- published: 11 Jul 2011
- views: 13965
- author: PBSNewsHour
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
Loading...
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- Abigail Adams
- Abigail Fillmore
- Activism
- Addie L. Wyatt
- Adobe Flash
- Adobe Reader
- Affair
- Alan Alda
- Alison Cheek
- Analgesic
- Ann Gerry
- Anna Harrison
- Anna Morton
- Apollo 8
- Baby boomer
- Barbara Bush
- Barbara Jordan
- Bella Abzug
- Bennington, Vermont
- Bess Truman
- Betty Ford
- Betty Ford Center
- Betty Friedan
- Big Apple (dance)
- Bill Clinton
- Billie Jean King
- Bump (dance)
- Cannabis (drug)
- Carla Anderson Hills
- Carnegie Hall
- Caro Dawes
- Carol Sutton
- Caroline Harrison
- CB radio
- Charles de Gaulle
- Charles Hard Townes
- Charles Henry King
- Charles Stark Draper
- Chelsea, New York
- Chicago, Illinois
- Chris Chase
- CNN
- Cokie Roberts
- Conservatism
- Denver
- Department store
- Detroit Free Press
- Dick Cheney
- Disabilities
- Dolley Madison
- Donald A. Glaser
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- East Room
- Edith Roosevelt
- Edward Mills Purcell
- Edward Teller
- Eleanor Roosevelt
- Eleanor Smeal
- Eliza Hendricks
- Elizabeth Chittick
- Elizabeth II
- Elizabeth Monroe
- Ella T. Grasso
- Ellen Axson Wilson
- Ellen Hamlin
- Ellen Maria Colfax
- Emilio G. Segrè
- Emily Donelson
- Enid Nemy
- Equal pay for women
- Find a Grave
- Florence Harding
- Floride Calhoun
- Foxtrot (dance)
- Frank Borman
- Fulton, New York
- George H. W. Bush
- George W. Bush
- George Wells Beadle
- Gerald Ford
- Gerald R. Ford
- Gerald Rudolff Ford
- Gloria Steinem
- Grace Coolidge
- Gun control
- Hannah Tompkins
- Hanya Holm
- Happy Rockefeller
- Harlow Curtice
- Harper & Row
- Harriet Lane
- Harry S. Truman
- Helen Herron Taft
- Henry Kissinger
- Herbert Hoover
- Herpolsheimer's
- Hollywood Squares
- Hot-button
- Houston
- Ida Saxton McKinley
- Ilo Wallace
- Independent Lens
- Isidor Isaac Rabi
- James Van Allen
- Jane Hadley Barkley
- Jane Irwin Harrison
- Jane Pierce
- Jennie Tuttle Hobart
- Jill Biden
- Jill Ker Conway
- Jim Lovell
- Jimmy Carter
- Joan Mondale
- John Adams
- John F. Kennedy
- John Foster Dulles
- John Franklin Enders
- John Gardner Ford
- John Robert Powers
- John Sirica
- Joshua Lederberg
- Judy Agnew
- Julia Gardiner Tyler
- Julia Grant
- Kathleen Byerly
- Konrad Adenauer
- KPSP-TV
- Lady Bird Johnson
- Larry King
- Larry King Live
- Lasalle & Koch
- Laura Bush
- Letitia Stevenson
- Liberty (dog)
- Life (magazine)
- Linus Pauling
- Lois Irene Marshall
- Lou Henry Hoover
- Louisa Adams
- Lucretia Garfield
- Lucy Webb Hayes
- Lyndon B. Johnson
- Lynette Fromme
- Lynne Cheney
- Mamie Eisenhower
- Manhattan
- Margaret Taylor
- Marilyn Quayle
- Martha Graham
- Martha Hill
- Martha Washington
- Mary Arthur McElroy
- Mary Harrison McKee
- Mary Todd Lincoln
- Mastectomy
- Maureen Reagan
- McCall's
- Michael Gerald Ford
- Michelle Obama
- Mohammad Mosaddegh
- Mood ring
- MSNBC
- Muriel Humphrey
- Nancy Gibbs
- Nancy Reagan
- Nelson Rockefeller
- Nikita Khrushchev
- Opioid
- Pat Nixon
- PBS NewsHour
- Penguin Group
- Pennsylvania Avenue
- Pope John XXIII
- Portal Biography
- Premarital sex
- Pro-choice
- Richard Nixon
- Roe v. Wade
- Ronald Reagan
- Rosalynn Carter
- Rose Cleveland
- Sara Jane Moore
- Sarah Childress Polk
- Sarah Yorke Jackson
- Scientist
- Sisters of '77
- Sophia Dallas
- Spiro Agnew
- State visit
- Steven Ford
- Susan Brownmiller
- Susan Ford
- Susan Ford Bales
- Susie Sharp
- The New York Times
- The Washington Post
- Tim Stanley
- Time (magazine)
- Tipper Gore
- Toledo, Ohio
- Virginia
- Waltz
- Warren Burger
- Watergate Scandal
- Watergate scandal
- Whip inflation now
- White House
- Wikipedia Persondata
- Willard Libby
- William Anders
- William Shockley
- William Westmoreland
- Willy Brandt
- Women's Graphics
- Women's rights
-
Betty Ford Center
The Betty Ford Center (BFC), is a non-profit, separately licensed residential chemical dependency recovery hospital in Rancho Mirage, California, that offers inpatient, outpatient, and day treatment for alcohol and other drug addictions as well as prevention and education programs for family and children. The Betty Ford Center, which is adjacent to Eisenhower Medical Center, has 100 inpatient beds available on their campus and additional lodging for 84 clients in the Residential Day Treatment program.
The Center was co-founded by late U.S. First Lady Betty Ford and Leonard Firestone in October, 1982. Mrs. Ford's decision to undertake such a project followed on the heels of her own battle with alcohol dependence and opioid analgesic addiction, and after her release from the Long Beach Naval Hospital, she pursued the goal of creating a treatment center that emphasized the needs of women.
In September 2010, the Center introduced a pain management track. The program allows patients to gain insight into the ways in which pain has changed their ability to think and approach life.
wn.com/Betty_Ford_Center -
Denver
Denver (
/ˈdɛnvər/) (Arapaho: Niinéniiniicíihéhe' ) is the largest city and the capital of the U.S. state of Colorado. As Denver County, it is the second most populous county in Colorado after El Paso County, which surpassed Denver County as of the 2010 Census. Denver is a consolidated city-county, located in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is located immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 miles (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile-High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (1.6 km) or 5,280 feet (1,609.344 m) above sea level, which is defined by the elevation of the spot of a benchmark on the steps of the State Capital building. The elevation of the entire city ranges from 5,130 to 5,680 feet. The 105th meridian west of Greenwich passes through Union Station and is the temporal reference for the Mountain Time Zone.
wn.com/Denver -
East Room
The East Room is the largest room in the White House, the home of the president of the United States. It is used for entertaining, press conferences, ceremonies, and occasionally for a large dinner. The White House's oldest possession, the Lansdowne portrait depicting George Washington and painted by Gilbert Stuart in 1797, was rescued from the 1814 fire, and now hangs in the East Room with a companion portrait of Martha Washington painted by Eliphalet F. Andrews in 1878.
wn.com/East_Room -
Houston
Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/) (Alibamu: Yosti ) is the largest city in the state of Texas, and the fourth-largest city in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, which is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 6.08 million people as of July 1st, 2011.
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou. It was incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837, and named after then-President of the Republic of Texas—former General Sam Houston—who had commanded at the Battle of San Jacinto, which took place 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.
wn.com/Houston -
Manhattan
Manhattan (/mænˈhætən/) is the most densely populated and the oldest of the five boroughs of New York City. Located primarily on the island of Manhattan at the mouth of the Hudson River, the boundaries of the borough are identical to those of New York County, an original county of the U.S. state of New York. The borough and county consist of Manhattan Island and several small adjacent islands: Roosevelt Island, Randall's Island, Wards Island, Governors Island, Liberty Island, part of Ellis Island,Mill Rock, and U Thant Island; as well as Marble Hill, a very small area on the mainland bordering the Bronx. The original city of New York began at the southern end of Manhattan, expanded northward, and then between 1874 and 1898, annexed land from surrounding counties.
The New York County is the most densely populated county in the United States, and one of the most densely populated areas in the world, with a 2010 population of 1,585,873 living in a land area of 22.96 square miles (59.5 km2), or 69,464 residents per square mile (26,924/km²), more dense than any individual American city. It is also one of the wealthiest counties in the United States, with a 2005 per capita income above $100,000. Manhattan is the third-largest of New York's five boroughs in population, and its smallest borough in land area.
wn.com/Manhattan -
Pennsylvania Avenue
Pennsylvania Avenue is a street in Washington, D.C. that joins the White House and the United States Capitol. Called "America's Main Street", it is the location of official parades and processions, as well as protest marches. Moreover, Pennsylvania Avenue is an important commuter route and is part of the National Highway System.
The avenue runs for a total of 5.8 miles (9.3 km) inside Washington, but the 1.2 miles (1.9 km) of Pennsylvania Avenue from the White House to the United States Capitol building is considered the most important. It continues within the city for 3.5 miles (5.6 km), from the southeast corner of the Capitol grounds through the Capitol Hill neighborhood, and over the Anacostia River on the John Philip Sousa Bridge. Crossing the entire width of Prince George's County, Maryland, it ends 14.5 miles (23.3 km) from the DC line at its junction with MD Route 408 at Waysons Corner near the Patuxent River, for a total length of 20.3 miles (32.7 km). At this point, as a limited-access highway, it becomes Southern Maryland Boulevard. In addition to its street name, in Maryland it is designated as Maryland Route 4. Northwest of the White House, Pennsylvania Avenue runs for 1.4 miles (2.3 km) to its end at M Street NW in Georgetown.
wn.com/Pennsylvania_Avenue -
Virginia
Virginia (
i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
wn.com/Virginia -
White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
wn.com/White_House
-
Abigail Adams
Abigail Adams (née Smith; November 22 [O.S. November 11] 1744 – October 28, 1818) was the wife of John Adams, who was the second President of the United States, and the mother of John Quincy Adams, the sixth. She was the first Second Lady of the United States, and the second First Lady of the United States.
Adams is remembered for the many letters she wrote to her husband while he stayed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, during the Continental Congresses. John frequently sought the advice of Abigail on many matters, and their letters are filled with intellectual discussions on government and politics. The letters serve as eyewitness accounts of the American Revolutionary War home front.
Abigail Adams was born in the North Parish Congregational Church in Weymouth, Massachusetts, to the Reverend William Smith and Elizabeth (née Quincy) Smith. On her mother's side she was descended from the Quincy family, a well-known political family in the Massachusetts colony. Through her mother she was a cousin of Dorothy Quincy, wife of John Hancock. Adams was also the great-granddaughter of the Rev. John Norton, founding pastor of Old Ship Church in Hingham, Massachusetts, the only remaining 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in Massachusetts.
wn.com/Abigail_Adams -
Abigail Fillmore
Abigail Powers Fillmore (March 13, 1798 – March 30, 1853), wife of Millard Fillmore, was First Lady of the United States from 1850 to 1853.
Abigail was born in Stillwater, New York, 1798, in Saratoga County, New York. She was the daughter of the Reverend Lemuel Powers, a Baptist minister, and Abigail Newland-Powers, Abigail grew up in Moravia, New York, not far from the Fillmore farm. Her father died shortly after her birth. Her mother moved the family westward, thinking her scanty funds would go further in a less settled region, and ably educated her small son and daughter beyond the usual frontier level with the help of her husband's library.
In 1819, she took a teaching post at the new academy in New Hope, where her oldest pupil was 19-year-old Millard Fillmore. The world of knowledge and Fillmore's steady progress in it drew them together, and gradually the relationship of teacher and student evolved into romantic attachment.
After a long courtship, Millard, aged 26, and Abigail, aged 27, were married on February 5, 1826, by the Reverend Orasius H. Smith at the home of the bride's brother Judge Powers in Moravia, New York. Without a honeymoon, they settled at East Aurora, New York. Mrs. Fillmore continued to teach school until the birth of her first son and maintained a lifelong interest in education. She shared her husband's love of books and helped build their personal library.
wn.com/Abigail_Fillmore -
Alan Alda
Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo (born January 28, 1936), better known as Alan Alda, is an American actor, director, screenwriter, and author. A six-time Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award winner, he is best known for his role as Hawkeye Pierce in the TV series M*A*S*H. He is currently a Visiting Professor at the State University of New York at Stony Brook School of Journalism and a member of the advisory board of The Center for Communicating Science.
In 1996, Alda was ranked #41 on TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Stars of All Time.
Alda was born Alphonso Joseph D'Abruzzo in The Bronx, New York City. His father, Robert Alda (born Alphonso Giuseppe Giovanni Roberto D'Abruzzo), was an actor and singer, and his mother, Joan Browne, was a former showgirl. His father was of Italian descent and his mother was of Irish ancestry. His adopted surname, "Alda," is a portmanteau of ALphonso and D'Abruzzo. When Alda was seven years old, he contracted Poliomyelitis. To combat the disease, his parents administered a painful treatment regimen developed by Sister Elizabeth Kenny that consisted of applying hot woolen blankets to his limbs and stretching his muscles. Alda attended Archbishop Stepinac High School in White Plains, New York. In 1956, he received his Bachelor of Science degree in English from Fordham College of Fordham University in the Bronx, where he was a student staff member of its FM radio station, WFUV. Alda's half-brother, Antony Alda, was born the same year and would also become an actor.
wn.com/Alan_Alda -
Alison Cheek
Alison Cheek is a religious leader best known for being named by Time magazine as a Woman of the Year in 1975 representing the Women's Movement. Cheek was an Episcopal priest and became one of the first women to be an ordained priest in an Episcopal church. In August 1974 She was installed as assistant priest at the Church of St. Stephen and the Incarnation in Washington. In November 1974 Cheek became the first woman to celebrate communion in an Episcopal church in defiance of the diocesan bishop.
"A Dozen Who Made a Difference – Alison Cheek: Defiant Deacon". Time. 1976-01-05. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947599-5,00.html. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
wn.com/Alison_Cheek -
Ann Gerry
Ann Thompson Gerry ( /ˈɡɛri/; August 12, 1763 – March 17, 1849) was the wife of Vice-President Elbridge Gerry. She is regarded as the second Second Lady of the United States following Abigail Adams because Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr, and George Clinton were widowers during their tenures as Vice-President.
The daughter of a wealthy New York merchant, Thompson married Gerry in 1786. Mrs. Gerry gave birth ten times between 1787 and 1801, which caused her many health problems .
wn.com/Ann_Gerry -
Anna Harrison
Anna Tuthill Symmes Harrison (July 25, 1775 - February 25, 1864), wife of President William Henry Harrison and grandmother of President Benjamin Harrison, was nominally First Lady of the United States during her husband's one-month term in 1841, but she never entered the White House.
Anna was born at her father's estate Solitude, just outside Morristown, New Jersey (present day Wheatsheaf Farms subdivision off Sussex Avenue in Morris Township, New Jersey ) on July 25, 1775 to Judge John Cleves Symmes and Anna Tuthill Symmes of Long Island. Her father was a Chief Justice of the New Jersey Supreme Court and later became a prominent landowner in southwestern Ohio. When her mother died in 1776 her father disguised himself as a British soldier to carry her on horseback through the British lines to her grandparents on Long Island, who cared for her during the war. Her father was also a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress and the Chairman of the Sussex County Committee of Safety.
She grew up in Long Island, receiving an unusually broad education for a woman of the times. She attended Clinton Academy at Easthampton, Long Island, and the private school of Isabella Graham in New York City.
wn.com/Anna_Harrison -
Anna Morton
Anna Livingston Reade Street Morton (May 18, 1846—August 14, 1918) was the second wife of United States Vice President Levi P. Morton. She was known as Anna Street Morton.
Anna married Morton in 1873, and they had five daughters together. She was Second Lady of the United States from 1889 to 1893 and often handled entertaining duties for the administration due to First Lady Caroline Harrison's illness and ultimate death. During this time, Mrs. Morton "became the leader of society in Washington, and there was never a more brilliant and popular leader than she. It was her innate graciousness, her innate tact, and her kindness of heart . . . which won her admiration and respect of all". She later was First Lady of New York from 1895 to 1897.
wn.com/Anna_Morton -
Barbara Bush
Barbara Pierce Bush (born June 8, 1925) is the wife of the 41st President of the United States George H. W. Bush, and served as First Lady of the United States from 1989 to 1993. She is the mother of the 43rd President George W. Bush and of the 43rd Governor of Florida Jeb Bush. Previously she had served as Second Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
Barbara Pierce was born in Flushing, New York attended Rye Country Day School from 1931 to 1937, and is an alumna of Ashley Hall School in Charleston, South Carolina. She met George Herbert Walker Bush at age 16, and the two married in 1945, while he was on leave during his deployment as a Naval officer in World War II. They would have six children together. The Bush family soon moved to Midland, Texas; as George Bush entered political life, Barbara raised their children.
As wife of the Vice President and then President, Barbara Bush has supported and worked to advance the cause of universal literacy. She founded the Barbara Bush Foundation for Family Literacy while First Lady. Since leaving the White House, she has continued to advance this cause.
wn.com/Barbara_Bush -
Barbara Jordan
Barbara Charline Jordan (February 21, 1936 – January 17, 1996) was an American politician and a leader of the Civil Rights movement. She was the first African American elected to the Texas Senate after Reconstruction and the first southern black female elected to the United States House of Representatives. She received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, among numerous other honors. On her death she became the first African-American woman to be buried in the Texas State Cemetery.
Barbara Jordan was born in Houston, Texas' Fifth Ward. Her parents were Benjamin Jordan, a Baptist minister; and Arlyne Jordan, a "domestic worker". Barbara attended Roberson Elementary School. She graduated from Phillis Wheatley High School in 1952 as an honor student.
Because of segregation, she did not attend The University of Texas at Austin and instead chose Texas Southern University, majoring in political science and history. Barbara was a national champion debater, defeating her opponents from such schools as Yale and Brown and tying Harvard University. She graduated magna cum laude in 1956. At Texas Southern University, she pledged Delta Sigma Theta sorority. She attended Boston University School of Law, graduating in 1959.
wn.com/Barbara_Jordan -
Bella Abzug
Bella Savitsky Abzug (July 24, 1920 – March 31, 1998) was an American lawyer, Congresswoman, social activist and a leader of the Women's Movement. In 1971, Abzug joined other leading feminists such as Gloria Steinem and Betty Friedan to found the National Women's Political Caucus. She notably declared "This woman’s place is in the House—the House of Representatives" in her successful 1970 campaign to join that body. She was later appointed to chair the National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year and to plan the 1977 National Women's Conference by President Gerald Ford and led President Jimmy Carter's commission on women. Abzug was also the first Jewish woman elected to the House of Representatives.
Bella Savitsky was born on July 24, 1920, in New York City. Both of her parents were Russian-Jewish immigrants. Her mother, Esther, was a homemaker and her father, Emanuel ran the Live and Let Live Meat Market.
When her father died, Abzug, then 13, was disallowed to say the Mourner's Kaddish for her father in synagogue, where that privilege was reserved for sons of the deceased. However, she did so as one of her first feminist actions because her father had no son.
wn.com/Bella_Abzug -
Bess Truman
Bess Truman (née Elizabeth Virginia Wallace) (February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982), was the wife of Harry S. Truman and First Lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953.
She had known her future husband since they attended the same school in Independence, Missouri. As First Lady, she did not enjoy big social events, and was relieved to quit Washington. Dying at 97, she remains the longest-lived First Lady.
Elizabeth Virginia Wallace was born to David Willock Wallace (1860–1903) and his wife, the former Margaret Elizabeth Gates (1862–1952), in Independence, Missouri, and was known as Bessie during her childhood. She was the eldest of four; three brothers: Frank Gates Wallace, (4 March 1887 - 12 August 1960), George Porterfield Wallace, (1 May 1892 - 24 May 1963), David Frederick Wallace, (7 January 1900 - 30 September 1957).
Harry Truman, whose family moved to town in 1890, always kept his first impression of when he saw her at Sunday school: "Golden curls" and "the most beautiful blue eyes." A relative said, "there never was but one girl in the world" for him. They attended the same schools from fifth grade through high school.
wn.com/Bess_Truman -
Betty Ford
Elizabeth Ann Bloomer Warren Ford (April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011), better known as Betty Ford, was First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977 during the presidency of her husband Gerald Ford. As First Lady, she was active in social policy and created precedents as a politically active presidential wife.
Throughout her husband's term in office, she maintained high approval ratings despite opposition from some conservative Republicans who objected to her more moderate and liberal positions on social issues. Ford was noted for raising breast cancer awareness following her 1974 mastectomy and was a passionate supporter of, and activist for, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Pro-choice on abortion and a leader in the Women's Movement, she gained fame as one of the most candid first ladies in history, commenting on every hot-button issue of the time, including feminism, equal pay, the ERA, sex, drugs, abortion, and gun control. She also raised awareness of addiction when she announced her long-running battle with alcoholism in the 1970s.
wn.com/Betty_Ford -
Betty Friedan
Betty Friedan (February 4, 1921 - February 4, 2006) was an American writer, activist, and feminist.
A leading figure in the Women's Movement in the United States, her 1963 book The Feminine Mystique is often credited with sparking the "second wave" of American feminism in the 20th century. In 1966, Friedan founded and was elected the first president of the National Organization for Women, which aimed to bring women "into the mainstream of American society now [in] fully equal partnership with men".
In 1970, after stepping down as NOW's first president, Friedan organized the nation-wide Women's Strike for Equality on August 26, the 50th anniversary of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution granting women the right to vote. The national strike was successful beyond expectations in broadening the feminist movement; the march led by Friedan in New York City alone attracted over 50,000 women and men. In 1971, Friedan joined other leading feminists to establish the National Women's Political Caucus. Friedan was also a strong supporter of the proposed Equal Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution that passed the United States House of Representatives (by a vote of 354-24) and Senate (84-8) following intense pressure by women's groups led by NOW in the early 1970s. Following Congressional passage of the amendment Friedan advocated for ratification of the amendment in the states and supported other women's rights reforms. Friedan founded the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion Laws but was later critical of the abortion-centered, politicized tactics of many liberal and radical feminists.
wn.com/Betty_Friedan -
Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation. Clinton has been described as a New Democrat. Many of his policies have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.
Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton became both a student leader and a skilled musician. He is an alumnus of Georgetown University where he was Phi Beta Kappa and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who has served as the United States Secretary of State since 2009 and was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. Both Clintons received law degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the state's education system, and served as Chair of the National Governors Association.
wn.com/Bill_Clinton -
Billie Jean King
Billie Jean King (née Moffitt; born November 22, 1943) is a former professional tennis player from the United States. She won 12 Grand Slam singles titles, 16 Grand Slam women's doubles titles, and 11 Grand Slam mixed doubles titles. King has been an advocate against sexism in sports and society. She won "The Battle of the Sexes" in 1973, in which she defeated Bobby Riggs, a former Wimbledon men's singles champion, for $100,000, winner take all. She completed a career tour all surfaces win-loss performance of 81.76% (696-165). Her win-loss performance in all Grand Slam singles tournaments was 82.00% (190-39), at the French Open 77.77% (21-6), at Wimbledon 86.36% (95-15), at the US Open 80.55% (58–14), and at the Australian Open 80.00% (16-4).
King is the founder of the Women's Tennis Association, the Women's Sports Foundation, and owner of World Team Tennis, which was founded by her former husband, Larry King, Dennis Murphy, Frank Barman, and Jordan Kaiser.
Billie Jean Moffit was born in Long Beach, California, into a conservative Methodist family, the daughter of a fireman father and housewife mother. Her younger brother Randy Moffitt grew up to become a professional baseball player, pitching for 12 years in the major leagues for the San Francisco Giants, Houston Astros, and Toronto Blue Jays.
wn.com/Billie_Jean_King -
Carla Anderson Hills
Carla Anderson Hills (born January 3, 1934) is an American lawyer and a public figure. She served as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the Gerald Ford administration, and as U.S. Trade Representative. She was the first woman to serve as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and the third woman to serve as a cabinet officer.
Born Carla Anderson in Los Angeles, she received her B.A. degree from Stanford University, after studying at Oxford University. She earned her LL.B. degree from Yale University Law School in 1958 and married Roderick M. Hills the same year.
Hills was admitted to the California bar in 1959, and served as an Assistant United States Attorney in Los Angeles from 1959 to 1961. From 1962 to 1974, she was a partner at Munger, Tolles, Hills, and Rickershauser in Los Angeles. In 1972, she was an adjunct professor at UCLA. An authority on federal practice and anti-trust law, Mrs. Hills wrote of Federal Civil Practice and Antitrust Advisor. She is a former president of the National Association of Women Lawyers.
wn.com/Carla_Anderson_Hills -
Caro Dawes
Caro Dana Dawes, née Blymyer (January 6, 1866 – October 3, 1957), was the wife of Vice-President Charles Dawes, who served from 1925 to 1929. Therefore, she was the Second Lady of the United States during that period.
