Biography and discography
• MetOpera database

Arnold Clavio ^^
Right: Arnold Clavio in Club Filipino for the AB Gantimpala 2012
Born	(1965-11-02) 2 November 1965 (age 46)
Other names	Igan
Occupation	News anchor, Host, Radio CommentatorTeam Askals
Notable credit(s)	See awards

Arnold Clavio (born November 2, 1965) is a popular radio and television newscaster, journalist, and a TV host in the Philippines.^[1] He currently co-anchors GMA Network's late-night newscast, Saksi with Vicky Morales and hosts a morning radio show, One on One with Igan on DZBB.

Biography[link]

In his elementary and high school days, he has been an active member of the editorial staff of his school's organ. In college, he took up Journalism in the UST Faculty of Arts and Letters or UST-AB.

Right after graduation, he worked as a news writer at DWIZ, and after a year transferred as a radio field reporter to GMA Network's flagship radio station, DZBB.

In 1994, he was offered a reporter's slot in Brigada Siete, joining the late Louie Beltran and Jessica Soho, this was Igan's very 1st TV show on GMA.

He was given the top prize by the Department of Health in their Philippine AIDS-STD Media Awards for his report on Sarah Jane Salazar in 1995. The Asian Broadcasting Union also awarded his Abu Sayyaf coverage for DZBB as the Best Reportage of a Crisis in the same year. In 1999, his radio program Dobol A sa Dobol B was named Best Public Affairs Program on Radio by the KBP Golden Dove Awards.

In 1996, he became the host of Emergency, the late night news and public affairs program formerly hosted by Edu Manzano. He also one of the hosts of the network's early morning news and lifestyle program, Unang Hirit.

On March 15, 2004, he replaced Mike Enriquez to be the co-anchor of Saksi. In November 2004, he co-hosted Eat Bulaga Silver Special, which was a co-production of TAPE Productions and GMA News and Public Affairs, with his co-host in Unang Hirit, Rhea Santos.

In March 2009, he was now on of the host of Case Unclosed which replaced from original host Kara David.

In September 2009, he also become a guest newscaster for 24 Oras: Special Edition with fellow Saksi anchor Vicky Morales. It aired on weekends and was about a special newscast after the Typhoons Ondoy and Pepeng, and the Maguindanao massacre.

In March 2010, he became the host of Kandidato, a public affairs talk show conducting an interview with a presidential candidate who will become the next President.

In April 2010, he hosted Tonight with Arnold Clavio . A primetime talk show aired on Q (TV network) and it was aired also on GMA News TV .

In May 2010, Igan was given a new public service program entitled Rescue.

In February 2011, Igan became a solo newscast on Balita Pilipinas.

On March 15, 2012, the Philippine Football Federation lodged a formal complaint with the GMA Network regarding his allegedly "racist, discriminatory, libelous and malicious statements." ^[2]

Personal life[link]

He is married with 3 children.

TV shows[link]

• Brigada Siete (GMA Network, 1994–2005)
• Unang Hirit (GMA Network, 1999–present)
• Emergency (GMA Network, 1996–2009)
• Saksi (GMA Network, 2004–present)
• Philippine Agenda (GMA Network, 2007)
• Case Unclosed (GMA Network, 2009–2010)
• Kandidato (GMA Network, 2010)
• Tonight with Arnold Clavio (GMA News TV (formerly with Q), 2010–present)
• Rescue (TV program) (GMA Network, 2010–present)
• Balita Pilipinas(GMA News TV, 2011)
• Sanib Puwersa (GMA Network, 2011)
• Dobol B sa News TV (GMA News TV)

Radio Shows[link]

• Dobol A sa Dobol B (Super Radyo DZBB, 1998–2008)
• One on One with Igan (Super Radyo DZBB, 2008–present)
• Saksi sa Dobol B (segment co-host; Super Radyo DZBB, 1999–present)

• Winner, Best Reportage of A Crisis - Asian Broadcasting Union (1995)
• Winner, Broadcast Journalist of the Year 2006^[3] - Rotary Club of Manila Media Awards (2006)
• Winner, Best Public Affairs Program on Radio - KBP Golden Dove Awards (1999)
• Winner, Racist of the Year Award (2012)

Sources[link]

• http://www.haribon.org.ph/?q=node/view/152
• http://www.blogged.com/about/arnold-clavio/
• http://www.gmanews.tv
• http://www.sunstar.com.ph/static/cag/2007/10/27/feat/jessica.soho.arnold.clavio.host.gma.20th.news.anniversary.html
• http://videos.southcotabato.org/2012/03/arnold-clavios-racist-comments-on.html
• http://www.medianewser.com/2012/03/arnold-clavio-trends-on-twitter-for.html
• http://www.esportsinfo.com/football/arnold-clavios-comments-on-the-philippine-azkals-video/
• http://iamjammed.com/sports/arnold-clavio-criticized-for-his-racist-comments-on-azkals-team-members/
• http://manilarepublic.com/arnold-clavio-trending-in-twitter-philippines-because-of-his-racist-comment-about-the-azkals/2330
• http://pensheet.blogspot.com/2012/03/arnold-clavio-is-racist-says-azkals.html
• http://inez.abcruz.com/Diary/2012Mar14Wed024849
• http://cebufootball.blogspot.com/2012/03/its-racism-issue-mr-clavio.html?spref=tw
• http://cebufootball.blogspot.com/2012/03/full-text-of-pff-complaint-vs-clavio.html
• http://www.cmfr-phil.org/2012/03/21/brown-skin-chauvinism-gma-7-clavio-should-apologize/

References[link]

  4. http://www.azkalsunited.com/4/post/2012/03/gma-7-should-fire-racist-arnold-clavio.html

See also[link]

• GMA News and Public Affairs

This article is an orphan, as few or no other articles link to it. Please introduce links to this page from related articles; suggestions may be available. (December 2010)

Stephanie Gray is a Canadian pro-life activist. She is executive director of the Canadian Center for Bio-Ethical Reform (CCBR).^[1]

Gray's presentations at college campuses in the United States and Canada have generated controversy, as she used graphic images and comparisons to genocide and rape as part of the CCBR's anti-abortion Genocide Awareness Project.^[2] These include depictions of burn victims and corpses.^[2]

She has debated many of Canada's leading pro-choice advocates including Eike-Henner Kluge.^[3]

References[link]

1. ^ Anti-abortion group takes protest to Stampede, National Post, July 3, 2008
2. ^ ^{a b} Vaas, Attila (2006-03-23). "Anti-abortion talk draws protesters - Abortion called a genocide". The Gazette. http://www.gazette.uwo.ca/articles.cfm?section=FrontPage&articleID=638&month=03&day=23&year=2006. Retrieved 23 April 2010. 
3. ^ YPY to host abortion debate, The Martlet, Oct. 14, 2009

External links[link]

• Canadian Centre for Bio-Ethical Reform

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