Caro Blymyer married Charles Dawes in 1889. They had two children and adopted two more. After the death of their son Rufus in 1912, the Daweses retreated from social life and instead devoted much of their energies to charity work.
While serving as Second Lady, Dawes disappointed the social elite of Washington, DC because she declined many social invitations. Nonetheless, it was observed that her "manner was sweet and gentle, her conversation cultured, and her dignity unimpeachable."
Dawes died in 1957, and is buried along with her husband in Rosehill Cemetery.
wn.com/Caro_Dawes -
Carol Sutton
Carol Sutton (June 29, 1933-February 19, 1985) was an American journalist. In 1974 she became the first female managing editor of a major U.S. daily newspaper, The Courier-Journal in Louisville, Kentucky. She was cited as the example of female achievement in journalism when Time named American Women as the 1975 People of the Year. During her tenure at the paper, it was awarded the 1976 Pulitzer Prize for Feature Photography for its coverage of school desegregation in Louisville. She is also credited with significantly raising the number of minority reporters on staff.
"Kentucky Women Remembered," a permanent exhibit at the Kentucky State Capitol's Main Floor of watercolors of Women of Kentucky and those who help(ed) change the mindset of those upcoming. "TODAY'S WOMAN" Magazine for KY & Indiana. Daughter Kate Whaley Archer accepts the First Postumous Award Ever Given. Carol Sutton knew of her Kentucky Journalism Hall of Fame award at the University of Kentucky before her death in 1985, and was very humbled and honored by it. The family holds a Carol Sutton Memorial Scholarship Award in her honor every year, which has grown from our first recipient to 8 or twelve deserving people. It is for we people who want and need more racial and ethnic equality within the news reporting workplace. She was the first white woman to be inducted into the National Association of Black Journalist's Hall of Fame.
wn.com/Carol_Sutton -
Caroline Harrison
Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison (October 1, 1832 – October 25, 1892), wife of Benjamin Harrison, was first lady of the United States from 1889 until her death.
Caroline Scott was born in Oxford, Ohio, the second daughter of the Reverend Dr. John Witherspoon Scott, a Presbyterian minister and professor of science and math at Miami University, and Mary Potts Neal. Although the family was not well-off, Caroline's father made sure that his children were well-educated. Wherever they lived, he always filled the house with books, art, and music. Religion, too, played a large part in his and the family's life.
In 1845, Dr. Scott, along with several other professors, were fired from their positions after a dispute with the university president, George Junkin, over slavery; Scott opposed it, Junkin supported it. After his dismissal, the entire family moved to College Hill, near Cincinnati, where Scott had accepted a job teaching chemistry and physics at Farmer's College. It was in Cincinnati that young Caroline met one of her father's students and her future husband, Benjamin Harrison. The two began a courtship that would last nearly a decade before their marriage in 1853.
wn.com/Caroline_Harrison -
Charles de Gaulle
Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle (/ˈtʃɑrlz/ or /ˈʃɑrl dəˈɡɔːl/; French: [ʃaʁl də ɡol] (
listen); 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French general and statesman who led the Free French Forces during World War II. He later founded the French Fifth Republic in 1958 and served as its first President from 1959 to 1969.
A veteran of World War I, in the 1920s and 1930s de Gaulle came to the fore as a proponent of mobile armoured divisions, which he considered would become central in modern warfare. During World War II, he earned the rank of brigadier general (retained throughout his life), leading one of the few successful armoured counter-attacks during the 1940 Battle of France in May in Montcornet, and then briefly served in the French government as France was falling. De Gaulle was the most senior French military officer to reject the June 1940 armistice to Nazi Germany right from the outset.
He escaped to Britain and gave a famous radio address, broadcast by the BBC on 18 June 1940, exhorting the French people to resist Nazi Germany and organised the Free French Forces with exiled French officers in Britain. As the war progressed de Gaulle gradually gained control of all French colonies except Indochina most of which had at first been controlled by the pro-German Vichy regime. Despite earning a reputation for being a difficult man to do business with, by the time of the Allied invasion of France in 1944 he was heading what amounted to a French government in exile, but although he insisted that France be treated as a great independent power by the other Allies, the Americans in particular remained deeply suspicious of his motives. De Gaulle became prime minister in the French Provisional Government, resigning in 1946 because of political conflicts.
wn.com/Charles_de_Gaulle -
Charles Hard Townes
Charles Hard Townes (born July 28, 1915) is an American Nobel Prize-winning physicist and educator. Townes is known for his work on the theory and application of the maser, on which he got the fundamental patent, and other work in quantum electronics connected with both maser and laser devices. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 with Nikolay Basov and Alexander Prokhorov. The Japanese FM Towns computer and game console is named in his honour.
Townes was born in Greenville, South Carolina on July 28, 1915, the son of Henry Keith Townes, an attorney, and Ellen (Hard) Townes. He attended the Greenville public schools and then Furman University in Greenville, where he completed the requirements for the Bachelor of Science degree in Physics and the Bachelor of Arts degree in Modern Languages, graduating summa cum laude in 1935, at the age of 19. Physics had fascinated him since his first course in the subject during his sophomore year in college because of its "beautifully logical structure". He was also interested in natural history while at Furman, serving as curator of the museum, and working during the summers as collector for Furman's biology camp. In addition, he was busy with other activities, including the swimming team, the college newspaper and the football band.
wn.com/Charles_Hard_Townes -
Charles Henry King
Charles Henry King (March 12, 1853 - February 27, 1930) was an Omaha businessman and banker who was instrumental in founding several cities in the states of Nebraska and Wyoming. He saw opportunity with the expansion of the railroad west and built up related retail businesses, banks and freight operations. His fortune was estimated at $20 million. He was also the paternal grandfather of U.S. President Gerald Ford, who was born in his home in Omaha.
King was born in Perry Township, Fayette County, Pennsylvania the son of Lynch King and Rebecca Shepherd. King married Martha Alicia Porter, with whom he had five children who lived to adulthood: two sons and three daughters, two of them born in Chadron, Nebraska. King's son, Leslie, married Dorothy Ayer Gardner in September 7, 1912. They were married in Harvard, Illinois at her parents' home, but returned to Omaha to live, as that was where Leslie was working. After Dorothy became pregnant, Leslie moved into his parents' home to await the birth of his son, and he named him Leslie, Jr.. Because of problems with alcohol abuse, Dorothy and Leslie were separated sixteen days after their son's birth. Dorothy moved to her sister's home and then to her parents, who had moved to Grand Rapids, Michigan. Her divorce from Leslie was finalized in December 1913.
wn.com/Charles_Henry_King -
Charles Stark Draper
Charles Stark Draper (October 2, 1901 – July 25, 1987) was an American scientist and engineer, often referred to as "the father of inertial navigation." He was the founder and director of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, later renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, which under his direction designed and built the Apollo Guidance Computer for NASA, which made the Apollo moon landings possible.
Born in Windsor, Missouri, he attended the University of Missouri in 1917, then transferred to Stanford University, California in 1919, from which he earned a B.A. in psychology in 1922. After Stanford, he attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), from which he earned an S.B. in electrochemical engineering in 1926, and an S.M. and Sc.D. in physics in 1928 and 1938 respectively.
He started teaching while at MIT, first as an assistant, then quickly became a full professor in aeronautical engineering in 1939. It was here that he founded the Instrumentation Laboratory in the 1930s, spun off in 1973 as The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. In 1961, Draper and the Instrumentation Lab were awarded the first contract given out for the Apollo program to send humans to the moon, which had just been announced by President John F. Kennedy. This led to the creation of the Apollo Guidance Computer, a one-cubic-foot computer that controlled the navigation and guidance of the Lunar Excursion Module to the surface of the moon during six successful landings.
wn.com/Charles_Stark_Draper -
Chris Chase
Chris Chase, also known by the stage name Irene Kane, is an American model, actor and journalist. Her best-known role is in Killer's Kiss by Stanley Kubrick. She later wrote advice books and co-authored several celebrity autobiographies.
Chase was discovered by Vogue. Photographer Bert Stern introduced her to Kubrick when he was looking for the female lead in Killer's Kiss. Following that film, Kane appeared in several Broadway stage productions. On June 3, 1962, she married Michael Chase (born 1932), son of playwright Mary Chase and an educational television producer.
She then began using the name Chris Chase professionally and moved into journalism, working at the New York Times and writing advice books on weight loss and getting into film acting. Chase and her husband were seriously injured in a car accident near Poughkeepsie, New York in April 1975. After a short stint at CBS Morning News, Chase joined CNN in 1980 and stayed until 1986, serving as the first anchor of Media Watch in 1985. She went on to coauthor a book on CNN's founding with CNN co-founder Reese Schonfeld.
wn.com/Chris_Chase -
Cokie Roberts
Mary Martha Corinne Morrison Claiborne Roberts (née Boggs) (born December 27, 1943), best known as Cokie Roberts, is an American journalist and author. She is a contributing senior news analyst for National Public Radio as well as a regular roundtable analyst for the current This Week With George Stephanopoulos. Roberts also works as a political commentator for ABC News, serving as an on-air analyst for the network.
Roberts, along with her husband, Steven V. Roberts, writes a weekly column syndicated by United Media in newspapers around the United States. She serves on the boards of several non-profit organizations such as the Kaiser Family Foundation and was appointed by President George W. Bush to his Council on Service and Civic Participation.
Mary Martha Corinne Morrison Claiborne Boggs was born on December 27, 1943 in New Orleans, Louisiana. She received the sobriquet "Cokie" from her brother Tommy, who could not pronounce "Corinne". Cokie Roberts is the third child and youngest daughter of former ambassador and long-time Democratic Congresswoman from Louisiana Lindy Boggs and of the late Hale Boggs, also a Democratic Congressman from Louisiana who was Majority Leader of the House of Representatives. Her sister, the late Barbara Boggs Sigmund, was mayor of Princeton, New Jersey and a candidate for U.S. Senate from New Jersey. Her brother Tommy Boggs is a prominent Washington, D.C. attorney and lobbyist.
wn.com/Cokie_Roberts -
Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce "Dick" Cheney (born January 30, 1941) served as the 46th Vice President of the United States (2001–2009), under George W. Bush.
Born in Lincoln, Nebraska, Cheney was primarily raised in Sumner, Nebraska, and Casper, Wyoming. He began his political career as an intern for Congressman William A. Steiger, eventually working his way into the White House during the Nixon and Ford administrations, where he served the latter as White House Chief of Staff. In 1978, Cheney was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives from Wyoming; he was reelected five times, eventually becoming House Minority Whip. Cheney was selected to be the Secretary of Defense during the presidency of George H. W. Bush, holding the position for the majority of Bush's term. During this time, Cheney oversaw the 1991 Operation Desert Storm, among other actions.
Out of office during the Clinton presidency, Cheney was chairman and CEO of Halliburton Company from 1995 to 2000.
Cheney was born in Lincoln, Nebraska, the son of Marjorie Lorraine (née Dickey) and Richard Herbert Cheney. He is of predominantly English, as well as Welsh, Irish, and French Huguenot, ancestry; Cheney's 8th great-grandfather, William Cheney, immigrated from England to Massachusetts in the 17th century. Although not a direct descendant, he is collaterally related to Benjamin Pierce Cheney (1815–1895), the early American expressman. Cheney is a very distant cousin of both Harry S. Truman and Barack Obama; the three share a common ancestor in Mareen Duvall, a Huguenot who fled from France to England in the 17th century and later settled in Maryland. His father was a soil conservation agent for the U.S. Department of Agriculture and his mother was a softball star in the 1930s; Cheney was one of three children.
wn.com/Dick_Cheney -
Dolley Madison
Dolley Payne Todd Madison (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the spouse of the fourth President of the United States, James Madison, and was First Lady of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She was notable for her social gifts and helped define the role of the First Lady. Her success as a hostess contributed to increasing the popularity of Madison as president.
During the previous administration of Thomas Jefferson, a widower and their friend, she occasionally acted as First Lady for him to fulfill the ceremonial functions more usually associated with the President's wife. She also aided in the completion and furnishing the interior of the newly constructed White House.
In the past, biographers and others stated that her given name was Dorothea after her aunt, or Dorothy, and that Dolly was a nickname. But, her birth was registered with the New Garden Friends Meeting as Dolley, and her will of 1841 states "I, Dolly P. Madison". Based on manuscript evidence and the scholarship of recent biographers, Dollie, spelled with an "i", appears to have been her given name at birth. Spelling was more variable in those years. Historians have settled on using Dolley as the spelling of her given name.
wn.com/Dolley_Madison -
Edith Roosevelt
Edith Kermit Carow Roosevelt (August 6, 1861 – September 30, 1948) was the second wife of Theodore Roosevelt and served as First Lady of the United States during his presidency from 1901 to 1909.
Born in Norwich, Connecticut, the daughter of Charles Carow (1825–1883), a merchant, and the former Gertrude Elizabeth Tyler (1836–1895) and a granddaughter of Daniel Tyler who was a general in the American Civil War, Edith grew up next door to Theodore "T.R." Roosevelt in New York and was best friends with his younger sister Corinne. She was T.R.'s first real playmate outside his immediate family.
She and her sister Emily Tyler Carow (1865–1939) were brought up in an environment of comfort and tradition. An infant brother, Kermit (b. February 1860; d. August 1860) died one year before her birth.
At Miss Comstock's school, Edith acquired the proper finishing touch for a young lady of that era. A quiet girl who loved books, she was often T.R.'s companion for summer outings at Oyster Bay, Long Island; but this ended when he entered Harvard College. Although she attended his wedding to Alice Hathaway Lee in 1880, their lives ran separately until 1885.
wn.com/Edith_Roosevelt -
Edward Mills Purcell
Edward Mills Purcell (August 30, 1912 – March 7, 1997) was an American physicist who shared the 1952 Nobel Prize for Physics for his independent discovery (published 1946) of nuclear magnetic resonance in liquids and in solids.Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become widely used to study the molecular structure of pure materials and the composition of mixtures. See also Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Born and raised in Taylorville, Illinois, Purcell received his BSEE in electrical engineering from Purdue University, followed by his M.A. and Ph.D. in physics from Harvard University. He was a member of the Alpha Xi chapter of Phi Kappa Sigma while at Purdue. After spending the years of World War II working at the MIT Radiation Laboratory on the development of microwave radar, Purcell returned to Harvard to do research. In December 1946, he discovered nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with his colleagues Pound and Torrey. NMR provides scientists with an elegant and precise way of determining chemical structure and properties of materials, and is widely used in physics and chemistry. It also is the basis of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), one of the most important medical advances of the 20th century. For his discovery of NMR, Purcell shared the 1952 Nobel Prize in physics with Felix Bloch of Stanford University.
wn.com/Edward_Mills_Purcell -
Edward Teller
Edward Teller (Hungarian: Teller Ede; January 15, 1908 – September 9, 2003) was a Hungarian-American theoretical physicist, known colloquially as "the father of the hydrogen bomb", even though he claimed he did not care for the title. Teller made numerous contributions to nuclear and molecular physics, spectroscopy (the Jahn–Teller and Renner–Teller effects), and surface physics. His extension of Fermi's theory of beta decay (in the form of the so-called Gamow–Teller transitions) provided an important stepping stone in the applications of this theory. The Jahn–Teller effect and the BET theory have retained their original formulation and are still mainstays in physics and chemistry. Teller also made contributions to Thomas–Fermi theory, the precursor of density functional theory, a standard modern tool in the quantum mechanical treatment of complex molecules. In 1953, along with Nicholas Metropolis and Marshall Rosenbluth, Teller co-authored a paper which is a standard starting point for the applications of the Monte Carlo method to statistical mechanics.
wn.com/Edward_Teller -
Eleanor Roosevelt
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/ˈɛlɨnɔr ˈroʊzəvɛlt/; October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) was the First Lady of the United States from 1933 to 1945. She supported the New Deal policies of her husband, distant cousin Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and became an advocate for civil rights. After her husband's death in 1945, Roosevelt continued to be an international author, speaker, politician, and activist for the New Deal coalition. She worked to enhance the status of working women, although she opposed the Equal Rights Amendment because she believed it would adversely affect women.
In the 1940s, Roosevelt was one of the co-founders of Freedom House and supported the formation of the United Nations. Roosevelt founded the UN Association of the United States in 1943 to advance support for the formation of the UN. She was a delegate to the UN General Assembly from 1945 and 1952, a job for which she was appointed by President Harry S. Truman and confirmed by the United States Senate. During her time at the United Nations she chaired the committee that drafted and approved the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. President Truman called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements.
wn.com/Eleanor_Roosevelt -
Eleanor Smeal
Eleanor Smeal (born Eleanor Marie Cutri; July 30, 1939) is an American feminist activist, political analyst, lobbyist, and grassroots organizer. Smeal is also the president and founder of the Feminist Majority Foundation and has served as president of the National Organization for Women twice.
Smeal has appeared frequently on television and radio and testified before Congress on women’s issues. As one of the major leaders of the modern day feminist movement, Smeal has organized numerous events around and given speeches on the concepts of feminism, equality, and human rights as they pertain to people in and outside of the United States.
She is of Italian ancestry, born to Peter Anthony Cutri and Josephine E. Agresti, in Ashtabula, Ohio. Her father emigrated to America from Calabria, Italy and became an insurance salesman. After graduating from Strong Vincent High School in 1957, Smeal attended Duke University. At the time, Duke was not integrated and women made up only 25% of the enrolled students.
wn.com/Eleanor_Smeal -
Eliza Hendricks
Eliza C. Morgan Hendricks (November 23, 1823 — November 3, 1903) was the wife of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks who was in office for the first eight months of the first administration of Grover Cleveland until his death on November 25, 1885. They were married on September 26, 1845 after a two year courtship and had one son Morgan who died at age three.
Mrs. Hendricks was described as "generous, wise and discreet".
wn.com/Eliza_Hendricks -
Elizabeth Chittick
Elizabeth Chittick (November 11, 1908 - April 16, 2009) was an American feminist who served as president of the National Woman's Party.
Chittick was chairman and president of the National Woman's Party and a leader in the women's movement and for the Equal Rights Amendment. From 1971 to 1975 she was chairman of the NWP and subsequently served as president from 1975 to 1989.
A Republican, Chittick participated in politics helping to convince the 1976 Republican National Convention to reaffirm their support for the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). In 1977, after the death of suffragist and Equal Rights Amendment author Alice Paul, the founder of the National Woman's Party, Chittick organized and led the Alice Paul Memorial March up Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C.. The march drew an approximate 5,000 marchers including former suffragists. During her leadership of the NWP Chittick authored "Answers to Questions About the Equal Rights Amendment" and appeared on television and radio to support the amendment. In 1978 Chittick became the first woman to address the Oklahoma House of Representatives, a state that had not ratified the ERA. In 1975, Chittick was a delegate to the International Woman's Year conference in Mexico and, in 1985, the U.S. representative to the Commission on the Status of Women at the World Woman's Conference in Nairobi, Kenya.
wn.com/Elizabeth_Chittick -
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; born 21 April 1926) is the constitutional monarch of 16 sovereign states known as the Commonwealth realms, and head of the 54-member Commonwealth of Nations. She is also head of state of the Crown Dependencies.
Elizabeth was born in London, and educated privately at home. Her father acceded to the throne as George VI in 1936 on the abdication of his brother Edward VIII. She began to undertake public duties during the Second World War, in which she served in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. On the death of her father in 1952, she became Head of the Commonwealth and queen regnant of seven independent Commonwealth countries: the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, and Ceylon. Her coronation service in 1953 was the first to be televised. Between 1956 and 1992, the number of her realms varied as territories gained independence and some realms became republics. Today, in addition to the first four aforementioned countries, Elizabeth is Queen of Jamaica, Barbados, the Bahamas, Grenada, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Belize, Antigua and Barbuda, and Saint Kitts and Nevis.
wn.com/Elizabeth_II -
Elizabeth Monroe
Elizabeth Kortright Monroe (June 30, 1768 – September 23, 1830) was First Lady of the United States from 1817 to 1825, as the wife of James Monroe, fifth President of the United States, who held the office for two terms.
Born in New York in 1768, Elizabeth was the daughter of Lawrence Kortright, an officer in the British army who had made a fortune privateering during the French and Indian War, and Hannah Aspinwall. She acquired social grace and elegance at an early age. A gown in the collection of the James Monroe Museum indicates she was a petite woman, not taller than 5 feet. She first caught Monroe's attention in 1785 while he was in New York serving as a member of the Continental Congress. James, age twenty-seven, married Elizabeth, age seventeen, on February 16, 1786, in New York City. After a brief honeymoon on Long Island, the newlyweds returned to New York to live with her father until Congress adjourned.Their first child, Eliza, was born in late 1786 or early 1787 in Virginia.
In 1794, James was appointed United States Minister to France by President George Washington. In Paris, as wife of the American Minister during the Reign of Terror, she helped secure the release of Madame La Fayette, wife of the Marquis de Lafayette when she learned of her imprisonment and threatened death by guillotine. The Monroes also provided support and shelter to the American citizen Thomas Paine in Paris, after he was arrested for his opposition to the execution of Louis XVI. While in France, the Monroes' daughter Eliza became friends with Hortense de Beauharnais, step-daughter of Napoleon, and both girls received their education in the school of Madame Jeanne Campan, who had been an advisor on court etiquette to Marie Antoinette. This association led to a friendship between the family of Napoleon Bonaparte and the Monroes.
wn.com/Elizabeth_Monroe -
Ellen Axson Wilson
Ellen Axson Wilson (May 15, 1860 – August 6, 1914), first wife of Woodrow Wilson, was First Lady of the United States from 1913 until her death.
Born Ellen Louise Axson in Savannah, Georgia, the daughter of the Reverend Samuel Edward Axson, a Presbyterian minister, and Margaret Jane (née Hoyt) Axson, Ellen was a lady of refined tastes with a fondness for art, music and literature.
Thomas Woodrow Wilson first saw her when he was about three and she was only a baby. In April 1883, Woodrow visited his cousin Jesse Woodrow Wilson in Rome, Georgia and met Ellen again—she was now keeping house for her widowed father. He thought, "what splendid laughing eyes!"[citation needed]. They were engaged five months later but postponed the wedding, while he did postgraduate work at Johns Hopkins University and she nursed her ailing father.
Wilson, aged 28, married Ellen, aged 25, on June 24, 1885, at the home of the bride's paternal grandfather in Savannah, Georgia. The wedding was performed jointly by his father, the Reverend Joseph R. Wilson, and her grandfather, the Reverend Isaac Stockton Keith Axson. They honeymooned at Waynesville, a mountain resort in western North Carolina.
wn.com/Ellen_Axson_Wilson -
Ellen Hamlin
Ellen Vesta Emery Hamlin (September 14, 1835 – February 1, 1925) was the second wife of Vice President Hannibal Hamlin who served in the first term of the administration of President Abraham Lincoln. They were married a year after the death of his first wife Sarah Jane Emery in 1855 who was also her half-sister. She had two children with Hannibal Hamlin: Hannibal Emery, who later became the attorney general of Maine, and Frank. Hamlin also had four children from his first marriage George, Charles Hamlin, Cyrus Hamlin & Sarah Hamlin Batchelder.
wn.com/Ellen_Hamlin -
Ellen Maria Colfax
Ellen Maria Wade Colfax (1836–1911) was the second wife of Schuyler Colfax, who became the first House Speaker to be elected Vice President when he ran on a ticket headed by Ulysses S. Grant in 1868.
On November 18, 1868, just two weeks after the election, Ellen Maria Wade married the man who had defeated her uncle, Senator Benjamin Franklin Wade of Ohio, in the race for the vice presidential nomination. They had one son, Schuyler Colfax III, in April 1870.
wn.com/Ellen_Maria_Colfax -
Emily Donelson
Emily Donelson (June 1, 1807 – December 19, 1836) was the niece of U.S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady of the United States. Born on June 1st, 1908, her father was John Donelson the brother of her aunt, Rachel Donelson. Emily married her cousin, A.J Donelson on September 16, 1824. After her aunt's divorce with Lewis Robards in 1773 and marriage with military fighter, Andrew Jackson on 1741. Her big problem with not creating a legal divorce, having to separate from Jackson, legally divorced Mr. Robards, and remarried Jackson on 1794. At that point the problem was solved, but during the election of 1828, Republicans and supporters to John Quincy Adams found out the whole thing, and blamed Rachel for a bigamist. Even after Emily's uncle won election, 3 weeks later Rachel died of a deadly heart attack. Emily proudly served as hostess until the Peggy Eaton Affair took place, Emily meanly insulted the scandal's subject, Peggy Eaton, the whole thing leaded to Emily quitting job of hostess, so Ms. Donelson was replaced by Sarah Yorke Jackson. Suffering with tuberculosis during working as hostess, she stayed at her mothers house until Emily's died on December 19, 1836 of her tuberculosis.
wn.com/Emily_Donelson -
Enid Nemy
Enid Nemy was a reporter and columnist for The New York Times for many years. She began at the Times in 1963, and remained for four decades before retiring. She was awarded the 1984 Matrix Award "for achievement in newspapers and wire services".
However, she continues to pen the occasional obituary for illustrious New Yorkers (e.g. Enid A. Haupt,Betsey Whitney, Patricia Buckley, Leona Helmsley, and most recently, Elaine Kaufman).
Miss Nemy was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. She attended United College and the University of Manitoba. She began her career with The Canadian Press, later working with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) and The Mid-Ocean News (Bermuda).
Nemy reported from Southeast Asia and accompanied President and Mrs. Reagan in 1982 to the European Summit meeting, and in 1984 to China.
She was editor of Metropolitan Diary, a weekly column of stories submitted by New York Times readers. She wrote for other magazines and periodicals, and was known in literary circles for her often biting quotes.
wn.com/Enid_Nemy -
Florence Harding
Florence Mabel Kling "Flossie" Harding (previously DeWolfe; August 15, 1860, Marion, Ohio – November 21, 1924), wife of President Warren G. Harding, was the First Lady of the United States from 1921 to 1923.
She married the somewhat-younger Harding when he was a newspaper publisher in Ohio, and she was acknowledged as the brains behind the business. Known as The Duchess, she adapted well to the White House, where she gave notably elegant parties.
She was born Florence Kling, the daughter of Amos Kling, a prominent Marion, Ohio banker, and Louisa Bouton Kling.
Pregnant at age 19, Florence eloped with Henry "Pete" Athenton DeWolfe, her childhood friend and neighbor, in 1880. To date, scholastic researchers have been unable to locate official documentation or a legal marriage license for the couple, leading to the belief that DeWolfe and Harding were never civilly married, but instead declared common law marriage as allowed at the time in Ohio. DeWolfe proved a spendthrift and a heavy drinker. Shortly after the birth of their son Marshall Eugene DeWolfe (also known as Marshall Eugene Kling) in 1880, Florence left her husband and returned to Marion. She divorced DeWolfe in 1886 and resumed her maiden name; he died in 1894 at age 35.
wn.com/Florence_Harding -
Floride Calhoun
Floride Bonneau Calhoun (February 15, 1792 – July 25, 1866) was the wife of prominent U.S. politician John C. Calhoun.
She was born Floride Bonneau Colhoun to U.S. Senator John E. Colhoun and Floride Bonneau. She was a niece of Rebecca Colhoun Pickens, wife of Andrew Pickens. On January 8, 1811, she married John C. Calhoun, her first-cousin-once-removed (her father's first cousin). Soon after their marriage, her husband was elected to Congress, leaving his wife in charge of his plantation, "Fort Hill," in present-day Clemson, South Carolina. Within the next eighteen years, she gave birth to ten children, including five sons and five daughters, although three daughters died in infancy.
In 1817, she accompanied her husband to Washington upon his appointment as Secretary of War.
Eight years later, she became Second Lady of the United States, with her husband's election as Vice President, serving in that role from 1825 to 1832.
During her tenure as Second Lady, she became embroiled in a social scandal involving Margaret O'Neill Eaton, the wife of Secretary of War John Eaton, in what became known as the Petticoat affair. Calhoun had organized a coalition among the wives of Jackson cabinet members against Peggy Eaton, who Calhoun believed had committed adultery with Eaton while still married to her first husband John B. Timberlake. The affair allegedly drove Timberlake to suicide after he discovered the affair. The coalition resulted in the resignation of Jackson's Cabinet, except Postmaster General William T. Barry. The social ostracism of Mrs. Eaton by Mrs. Calhoun further damaged already-strained relations between Vice President Calhoun and President Andrew Jackson.
wn.com/Floride_Calhoun -
Frank Borman
Frank Frederick Borman, II (born March 14, 1928) is a retired NASA astronaut and engineer, best remembered as the Commander of Apollo 8, the first mission to fly around the Moon, making him, along with fellow crew mates Jim Lovell and Bill Anders, the first of only 24 humans to do so. Before flying on Apollo, he set a fourteen-day spaceflight endurance record on Gemini 7, and also served on the NASA review board which investigated the Apollo 1 fire. After leaving NASA, he was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Eastern Air Lines from 1975 to 1986. Borman is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor. In the HBO miniseries From the Earth to the Moon, Borman was played by David Andrews.
Borman was born in Gary, Indiana, where the Frank Borman Expressway is named after him. Because he suffered from numerous sinus problems in the cold and damp weather, his father packed up the family and moved to the better climate of Tucson, Arizona, which Borman considers his home town. He started to fly at the age of 15. He is a graduate of the Tucson High School. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1950 where he served as an Army Football Manager, and along with part of his graduating class, he entered the United States Air Force (USAF) and became a fighter pilot. He received his Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the California Institute of Technology in 1957. Later, Borman was selected for the USAF test pilot school and became a test pilot.
wn.com/Frank_Borman -
George Wells Beadle
George Wells Beadle (October 22, 1903 – June 9, 1989) was an American scientist in the field of genetics, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine Nobel laureate who with Edward Lawrie Tatum discovered the role of genes in regulating biochemical events within cells.
Beadle and Tatum's key experiments involved exposing the bread mold Neurospora crassa to x-rays, causing mutations. In a series of experiments, they showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. These experiments led them to propose a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.
George Wells Beadle was born in Wahoo, Nebraska. He was the son of Chauncey Elmer Beadle and Hattie Albro, who owned and operated a 40-acre (160,000 m2) farm nearby. George was educated at the Wahoo High School and might himself have become a farmer if one of his teachers at school had not directed his mind towards science and persuaded him to go to the College of Agriculture in Lincoln, Nebraska. In 1926 he took his B.Sc. degree at the University of Nebraska and subsequently worked for a year with Professor F.D. Keim, who was studying hybrid wheat. In 1927 he took his M.Sc. degree, and Professor Keim secured for him a post as Teaching Assistant at Cornell University, where he worked, until 1931, with Professors R.A. Emerson and L.W. Sharp on Mendelian asynopsis in Zea mays. For this work he obtained, in 1931, his Ph.D. degree. In 1931 he was awarded a National Research Council Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena, where he remained from 1931 until 1936. During this period he continued his work on Indian corn and began, in collaboration with Professors Th. Dobzhansky, S. Emerson, and A.H. Sturtevant, work on crossing-over in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.
wn.com/George_Wells_Beadle -
Gerald Ford
Gerald Rudolph "Jerry" Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment (after Spiro Agnew had resigned), when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the only President of the United States who was never elected President nor Vice-President by the Electoral College. Before ascending to the vice-presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as the Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.
As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over arguably the weakest economy since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure. One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's incumbency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President. In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter.
wn.com/Gerald_Ford -
Gerald Rudolff Ford
Gerald Rudolff Ford (December 9, 1890 – January 26, 1962) was a Grand Rapids businessman and Republican politician who was the stepfather of U.S. President Gerald Ford and for whom Ford legally changed his name.
Ford was born and died in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where he raised the future President.
The senior Ford's father George Ford died in a train accident in 1903 forcing him to drop out of school to support the family. He was working as a paint salesman at the Grand Rapids Wood Finishing Company when he met the future President's mother Dorothy Ayer Gardner King who in 1913 had fled to Michigan from Omaha, Nebraska 16 days after the President's birth after she said the birth father Leslie Lynch King, Sr. had physically abused her. Dorothy's parents Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer Gardner lived in the town.
The couple married on February 1, 1917 following Dorothy's divorce from King when the future President was three and began calling Dorothy's first son "Gerald."
Gerald Rudolff Ford and Dorothy Ford bore three children - Thomas Gardner Ford (July 15, 1918 - August 28, 1995); Richard Addison Ford (born June 3, 1924); and James Francis Ford (August 11, 1927 - January 23, 2001).
wn.com/Gerald_Rudolff_Ford -
Gloria Steinem
Gloria Marie Steinem (born March 25, 1934) is an American feminist, journalist, and social and political activist who became nationally recognized as a leader of, and media spokeswoman for, the women's liberation movement in the late 1960s and 1970s. A prominent writer and political figure, Steinem has founded many organizations and projects and has been the recipient of many awards and honors. She was a columnist for New York magazine and co-founded Ms. magazine. In 1969, she published an article, "After Black Power, Women's Liberation" which, along with her early support of abortion rights, catapulted her to national fame as a feminist leader. In 2005, Steinem worked alongside Jane Fonda and Robin Morgan to co-found the Women's Media Center, an organization that works to amplify the voices of women in the media through advocacy, media and leadership training, and the creation of original content. Steinem currently serves on the board of the organization. She continues to involve herself in politics and media affairs as a commentator, writer, lecturer, and organizer, campaigning for candidates and reforms and publishing books and articles.
wn.com/Gloria_Steinem -
Grace Coolidge
Grace Anna Goodhue Coolidge (January 3, 1879 – July 8, 1957) was the wife of Calvin Coolidge and First Lady of the United States from 1923 to 1929.
She contributed greatly to her husband's rise to office, balancing his natural shyness with her own outgoing style, though he never discussed politics with her. She proved an exceptionally popular White House hostess.
Born in Burlington, Vermont, the only child of Andrew Issaclar Goodhue (1848–1923), a mechanical engineer and steamboat inspector, and Lemira Barrett Goodhue (1849–1929), Grace graduated from the University of Vermont in 1902, where she was a founding member of the Beta chapter of Pi Beta Phi sorority. She then joined the faculty of the Clarke School for the Deaf in Northampton, Massachusetts, as a lip reading instructor.
While watering flowers outside the school one day in 1903, she happened to look up at the open window of Robert N. Weir's boardinghouse and caught a glimpse of Calvin Coolidge shaving in front of a mirror with nothing on but long underwear and a hat. She burst out laughing at the sight; he heard the noise and turned to look at her. It was their first meeting. After a more formal introduction sometime later, the two were quickly attracted to each other.
wn.com/Grace_Coolidge -
Hannah Tompkins
Hannah Minthorne Tompkins (August 28, 1781 – February 18, 1829) was the wife of Daniel D. Tompkins, Governor of New York, and Vice President of the United States during the administration of James Monroe.
Born on August 28, 1781, Hannah Minthorne was the second child of Mangle Minthorne (1740–1824), a prominent Democratic-Republican Party member in New York City, by his second wife, Aryet Constable Minthorne (1743–1830), of New York City. On February 20, 1798, 16-year-old Hannah married Daniel D. Tompkins, a 23-year-old lawyer of the City. At the time of the marriage, her father was Assistant in the Common Council, and young Tompkins had designs on a political career. Hannah was ill in the year before her husband became Vice-President, and did not attend his inauguration.
From 1800 to 1814, the couple had eight children, including Arietta Minthorn Tompkins (born July 31, 1800), who married a son of Smith Thompson in 1818, and (Mangle) Minthorne Tompkins (December 26, 1807 – June 5, 1881), who was the Free Soil Party candidate for Governor of New York in 1852. Their children Hannah and Minthorne were named after their mother, and Hannah and Minthorne streets in Staten Island are named for them.
wn.com/Hannah_Tompkins -
Hanya Holm
Hanya Holm (born March 3, 1893, Worms, Germany – died November 3, 1992, New York City) is known as one of the “Big Four” founders of American modern dance. She was a dancer, choreographer, and above all, a dance educator.
wn.com/Hanya_Holm -
Happy Rockefeller
Margaretta Large Fitler Murphy Rockefeller (born June 9, 1926), known as Happy Rockefeller, is the widow of Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908–1979), who was the 41st Vice President of the United States of America and a Governor of New York. She was the Second Lady of the United States from 1974–1977.
A daughter of Margaretta Large Harrison and her first husband, William Wonderly Fitler, Jr., an heir to a cordage fortune, Rockefeller is known by her nickname, "Happy", given to her for her childhood disposition. She is a great-great-granddaughter of Union general George Gordon Meade, the commander at the Battle of Gettysburg.
Her first husband, from December 11, 1945 until their divorce on April 1, 1963, was Dr. James Slater Murphy, a virologist associated with Rockefeller Institute who was a close friend of Nelson Rockefeller. They had four children: James B. Murphy 2nd, Margaretta Harrison Murphy, Carol Slater Murphy, and Malinda Fitler Murphy (1960-2005), who married Francis Menotti, the adopted son of composer Gian Carlo Menotti.
wn.com/Happy_Rockefeller -
Harlow Curtice
Harlow Herbert Curtice (August 15, 1893 - November 3, 1962) was an American auto industry executive who led General Motors (GM) from 1953 to 1958. As GM's chief, Curtice was selected as Man of the Year for 1955 by TIME magazine.
Curtice was born in Petrieville, Michigan. He joined General Motors at age 20, and rose through its AC Spark Plug division to head it by age 36, and made the division profitable during the Depression. Selected to head the Buick division of GM, he expanded its line and made it profitable in the 1930s.
In 1948, Curtice became executive vice president of GM, and succeeded to the presidency in 1953 when GM president Charles Wilson became Secretary of Defense. With Curtice as president, GM became immensely profitable, and became the first corporation to have $1 billion in profits in one year.
In 1958, Curtice retired just after his 65th birthday. The following year, he accidentally shot and killed a friend while duck hunting. He died in 1962 at age 69.
Curtice was born in Petrieville, Michigan, on August 15, 1893, the son of Marion Curtice and the former Mary Ellen Eckhart, and was raised in Eaton Rapids, Michigan, attending Eaton Rapids High School. During school vacations, he kept the books for his father, a commission merchant, and also worked in a woolen mill. He graduated from the Ferris Business College in 1914. After moving to Flint, Michigan later in 1914, Curtice began his meteoric rise at GM. He started as a bookkeeper for GM's AC Spark Plug Division. The 20-year-old, in his job interview by the company comptroller, told him that his ambition was to become comptroller himself within a year. He did so, becoming AC Spark Plug's comptroller at just 21. Curtice went beyond the ledger, exploring the plant to find out what the figures meant in terms of men and equipment.
wn.com/Harlow_Curtice -
Harriet Lane
Harriet Rebecca Lane Johnston (May 9, 1830 – July 3, 1903), niece of lifelong bachelor United States President James Buchanan, acted as First Lady of the United States from 1857 to 1861. She was one of the few women to hold the position of First Lady while not being married to the President.
Harriet Lane's family was from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. She was the youngest child of Elliott Tole Lane, a merchant, and Jane Ann Buchanan Lane. An orphan after the death of her father when she was 11 years old (her mother had died two years earlier), she requested that her favorite uncle, James Buchanan, be appointed her legal guardian. Buchanan, an unmarried Democratic senator from Pennsylvania, indulged his niece and her sister, enrolling them in boarding schools in Charleston, Virginia (later West Virginia), and then for two years at the Academy of the Visitation Convent in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C. By this time, Buchanan was Secretary of State, and he introduced her to fashionable circles as he had promised.
wn.com/Harriet_Lane -
Helen Herron Taft
Helen Louise Herron "Nellie" Taft (June 2, 1861 – May 22, 1943) was the wife of William Howard Taft and First Lady of the United States from 1909 to 1913.
Born in Cincinnati, Ohio, the fourth child of Judge John Williamson Herron (1827–1912), a law partner of Rutherford B. Hayes, and Harriet Collins (1833–1902), Nellie graduated from the Cincinnati College of Music and taught school briefly before her marriage. With her parents, she attended the twenty-fifth wedding anniversary celebration of President and Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes at the White House in 1877. Her grandfather, Ela Collins and uncle William Collins were both members of Congress.
Two years later, she met William Howard Taft at a bobsledding party in Cincinnati; he was 22 years old, she was 18. He asked her out for the first time in February 1880, but they did not date regularly until 1882. He proposed in April 1885, and she accepted in May.
Taft married Nellie on June 19, 1886, at the home of the bride's parents in Cincinnati. The wedding was performed by the Reverend D.N.A. Hoge of Zanesville, Ohio. Taft's younger brother Horace Taft was best man. The couple honeymooned one day in New York City and four days at Sea Bright, New Jersey, before setting off on a three-month tour of Europe.
wn.com/Helen_Herron_Taft -
Henry Kissinger
Heinz Alfred "Henry" Kissinger ( /ˈkɪsɪndʒər/; born May 27, 1923) is a German-born American writer, political scientist, diplomat, and businessman. A recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, he served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. After his term, his opinion was still sought by many subsequent presidents and many world leaders.
A proponent of Realpolitik, Kissinger played a dominant role in United States foreign policy between 1969 and 1977. During this period, he pioneered the policy of détente with the Soviet Union, orchestrated the opening of relations with the People's Republic of China, and negotiated the Paris Peace Accords, ending American involvement in the Vietnam War. Various American policies of that era, including the bombing of Cambodia, remain controversial to many.
Kissinger is still a controversial figure today. He is the founder and chairman of Kissinger Associates, an international consulting firm.
wn.com/Henry_Kissinger -
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933). Hoover was originally a professional mining engineer and author. As the United States Secretary of Commerce in the 1920s under Presidents Warren Harding and Calvin Coolidge, he promoted partnerships between government and business under the rubric "economic modernization". In the presidential election of 1928, Hoover easily won the Republican nomination, despite having no previous elected-office experience. Hoover is the most recent cabinet secretary to be elected President of the United States, as well as one of only two Presidents (along with William Howard Taft) to have been elected without previous electoral experience or high military rank. America was prosperous and optimistic at the time, leading to a landslide victory for Hoover over Democrat Al Smith.
wn.com/Herbert_Hoover -
Ida Saxton McKinley
Ida Saxton McKinley (June 8, 1847 – May 26, 1907), wife of William McKinley, was First Lady of the United States from 1897 to 1901.
Ida was born in Canton, Ohio, the elder daughter of James Saxton, prominent Canton banker, and Katherine DeWalt. Her grandfather, John Saxton, in 1815 founded The Repository, the city's first and now its only newspaper. A graduate of Brook Hall Seminary, a finishing school in Media, Pennsylvania, Ida was refined, charming, and strikingly attractive when she met William "Bill" McKinley at a picnic in 1867. They did not begin courting until after she returned from a European tour in 1869. While single, she worked for a time as a cashier in her father's bank, a position then usually reserved for men.
William McKinley, aged 27, married Ida Saxton, aged 23, on January 25th, 1871, at the First Presbyterian Church in Canton, then still under construction. Following the wedding, performed by the Reverend E. Buckingham and the Reverend Dr. Endsley, the couple attended a reception at the home of the bride's parents and left on an eastern wedding trip.
wn.com/Ida_Saxton_McKinley -
Ilo Wallace
Ilo Browne Wallace (10 March 1888—22 February 1981) was the wife of Henry A. Wallace, the 33rd U.S Vice President and later Secretary of Commerce. She was the Second Lady of the United States from 1941 until 1945. She was the sponsor of the USS Iowa (BB-61).
Born in Indianola, Iowa, she was the daughter of James Lytle Browne and his wife, the former Harriet Lindsay.
She married Henry Agard Wallace in Des Moines, Iowa, on 20 May 1914. They had three children: Henry Browne Wallace (1915–2005), Jean Browne Wallace (born 1920), and Robert Browne Wallace (1918–2002). Her husband later became the editor-in-chief of Wallace's Farmer, an influential Midwestern farming magazine that had been founded by his father, Henry Cantwell Wallace, a future U.S. Secretary of Agriculture.
A small inheritance she received from her parents enabled the Wallaces and their business partners to establish, in 1926, Hi-Bred Corn Company, which developed and distributed hybrid maize and eventually transformed agriculture. The company is now known as Pioneer Hi-Bred International, the world's second largest seed company.
wn.com/Ilo_Wallace -
Isidor Isaac Rabi
Isidor Isaac Rabi ( /ˈrɑːbi/; 29 July 1898 – 11 January 1988) was a Galician-born American physicist and Nobel laureate recognized in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance.
Rabi was born into a traditional Jewish family in Rymanów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland), and was brought to the United States as a child the following year. He was awarded a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry degree from Cornell University in 1919, continuing his studies at Columbia University and received his Ph.D. in 1927. A fellowship enabled him to spend the next two years in Europe working with such eminent physicists as Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli and Otto Stern. He then joined the Columbia faculty and never left.
In 1930 Rabi conducted investigations into the nature of the force binding protons to atomic nuclei. This research eventually led to the creation of the molecular-beam magnetic-resonance detection method, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1944.
wn.com/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi -
James Van Allen
James Alfred Van Allen (September 7, 1914 – August 9, 2006) was an American space scientist at the University of Iowa.
The Van Allen radiation belts were named after him, following the 1958 satellite missions (Explorer 1 and Explorer 3) in which Van Allen had argued that a Geiger counter should be used to detect charged particles.
In 1950 an event occurred that began small but was to affect the future of Van Allen and all his countrymen. In March, British Physicist Sydney Chapman dropped in on Van Allen [and] remarked that he would like to meet other scientists in the Washington area. Van Allen got on the phone, soon gathered eight or ten top scientists (Lloyd Berkner, S. Fred Singer, and Harry Vestine) in the living room of his small brick house. ‘It was what you might call a pedigreed bull session,’ he says. ... The talk turned to geophysics and the two ‘International Polar Years’ that had enlisted the world’s leading nations to study the Arctic and Antarctic regions in 1882 and 1932. Someone suggested that with the development of new tools such as rockets, radar and computers, the time was ripe for a worldwide geophysical year. The other men were enthusiastic, and their enthusiasm spread around the world from Washington DC. From this meeting Lloyd Berkner and other participants proposed to the International Council of Scientific Unions that an IGY be planned for 1957-58 during the maximum solar activity). ... The International Geophysical Year (1957-58) stimulated the U.S. Government to promise earth satellites as geophysical tools. The Soviet government countered by rushing its Sputniks into orbit. The race into space or Space Race may be said to have started in Van Allen’s living room that evening in 1950.
wn.com/James_Van_Allen -
Jane Hadley Barkley
Elizabeth Jane Rucker Hadley Barkley (September 23, 1911 – September 6, 1964) was Second Lady of the United States, as the second wife of Vice President Alben Barkley. She was known as Jane Hadley Barkley.
Born in Keytesville, Missouri, her father was a lawyer and her mother a pianist who had studied in Europe. She married her first husband, Carleton Hadley, a lawyer in 1931. She met Carleton at Washington University in St. Louis. He became a prominent railroad attorney. They had two daughters before his death in 1944 at 42.
She married Vice President Alben Barkley, a widower, on November 18, 1949. She was his second wife, and he was her second husband. At the time of marriage Barkley was 34 years her senior. He was 71 and she was 37. Barkley's first wife Dorothy had died in 1947. Until her courtship with Barkley, Jane Rucker Hadley had been a devoted Republican. In 1940, Mrs. Hadley was working in the St. Louis office of GOP presidential nominee Wendell Willkie. When her milkman expressed fondness for President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, she left a note saying, "No Willkie, no milkie".
wn.com/Jane_Hadley_Barkley -
Jane Irwin Harrison
Jane Irwin Harrison (Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, July 23, 1804–May 11, 1846), wife of William Henry Harrison, Jr., and daughter-in-law of William Henry Harrison, ninth President of the United States. Her grandfather was James Ramsey, who owned Millmont Farm at Montgomery Township, Franklin County, Pennsylvania.
President Harrison's wife, Anna Harrison, was too ill to travel when her husband left Ohio for his inauguration. William Henry Harrison, Jr. died in 1838, but assisted by her aunt, Jane Irwin Findlay (her father's sister, who was then seventy-three), Jane Irwin Harrison acted as official hostess during President Harrison's brief tenure in office, which lasted for 32 days in 1841.
Her sister, Elizabeth Ramsey Irwin (1810-1850), married John Scott Harrison in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1831—another son of William Henry Harrison—and was mother of US President Benjamin Harrison.
Jane Irwin Harrison died May 11, 1846 at age 41.
wn.com/Jane_Irwin_Harrison -
Jane Pierce
Jane Means Appleton Pierce (March 12, 1806 – December 2, 1863), wife of U.S. President Franklin Pierce, was First Lady of the United States from 1853 to 1857.
Born in Hampton, New Hampshire, the daughter of Reverend Jesse Appleton, a Congregationalist minister, and Elizabeth Means-Appleton, Jane was a petite, frail, shy, melancholy figure. After the death of her father, who had served as president of Bowdoin College not long before Franklin enrolled there, she at age 13 moved into the mansion of her wealthy maternal grandparents in Amherst.
How she met Pierce, a young lawyer with political ambitions, is unknown, but her brother-in-law Alpheus S. Packard was one of Pierce's instructors at Bowdoin. Franklin, aged almost 30, married Jane, aged 28, on November 19, 1834, at the home of the bride's maternal grandparents in Amherst, New Hampshire. Theirs was a small wedding, conducted by a brother-in-law of Jane, the Reverend Silas Aiken. The couple honeymooned six days at the boardinghouse of Sophia Southurt near Washington, D.C..
wn.com/Jane_Pierce -
Jennie Tuttle Hobart
Esther Jane "Jennie" Tuttle Hobart (April 30, 1849 – January 8, 1941) was the wife of Vice President Garret Hobart who served in the administration of President William McKinley as well as a philanthropist and community activist in New Jersey.
Born and raised in Paterson, New Jersey, she was the daughter of a prominent attorney, Socrates Tuttle and his wife Jane Winters. She married her husband, Garret Hobart, in Paterson on July 21, 1869, at the start of his career as a lawyer and politician. They had two children, Garret Jr, and Fannie, who died in 1895. In 1896 her husband was elected Vice President of the United States and the family moved to Washington, D.C.. As Second Lady of the United States, Hobart often served as White House hostess because First Lady Ida Saxton McKinley, suffered from epilepsy. Vice President Hobart died of heart failure on November 21, 1899. After his death, she returned to Paterson and became involved in community affairs. She was a close friend of Mrs. McKinley and rushed to Buffalo, New York to offer her support to her when President McKinley was shot in September 1901. She died of pneumonia on January 8, 1941, in Haledon, New Jersey, where she had been living on her son's farm, and was buried in Cedar Lawn Cemetery in Paterson, New Jersey.
wn.com/Jennie_Tuttle_Hobart -
Jill Biden
Jill Tracy Biden (née Jacobs, previously Stevenson; born June 5, 1951) is an American educator and, as the wife of Vice President Joe Biden, is the Second Lady of the United States.
She was born in Hammonton, New Jersey and grew up in Willow Grove, Pennsylvania. She married Joe Biden in 1977 and became stepmother to his two young sons from his first marriage, Beau and Hunter, whose mother and baby sister died in a car accident. Joe and Jill Biden have a daughter, Ashley, born in 1981.
Jill Biden has a bachelor's degree from the University of Delaware, master's degrees from West Chester University and Villanova University and a doctoral degree from the University of Delaware. She taught English and reading in high schools for 13 years, and also taught adolescents with emotional disabilities at a psychiatric hospital. From 1993 to 2008, she was an English and writing instructor at Delaware Technical & Community College. Since 2009, she has been a professor of English at Northern Virginia Community College and is thought to be the first Second Lady to hold a paying job while her husband is Vice President. She is the founder of the Biden Breast Health Initiative non-profit organization, co-founded the Book Buddies program, and is active in Delaware Boots on the Ground.
wn.com/Jill_Biden -
Jill Ker Conway
Jill Ker Conway (born 9 October 1934) is an Australian-American author. Well known for her autobiographies, in particular her first memoir, The Road from Coorain. She was also Smith College's first woman president, from 1975–1985, and now serves as a Visiting Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2004 she was designated a Women's History Month Honoree by the National Women's History Project.
Conway was born in Hillston, New South Wales in the outback of Australia. Together with her two brothers, Conway was raised in near-total isolation on a family owned 73 square kilometres (18,000 acres) tract of land, Coorain (aboriginal word for "windy place"), which was eventually expanded into 129 square kilometres (32,000 acres). On Coorain she lived a lonely life, and grew up without playmates except for her brothers. She was schooled entirely by her mother and a country governess.
Conway spent her youth working the sheep station; by age seven, she was an important member of the workforce, helping with such activities as herding and tending the sheep, checking the perimeter fences and lugging heavy farm supplies around. The farm prospered until a drought that would last for seven years. This and her father's worsening health put an increasing burden on her shoulders. But this ended abruptly when she was 11 and her father drowned in an unfortunate diving accident, while trying to extend the farm's water piping.
wn.com/Jill_Ker_Conway -
Jim Lovell
James "Jim" Arthur Lovell, Jr., (born March 25, 1928) is a former NASA astronaut and a retired captain in the United States Navy, most famous as the commander of the Apollo 13 mission, which suffered a critical failure en route to the Moon but was brought back safely to Earth by the efforts of the crew and mission control. Lovell was also the command module pilot of Apollo 8, the first Apollo mission to enter lunar orbit. Lovell is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor and the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He is one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, the first of only three people to fly to the Moon twice, and the only one to have flown there twice without making a landing. Lovell was also the first person to fly in space four times.
Born in Cleveland, Ohio to a Czech mother, Lovell's family moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he graduated from Juneau High School and became an Eagle Scout. His father died in a car accident when Lovell was young and, for about two years, he resided with a relative in Terre Haute, Indiana.
wn.com/Jim_Lovell -
Jimmy Carter
James Earl "Jimmy" Carter, Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States (1977–1981) and was the recipient of the 2002 Nobel Peace Prize, the only U.S. President to have received the Prize after leaving office. Before he became President, Carter served as a U.S. Naval officer, was a peanut farmer, served two terms as a Georgia State Senator and one as Governor of Georgia (1971–1975).
During Carter's term as President, two new cabinet-level departments were created: the Department of Energy and the Department of Education. He established a national energy policy that included conservation, price control, and new technology. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the second round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT II), and returned the Panama Canal Zone to Panama. Throughout his career, Carter strongly emphasized human rights. He took office during a period of international stagflation, which persisted throughout his term. The end of his presidential tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (at the end of 1979), 1980 Summer Olympics boycott by the United States of the Moscow Olympics and the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
wn.com/Jimmy_Carter -
Joan Mondale
Joan Adams Mondale (born August 8, 1930) is the wife of Walter Mondale, 42nd Vice President of the United States, Presidential candidate, and later U.S. ambassador to Japan. She has always been a high-profile advocate for the arts, affectionately dubbed 'Joan of Art'.
Joan Adams was born in Eugene, Oregon, one of three daughters of the Rev. John Maxwell Adams, a Presbyterian minister, and his wife, the former Eleanor Jane Hall. She attended Media Friends School, an integrated Quaker school in Media, Pennsylvania, a public school in Columbus, Ohio, and later St. Paul Academy and Summit School in St. Paul, Minnesota. In 1952, she graduated from Macalester College, St. Paul, where her father was chaplain. After graduation, she worked at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts and the Minneapolis Institute of Arts.
Joan married Minneapolis lawyer Walter "Fritz" Mondale on December 27, 1955[citation needed], following a blind date, set up by one of Walter's law-school classmates.
The couple had three children:
wn.com/Joan_Mondale -
John Adams
John Adams (October 30, 1735 (O.S. October 19, 1735) – July 4, 1826) was an American Founding Father, and the second President of the United States (1797–1801). He was also a lawyer, statesman, diplomat, political theorist, and a leading champion of independence in 1776. Hailing from New England, Adams, a prominent lawyer and public figure in Boston, was highly educated and represented Enlightenment values promoting republicanism. A Federalist, he was highly influential and one of the key Founding Fathers of the United States.
Adams came to prominence in the early stages of the American Revolution. As a delegate from Massachusetts to the Continental Congress, he played a leading role in persuading Congress to declare independence and assisted Thomas Jefferson in drafting the Declaration of Independence. As a diplomat in Europe, he was a major negotiator of the eventual peace treaty with Great Britain, and chiefly responsible for obtaining important loans from Amsterdam bankers. A political theorist and historian, Adams largely wrote the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780 which soon after ended slavery in Massachusetts, but was in Europe when the federal Constitution was drafted on similar principles later in the decade. One of his greatest roles was as a judge of character: in 1775, he nominated George Washington to be commander-in-chief, and 25 years later nominated John Marshall to be Chief Justice of the United States.
wn.com/John_Adams -
John Foster Dulles
John Foster Dulles (February 25, 1888 – May 24, 1959) served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959. He was a significant figure in the early Cold War era, advocating an aggressive stance against communism throughout the world. He advocated support of the French in their war against the Viet Minh in Indochina and it is widely believed that he refused to shake the hand of Zhou Enlai at the Geneva Conference in 1954. He also played a major role in the Central Intelligence Agency operation to overthrow the democratic Mossadegh government of Iran in 1953 (Operation Ajax) and the democratic Arbenz government of Guatemala in 1954 (Operation PBSUCCESS).
Born in Washington, D.C., he was one of five children and the eldest son born to Presbyterian minister Allen Macy Dulles and his wife Edith (Foster). His paternal grandfather, John Welsh Dulles, had been a Presbyterian missionary in India. He attended public schools in Watertown, New York. After graduating from Princeton University (Phi Beta Kappa, 1908), where he competed on the American Whig-Cliosophic Society debate team, and graduating from The George Washington University Law School, he joined the New York City law firm of Sullivan & Cromwell, where he specialized in international law. He tried to join the United States Army during World War I but was rejected because of poor eyesight. Instead, Dulles received an Army commission as Major on the War Industries Board.
wn.com/John_Foster_Dulles -
John Franklin Enders
John Franklin Enders (February 10, 1897 – September 8, 1985) was an American medical scientist and Nobel laureate. Enders had been called "The Father of Modern Vaccines."
Enders was born in West Hartford, Connecticut and was educated at the Noah Webster School at Hartford and St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He then attended Yale University for a short time before entering the United States Army Air Corps in 1918.
After returning from war he graduated from Yale, where he was a member of Scroll and Key as well as Delta Kappa Epsilon, and went on to become a businessman in real estate in 1922. He tried his hand at several careers before choosing to work in the biological field studying infectious diseases, gaining a Ph.D. at Harvard in 1930.
In 1954, while working at Children's Hospital Boston, Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, and Frederick Chapman Robbins were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue". This work was the first to show that viruses of this type could be grown and manipulated outside of the body. It was this technique dubbed the Enders-Weller-Robbins method that Jonas Salk used to develop the polio vaccine in 1952. After a large-scale test of the vaccine proved successful in 1954, Salk appeared on a radio show and announced his success to the world. Although he never claimed the credit for himself, he also did not offer up any credit to any of his colleagues, including Enders, Weller, and Robbins, whose technique made his success possible. Salk became a hero to the public, but was somewhat shunned by the scientific community. Despite this misappropriated credit many professionals in the field still regard Enders', Weller's and Robbins' work as substantial have given Enders the title of "The Father of Modern Vaccines".
wn.com/John_Franklin_Enders -
John Gardner Ford
John "Jack" Gardner Ford (born March 16, 1952) is the second child and second son of former U.S. President Gerald Ford and former First Lady Betty Ford.
In 1977, with William Randolph Hearst III and Jann Wenner, he was part of the founding staff of the magazine Outside. Ford later cofounded a successful business called California Infoplace (www.infoplaceusa.com), which supplies electronic information kiosks to malls. In 1996, as a veteran of six Republican conventions, he was asked to serve as executive director of the host committee for the Republican National Convention in San Diego, California.
On April 29, 1989, he married Juliann Felando. They have two children:
On January 2, 2007, at the Grand Rapids, Michigan, funeral of his father, Jack and his wife greeted mourners during the viewing of the casket.
wn.com/John_Gardner_Ford -
John Robert Powers
John Robert Powers (April 16, 1892 – November 1977) was an American actor and founder of a prominent New York City modeling agency.
In 1923, John Robert Powers founded a modeling agency. The John Robert Powers Agency represented many models who went on to success in the Hollywood film industry, and even Betty Bloomer (Mrs. Jerry Ford) who became the First Lady of the United States. While Powers' clientele was overwhelmingly female, and to be a "Powers Girl" was a much sought-after position, the agency also represented several men.
At its height, the agency was so significant within the industry that Hollywood made a 1943 musical comedy film titled The Powers Girl in which Alan Mowbray portrays John Robert Powers and features Anne Shirley and Carole Landis as aspiring models.
John Robert Powers married Alice Burton (1902–1972) and they are interred together in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.
The John Robert Powers system is a franchise system and its franchises in the USA have been involved in a controversy over their status as a school vs a talent agency. Critics in the USA describe John Robert Powers franchises in America as using high-pressure sales tactics and misleading advertising. John Robert Powers USA asserts that is not an agency and does not make any percentage of the talents' earnings.
wn.com/John_Robert_Powers -
John Sirica
John Joseph Sirica (March 19, 1904–August 14, 1992) was the Chief Judge for the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, where he became famous for his role in the Watergate scandal. He rose to national prominence during the Watergate scandal when he ordered President Richard Nixon to turn over his recordings of White House conversations.
Sirica's involvement in the case began when he presided over the trial of the Watergate burglars. He did not believe the claim that they had acted alone, and persuaded or coerced them to implicate the men who had arranged the break-in. For his role in Watergate the judge was named TIME magazine's Man of the Year in 1973.
John Sirica was born in Waterbury, Connecticut to Ferdinand and Rose Zinno Sirica, both of whom were Italian immigrants. He moved to D.C. in 1918, where he attended Emerson Preparatory School and eventually transferred to Columbia Preparatory School. Sirica received his J.D. from the Georgetown University Law Center after doing undergraduate work at Duke University.
wn.com/John_Sirica -
Joshua Lederberg
Joshua Lederberg ForMemRS (May 23, 1925 – February 2, 2008) was an American molecular biologist known for his work in microbial genetics, artificial intelligence, and the United States space program. He was just 33 years old when he won the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering that bacteria can mate and exchange genes. He shared the prize with Edward L. Tatum and George Beadle who won for their work with genetics.
In addition to his contributions to biology, Lederberg did extensive research in artificial intelligence. This included work in the NASA experimental programs seeking life on Mars and the chemistry expert system Dendral.
Lederberg was born in Montclair, New Jersey, to a Jewish family, son of Esther Goldenbaum Schulman Lederberg and Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Lederberg, in 1925, and moved to Washington Heights, Manhattan as an infant. He had two younger brothers. Lederberg graduated from Stuyvesant High School in New York City at the age of 15 in 1941. After graduation, he was allowed lab space as part of the American Institute Science Laboratory, a forerunner of the Westinghouse Science Talent Search. He enrolled in Columbia University in 1941, majoring in zoology. Under the mentorship of Francis J. Ryan, he conducted biochemical and genetic studies on the bread mold Neurospora crassa. Intending to receive his MD and fulfill his military service obligations, Lederberg worked as a hospital corpsman during 1943 in the clinical pathology laboratory at St. Albans Naval Hospital, where he examined sailors' blood and stool samples for malaria. He went on to receive his undergraduate degree in 1944.
wn.com/Joshua_Lederberg -
Judy Agnew
Elinor Isabel Judefind "Judy" Agnew (born April 23, 1921) is the widow of the 39th Vice President of the United States, Spiro Agnew, who also served as Governor of Maryland.
Born in Baltimore, Maryland, she was daughter of William Lee Judefind, a chemist, and his wife, the former Ruth Elinor Schafer. Her paternal grandfather was a Methodist minister.
She married Agnew on May 27, 1942 in Baltimore; he had graduated from Army Officer Candidate School two days earlier. They have four children: Pamela Lee Agnew (Mrs. Robert E. DeHaven), James Rand Agnew, Susan Scott Agnew (Mrs. Colin Neilson Macindoe), and Elinor Kimberly Agnew.
wn.com/Judy_Agnew -
Julia Gardiner Tyler
Julia Gardiner Tyler (May 4, 1820 or July 29, 1820 – July 10, 1889) was the second wife of John Tyler, the tenth president of the United States, and served as First Lady of the United States from June 26, 1844, to March 4, 1845.
Julia Gardiner Tyler was born in 1820 on Gardiner's Island off the eastern tip of Long Island, New York. She was the daughter of Juliana McLachlan-Gardiner and David Gardiner, a prominent landowner and New York State Senator from 1824 to 1828. Julia was raised in the New York town of East Hampton as well as in the small hamlet of Bay Shore, Long Island. At the age of 19, she shocked polite society by posing for a department store advertisement that billed her as the "Rose of Long Island".
In early 1842, Julia was introduced to US President John Tyler at a White House reception. They began seeing each other in January 1843 a few months after the death of First Lady Letitia Tyler.
Julia, her sister Margaret, and her father joined a presidential excursion on the new steam frigate Princeton. David Gardiner, along with a number of others, lost his life in the explosion of a huge naval gun. Tyler comforted Julia in her grief and won her consent to a secret engagement, proposing in 1843 at the George Washington Ball. Because of the circumstances surrounding her father's death, the couple agreed to marry with a minimum of celebration. Thus on June 26, 1844, the president slipped into New York City, where the nuptials were performed by the Right Reverend Benjamin Treadwell Onderdonk, fourth bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, at the Church of the Ascension. President Tyler was aged 54; Julia just 24.
wn.com/Julia_Gardiner_Tyler -
Julia Grant
Julia Boggs Dent Grant (January 26, 1826 – December 14, 1902), was the wife of the 18th President of the United States, Ulysses S. Grant, and was First Lady of the United States from 1869 to 1877.
Born Julia Boggs Dent at White Haven plantation west of St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Colonel Frederick Dent, a slaveholding planter and merchant, and Ellen Wrenshall-Dent, Julia was rather plain in appearance[citation needed] and squinted through crossed eyes. In memoirs prepared late in life—unpublished until 1975—she pictured her girlhood as an idyll: "one long summer of sunshine, flowers, and smiles".
She attended the Misses Mauros' boarding school in St. Louis for seven years among the daughters of other affluent parents. She excelled in art and voice. A social favorite in that circle, she met "Ulys" at her home, where her family welcomed him as a West Point classmate of her brother Frederick; soon she felt lonely without him, dreamed of him, and agreed to wear his West Point ring.
Grant proposed several times before Julia finally accepted. When she did, they were sitting on the front steps of her beloved childhood home, a picturesque plantation called White Haven. In 1844 the couple embarked on a four-year engagement, delayed by the Mexican-American War, during which they saw each other only once.
wn.com/Julia_Grant -
Kathleen Byerly
Kathleen M. Byerly (born ca. 1944) is known for being one of the women named by Time magazine Time Person of the Year in 1975, representing American women (at the height of the feminist movement). She was in the first female officer in the United States Navy to be appointed flag secretary and aide to an admiral.
Byerly graduated from Chestnut Hill College in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1966. Following graduation, she joined the U.S. Navy. In 1975 she held the rank of Lieutenant Commander and was a Navy executive and aide to Rear Admiral Allen Hill.
"A Dozen Who Made a Difference – Kathleen Byerly: Confident Commander". Time. 5 January 1976. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,947599-5,00.html. Retrieved 2008-02-14.
wn.com/Kathleen_Byerly -
Konrad Adenauer
Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (German pronunciation: [ˈkɔnʁaːt ˈhɛɐman ˈjoːzɛf ˈaːdənaʊɐ]; 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman. As Chancellor of Germany (West Germany) from 1949 to 1963, he led his country from the ruins of World War II to a powerful and prosperous nation that forged close relations with old enemies France and the United States. In his years in power Germany achieved prosperity, democracy, stability and respect. He was the first chancellor (head of government) of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, called West Germany), 1949–63. He was the first leader of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), a coalition of Catholics and Protestants that under his leadership became and has since remained the most dominant in Germany.
Adenauer, dubbed "Der Alte" ("the old one"), belied his age as the oldest elected leader in world history by his intense work habits and his uncanny political instinct. He displayed a strong dedication to a broad vision of democracy, capitalism, and anti-Communism. A shrewd politician, Adenauer was deeply committed to a Western-oriented foreign policy and restoring the position of West Germany on the world stage. He worked to restore the West German economy from the destruction in World War II to a central position in Europe, rebuilt its army and came to terms with France, helped make possible Western European unification, opposed rival East Germany, and made his nation a member of NATO and a firm ally of the United States.
wn.com/Konrad_Adenauer -
Lady Bird Johnson
Claudia Alta "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson (December 22, 1912 – July 11, 2007) was First Lady of the United States (1963-69) during the presidency of her husband Lyndon B. Johnson.
Notably well educated for her time, she proved a capable manager and a shrewd investor. After marrying LBJ in 1934, when he was a political hopeful in Austin, Texas, she used a modest inheritance to bankroll his congressional campaign, and then ran his office while he was serving in the Navy. Next, she bought a radio station and then a TV station, which would soon make them millionaires. As First Lady, she broke new ground by liaising directly with Congress, employing her own press secretary, and making a solo electioneering tour.
Johnson was a lifelong advocate for beautifying the nation's cities and highways ("Where flowers bloom, so does hope") and the Highway Beautification Act was informally known as Lady Bird's Bill. She was a recipient of the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal, the highest US civilian honors.
wn.com/Lady_Bird_Johnson -
Larry King
Larry King (born November 19, 1933) is an American television and radio host whose work has been recognized with awards including two Peabodys and ten Cable ACE Awards. He began as a local Florida journalist and radio interviewer in the 1950s and 1960s and became prominent as an all-night national radio broadcaster starting in 1978. From 1985-2010, he hosted the nightly interview TV program Larry King Live on CNN.
King was born Lawrence Harvey Zeiger in Brooklyn, New York City, to an Austrian immigrant Edward Zeiger, a restaurant owner and defense plant worker, and his wife Jennie Gitlitz, a garment worker, who emigrated from Belarus. King grew up in a religiously observant Jewish home, but in adulthood became an agnostic.
King's father died at 44 of heart disease, and his mother had to go on welfare to support her two sons. His father's death greatly affected King, and he lost interest in school. After graduating from high school, he worked to help support his mother. From an early age, however, he had wanted to go into radio. King is a fan of the Los Angeles Dodgers.
wn.com/Larry_King -
Laura Bush
Laura Lane Welch Bush (born November 4, 1946) is the wife of the 43rd President of the United States, George W. Bush. She was the First Lady from January 20, 2001, to January 20, 2009. She graduated from Southern Methodist University in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in education and soon took a job as a second grade teacher. After attaining her Master's degree in Library Science at the University of Texas at Austin, she was employed as a librarian. She met George Walker Bush in 1977, and they were married later that year. The couple had twin daughters in 1981.
Bush's political involvement began with her marriage. She campaigned during her husband's unsuccessful 1978 run for the United States Congress and later his successful Texas gubernatorial campaign. As First Lady of Texas, Bush implemented many initiatives focused on health, education, and literacy. In 1999, she aided her husband in campaigning for the presidency in a number of ways, most notably delivering a keynote address at the 2000 Republican National Convention, which gained her national attention. She became first lady after her husband defeated Democrat Al Gore in the 2000 election.
wn.com/Laura_Bush -
Letitia Stevenson
Letitia Green Stevenson (January 8, 1843 — December 25, 1913) was the wife of Vice President Adlai E. Stevenson I who served in the second administration of President Grover Cleveland. She was the daughter of Reverent Lewis Green who was the head of Centre College in Danville, Kentucky. They married in 1866 after a nine year courtship. Her parents did not approve the marriage but by then her father had died and her mother had moved away. They had three daughters and one son Lewis G. Stevenson who became the Illinois secretary of state and father of Illinois Governor and 1952 and 1956 Presidential candidate Adlai Stevenson. Their great-grandson, Adlai Ewing Stevenson III, was a U.S. senator from Illinois from 1970 to 1981 and an unsuccessful candidate for Governor of Illinois in 1982 and 1986.
Mrs. Stevenson suffered from severe rheumatism and migraine headaches that often forced her to wear leg braces. Nonetheless, she was described as a "keen observer and judge of people, and a charming hostess"". She helped establish the Daughters of the American Revolution to try to heal the divisions between North and South after the Civil War and succeeded Mrs. Benjamin Harrison as President General.
wn.com/Letitia_Stevenson -
Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, peace activist, author, and educator. He was one of the most influential chemists in history and ranks among the most important scientists of the 20th century. Pauling was among the first scientists to work in the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology.
Pauling is one of only four individuals to have won more than one Nobel Prize. He is one of only two people awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields (the Chemistry and Peace prizes), the other being Marie Curie (the Chemistry and Physics prizes), and the only person awarded two unshared prizes.
Pauling was born in Portland, Oregon, as the first-born child of Herman Henry William Pauling (1876–1910) and Lucy Isabelle "Belle" Darling (1881–1926). He was named "Linus Carl," in honor of Lucy's father, Linus, and Herman's father, Carl. Herman and Lucy – then 23 and 18 years old, respectively – had met at a dinner party in Condon. Six months later, the two were married.
wn.com/Linus_Pauling -
Lois Irene Marshall
Lois Irene Kimsey Marshall (born Lois Irene Kimsey; May 9, 1873—January 6, 1958) was the wife of Thomas R. Marshall, who served as the 28th Vice President of the United States from 1913 to 1921. During her husband's tenure she held the unofficial position of the Second Lady of the United States.
She served also as First Lady of Indiana during her husband's Governorship (1909–1913).
The daughter of William Edward Kimsey and Elizabeth Dale, Lois married Marshall, 19 years her senior, on October 2, 1895.
She became involved in charitable activities in Washington and spent time working at the Diet Kitchen Welfare Center providing free meals to impoverished children. In 1917 she became acquainted with a mother of newborn twins, one of whom was chronically ill. The child's parents were unable to get adequate treatment for their son's condition. Lois Marshall formed a close bond with the baby, who was named Clarence Ignatius Morrison, and offered to take him and help him find treatment. The Marshalls had been unable to have children but they never officially adopted Morrison because they believed that to go through the procedure while his parents were still alive would appear unusual to the public. They instead made a special arrangement with his parents. Morrison lived with the Marshalls for the rest of his life. In correspondence they referred to him as Morrison Marshall, but in person they called him Izzy. Lois took him to see many doctors and spent all her available time trying to nurse him back to health but his condition worsened and he died in February 1920, just before his fourth birthday.
wn.com/Lois_Irene_Marshall -
Lou Henry Hoover
Lou Henry Hoover (March 29, 1874 – January 7, 1944) was the wife of President of the United States Herbert Hoover and First Lady, 1929-1933.
Marrying her engineer husband in 1899, she travelled widely with him and became a cultivated scholar and linguist. During World War I, Mrs. Hoover helped him in providing relief for Belgian refugees. As First Lady, she oversaw construction of the presidential retreat at Rapidan Camp in Virginia. She was the first First Lady to make regular radio broadcasts to the Nation. She was president of the Girl Scouts of the USA in 1922-1925 and 1935-1937.
Lou Henry was born in Waterloo, Iowa to Charles Delano Henry, a banker, and Florence Ida Weed, his wife. Lou grew up something of a tomboy in Waterloo, Whittier, California and Monterey, California. Charles Henry took his daughter on camping trips in the hills—her greatest pleasures in her early teens. Lou became a fine horsewoman; she hunted, and preserved specimens with the skill of a taxidermist; she developed an enthusiasm for rocks, minerals, and mining. She attended San Jose Normal School and in 1894 enrolled at Stanford University as the school's only female geology major. That year she met Herbert Hoover, then a senior.
wn.com/Lou_Henry_Hoover -
Louisa Adams
Louisa Catherine Johnson Adams, born Louisa Catherine Johnson (February 12, 1775 – May 15, 1852), wife of John Quincy Adams, was First Lady of the United States from 1825 to 1829.
Born in London, she was the only First Lady born outside of the United States. She was the daughter of Joshua Johnson, an American merchant, and Catherine Nuth-Johnson, an Englishwoman. Her father was originally from Maryland and served as United States consul general in London after 1790. She had six sisters: Ann, Caroline, Harriet, Catherine, Elizabeth, and Adelaide, and a brother, Thomas. Louisa grew up in London and Nantes, France, where the family took refuge during the American Revolution. It was in Nantes that four-year-old Louisa first met her future husband, who at 12 was traveling through France with his father.
She again met Adams, this time in London, where her father had been appointed American consul. Adams at first showed interest in her older sister but soon settled on Louisa. John Quincy Adams, aged 30, married Louisa, aged 22, on July 26, 1797, at All Hallows Barking parish in London, England. Adams' father, John Adams, then President of the United States, overcame his initial objections to his son marrying a person born in another country and welcomed his daughter-in-law into the family.
wn.com/Louisa_Adams -
Lucretia Garfield
Lucretia Rudolph-Garfield (April 19, 1832 – March 14, 1918), wife of James A. Garfield, was First Lady of the United States in 1881.
Born in Hiram, Ohio, the daughter of Zebulon Rudolph, a farmer and co-founder of the Eclectic Institute at Hiram, and Arabella Mason-Rudolph, Lucretia "Crete" Rudolph was a devout member of the Churches of Christ.
She first met James Garfield in 1849 when they were classmates at Geauga Seminary in Chester, Ohio, and followed him to the Eclectic Institute, where they began dating. She was somewhat plain in appearance, but Garfield was attracted to her keen intellect and appetite for knowledge. While Garfield went on to Williams College, she taught school in Cleveland, Ohio and Bayou, Ohio. They had planned to marry on his graduation in 1856, but decided to postpone the wedding for a couple of years until he was earning more money.
Both James and Crete were 26-years when they married on November 11, 1858 at the home of the bride's parents in Hiram. Although both were members of the churches of Christ, the nuptials were performed by Henry Hitchcock, a Presbyterian minister. The newlyweds did not take a honeymoon but instead set up housekeeping immediately in Hiram.
wn.com/Lucretia_Garfield -
Lucy Webb Hayes
Lucy Ware Webb Hayes (28 August 1831 – 25 June 1889) was a First Lady of the United States and the wife of President Rutherford B. Hayes.
Historians have christened her "Lemonade Lucy" due to her staunch support of the temperance movement; however, contrary to popular belief, she was never referred to by that nickname while living, and it was her husband who banned alcohol from the White House.
Born in Chillicothe, Ohio, the daughter of James Webb, a doctor, and Maria Cook-Webb, Lucy was descended from seven veterans of the American Revolution. Her father died when she was a child. With her mother, she moved to Ohio where in 1847 she met Rutherford B. Hayes. Later that year, she enrolled at Wesleyan Women’s College (now Ohio Wesleyan University) (class of 1850); she was the first first lady to have graduated from college and was a member of Kappa Kappa Gamma sorority. Hayes was by this time practicing law in Cincinnati, and the two began dating seriously. He proposed in June 1851.
Rutherford Hayes, aged 30, married Lucy Webb, aged 21, on December 30, 1852, at the home of the bride’s mother in Cincinnati, Ohio. After the wedding, performed by Dr. L.D. McCabe of Delaware, the couple honeymooned at the home of the groom’s sister and brother-in-law in Columbus, Ohio.
wn.com/Lucy_Webb_Hayes -
Lynette Fromme
Lynette Alice "Squeaky" Fromme (born October 22, 1948) is an American member of the Manson Family. She was sentenced to life imprisonment for attempting to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford in 1975. After serving 34 years in custody, she was released from prison on August 14, 2009.
Fromme was born in Santa Monica, California, the daughter of Helen (née Benzinger), a homemaker, and William Millar Fromme, an aeronautical engineer.
As a child, Fromme was a performer for a popular local dance group called the Westchester Lariats, which in the late 1950s began touring the U.S. and Europe, appearing on The Lawrence Welk Show and at the White House. Fromme was in the 1959 tour.
In 1963, the family moved to Redondo Beach, a suburb of Los Angeles, in the South Bay, and Fromme began drinking and taking drugs. Her grades at Redondo Union High School dropped, but she managed to graduate in 1966. She moved out of her parents' house for a few months before her father convinced her to consider El Camino Junior College. Her attendance there only lasted about two months before an argument with her father rendered her homeless.
wn.com/Lynette_Fromme -
Lynne Cheney
Lynne Ann Cheney (née Vincent; born August 14, 1941) is the wife of former United States Vice President Dick Cheney and served as the Second Lady of the United States from 2001 to 2009. She is a novelist, conservative scholar, and former talk-show host.
A descendant of Mormon pioneers with roots in Denmark, England, Ireland, and Wales, Lynne Ann Vincent was born in Casper, Wyoming. Her father was Wayne Edwin Vincent, an engineer; her mother, Edna Lybyer, became a deputy sheriff. She was raised Presbyterian and became Methodist upon her marriage to Dick Cheney.
Cheney received her Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature with highest honors from Colorado College, where she was a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority. She furthered her education with a Master of Arts degree from the University of Colorado at Boulder, and a PhD in 19th century British literature from the University of Wisconsin at Madison (her dissertation was entitled "Matthew Arnold's Possible Perfection: A Study of the Kantian Strain in Arnold's Poetry").
wn.com/Lynne_Cheney -
Mamie Eisenhower
Mamie Geneva Doud Eisenhower (November 14, 1896 – November 1, 1979) was the wife of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, and First Lady of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Mamie married Dwight Eisenhower in 1916, the young couple moved frequently between military quarters in many postings, from Panama to the Philippines. As First Lady, she entertained a wide range of foreign dignitaries, who reacted well to her confident style and splendid costumes. On leaving the White House, she made clear her disapproval of the incoming Kennedys.
Mamie Eisenhower spent her retirement and widowhood at the family farm at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The Hollywood star Mamie Van Doren was so named by Universal Studios in her honor.
Born in Boone, Iowa and named, in part, after the popular song Lovely Lake Geneva, Mamie Geneva Doud was the second child born to John Sheldon Doud, a meatpacking executive, and his wife, the former Elivera Mathilde Carlson. She grew up in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Denver, Colorado, and the Doud winter home in San Antonio, Texas. Her father, who retired at age 36, ran a meatpacking company founded by his father, Doud & Montgomery ("Buyers of Live Hogs"), and had investments in Illinois and Iowa stockyards. Her mother was a daughter of Swedish immigrants. She had three sisters: Eleanor Carlson Doud, Eda Mae Doud, and Mabel Frances "Mike" Doud.
wn.com/Mamie_Eisenhower -
Margaret Taylor
Margaret Mackall Smith "Peggy" Taylor (September 21, 1788 – August 14, 1852), wife of Zachary Taylor, was First Lady of the United States from 1849 to 1850.
Born in Calvert County, Maryland, on September 21, 1788, the daughter of Walter Smith, a prosperous Maryland planter and veteran officer of the American Revolution, and Ann Mackall-Smith, "Peggy" was raised amid refinement and wealth.
While visiting her sister in Kentucky in 1809, she was introduced to Lieutenant Zachary Taylor, then home on leave, by Dr. Alexander Duke.
Taylor, aged 25, married Peggy Smith, aged 21, on June 21, 1810, at the home of the bride's sister, Mrs. Mary Chew near Louisville, Kentucky. Their marriage appears to have been a happy one. A devout Episcopalian, Mrs. Taylor prayed regularly for her soldier husband. She became somewhat reclusive because, it is said, she had promised God to give up the pleasures of society if her husband returned safely from war.
The Taylors' surviving children were:
With the rise in Taylor's political career, she literally prayed for his defeat, for she dreaded the personal consequences of his becoming president. By the time she became First Lady, the hardships of following her husband from fort to fort and the birth of several children had taken their toll. A semi-invalid, she remained in seclusion on the second floor of the White House, leaving the duties of official hostess to her daughter Mary Elizabeth "Betty" Taylor.
wn.com/Margaret_Taylor -
Marilyn Quayle
Marilyn Tucker Quayle (born July 29, 1949) is an American lawyer, novelist, and political figure who is the wife of former U.S. Vice President Dan Quayle and held the unofficial title of Second Lady of the United States from 1989 until 1993.
Marilyn Tucker was born in the Meridian-Kessler area of Indianapolis, Indiana to Mary Alice (née Craig) and Warren Samuel Tucker. The fourth of six children, Marilyn's parents were both doctors. Her maternal grandfather was born in Maybole, Scotland. She had a strict Christian upbringing. The Tuckers were longtime admirers of Colonel Robert B. Thieme, Jr., the founder and former pastor of Berachah Church in Houston, who was described in an Associated Press article as "known for unorthodox biblical interpretations and for verbal attacks on liberals, welfare recipients, homosexuals and others." Years later, when media attention focused on her family's religious beliefs, Marilyn Quayle said in an NBC interview: "I grew up with my mother listening to (Thieme's) tapes. ... I have never listened to him on social issues. I didn't even know that he espoused any." She does defend his biblical teachings. As for her own religion, Marilyn Tucker Quayle is a Presbyterian.
wn.com/Marilyn_Quayle -
Martha Graham
Martha Graham (May 11, 1894 – April 1, 1991) was an American modern dancer and choreographer whose influence on dance has been compared with the influence Picasso had on modern visual arts,Stravinsky had on music, or Frank Lloyd Wright had on architecture.
She danced and choreographed for over seventy years. Graham was the first dancer ever to perform at the White House, travel abroad as a cultural ambassador, and receive the highest civilian award of the USA: the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In her lifetime she received honors ranging from the Key to the City of Paris to Japan's Imperial Order of the Precious Crown. She said, "I have spent all my life with dance and being a dancer. It's permitting life to use you in a very intense way. Sometimes it is not pleasant. Sometimes it is fearful. But nevertheless it is inevitable."[citation needed]
Graham was born in Allegheny City, which today is part of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1894. Her father George Graham was what in the Victorian era was known as an "alienist", a practitioner of an early form of psychiatry. The Grahams were strict Presbyterians. Dr. Graham was a third generation American of Irish descent and her mother Jane Beers was a tenth generation descendant of Puritan Miles Standish.
wn.com/Martha_Graham -
Martha Hill
Martha Hill (December 1, 1900 – November 19, 1995) was one of the most influential American dance instructors in history. She was the first Director of Dance at the Juilliard School, and held that position for almost 35 years.
Hill was born in East Palestine, Ohio. She attended the Battle Creek Normal School of Physical Education in Battle Creek, Michigan, graduating in 1920. She took over the position of dance instructor, teaching ballet and Swedish gymnastics for the next three years. In 1923, she was hired as dance instructor at Kansas State Teachers College. Hill taught there for three years, moving to New York City in 1926.
After arriving in New York, she studied with various dance teachers; one of note was Martha Graham who would have a lasting impact on Hill. She was hired in 1927 as Assistant Professor of Dance at the University of Oregon where Bessie Schonberg was one of Hill's student.
By 1929, Hill had saved up enough money to move back to New York. She joined the Martha Graham Dance Company, completed a BS degree from Teachers College, Columbia University, and began teaching high school students at the Lincoln School[disambiguation needed
] of Teachers College. She was hired to teach at New York University in the Physical Education Department of the School of Education in 1930, soon becoming Director of Dance. Hill reluctantly left the Martha Graham Dance Company in 1931 because of an increasing teaching schedule. In 1932, Hill was hired by the brand new Bennington College in Bennington, VT, as Chairman of the Dance Department. She held the positions at NYU and Bennington College simultaneously until 1951.
wn.com/Martha_Hill -
Martha Washington
Martha Dandridge Custis Washington (June 2, 1731 – May 22, 1802) was the wife of George Washington, the first president of the United States. Although the title was not coined until after her death, Martha Washington is considered to be the first First Lady of the United States. During her lifetime, she was known as "Lady Washington".
Widowed at 25, Custis had had four children with her late husband; two survived to young adulthood. She brought great wealth to her second marriage with Washington, which enabled him to buy much land and many slaves to add to his personal estate. She also brought nearly 100 "dower slaves" for her use during her lifetime; they and their descendants reverted to her late husband's estate at her death and were inherited by their heirs. She and Washington did not have children but they reared two children of her late son John Custis, who died during the Revolutionary War, as well as helping both of their extended families.
Martha Dandridge was born on June 21, 1731 on her parents' plantation Chestnut Grove in the English colony, Province of Virginia. She was the oldest daughter of John Dandridge (1700–1756), a Virginia planter and English immigrant, and Frances Jones (1710–1785) of English and Welsh descent. Martha had three brothers and four sisters: John (1733–1749), William (1734–1776), Bartholomew (1737–1785), Anna Marie "Fanny" Dandridge Bassett (1739–1777), Frances (1744–1757), Elizabeth Dandridge Aylet Henley (1749–1800), and Mary Dandridge (1756–1763).
wn.com/Martha_Washington -
Mary Arthur McElroy
Mary Arthur McElroy (July 5, 1841 – January 8, 1917) was the sister of 21st President of the United States, Chester A. Arthur, and served as a hostess for his administration (1881-1885). She assumed the role because Arthur's wife, Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur, had died only a year and a half earlier.
Mary Arthur was born in Greenwich, New York to William and Malvina S. Arthur. She was the last of nine children. She attended the Emma Willard School Seminary in Troy, New York and later married insurance salesman John McElroy (in 1851). They lived in Albany, New York and had four children.
In November 1880, McElroy's brother Chester Arthur was elected vice president. In July 1881, President James Garfield was fatally wounded and died on September 19, 1881. Arthur succeeded him, and asked McElroy to care for his young daughter Ellen and act as "Mistress of the White House." Because she had her own family in Albany, McElroy lived in Washington, D.C. only during the busy winter social season. Although Arthur never officially granted her the protocol of a formal position, she proved to be a popular and competent hostess. The procedures she and her brother developed for the social functions were used by future First Ladies for decades.
wn.com/Mary_Arthur_McElroy -
Mary Harrison McKee
Mary Scott Harrison McKee (April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930) was the first lady to her father President Benjamin Harrison, when her mother, Caroline Harrison, was seriously ill and then died.
She was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. Mary Harrison married James Robert McKee, one of the founders of the General Electric company, in November 1884. They had two children, Benjamin Harrison McKee (known as Baby McKee), and Mary Lodge McKee.
Following her mother's death in October, 1892 and after her father's defeat for reelection, Mrs. McKee and the former president became estranged over his romantic involvement with her cousin, Mary Lord Dimmick, the former first lady's niece. Upon Harrison's marriage to Dimmick in 1896, Mrs. McKee and the president did not speak again. She tried to return to Indianapolis to be by his side when he died in March, 1901, but arrived several hours after his death.
She died at the age of 72 and was buried at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis, Indiana.
She is the most recent first lady of the United States not to be the wife of a President.
wn.com/Mary_Harrison_McKee -
Mary Todd Lincoln
Mary Ann (née Todd) Lincoln (December 13, 1818 – July 16, 1882) was the wife of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln, and was First Lady of the United States from 1861 to 1865.
A member of a large, wealthy Kentucky family, Mary was well educated. After living in the Todd House and a finishing school during her teens, she then moved to Springfield, Illinois and lived with her sister, Elizabeth. Mary was courted by Stephen Douglas, against whom her later husband notably debated. She and Abraham had four sons, only one of whom outlived her. Their home of about 15 years still stands in Springfield.
Lincoln suffered from headaches and other illness through much of her adult life. She supported her husband throughout his presidency, and was witness to his assassination.
Born in Lexington, Kentucky, the daughter of Robert Smith Todd, a banker, and Elizabeth Parker Todd, Mary was raised in comfort and refinement. When Mary was six, her mother died; her father married Elizabeth "Betsy" Humphreys Todd in 1826. Mary had a difficult relationship with her stepmother. From 1832, Mary lived in what is now known as the Mary Todd Lincoln House, an elegant 14-room residence in Lexington. From her father's two marriages, Mary had a total of 14 siblings.
wn.com/Mary_Todd_Lincoln -
Maureen Reagan
Maureen Elizabeth Reagan (January 4, 1941 – August 8, 2001) was the first child of former President Ronald Reagan and his first wife, Jane Wyman. Her siblings were Michael Reagan; a sister, Christine, who died shortly after birth, and—from her father's second marriage to Nancy Davis—Patti Davis and Ron Reagan.
Reagan pursued a career in acting in her youth, appearing in films such as Kissin' Cousins (1964) with Elvis Presley.
She was married three times:
Reagan was involved with the Republican Party and worked as a political activist, radio talk show host, commentator and health care advocate. Her most active political years were in the 1980s, during her father's presidency, when she was a member of the California World Trade Commission, chairwoman of the United States delegation to the United Nations' Decade for Women Conference in Kenya, in 1985; co-chairwoman of the Republican National Committee, and chairwoman of the Republican Women's Political Action League.
She was the first daughter of a president to run for political office, but both of her attempts at election to a public office ended in defeat. She ran unsuccessfully for the United States Senate from California in 1982, and in 1992 for California's 36th congressional district.
wn.com/Maureen_Reagan -
Michael Gerald Ford
Michael Gerald Ford (born March 14, 1950) is the oldest of four children of former U.S. president Gerald R. Ford and his wife Betty Ford.
He is a minister, and leads the Office of Student Development, which oversees all student organizations at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He is an alumnus of Wake Forest (BA, 1972) and Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary (MDiv, 1984). He was the president of Sigma Chi while a student at WFU. President Ford, when he was still in Congress, spoke at his son's commencement.
He married Gayle Ann Brumbaugh (born 1951) on July 5, 1974. The Fords have three daughters,
wn.com/Michael_Gerald_Ford -
Michelle Obama
Michelle LaVaughn Robinson Obama (born January 17, 1964) is the wife of the 44th and incumbent President of the United States, Barack Obama, and is the first African-American First Lady of the United States. Raised on the South Side of Chicago, Obama attended Princeton University and Harvard Law School before returning to Chicago and to work at the law firm Sidley Austin, where she met her future husband. Subsequently, she worked as part of the staff of Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley, and for the University of Chicago Medical Center.
Throughout 2007 and 2008, she helped campaign for her husband's presidential bid and delivered a keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. She is the mother of two daughters, Malia and Sasha, and is the sister of Craig Robinson, men's basketball coach at Oregon State University. As the wife of a Senator, and later the First Lady, she has become a fashion icon and role model for women, and an advocate for poverty awareness, nutrition and healthy eating.
wn.com/Michelle_Obama -
Mohammad Mosaddegh
Mohammad Mosaddegh or Mosaddeq (Persian: محمد مصدق, IPA: [mohæmˈmæd(-e) mosædˈdeɣ] ( listen)*), also spelled Mossadegh, Mossadeq, Mosadeck, or Musaddiq (16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967), was the Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until being overthrown in a coup d'état in 1953.
His administration introduced a wide range of social and political reforms but is most notable for its nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, which had been under British control since 1913 through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC/AIOC) (later British Petroleum or BP).
Mosaddegh was removed from power in a coup on 19 August 1953, organised and carried out by the United States CIA at the request of the British MI6 which chose Iranian General Fazlollah Zahedi to succeed Mosaddegh.
The coup is sometimes known as the TPAJAX Project after its CIA cryptonym, however, in Iran it is referred to as the 28 Mordad 1332 coup, after its date on the Iranian calendar., which is incorrect as the Operation's proper name was TPAjax (TP standing for Tudeh Party of Iran the Russian backed communist party of Iran} Mosaddegh was imprisoned for three years, then put under house arrest until his death.
wn.com/Mohammad_Mosaddegh -
Nancy Gibbs
Nancy Gibbs (born 1960) is an essayist and editor at large for TIME magazine, a best selling author and commentator on politics and values in the United States. She is the co-author with Michael Duffy of the New York Times Bestseller The Preacher and the Presidents; Billy Graham in the White House (2007)
A native New Yorker, she graduated from Yale University in 1982, summa cum laude, with honors in history. She studied at New College, Oxford as a Marshall Scholar (M.A. in Politics, Philosophy and Economics).
She joined TIME in 1985 as a part time fact checker in the International section. She became a writer in 1988 and has written more than 100 cover stories, including the black-bordered special issue on the September 11 attacks, which won a National Magazine Award in 2002. The Chicago Tribune named her one of the ten best magazine writers in the country in 2003; her articles are included in the Princeton Anthology of Writing, Best American Crime Writing 2004, Best American Political Writing 2005 and TIME: 85 years of Great Writing. She has been a frequent guest on radio and television talk shows, including the Today Show, Good Morning America, Charlie Rose, and a guest essayist on the NewsHour with Jim Lehrer.
wn.com/Nancy_Gibbs -
Nancy Reagan
Nancy Davis Reagan (born Anne Frances Robbins; July 6, 1921) is the widow of former United States President Ronald Reagan and was First Lady of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
Nancy was born in New York City; her parents divorced soon after her birth and she grew up in Maryland, living with an aunt and uncle while her mother pursued acting jobs. As Nancy Davis, she was an actress in Hollywood in the 1940s and 1950s, starring in films such as Donovan's Brain, Night into Morning, and Hellcats of the Navy. In 1952 she married Ronald Reagan, who was then president of the Screen Actors Guild, and they had two children. Nancy was the First Lady of California when her husband was Governor from 1967 to 1975. In that capacity, she began work with the Foster Grandparents Program.
Nancy Reagan became First Lady of the United States in January 1981 following her husband's election. She was criticized early in his first term largely due to her decision to replace the White House china, despite it being paid for by private donations. Nancy restored a Kennedy-esque glamor to the White House following years of lax formality, and her interest in high-end fashion garnered much attention, as well as criticism. She championed recreational drug prevention causes by founding the "Just Say No" drug awareness campaign, which was considered her major initiative as first lady. Always protective of her husband, more controversy ensued when it was revealed in 1988 that she had consulted an astrologer to assist in planning the president's schedule after the 1981 assassination attempt on her husband. She had a strong influence on her husband and played a role in a few of his personnel and diplomatic decisions.
wn.com/Nancy_Reagan -
Nelson Rockefeller
Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 – January 26, 1979) was an American businessman, philanthropist, public servant, and politician. He served as the 41st Vice President of the United States (1974–1977), serving under President Gerald Ford, and the 49th Governor of New York (1959–1973). He also served the Franklin Roosevelt, Harry Truman and Dwight Eisenhower administrations in a variety of positions. A member of the Rockefeller family, he was also a noted art collector.
Rockefeller, a Republican, was politically moderate. In his time, moderates in the Republican party were called "Rockefeller Republicans". As Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 his achievements included the expansion of the State University of New York, efforts to protect the environment, the building of the Nelson A. Rockefeller Empire State Plaza in Albany, increased facilities and personnel for medical care, and creation of the New York State Council on the Arts. After unsuccessfully seeking the Republican presidential nomination in 1960, 1964, and 1968, he served as Vice President (under the 25th Amendment) from 1974 to 1977 under President Gerald R. Ford. Ford ascended to the presidency following the August 1974 resignation of Richard Nixon, over the Watergate Scandal, and Ford selected Rockefeller as his own replacement. But Rockefeller did not join the 1976 Republican national ticket with President Ford, marking his retirement from politics.
wn.com/Nelson_Rockefeller -
Nikita Khrushchev
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (April 15 [O.S. April 3] 1894, – September 11, 1971) led the Soviet Union during part of the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of the early Soviet space program, and for several relatively liberal reforms in areas of domestic policy. Khrushchev's party colleagues removed him from power in 1964, replacing him with Leonid Brezhnev as First Secretary and Alexei Kosygin as Premier.
Khrushchev was born in the Russian village of Kalinovka in 1894, close to the present-day border between Russia and Ukraine. He was employed as a metalworker in his youth, and during the Russian Civil War was a political commissar. With the help of Lazar Kaganovich, he worked his way up the Soviet hierarchy. He supported Joseph Stalin's purges, and approved thousands of arrests. In 1939, Stalin sent him to govern Ukraine, and he continued the purges there. During what was known in the Soviet Union as the Great Patriotic War (Eastern Front of World War II), Khrushchev was again a commissar, serving as an intermediary between Stalin and his generals. Khrushchev was present at the bloody defense of Stalingrad, a fact he took great pride in throughout his life. After the war, he returned to Ukraine before being recalled to Moscow as one of Stalin's close advisers.
wn.com/Nikita_Khrushchev -
Pat Nixon
Thelma Catherine "Pat" Ryan Nixon (March 16, 1912 – June 22, 1993) was the wife of Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States, and was First Lady of the United States from 1969 to 1974.
Born in Ely, Nevada, she grew up with her two brothers in what is now Cerritos, California, graduating from high school in 1929. She attended Fullerton Junior College and later the University of Southern California. She paid for her schooling by working multiple jobs, including pharmacy manager, typist, X-ray technician, and retail clerk. In 1940, she married lawyer Richard Nixon and they had two daughters. She campaigned for her husband in his successful congressional campaigns of 1946 and 1948. Richard Nixon was elected Vice President in the Eisenhower administration, whereupon Pat undertook many missions of goodwill with her husband and gained favorable media coverage. She assisted her husband in both his unsuccessful 1960 presidential campaign, and later in his successful presidential campaign of 1968.
wn.com/Pat_Nixon -
Pope John XXIII
Blessed Pope John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes PP. XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII), born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli (25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963), headed the Catholic Church and ruled Vatican City from 1958 until his death.
Pope John was elected on 28 October 1958. He called the Second Vatican Council (1962–1965) but did not live to see it to completion. He died in 1963, only four-and-a-half years after his election, and two months after the completion of his final encyclical, Pacem in Terris. He was beatified, along with Pope Pius IX, on 3 September 2000.
Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was born in Sotto il Monte, a small country village in the Bergamo province of the Lombardy region of Italy. He was the first-born son of Giovanni Battista Roncalli (1854–1935) and his wife Marianna Giulia Mazzolla (1854–1939), and fourth in a family of 13, including: Angelo Giuseppe, Alfredo (1889–??), Maria Caterina (1877–1883), Teresa (1879–1954), Ancilla (1880–1953), Domenico Giuseppe (22 February 1888 – 14 March 1888), Francesco Zaverio (1883–1976), Maria Elisa (1884–1955), Assunta Casilda (1886–??), Giovanni Francesco (1891–1956), Enrica (1893–1918), Giuseppe Luigi (1894–??) and Luigi (1896–1898). His family worked as sharecroppers as did most of the people of Sotto il Monte – a striking contrast to that of his predecessor, Eugenio Pacelli (Pope Pius XII), who came from an ancient aristocratic family, long connected to the Papacy. However, he was still a descendant of an Italian noble family, from a secondary and impoverished branch.
wn.com/Pope_John_XXIII -
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961.
Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California. After completing his undergraduate work at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937, and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife, Pat Nixon, moved to Washington to work for the federal government in 1942. He subsequently served in the United States Navy during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950. His pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the running mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president. He waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California in 1962. In 1968, he ran again for the presidency and was elected.
wn.com/Richard_Nixon -
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (
/ˈrɒnəld ˈwɪlsən ˈreɪɡən/; February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was the 40th President of the United States, serving from 1981 to 1989. Prior to that, he was the 33rd Governor of California from 1967 to 1975 and a radio, film and television actor.
Born in Tampico, Illinois and raised in Dixon, Reagan was educated at Eureka College, earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics and sociology. After his graduation, Reagan moved first to Iowa to work as a radio broadcaster and then in to Los Angeles in 1937 where he began a career as an actor, first in films and later television. Some of his most notable films include Knute Rockne, All American, Kings Row, and Bedtime for Bonzo. Reagan served as president of the Screen Actors Guild, and later as a spokesman for General Electric (GE); his start in politics occurred during his work for GE. Originally a member of the Democratic Party, his positions began shifting rightward in the late 1950s, and he switched to the Republican Party in 1962. After delivering a rousing speech in support of Barry Goldwater's presidential candidacy in 1964, he was persuaded to seek the California governorship, winning two years later and again in 1970. He was defeated in his run for the Republican presidential nomination in 1968 as well as 1976, but won both the nomination and general election in 1980, defeating incumbent Jimmy Carter.
wn.com/Ronald_Reagan -
Rosalynn Carter
Eleanor Rosalynn Carter (born Eleanor Rosalynn Smith; August 18, 1927) is the wife of the former President of the United States Jimmy Carter and in that capacity served as the First Lady of the United States from 1977 to 1981. As First Lady and after, she has been a leading advocate for numerous causes, perhaps most prominently for mental health research. She was politically active in her White House years as her husband's closest adviser and sat in on Cabinet and policy meetings. She also served as an envoy abroad, most notably to Latin America.
Carter was born in Plains, Georgia, the eldest of the four children of Allie M. Smith (1905–2000), a dressmaker, and Wilburn Edgar Smith (1896–1940), an automobile mechanic and farmer. Her brothers were William Jerrold "Jerry" Smith (engineer, 1929–2003) and Murray Lee Smith (teacher and minister, 1932–2003) and her sister is Lillian Allethea Smith Wall (born 1936).
Her father died of leukemia when she was 13 and she helped her mother to raise her younger siblings, as well as to assist in the dressmaking business in order to meet the family's financial obligations. Carter graduated as valedictorian of Plains High School and then attended Georgia Southwestern College.
wn.com/Rosalynn_Carter -
Rose Cleveland
Rose Elizabeth Cleveland (June 13, 1846 - November 22, 1918), was the First Lady of the United States from 1885 to 1886, during the first of her brother U.S. President Grover Cleveland's two administrations.
wn.com/Rose_Cleveland -
Sara Jane Moore
Sara Jane Moore (born Sara Jane Kahn; February 15, 1930) attempted to assassinate U.S. President Gerald Ford on September 22, 1975, outside the St. Francis Hotel in San Francisco, just 17 days after Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme had pointed a gun at the president.
A native of Charleston, West Virginia, she was a former nursing school student, Women's Army Corps recruit, and accountant. Moore had been divorced five times and had four children before she turned to revolutionary politics in 1975.
Moore's friends said she had a deep fascination and obsession with Patty Hearst. After Hearst was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army, her father Randolph Hearst created the organization People in Need (P.I.N.) to feed the poor, in order to answer S.L.A. claims that the elder Hearst was "committing 'crimes' against 'the people.'" Moore was a bookkeeper for P.I.N. and an FBI informant when she attempted to assassinate Ford.
Moore had been evaluated by the Secret Service earlier in 1975, but that organization had decided that she presented no danger to the president. She had been picked up by police on an illegal handgun charge the day before the Ford incident, but was released from arrest. The police confiscated her .44 caliber pistol and 113 rounds of ammunition.
wn.com/Sara_Jane_Moore -
Sarah Childress Polk
Sarah Childress Polk (September 4, 1803 – August 14, 1891) was the wife of the 11th President of the United States, James Polk, and the 12th woman to serve as First Lady.
Sarah Childress was born in 1803 to Joel Childress, a prominent planter, merchant, and land speculator, and Elizabeth Whitsitt Childress—the third of their six children. Sarah was well educated for a woman of her time and place, attending the exclusive Moravians' "female academy" at Salem, North Carolina. She was then schooled at what is now Salem College in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 1817, one of the few institutions of higher learning available to women in the early 19th century.
Sarah met James Polk while both were receiving instruction from Samuel P. Black in Murfreesboro, Tennessee; he was 19, she was 12. Several years later James began courting her, and in 1823 the two became engaged. Sarah Childress, aged 20, married James Polk, aged 28, on January 1, 1824, at the plantation home of the bride's parents near Murfreesboro. The Polks had no children of their own, but raised a nephew, Marshall Tate Polk (1831–1884) as their personal ward. After her husband's death, Mrs. Polk assumed guardianship of an orphaned niece, Sarah Polk Jetton (1847–1924), and raised the girl as her own.
wn.com/Sarah_Childress_Polk -
Sarah Yorke Jackson
Sarah Yorke Jackson (July 16, 1803 – August 23, 1887) was the daughter-in-law of U.S. President Andrew Jackson. She served as White House hostess and unofficial First Lady of the United States from November 26, 1834 to March 4, 1837.
Sarah was born on July 16, 1803 into a wealthy family in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Her father Peter Yorke, a sea captain and successful merchant, died in 1815. Her mother Mary Haines Yorke died during a trip to New Orleans in 1820 leaving Sarah and her two sisters orphaned. She was raised by two aunts.
Sarah married Andrew Jackson, Jr., the adopted son of Andrew Jackson, in Philadelphia on November 24, 1831. After an extended honeymoon at the White House, the new couple left for The Hermitage, Jackson's plantation in Tennessee. The couple remained at the Hermitage managing the plantation until a fire destroyed much of the main house in 1834. The couple and their two young children went to Washington to live with President Jackson at the White House. Later she was an artist for 15 years.
wn.com/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson -
Sophia Dallas
Sophia Chew Nicklin Dallas (June 25, 1798 – January 11, 1869) was the wife of Vice President George Mifflin Dallas who served under President James K. Polk. She was the daughter of Philadelphia merchant Philip Nicklin and Julianna (née Chew).
George and Sophia Dallas wed in 1816 and had eight children. Mrs. Dallas disliked Washington, D.C., and during her husband's term as Vice President, remained mostly in Philadelphia except for occasional visits to the capital.
wn.com/Sophia_Dallas -
Spiro Agnew
Spiro Theodore Agnew (pronunciation: /ˈspɪroʊ ˈæɡnjuː/; November 9, 1918 – September 17, 1996) was the 39th Vice President of the United States (1969–1973), serving under President Richard Nixon, and the 55th Governor of Maryland (1967–1969). He was the first Greek American to hold these offices.
During his fifth year as Vice President, in the late summer of 1973, Agnew was under investigation by the United States Attorney's office in Baltimore, Maryland, on charges of extortion, tax fraud, bribery and conspiracy. In October, he was formally charged with having accepted bribes totaling more than $100,000, while holding office as Baltimore County Executive, Governor of Maryland, and Vice President of the United States. On October 10, 1973, Agnew was allowed to plead no contest to a single charge that he had failed to report $29,500 of income received in 1967, with the condition that he resign the office of Vice President. Nixon replaced him by appointing by then House Minority Leader Gerald R. Ford to the office of Vice President.
wn.com/Spiro_Agnew -
Steven Ford
Steven Meigs Ford (born May 19, 1956) is an American actor and son of former United States President Gerald Ford and Former First Lady Betty Bloomer Ford.
Ford was born in East Grand Rapids, Michigan, the third child and youngest son of former United States President Gerald Ford and First Lady Betty Ford. Ford graduated from T. C. Williams High School in Alexandria, VA June 14, 1974. Ford attended Utah State University, studying range management. while his older brother Jack studied forestry there. Ford also attended California Polytechnic State University in San Luis Obispo. He studied Animal Science-Equine Studies while at Cal Poly.
Ford was cast in the 1978 film Grease as Tom Chisholm, but dropped out before filming began and was replaced by Lorenzo Lamas. Ford joined the cast of The Young and the Restless in 1981, creating the role of private investigator Andy Richards. He was a regular member of the cast from 1981 to 1987 and briefly from 2002-2003. Ford has since appeared in minor roles in a number of films and television series, including Escape From New York,Babylon 5: In the Beginning, Armageddon, Black Hawk Down, Starship Troopers, When Harry Met Sally,Heat, Transformers, Contact.
wn.com/Steven_Ford -
Susan Brownmiller
Susan Brownmiller (born February 15, 1935) is an American feminist, journalist, author, and activist. She is best known for her pioneering work on the politics of rape in her 1975 book Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape, Brownmiller argues that rape had been hitherto defined by men rather than women; and that men use, and all men benefit from the use of, rape as a means of perpetuating male dominance by keeping all women in a state of fear. The book received criticism from Angela Davis, who thought Brownmiller disregarded the part that black women played in the anti-lynching movement and that Brownmiller's discussion of rape and race became an "unthinking partnership which borders on racism". In 1995 The New York Public Library selected Against Our Will as one of 100 most important books of the Twentieth Century.
Brownmiller also participated in civil rights activism, joining CORE and SNCC during the sit-in movement and volunteering for Freedom Summer in 1964, where she worked on voter registration in Meridian, Mississippi. Returning to New York, she began writing for The Village Voice and became a network TV newswriter at the American Broadcasting Company, a job she held until 1968. She first became involved in the Women's Liberation Movement in New York City in 1968, by joining a consciousness-raising group in the newly formed New York Radical Women organization. Brownmiller went on to co-ordinate a sit-in against Ladies' Home Journal in 1970, began work on Against Our Will after a New York Radical Feminists speak-out on rape in 1971, and co-founded Women Against Pornography in 1979. She continues to write and speak on feminist issues, including a recent memoir and history of Second Wave radical feminism. In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution (1999).
wn.com/Susan_Brownmiller -
Susan Ford
Susan Elizabeth Ford Bales (born July 6, 1957) is an American author, photojournalist, and former chairman of the board of the Betty Ford Center for alcohol and drug abuse.
Ford is the youngest child and only daughter of the late U.S. President Gerald R. Ford and his wife the late Betty Ford. She was one of three people targeted for violence by the Symbionese Liberation Army and had Secret Service protection well before her father became president. As a teenager attending the Holton-Arms School in Bethesda, Maryland, she held her senior prom, for the class of 1975, in the East Room of the White House. She served as official White House hostess when her mother was hospitalized for breast cancer.
Ford Bales trained as a photographer and worked as a photojournalist for the Associated Press, Newsweek, Money Magazine, Ladies Home Journal, the Topeka Capital-Journal, the Omaha Sun and also freelanced. She was hired to shoot publicity stills for the film Jaws 2, with many appearing in Ray Loynd's book Jaws 2 Log.
wn.com/Susan_Ford -
Susie Sharp
Susie Marshall Sharp (July 7, 1907 – March 1, 1996) was an American jurist who served as the first female Chief Justice of the North Carolina Supreme Court. She was not the first woman to head the highest court in a U.S. state, but is believed to be the first woman elected to such a post in a state, like North Carolina, in which the position is elected by the people separately from that of Associate Justice. In 1965, Lorna E. Lockwood became the first chief justice of a state supreme court, but in Arizona, the Supreme Court justices elect their chief justice.
Sharp was born in 1907 in Rocky Mount, North Carolina but spent most of her life in Rockingham County, North Carolina. In 1926 she entered law school at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as the only woman in her class. In 1929, Sharp went into private practice with her father, James, in the firm of Sharp & Sharp.
In 1949, Governor Kerr Scott appointed her a state Superior Court judge, making her the first female judge in the history of the state. After Sharp became a Superior Court judge, Tom Bost of the Greensboro Daily News questioned "what would happen if Sharp was faced with trying a case of rape? Wouldn't that be too much for a woman?" Judge Sharp wrote back that "In the first place, there could have been no rape had not a woman been present, and I consider it eminently fitting that one be in on the 'pay-off'."
wn.com/Susie_Sharp -
Tim Stanley
Dr. Timothy Randolph Stanley, better known as Tim Stanley (born 1982), is a British-born journalist and historian of America.
He was educated at the Judd School before completing all of his higher education at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he completed a BA (2001-4, 1st class honours), MPhil (2004-5) and PhD (2005-8) in Modern History. His doctoral thesis was on Edward M. Kennedy's role in the US Democratic party in the 1980s, which was published in 2010 as his first solo book, Kennedy vs. Carter: The 1980 Battle for the Democratic Party's Soul.
At Cambridge he was active in student journalism and student politics, being a perennial candidate for the Presidency of the Cambridge Union Society. Stanley also unsuccessfully ran for a sabbatical post on Cambridge University Students' Union, standing in 2007 for Welfare Officer. His manifesto consisted of a handwritten note simply reading "This is hand written because I was too drunk to write a manifesto. There is no better testament to my character."
wn.com/Tim_Stanley -
Tipper Gore
Mary Elizabeth "Tipper" Gore (née Aitcheson; born August 19, 1948) is an author, photographer, former second lady of the United States, and the estranged wife of Al Gore. She is known for her role in the Parents Music Resource Center criticizing record covers featuring "profane language", especially in the heavy metal and rap genres.
Born Mary Elizabeth Aitcheson in Washington, D.C., Tipper Gore is the daughter of John Kenneth "Jack" Aitcheson, Jr., a plumbing-supply entrepreneur, and his first wife, Margaret Ann (née Carlson) Odom (who lost her first husband during World War II). Her nickname, Tipper, derives from the lullaby "Tippy, Tippy, Tin", originally sung in the 1940 Our Gang short "All About Hash" by child actress Janet Burston. Her ancestry includes English, Scottish, German, and Swedish. Gore grew up in Arlington, Virginia. Her parents divorced and she was raised by her mother and grandmother.
She attended St. Agnes (now St. Stephen's & St. Agnes School), a private Episcopal school in Alexandria, Virginia, where she excelled in athletics and played the drums for an all-girl band, The Wildcats.
wn.com/Tipper_Gore -
Wikipedia Persondata
wn.com/Wikipedia_Persondata -
Willard Libby
Willard Frank Libby (December 17, 1908 – September 8, 1980) was an American physical chemist noted for his role in the 1949 development of radiocarbon dating, a process which revolutionized archaeology.
Libby was born in Grand Valley, Colorado. He received his B.S. in 1931 and Ph.D. in 1933 in chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley, where he then became a lecturer and later assistant professor. Libby spent the 1930s building sensitive geiger counters to measure weak natural and artificial radioactivity. In 1941 he joined Berkeley's chapter of Alpha Chi Sigma.
Awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship, he spent most of 1941 at Princeton University. After the start of World War II, he worked on the Manhattan Project at Columbia University with Nobel laureate chemist Harold Urey. Libby was responsible for the gaseous diffusion separation and enrichment of the uranium-235 which was used in the atomic bomb on Hiroshima.
In 1945 he became a professor at the University of Chicago. In 1954, he was appointed to the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. In 1959, he became Professor of Chemistry at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), a position he held until his retirement in 1976. He taught honors freshman chemistry from 1959 to 1963 (in keeping with a University tradition that senior faculty teach this class). He was Director of the University of California statewide Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics (IGPP) for many years including the lunar landing time. In 1966 he married his second wife Leona Woods Marshall, an original experimenter on the world's first nuclear reactor and a UCLA professor of environmental engineering. He also started the first Environmental Engineering program at UCLA in 1972.
wn.com/Willard_Libby -
William Anders
William Alison Anders (born October 17, 1933) is a former United States Air Force officer, NASA astronaut, businessman, and engineer. He is, along with Apollo 8 crewmates Frank Borman and Jim Lovell, one of the first three persons to have left Earth orbit and traveled to the Moon (of only 24 people to date).
Anders was born to US Navy Lt. Arthur F. Anders and Muriel Adams Anders in Hong Kong and was active in the Boy Scouts of America where he achieved its second-highest rank, Life Scout. Anders attended St. Martin's Academy and Grossmont High School in La Mesa, California. He was born and raised Roman Catholic. However according to one article his outlook on religion changed profoundly after his participation in the Apollo 8 mission. He found his experience of space made a mockery of his beliefs and he gave up religion.
He received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1955 and a Master of Science degree in nuclear engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, in 1962. Anders completed the Harvard Business School Advanced Management Program in 1979.
wn.com/William_Anders -
William Shockley
William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor. Along with John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, Shockley co-invented the transistor, for which all three were awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Shockley's attempts to commercialize a new transistor design in the 1950s and 1960s led to California's "Silicon Valley" becoming a hotbed of electronics innovation. In his later life, Shockley was a professor at Stanford and became a staunch advocate of eugenics.
Shockley was born in London, England to American parents, and raised in his family's hometown of Palo Alto, California, from age three. His father, William senior, was a mining engineer who speculated in mines for a living, and spoke eight languages. His mother, Mary, grew up in the American West, graduated from Stanford University, and became the first female US Deputy mining surveyor.
He received his Bachelor of Science degree from the California Institute of Technology in 1932. While still a student, Shockley married Iowan Jean Bailey in August 1933. In March 1934 Jean had a baby girl, Alison; she also had a son, Richard (Dick) who also became a physicist. Shockley was awarded his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1936. The title of his doctoral thesis was Electronic Bands in Sodium Chloride, and was suggested by his thesis advisor, John C. Slater. After receiving his doctorate, he joined a research group headed by Clinton Davisson at Bell Labs in New Jersey. The next few years were productive ones for Shockley. He published a number of fundamental papers on solid state physics in Physical Review. In 1938, he got his first patent, "Electron Discharge Device" on electron multipliers.
wn.com/William_Shockley -
William Westmoreland
William Childs Westmoreland (March 26, 1914 – July 18, 2005) was a United States Army General, who commanded US military operations in the Vietnam War at its peak (1964–68), during the Tet Offensive. He adopted a strategy of attrition against the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam and the North Vietnamese Army. He later served as U.S. Army Chief of Staff from 1968 to 1972.
William Westmoreland was born in Spartanburg County, South Carolina, to Eugenia Talley Childs and James Ripley Westmoreland. His upper-middle-class family was involved in the local banking and textile industries. William was an Eagle Scout at Troop 1 Boy Scouts and became an Eagle Scout at the age of 15, and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award and Silver Buffalo from the Boy Scouts of America as a young adult. After spending a year at The Citadel in 1932 he was appointed to attend the West Point Military Academy. His motive for entering West Point was "to see the world." He was a member of a distinguished West Point class that also included Creighton Abrams and Benjamin O. Davis Jr.. Westmoreland graduated as first captain - the highest graduating rank - and received the Pershing Sword, which is given to the most able cadet at the academy. Westmoreland also served as the Superintendent of the Protestant Sunday School Teachers. Following graduation in 1936, he became an artillery officer and served in several different commands. In World War II he saw combat in Tunisia, Sicily, France and Germany. He reached the temporary wartime rank of colonel, and on October 13, 1944, was appointed the chief of staff of the 9th Infantry Division.
wn.com/William_Westmoreland -
Willy Brandt
Willy Brandt (born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm; German pronunciation: [ˈvɪli ˈbʁant]; 18 December 1913 – 8 October 1992) was a German politician, Mayor of West Berlin 1957–1966, Chancellor of West Germany 1969–1974, and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 1964–1987.
Brandt's most important legacy was Ostpolitik, a policy aimed at improving relations with East Germany, Poland, and the Soviet Union. This policy caused considerable controversy in West Germany, but won Brandt the Nobel Peace Prize in 1971.
In 1974, Brandt resigned as Chancellor after Günter Guillaume, one of his closest aides, was exposed as an agent of the Stasi, the East German secret service.
Willy Brandt was born Herbert Ernst Karl Frahm in the Free City of Lübeck (German Empire) to Martha Frahm, an unwed mother who worked as a cashier for a department store. His father was an accountant from Hamburg named John Möller, whom Brandt never met. As his mother worked six days a week, he was mainly brought up by his mother's stepfather Ludwig Frahm and his second wife Dora.
wn.com/Willy_Brandt
Ford, Betty Filmography
- Hubert H Humphrey: The Art of the Possible (2010)
- Dr. Drew's Celebrity Addiction Special (2008)
- The U.S. vs. John Lennon (2006)
- Empire of Dreams: The Story of the 'Star Wars' Trilogy (2004)
- Inside the U.S. Secret Service (2004)
- Miracle (2004)
- Air Force One (2002)
- Cancer: Race for a Cure (1998)
- Off the Menu: The Last Days of Chasen's (1997)
- Bob Hope: Laughing with the Presidents (1996)
- The Speeches of Richard Nixon (1995)
- Nixon (1995)
- Nixon (1995)
- Death of a Nation: The Timor Conspiracy (1994)
- Stalking the President: A History of American Assassins (1992)
- Yellow Ribbon Party (1991)
- America's Dance Honors (1990)
- America's All-Star Tribute to Elizabeth Taylor (1989)
- A Conversation with Dinah (1989)
- The Betty Ford Story (1987)
- The 1th Annual Commitment to Life Awards (1985)
- 1984 World Series (1984)
- All-Star Salute to Pearl Bailey (1979)
- The Nutcracker (1977)
- Network (1976)
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Betty Ford: The Real Deal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:31
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
More: www.pbs.org Family, friends, historians and Betty Ford herself reflect on her life as a political spouse; an accidental and outspoken first lady; breast cancer survivor; and feminist pro-choice Republican in Betty Ford: The Real Deal, a one-hour biography which aired in March 2009 on PBS.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_The_Real_Deal
More: www.pbs.org Family, friends, historians and Betty Ford herself reflect on her life as a political spouse; an accidental and outspoken first lady; breast cancer survivor; and feminist pro-choice Republican in Betty Ford: The Real Deal, a one-hour biography which aired in March 2009 on PBS.
The Life and Legacy of Betty Ford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
A biography of the extraordinary life of Betty Ford.
http://wn.com/The_Life_and_Legacy_of_Betty_Ford
Betty Ford guest-starring on The Mary Tyler Moore Show - 1976
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:03
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
The late GREAT Betty Ford (whose real gift to society came AFTER her stint as First Lady) in a guest cameo on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" in 1976. RIP! (Betty's appearance begins at 4:08.)
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_guest-starring_on_The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show_1976
The late GREAT Betty Ford (whose real gift to society came AFTER her stint as First Lady) in a guest cameo on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" in 1976. RIP! (Betty's appearance begins at 4:08.)
- published: 09 Jul 2011
- views: 8842
- author: dodger2829
Betty Ford Center Children's Program Explains Addiction to Kids
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:49
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Alcoholism and drug addiction is a family disease, so Betty Ford Center treats the whole family, including the kids. We help 7 to 12-year-old children from families hurt by addiction. No child is turned away for lack of funds. Scholarships are available. All Children's Programs are open to the public. Parents do not have to be patients at the Betty Ford Center in order for their children to participate in the Children's Program.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_Center_Children's_Program_Explains_Addiction_to_Kids
Alcoholism and drug addiction is a family disease, so Betty Ford Center treats the whole family, including the kids. We help 7 to 12-year-old children from families hurt by addiction. No child is turned away for lack of funds. Scholarships are available. All Children's Programs are open to the public. Parents do not have to be patients at the Betty Ford Center in order for their children to participate in the Children's Program.
- published: 22 Jan 2013
- views: 169
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
UM Betty Ford Celebration
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 69:33
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
The University of Michigan celebrates the life and legacy of Betty Ford. Beginning with a 6-minute biography of her life, then comments from: Susan M. Collins, Joan and Sanford Weill Dean of Public Policy Ambassador Nancy G. Brinker Dance performance by Miki Orihara of Martha Graham Dance Company Mary Sue Coleman, President of the University of Michigan Michael Ford Sanford Weill
http://wn.com/UM_Betty_Ford_Celebration
The University of Michigan celebrates the life and legacy of Betty Ford. Beginning with a 6-minute biography of her life, then comments from: Susan M. Collins, Joan and Sanford Weill Dean of Public Policy Ambassador Nancy G. Brinker Dance performance by Miki Orihara of Martha Graham Dance Company Mary Sue Coleman, President of the University of Michigan Michael Ford Sanford Weill
- published: 13 Oct 2012
- views: 443
- author: um
Betty Ford, 1918-2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
"CBS Sunday Morning" pays tribute to former First Lady Betty Ford who died at the age of 93.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford,_1918-2011
"CBS Sunday Morning" pays tribute to former First Lady Betty Ford who died at the age of 93.
- published: 10 Jul 2011
- views: 3578
- author: CBS
Mini BIO - Betty Ford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 31 Jan 2013
Betty Ford grew up in Grand Rapids, MI and took jobs teaching dance. Her honesty and openness connected with the American people when she disclosed her views on abortion, talked about breast cancer, and discussed her addiction to alcohol. Learn more about Betty Ford: bit.ly Watch more Mini Bios: bit.ly Learn more about US First Ladies: bit.ly Learn more about Breast Cancer Survivors: bit.ly
http://wn.com/Mini_BIO_Betty_Ford
Betty Ford grew up in Grand Rapids, MI and took jobs teaching dance. Her honesty and openness connected with the American people when she disclosed her views on abortion, talked about breast cancer, and discussed her addiction to alcohol. Learn more about Betty Ford: bit.ly Watch more Mini Bios: bit.ly Learn more about US First Ladies: bit.ly Learn more about Breast Cancer Survivors: bit.ly
- published: 17 Oct 2012
- views: 252
- author: BiographyChannel
An Evening With Betty Ford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:30
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
An Evening With Betty Ford, LBJ Auditorium, May 21, 1987. The Ford and Johnson families shared a long history, from the halls of Congress to the White House. The Library and Johnson family remember Betty Ford for her gracious manner, bravery in the face of adversity, independent spirit, and contributions to this country.
http://wn.com/An_Evening_With_Betty_Ford
An Evening With Betty Ford, LBJ Auditorium, May 21, 1987. The Ford and Johnson families shared a long history, from the halls of Congress to the White House. The Library and Johnson family remember Betty Ford for her gracious manner, bravery in the face of adversity, independent spirit, and contributions to this country.
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 237
- author: TheLBJLibrary
Pet Therapy at Betty Ford Center
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
A trio of dogs have found their way into the hearts of patients -- and staff -- at the Betty Ford Center. Golden Retriever Irish and Cavalier King Charles spaniels Kerry and Toby interact with patients -- and staff -- on several levels. The two smaller dogs bring their intuition to group sessions, and Irish is a willing playmate and friend. Many patients who miss their pets at home find these therapy dogs a welcome addition to their inpatient treatment. One alumna recently said, "I have a Golden Retriever at home, and being able to see Irish -- and give him hugs -- was a huge part of my recovery at the Center."
http://wn.com/Pet_Therapy_at_Betty_Ford_Center
A trio of dogs have found their way into the hearts of patients -- and staff -- at the Betty Ford Center. Golden Retriever Irish and Cavalier King Charles spaniels Kerry and Toby interact with patients -- and staff -- on several levels. The two smaller dogs bring their intuition to group sessions, and Irish is a willing playmate and friend. Many patients who miss their pets at home find these therapy dogs a welcome addition to their inpatient treatment. One alumna recently said, "I have a Golden Retriever at home, and being able to see Irish -- and give him hugs -- was a huge part of my recovery at the Center."
- published: 12 Sep 2012
- views: 741
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
"Beyond the Falls" - Author CB Shiepe's Talk - Betty Ford Center (Audio only)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 39:55
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Topic: "Beyond the Falls: Redeeming the Lost Years" Live at the Annenberg Center as part of the Betty Ford Speaker Series in Rancho Mirage, CA. Over 500 people attended to hear author CB Shiepe talk about his own story, how to discover life "beyond the falls" and how his award-winning novel - CLIFF FALLS - is changing lives in unexpected ways. In CB Shiepe's own words: "Of everything I've done, this ranks at the top. The irony is that I tore up my original talk three days earlier, and decided to "stay in the moment" and "speak from the heart." At the end, I offer a suggestion. I can't tell you what it means to me when people tell me it has changed the way they say their name." Music by Mark McKenzie Cliff Falls by CB Shiepe also available on Kindle, Nook and iTunes CliffFalls.com Facebook.com/clifffalls Twitter: @clifffallsbook
http://wn.com/Beyond_the_Falls_Author_CB_Shiepe's_Talk_Betty_Ford_Center_Audio_only
Topic: "Beyond the Falls: Redeeming the Lost Years" Live at the Annenberg Center as part of the Betty Ford Speaker Series in Rancho Mirage, CA. Over 500 people attended to hear author CB Shiepe talk about his own story, how to discover life "beyond the falls" and how his award-winning novel - CLIFF FALLS - is changing lives in unexpected ways. In CB Shiepe's own words: "Of everything I've done, this ranks at the top. The irony is that I tore up my original talk three days earlier, and decided to "stay in the moment" and "speak from the heart." At the end, I offer a suggestion. I can't tell you what it means to me when people tell me it has changed the way they say their name." Music by Mark McKenzie Cliff Falls by CB Shiepe also available on Kindle, Nook and iTunes CliffFalls.com Facebook.com/clifffalls Twitter: @clifffallsbook
- published: 10 Feb 2013
- views: 59
- author: clifffallsmedia
Betty Ford Center Alumni Testimonial by Gordy
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:31
- Updated: 12 Feb 2013
Gordy is an Inpatient Program Alumnus and he speaks about his experience at Betty Ford Center and in recovery.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_Center_Alumni_Testimonial_by_Gordy
Gordy is an Inpatient Program Alumnus and he speaks about his experience at Betty Ford Center and in recovery.
- published: 08 Feb 2013
- views: 33
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
OTC Over the Counter Medication Precautions - Betty Ford Center
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:21
- Updated: 19 Sep 2012
Dr. Harry Haroutunian, Physician Director of the Betty Ford Center, discusses precautions for use of over the counter (OTC) medications.
http://wn.com/OTC_Over_the_Counter_Medication_Precautions_Betty_Ford_Center
Dr. Harry Haroutunian, Physician Director of the Betty Ford Center, discusses precautions for use of over the counter (OTC) medications.
- published: 19 Sep 2012
- views: 95
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
Betty Ford Dies at Age 93: Wife of Gerald R. Ford and Former First Lady (07.08.11)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Best known for her leadership in the founding of the Betty Ford Clinic in California to treat addiction. For more, click here: abcn.ws
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_Dies_at_Age_93_Wife_of_Gerald_R_Ford_and_Former_First_Lady_070811
Best known for her leadership in the founding of the Betty Ford Clinic in California to treat addiction. For more, click here: abcn.ws
- published: 09 Jul 2011
- views: 6174
- author: ABCNews
@fordschool - The University of Michigan tribute to Mrs. Betty Ford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 69:33
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
The University of Michigan tribute to Mrs. Betty Ford. Keynote by Nancy G. Brinker, performance by Miki Orihara, tribute remarks from President Mary Sue Coleman, Michael Ford, and Sandy Weill. October, 2012.
http://wn.com/@fordschool_The_University_of_Michigan_tribute_to_Mrs_Betty_Ford
The University of Michigan tribute to Mrs. Betty Ford. Keynote by Nancy G. Brinker, performance by Miki Orihara, tribute remarks from President Mary Sue Coleman, Michael Ford, and Sandy Weill. October, 2012.
- published: 23 Oct 2012
- views: 74
- author: fordschool
Betty Ford Alpine Garden
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:52
- Updated: 25 Oct 2012
A short video I made for the Betty Ford Alpine Garden in Vail Colorado.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_Alpine_Garden
A short video I made for the Betty Ford Alpine Garden in Vail Colorado.
- published: 31 Jul 2012
- views: 111
- author: Johannes Courtens
ALTER EGO - Betty Ford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (Rush Rmx) Lieblings-Track von Alter Ego
http://wn.com/ALTER_EGO_Betty_Ford
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (Rush Rmx) Lieblings-Track von Alter Ego
- published: 07 Nov 2007
- views: 291716
- author: Shams1979
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (DJ Rush Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:54
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (DJ Rush Remix) Klang Elektronik (2001) Available on: www.discogs.com
http://wn.com/Alter_Ego_Betty_Ford_DJ_Rush_Remix
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (DJ Rush Remix) Klang Elektronik (2001) Available on: www.discogs.com
- published: 11 Feb 2012
- views: 3071
- author: LittleFluffyKrautTV
Parenting in Early Recovery from Alcoholism and Addiction - Betty Ford Center
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:20
- Updated: 07 Sep 2012
Jerry Moe, National Director of the Betty Ford Center Children's Program, shares tips for effective parenting for those in early recovery from alcoholism and addiction.
http://wn.com/Parenting_in_Early_Recovery_from_Alcoholism_and_Addiction_Betty_Ford_Center
Jerry Moe, National Director of the Betty Ford Center Children's Program, shares tips for effective parenting for those in early recovery from alcoholism and addiction.
- published: 16 Aug 2012
- views: 129
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
Gerald Ford, The 'Accidental President' - "Hollywood on the Potomac"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:17
- Updated: 17 Jan 2013
Gerald Ford never imagined he would end up in the oval office, even after he was appointed Vice President, but upon Nixon's resignation, it was a whole new ballgame for the former congressman from Michigan. Sheila Rabb Weidenfeld, former press secretary to first lady Betty Ford shared some insight into what it was like in the Ford administration.
http://wn.com/Gerald_Ford,_The_'Accidental_President'_Hollywood_on_the_Potomac
Gerald Ford never imagined he would end up in the oval office, even after he was appointed Vice President, but upon Nixon's resignation, it was a whole new ballgame for the former congressman from Michigan. Sheila Rabb Weidenfeld, former press secretary to first lady Betty Ford shared some insight into what it was like in the Ford administration.
- published: 16 Jan 2013
- views: 213
- author: Brendan Kownacki
Spirituality at Betty Ford Center
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
In this fourth installment of the Recovery Series, John McAndrew, Spiritual Care Director at Betty Ford Center, discusses the value of spirituality in recovery from drugs and alcohol addiction.
http://wn.com/Spirituality_at_Betty_Ford_Center
In this fourth installment of the Recovery Series, John McAndrew, Spiritual Care Director at Betty Ford Center, discusses the value of spirituality in recovery from drugs and alcohol addiction.
- published: 27 Jul 2011
- views: 1062
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
Raw Video: Memorial Service for Betty Ford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
First lady Michelle Obama, and former first ladies Rosalynn Carter and Hillary Rodham Clinton, joined former Pres. George W. Bush at Betty Ford's memorial service in Palm Desert, Calif. Rosalynn Carter delivered one of the eulogies. (July 12)
http://wn.com/Raw_Video_Memorial_Service_for_Betty_Ford
First lady Michelle Obama, and former first ladies Rosalynn Carter and Hillary Rodham Clinton, joined former Pres. George W. Bush at Betty Ford's memorial service in Palm Desert, Calif. Rosalynn Carter delivered one of the eulogies. (July 12)
- published: 12 Jul 2011
- views: 8963
- author: AssociatedPress
Betty Ford Center: Addiction the Disease - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Betty Ford Center Physician Director Dr. Harry Haroutunian outlines the criteria that defines the disease concept of alcoholism and addiction.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_Center_Addiction_the_Disease_Part_1
Betty Ford Center Physician Director Dr. Harry Haroutunian outlines the criteria that defines the disease concept of alcoholism and addiction.
- published: 10 Nov 2010
- views: 1892
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
Betty Ford funeral - part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:31
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Part 1 of the funeral of former first lady Betty Ford, July 14, 2011
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_funeral_part_1
Part 1 of the funeral of former first lady Betty Ford, July 14, 2011
- published: 14 Jul 2011
- views: 8109
- author: WOODTV8
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Betty Ford: The Real Deal
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:31
- Updated: 10 Feb 2013
More: www.pbs.org Family, friends, historians and Betty Ford herself reflect on her life as a political spouse; an accidental and outspoken first lady; breast cancer survivor; and feminist pro-choice Republican in Betty Ford: The Real Deal, a one-hour biography which aired in March 2009 on PBS.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_The_Real_Deal
More: www.pbs.org Family, friends, historians and Betty Ford herself reflect on her life as a political spouse; an accidental and outspoken first lady; breast cancer survivor; and feminist pro-choice Republican in Betty Ford: The Real Deal, a one-hour biography which aired in March 2009 on PBS.
- published: 11 Jul 2011
- views: 13965
- author: PBSNewsHour
Betty Ford guest-starring on The Mary Tyler Moore Show - 1976
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:03
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
The late GREAT Betty Ford (whose real gift to society came AFTER her stint as First Lady) in a guest cameo on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" in 1976. RIP! (Betty's appearance begins at 4:08.)
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_guest-starring_on_The_Mary_Tyler_Moore_Show_1976
The late GREAT Betty Ford (whose real gift to society came AFTER her stint as First Lady) in a guest cameo on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" in 1976. RIP! (Betty's appearance begins at 4:08.)
- published: 09 Jul 2011
- views: 8842
- author: dodger2829
Betty Ford, 1918-2011
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
"CBS Sunday Morning" pays tribute to former First Lady Betty Ford who died at the age of 93.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford,_1918-2011
"CBS Sunday Morning" pays tribute to former First Lady Betty Ford who died at the age of 93.
- published: 10 Jul 2011
- views: 3578
- author: CBS
Bettie Ford Rock over Russia 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:53
- Updated: 31 Oct 2012
Takes from the sold-out Bettie Ford "Rock over Russia" Tour 2007. Considered a teaser for the return to russia in 2008.
http://wn.com/Bettie_Ford_Rock_over_Russia_2007
Takes from the sold-out Bettie Ford "Rock over Russia" Tour 2007. Considered a teaser for the return to russia in 2008.
- published: 08 May 2008
- views: 5494
- author: DevilMotors
The Life and Legacy of Betty Ford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
A biography of the extraordinary life of Betty Ford.
http://wn.com/The_Life_and_Legacy_of_Betty_Ford
UM Betty Ford Celebration
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 69:33
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
The University of Michigan celebrates the life and legacy of Betty Ford. Beginning with a 6-minute biography of her life, then comments from: Susan M. Collins, Joan and Sanford Weill Dean of Public Policy Ambassador Nancy G. Brinker Dance performance by Miki Orihara of Martha Graham Dance Company Mary Sue Coleman, President of the University of Michigan Michael Ford Sanford Weill
http://wn.com/UM_Betty_Ford_Celebration
The University of Michigan celebrates the life and legacy of Betty Ford. Beginning with a 6-minute biography of her life, then comments from: Susan M. Collins, Joan and Sanford Weill Dean of Public Policy Ambassador Nancy G. Brinker Dance performance by Miki Orihara of Martha Graham Dance Company Mary Sue Coleman, President of the University of Michigan Michael Ford Sanford Weill
- published: 13 Oct 2012
- views: 443
- author: um
Bettie Ford - Sucker 4 Love (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 07 Jan 2013
Bettie Ford's new official Video "Sucker 4 Love" for their new Album "Jetzt geht's Los!" (in Stores 19-11-10)! - Cut & Directed by Julius Krenz - Effects & Animation by Aaron Rositzka www.bettieford.de
http://wn.com/Bettie_Ford_Sucker_4_Love_Official_Video
Bettie Ford's new official Video "Sucker 4 Love" for their new Album "Jetzt geht's Los!" (in Stores 19-11-10)! - Cut & Directed by Julius Krenz - Effects & Animation by Aaron Rositzka www.bettieford.de
- published: 10 Nov 2010
- views: 8553
- author: bettiefordband
ALTER EGO - Betty Ford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (Rush Rmx) Lieblings-Track von Alter Ego
http://wn.com/ALTER_EGO_Betty_Ford
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (Rush Rmx) Lieblings-Track von Alter Ego
- published: 07 Nov 2007
- views: 291716
- author: Shams1979
Betty Ford Dies at Age 93: Wife of Gerald R. Ford and Former First Lady (07.08.11)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 20 Dec 2012
Best known for her leadership in the founding of the Betty Ford Clinic in California to treat addiction. For more, click here: abcn.ws
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_Dies_at_Age_93_Wife_of_Gerald_R_Ford_and_Former_First_Lady_070811
Best known for her leadership in the founding of the Betty Ford Clinic in California to treat addiction. For more, click here: abcn.ws
- published: 09 Jul 2011
- views: 6174
- author: ABCNews
An Evening With Betty Ford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:30
- Updated: 12 Jun 2012
An Evening With Betty Ford, LBJ Auditorium, May 21, 1987. The Ford and Johnson families shared a long history, from the halls of Congress to the White House. The Library and Johnson family remember Betty Ford for her gracious manner, bravery in the face of adversity, independent spirit, and contributions to this country.
http://wn.com/An_Evening_With_Betty_Ford
An Evening With Betty Ford, LBJ Auditorium, May 21, 1987. The Ford and Johnson families shared a long history, from the halls of Congress to the White House. The Library and Johnson family remember Betty Ford for her gracious manner, bravery in the face of adversity, independent spirit, and contributions to this country.
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 237
- author: TheLBJLibrary
Betty Ford Center Children's Program Explains Addiction to Kids
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:49
- Updated: 28 Jan 2013
Alcoholism and drug addiction is a family disease, so Betty Ford Center treats the whole family, including the kids. We help 7 to 12-year-old children from families hurt by addiction. No child is turned away for lack of funds. Scholarships are available. All Children's Programs are open to the public. Parents do not have to be patients at the Betty Ford Center in order for their children to participate in the Children's Program.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_Center_Children's_Program_Explains_Addiction_to_Kids
Alcoholism and drug addiction is a family disease, so Betty Ford Center treats the whole family, including the kids. We help 7 to 12-year-old children from families hurt by addiction. No child is turned away for lack of funds. Scholarships are available. All Children's Programs are open to the public. Parents do not have to be patients at the Betty Ford Center in order for their children to participate in the Children's Program.
- published: 22 Jan 2013
- views: 169
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
Betty Ford Center: Addiction the Disease - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:53
- Updated: 22 Jan 2013
Betty Ford Center Physician Director Dr. Harry Haroutunian outlines the criteria that defines the disease concept of alcoholism and addiction.
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_Center_Addiction_the_Disease_Part_1
Betty Ford Center Physician Director Dr. Harry Haroutunian outlines the criteria that defines the disease concept of alcoholism and addiction.
- published: 10 Nov 2010
- views: 1892
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
Spirituality at Betty Ford Center
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:47
- Updated: 16 Dec 2012
In this fourth installment of the Recovery Series, John McAndrew, Spiritual Care Director at Betty Ford Center, discusses the value of spirituality in recovery from drugs and alcohol addiction.
http://wn.com/Spirituality_at_Betty_Ford_Center
In this fourth installment of the Recovery Series, John McAndrew, Spiritual Care Director at Betty Ford Center, discusses the value of spirituality in recovery from drugs and alcohol addiction.
- published: 27 Jul 2011
- views: 1062
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
Pump'n Ethyl - Betty Ford Clinic
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
Dallas punk rock band Pump'n Ethyl performs "(I Don't Want To Go To The) Betty Ford Clinic" at The Bar Of Soap, Dallas, TX. Rob, of Rob's Chop Shop also appears.
http://wn.com/Pump'n_Ethyl_Betty_Ford_Clinic
Dallas punk rock band Pump'n Ethyl performs "(I Don't Want To Go To The) Betty Ford Clinic" at The Bar Of Soap, Dallas, TX. Rob, of Rob's Chop Shop also appears.
- published: 22 Aug 2006
- views: 9414
- author: David Dennard
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (DJ Rush Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:54
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (DJ Rush Remix) Klang Elektronik (2001) Available on: www.discogs.com
http://wn.com/Alter_Ego_Betty_Ford_DJ_Rush_Remix
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (DJ Rush Remix) Klang Elektronik (2001) Available on: www.discogs.com
- published: 11 Feb 2012
- views: 3071
- author: LittleFluffyKrautTV
Raw Video: Memorial Service for Betty Ford
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
First lady Michelle Obama, and former first ladies Rosalynn Carter and Hillary Rodham Clinton, joined former Pres. George W. Bush at Betty Ford's memorial service in Palm Desert, Calif. Rosalynn Carter delivered one of the eulogies. (July 12)
http://wn.com/Raw_Video_Memorial_Service_for_Betty_Ford
First lady Michelle Obama, and former first ladies Rosalynn Carter and Hillary Rodham Clinton, joined former Pres. George W. Bush at Betty Ford's memorial service in Palm Desert, Calif. Rosalynn Carter delivered one of the eulogies. (July 12)
- published: 12 Jul 2011
- views: 8963
- author: AssociatedPress
Bettie Ford perfoms "Der Anti-Christ"
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 10 May 2012
Bettie Ford perfoms "Der Anti-Christ" with an audience warm-up on the "Baby, please don't go" Gitz-O-War Farewell Show...
http://wn.com/Bettie_Ford_perfoms_Der_Anti-Christ
Bettie Ford perfoms "Der Anti-Christ" with an audience warm-up on the "Baby, please don't go" Gitz-O-War Farewell Show...
- published: 13 Dec 2006
- views: 5283
- author: DevilMotors
Interview with Michael West (When Pigs Fly, Forbidden Broadway, Doing Time At Betty Ford)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:55
- Updated: 29 Apr 2012
Corine Cohen interviewed Michael West, at the Drama Desk Awards. The talented performer does some funny impersonations of Legend Harvey Fierstein and Sammy Davis Jr. Both impersonations are done with love. He is very talented. www.corinescorner.com.
http://wn.com/Interview_with_Michael_West_When_Pigs_Fly,_Forbidden_Broadway,_Doing_Time_At_Betty_Ford
Corine Cohen interviewed Michael West, at the Drama Desk Awards. The talented performer does some funny impersonations of Legend Harvey Fierstein and Sammy Davis Jr. Both impersonations are done with love. He is very talented. www.corinescorner.com.
- published: 19 May 2009
- views: 224
- author: corinescorner
Pet Therapy at Betty Ford Center
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 27 Dec 2012
A trio of dogs have found their way into the hearts of patients -- and staff -- at the Betty Ford Center. Golden Retriever Irish and Cavalier King Charles spaniels Kerry and Toby interact with patients -- and staff -- on several levels. The two smaller dogs bring their intuition to group sessions, and Irish is a willing playmate and friend. Many patients who miss their pets at home find these therapy dogs a welcome addition to their inpatient treatment. One alumna recently said, "I have a Golden Retriever at home, and being able to see Irish -- and give him hugs -- was a huge part of my recovery at the Center."
http://wn.com/Pet_Therapy_at_Betty_Ford_Center
A trio of dogs have found their way into the hearts of patients -- and staff -- at the Betty Ford Center. Golden Retriever Irish and Cavalier King Charles spaniels Kerry and Toby interact with patients -- and staff -- on several levels. The two smaller dogs bring their intuition to group sessions, and Irish is a willing playmate and friend. Many patients who miss their pets at home find these therapy dogs a welcome addition to their inpatient treatment. One alumna recently said, "I have a Golden Retriever at home, and being able to see Irish -- and give him hugs -- was a huge part of my recovery at the Center."
- published: 12 Sep 2012
- views: 741
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
Lindsay Lohan's fight with Betty Ford worker caught on 911 tape
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:51
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
"What do you want, Money?" asks Lindsay. "She hit me with the Phone!" exclaims Betty Ford Employee.
http://wn.com/Lindsay_Lohan's_fight_with_Betty_Ford_worker_caught_on_911_tape
"What do you want, Money?" asks Lindsay. "She hit me with the Phone!" exclaims Betty Ford Employee.
- published: 01 Apr 2011
- views: 49730
- author: soitgoes2058
Betty Ford funeral - part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 19:31
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Part 1 of the funeral of former first lady Betty Ford, July 14, 2011
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford_funeral_part_1
Part 1 of the funeral of former first lady Betty Ford, July 14, 2011
- published: 14 Jul 2011
- views: 8109
- author: WOODTV8
Former First Lady Betty Ford dies
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:50
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
The nation is mourning the loss of former First Lady Betty Ford who died at the age of 93.
http://wn.com/Former_First_Lady_Betty_Ford_dies
The nation is mourning the loss of former First Lady Betty Ford who died at the age of 93.
- published: 09 Jul 2011
- views: 871
- author: wxyztvdetroit
Aunt Betty's Ford - Rocket and a Bomb
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:31
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
Aunt Betty's Ford - Detroit Bar 9-14-10 Rocket and a Bomb Rock Stars on H
http://wn.com/Aunt_Betty's_Ford_Rocket_and_a_Bomb
Aunt Betty's Ford - Detroit Bar 9-14-10 Rocket and a Bomb Rock Stars on H
- published: 17 Sep 2010
- views: 1330
- author: UberParrot
56:31
Betty Ford: The Real Deal
More: www.pbs.org Family, friends, historians and Betty Ford herself reflect on her life a...
published: 11 Jul 2011
author: PBSNewsHour
Betty Ford: The Real Deal
More: www.pbs.org Family, friends, historians and Betty Ford herself reflect on her life as a political spouse; an accidental and outspoken first lady; breast cancer survivor; and feminist pro-choice Republican in Betty Ford: The Real Deal, a one-hour biography which aired in March 2009 on PBS.
- published: 11 Jul 2011
- views: 13965
- author: PBSNewsHour
6:03
Betty Ford guest-starring on The Mary Tyler Moore Show - 1976
The late GREAT Betty Ford (whose real gift to society came AFTER her stint as First Lady) ...
published: 09 Jul 2011
author: dodger2829
Betty Ford guest-starring on The Mary Tyler Moore Show - 1976
The late GREAT Betty Ford (whose real gift to society came AFTER her stint as First Lady) in a guest cameo on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" in 1976. RIP! (Betty's appearance begins at 4:08.)
- published: 09 Jul 2011
- views: 8842
- author: dodger2829
6:59
Betty Ford, 1918-2011
"CBS Sunday Morning" pays tribute to former First Lady Betty Ford who died at the age of 9...
published: 10 Jul 2011
author: CBS
Betty Ford, 1918-2011
"CBS Sunday Morning" pays tribute to former First Lady Betty Ford who died at the age of 93.
- published: 10 Jul 2011
- views: 3578
- author: CBS
3:53
Bettie Ford Rock over Russia 2007
Takes from the sold-out Bettie Ford "Rock over Russia" Tour 2007. Considered a teaser for ...
published: 08 May 2008
author: DevilMotors
Bettie Ford Rock over Russia 2007
Takes from the sold-out Bettie Ford "Rock over Russia" Tour 2007. Considered a teaser for the return to russia in 2008.
- published: 08 May 2008
- views: 5494
- author: DevilMotors
69:33
UM Betty Ford Celebration
The University of Michigan celebrates the life and legacy of Betty Ford. Beginning with a ...
published: 13 Oct 2012
author: um
UM Betty Ford Celebration
The University of Michigan celebrates the life and legacy of Betty Ford. Beginning with a 6-minute biography of her life, then comments from: Susan M. Collins, Joan and Sanford Weill Dean of Public Policy Ambassador Nancy G. Brinker Dance performance by Miki Orihara of Martha Graham Dance Company Mary Sue Coleman, President of the University of Michigan Michael Ford Sanford Weill
- published: 13 Oct 2012
- views: 443
- author: um
3:37
Bettie Ford - Sucker 4 Love (Official Video)
Bettie Ford's new official Video "Sucker 4 Love" for their new Album "Jetzt geht's Los!" (...
published: 10 Nov 2010
author: bettiefordband
Bettie Ford - Sucker 4 Love (Official Video)
Bettie Ford's new official Video "Sucker 4 Love" for their new Album "Jetzt geht's Los!" (in Stores 19-11-10)! - Cut & Directed by Julius Krenz - Effects & Animation by Aaron Rositzka www.bettieford.de
- published: 10 Nov 2010
- views: 8553
- author: bettiefordband
2:44
Betty Ford Dies at Age 93: Wife of Gerald R. Ford and Former First Lady (07.08.11)
Best known for her leadership in the founding of the Betty Ford Clinic in California to tr...
published: 09 Jul 2011
author: ABCNews
Betty Ford Dies at Age 93: Wife of Gerald R. Ford and Former First Lady (07.08.11)
Best known for her leadership in the founding of the Betty Ford Clinic in California to treat addiction. For more, click here: abcn.ws
- published: 09 Jul 2011
- views: 6174
- author: ABCNews
42:30
An Evening With Betty Ford
An Evening With Betty Ford, LBJ Auditorium, May 21, 1987. The Ford and Johnson families sh...
published: 12 Jun 2012
author: TheLBJLibrary
An Evening With Betty Ford
An Evening With Betty Ford, LBJ Auditorium, May 21, 1987. The Ford and Johnson families shared a long history, from the halls of Congress to the White House. The Library and Johnson family remember Betty Ford for her gracious manner, bravery in the face of adversity, independent spirit, and contributions to this country.
- published: 12 Jun 2012
- views: 237
- author: TheLBJLibrary
9:49
Betty Ford Center Children's Program Explains Addiction to Kids
Alcoholism and drug addiction is a family disease, so Betty Ford Center treats the whole f...
published: 22 Jan 2013
author: TheBettyfordcenter
Betty Ford Center Children's Program Explains Addiction to Kids
Alcoholism and drug addiction is a family disease, so Betty Ford Center treats the whole family, including the kids. We help 7 to 12-year-old children from families hurt by addiction. No child is turned away for lack of funds. Scholarships are available. All Children's Programs are open to the public. Parents do not have to be patients at the Betty Ford Center in order for their children to participate in the Children's Program.
- published: 22 Jan 2013
- views: 169
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
1:53
Betty Ford Center: Addiction the Disease - Part 1
Betty Ford Center Physician Director Dr. Harry Haroutunian outlines the criteria that defi...
published: 10 Nov 2010
author: TheBettyfordcenter
Betty Ford Center: Addiction the Disease - Part 1
Betty Ford Center Physician Director Dr. Harry Haroutunian outlines the criteria that defines the disease concept of alcoholism and addiction.
- published: 10 Nov 2010
- views: 1892
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
9:47
Spirituality at Betty Ford Center
In this fourth installment of the Recovery Series, John McAndrew, Spiritual Care Director ...
published: 27 Jul 2011
author: TheBettyfordcenter
Spirituality at Betty Ford Center
In this fourth installment of the Recovery Series, John McAndrew, Spiritual Care Director at Betty Ford Center, discusses the value of spirituality in recovery from drugs and alcohol addiction.
- published: 27 Jul 2011
- views: 1062
- author: TheBettyfordcenter
2:22
Pump'n Ethyl - Betty Ford Clinic
Dallas punk rock band Pump'n Ethyl performs "(I Don't Want To Go To The) Betty Ford Clinic...
published: 22 Aug 2006
author: David Dennard
Pump'n Ethyl - Betty Ford Clinic
Dallas punk rock band Pump'n Ethyl performs "(I Don't Want To Go To The) Betty Ford Clinic" at The Bar Of Soap, Dallas, TX. Rob, of Rob's Chop Shop also appears.
- published: 22 Aug 2006
- views: 9414
- author: David Dennard
Vimeo results:
3:57
XKnights // Fmx Costa Rica
A Film by Michel Never
XKnights - Costa Rica 2011
Fmx Latinamerican - International Cup
...
published: 06 Apr 2011
author: Michel Never
XKnights // Fmx Costa Rica
A Film by Michel Never
XKnights - Costa Rica 2011
Fmx Latinamerican - International Cup
Riders :
Tom Pagès
Dany Torres
Jey Rouanet
Maikel Melero
Wiley Fullmer
Javier Villegas
Lance Coury
James Carter...
Music
Betty Ford clinic - Deaf Thug
http://beastrecords.free.fr/
4:25
Betty Ford
alter ego "Betty Ford" / music video / 4min / 2002
Video by Anna Berger, Oliver Husain and...
published: 22 Feb 2010
author: Pandy Ramada
Betty Ford
alter ego "Betty Ford" / music video / 4min / 2002
Video by Anna Berger, Oliver Husain and Michel Klöfkorn
3:50
Bettie Ford B-Sides - Rebell Yell
Recorded at the SAE Studio Cologne by Juergen Erhard 2006!...
published: 25 Dec 2011
author: Bettie Ford
Bettie Ford B-Sides - Rebell Yell
Recorded at the SAE Studio Cologne by Juergen Erhard 2006!
3:37
Bettie Ford - "Sucker 4 Love" (Official Video)
Bettie Ford's new official Video "Sucker 4 Love" for their new Album "Jetzt geht's Los!" (...
published: 11 Nov 2010
author: Bettie Ford
Bettie Ford - "Sucker 4 Love" (Official Video)
Bettie Ford's new official Video "Sucker 4 Love" for their new Album "Jetzt geht's Los!" (in Stores 19-11-10)!
- Cut & Directed by Julius Krenz
- Effects & Animation by Aaron Rositzka
- Recorded at the Pitcher, D-Town Rock City
http://www.bettieford.de/
Youtube results:
6:54
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (DJ Rush Remix)
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (DJ Rush Remix) Klang Elektronik (2001) Available on: www.discogs.c...
published: 11 Feb 2012
author: LittleFluffyKrautTV
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (DJ Rush Remix)
Alter Ego - Betty Ford (DJ Rush Remix) Klang Elektronik (2001) Available on: www.discogs.com
- published: 11 Feb 2012
- views: 3071
- author: LittleFluffyKrautTV
2:02
Raw Video: Memorial Service for Betty Ford
First lady Michelle Obama, and former first ladies Rosalynn Carter and Hillary Rodham Clin...
published: 12 Jul 2011
author: AssociatedPress
Raw Video: Memorial Service for Betty Ford
First lady Michelle Obama, and former first ladies Rosalynn Carter and Hillary Rodham Clinton, joined former Pres. George W. Bush at Betty Ford's memorial service in Palm Desert, Calif. Rosalynn Carter delivered one of the eulogies. (July 12)
- published: 12 Jul 2011
- views: 8963
- author: AssociatedPress
4:18
Bettie Ford perfoms "Der Anti-Christ"
Bettie Ford perfoms "Der Anti-Christ" with an audience warm-up on the "Baby, please don't ...
published: 13 Dec 2006
author: DevilMotors
Bettie Ford perfoms "Der Anti-Christ"
Bettie Ford perfoms "Der Anti-Christ" with an audience warm-up on the "Baby, please don't go" Gitz-O-War Farewell Show...
- published: 13 Dec 2006
- views: 5283
- author: DevilMotors
2:55
Interview with Michael West (When Pigs Fly, Forbidden Broadway, Doing Time At Betty Ford)
Corine Cohen interviewed Michael West, at the Drama Desk Awards. The talented performer do...
published: 19 May 2009
author: corinescorner
Interview with Michael West (When Pigs Fly, Forbidden Broadway, Doing Time At Betty Ford)
Corine Cohen interviewed Michael West, at the Drama Desk Awards. The talented performer does some funny impersonations of Legend Harvey Fierstein and Sammy Davis Jr. Both impersonations are done with love. He is very talented. www.corinescorner.com.
- published: 19 May 2009
- views: 224
- author: corinescorner
photo: Creative Commons / John Harrison
25 Feb 2013
Just like Angelina Jolie's right leg last year, Oscar-winner Anne Hathaway's apparently 'alert' nipples inspired their own Twitter account and a flurry of cheeky hashtags last night. BY Bibby Sowray . 25 February 2013 ... Photo. Getty ... Having just about lived down that lady garden flashing incident, courtesy of an underwear-unfriendly Tom Ford dress, we're pretty sure she was keen to avoid anything similar happening at the Oscars ... Photo. AFP ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / Mary Altaffer
26 Feb 2013
Jesus Diaz - . Scientists have found proof of a sunken continent in the Indian Ocean. According to a study published in Nature Geoscience, the continent “was separated from Madagascar and fragmented into a ribbon-like configuration by a series of mid-ocean ridge jumps during the opening of the Mascarene ocean basin.”. Its name is not Atlantis, though ... [Nature Geoscience via BBC News]. Image by Shutterstock ... Related Posts ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office
27 Feb 2013
Russian President Vladimir Putin told the country's top brass on Wednesday to drastically upgrade the armed forces in the next few years as part of response to attempts by the United States and NATO to "tip the strategic balance" in the world. In his address to Russia's defense ministry and top military officials, Putin said Russia is witnessing "insistent attempts" to change that balance and complained about U.S ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Ibrahim Zayed
26 Feb 2013
Updated. February 26, 2013 8.35AM. LUXOR, Egypt — A hot air balloon flying over Egypt’s ancient city of Luxor caught fire and crashed into a sugar cane field on Tuesday, killing at least 19 foreign tourists in one of the world’s deadliest ballooning accidents and handing a new blow to Egypt’s ailing tourism industry ... The balloon then shot up in the air, the investigator said ... The security official said all 18 bodies have been recovered ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: USAF / Tech. Sgt. Effrain Lopez
26 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. During the 19th and early 20th centuries developments in technology vastly transformed warfare. The age of machine guns, steam-powered battle ships, and tanks replaced the era of flintlock muskets, sailing wooden ships, and cannonballs. But these new and more lethal innovations also altered humanity and political systems ... World War I and II ... They will subversively disrupt entire societies....(size: 4.8Kb)
The Washington Post
26 Feb 2013
Phyllis G. Tritsch, 90, the former executive vice president of the organization American Women in Radio and Television, died Feb. 10 at a hospital in Sparks, Nev ... Recommend ... Mrs ... During her tenure with the latter organization, she coordinated volunteers who answered correspondence received by Betty Ford when the first lady was diagnosed with breast cancer ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
Huffington Post
26 Feb 2013
Happy Birthday, Johnny Cash! Today would have been the icon's 81st birthday. Commonly referred to as the Man in Black, legendary crooner Johnny Cash is best known for his hit singles "Ring of Fire" and "I Walk the Line." ... Although his drug use reportedly tapered off for quite some time, Cash entered the Betty Ford Clinic in 1983 following continued use of amphetamines ... Cash died in 2003 due to complications of lung cancer surgery ... ....(size: 4.5Kb)
Huffington Post
25 Feb 2013
Within only a few months, Nixon had won around $6,000 in poker games, which he used to fund his first congressional campaign.Gerald And Betty Ford Were Fashion Models. In the 1940's Gerald Ford did a bit of modeling and even posed on the cover of "Cosmopolitan". His wife Betty was also a dancer and fashion model, who signed with the John Robert Powers modeling firm to finance her dance education.Carter Was A Peanut Farmer ... ....(size: 12.2Kb)
The Inquisitr
23 Feb 2013
Posted. February 23, 2013 ... He began his career during Harry S ... Ford and a friend of Scouten ... When Betty Ford asked him why servants seemed to avoid the family when they said hello, and Scouten explained that the Nixons preferred that the staff didn’t interact with them. After Ford’s conversation, Scouten relayed to the staff to open up, and the Fords had close relationships with staff members from then on ... Category. News. Tags ... ....(size: 2.2Kb)
The New York Times
23 Feb 2013
He was 88. His death was confirmed by his daughter Carol Scouten. Mr ... Eisenhower ... Ford’s administration and a longtime friend. “But it was anathema to him,” she said ... Mr ... Mr ... Mr ... Betty Ford told a story about Mr ... Ford told Mr ... Scouten, after explaining that the Nixons had preferred that the servants keep out of sight, let the staff know that the Fords felt differently. Soon the Fords were trading golf scores with the butlers ... ....(size: 6.0Kb)
The Columbus Dispatch
23 Feb 2013
About our Editorials. Dispatch editorials express the view of the Dispatch editorial board, which is made up of the publisher, the president of The Dispatch, the editor and the editorial-writing staff ... Comments and questions should be directed to the editorial page editor. About the Dispatch ... John F. Wolfe ... Fiorile ... Drew ... Rehab has become respectable, in no small part due to the courage of such celebrities as the late first lady Betty Ford ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
Huffington Post
22 Feb 2013
Within only a few months, Nixon had won around $6,000 in poker games, which he used to fund his first congressional campaign.Gerald And Betty Ford Were Fashion Models. In the 1940's Gerald Ford did a bit of modeling and even posed on the cover of "Cosmopolitan". His wife Betty was also a dancer and fashion model, who signed with the John Robert Powers modeling firm to finance her dance education.Carter Was A Peanut Farmer ... ....(size: 11.8Kb)
Huffington Post
21 Feb 2013
Within only a few months, Nixon had won around $6,000 in poker games, which he used to fund his first congressional campaign.Gerald And Betty Ford Were Fashion Models. In the 1940's Gerald Ford did a bit of modeling and even posed on the cover of "Cosmopolitan". His wife Betty was also a dancer and fashion model, who signed with the John Robert Powers modeling firm to finance her dance education.Carter Was A Peanut Farmer ... ....(size: 12.5Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
19 Feb 2013
HE famously checked into rehab less than four months after tying the knot with Nicole Kidman. And Keith Urban’s much-loved wife has now been credited as the sole reason the once-troubled singer has managed to stay sober for over six years ... Urban has had three stints in rehab. After marrying Kidman in June 2006, he checked into the Betty Ford Center in California in October, saying at the time in a statement ... . ....(size: 2.1Kb)
The Hollywood Reporter
19 Feb 2013
share. Jon Kopaloff/FilmMagic/Getty Images. Dr. Drew Pinksy. Mindy McCready's death brings the body count of the patient-cast members of "Celebrity Rehab" to five, drawing fierce condemnation from some in Hollywood. After the news broke late Sunday that troubled country singer Mindy McCready had taken her own life, Dr ... Dr. Drew Pinsky Remembers Betty Ford's Legacy. Mindy McCready's Ex-Boyfriend. Her Suicide Wasn't a 'Major Shock' (Video) ... Dr ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
19 Feb 2013
Actress Ione Skye thanked the evening’s sponsors, who included Alcohol Justice, Aspen Education Group and Sierra Tucson, Balboa Horizons, Betty Ford Center, Bridges to Recovery, Cirque Lodge, Coast to Coast Computer Products, Design for Living, Desert Palms Recovery, Dungarees, Hightower Intervention Services, Inspirations Youth, New Directions for ......(size: 4.6Kb)
The Hollywood Reporter
19 Feb 2013
share. Frank Micelotta/Getty Images. The late country singer, who shot herself on Feb. 17, is the fifth alum of the six-season VH1 series to die after appearing on the show. “These are hardcore, decades-long f----ups and alcoholics who have decimated their careers and their lives. You've got to be awfully desperate and often close to hopeless to come on our show ... Dr. Drew Pinsky Remembers Betty Ford's Legacy ... It begs the question ... ....(size: 6.4Kb)
The New York Times
17 Feb 2013
As a 19-year-old art student one summer in Mexico City, Barnaby Conrad attended a bullfight, and, with a whimsical bolt of Hemingwayesque bravado, leapt into the ring and challenged a bull himself, using his Brooks Brothers raincoat as a cape. Connect With Us on Twitter. Follow @nytimesarts for arts and entertainment news. Arts Twitter List. Critics, Reporters and Editors ... Four Weeks at the Betty Ford Center,” was published in 1986....(size: 8.8Kb)
| Betty Ford | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Official White House photograph, 1974 | |
| First Lady of the United States | |
| In office August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 |
|
| Preceded by | Pat Nixon |
| Succeeded by | Rosalynn Carter |
| Second Lady of the United States | |
| In office December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974 |
|
| Preceded by | Judy Agnew |
| Succeeded by | Happy Rockefeller |
| 1st Chair of the Board, Betty Ford Center |
|
| In office 1982–2005 |
|
| Succeeded by | Susan Ford Bales |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Elizabeth Ann Bloomer (1918-04-08)April 8, 1918 Chicago, Illinois |
| Died | July 8, 2011(2011-07-08) (aged 93) Rancho Mirage, California |
| Resting place | Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum Grand Rapids, Michigan, United States[1] |
| Spouse(s) | William G. Warren (m. 1942–1947, divorced) Gerald Ford (m. 1948–2006, his death) |
| Relations | Parents: William Stephenson Bloomer Sr. (1874–1934) Hortense (née Neahr) Bloomer (1884–1948) |
| Children | Michael Gerald Ford (born 1950) John "Jack" Gardner Ford (born 1952) Steven Meigs Ford (born 1956) Susan Elizabeth Ford (born 1957) |
| Occupation | First Lady of the United States Activist |
| Religion | Episcopalian |
| Signature |  |
Elizabeth Ann Bloomer Warren Ford (April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011),[2][3] better known as Betty Ford, was First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977 during the presidency of her husband Gerald Ford. As First Lady, she was active in social policy and created precedents as a politically active presidential wife.[4]
Throughout her husband's term in office, she maintained high approval ratings despite opposition from some conservative Republicans who objected to her more moderate and liberal positions on social issues. Ford was noted for raising breast cancer awareness following her 1974 mastectomy and was a passionate supporter of, and activist for, the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). Pro-choice on abortion and a leader in the Women's Movement, she gained fame as one of the most candid first ladies in history, commenting on every hot-button issue of the time, including feminism, equal pay, the ERA, sex, drugs, abortion, and gun control. She also raised awareness of addiction when she announced her long-running battle with alcoholism in the 1970s.
Following her White House years, she continued to lobby for the ERA and remained active in the feminist movement. She is the founder, and served as the first chair of the board of directors, of the Betty Ford Center for substance abuse and addiction and is a recipient of the Congressional Gold Medal (co-presentation with her husband, Gerald R. Ford, October 21, 1998) and the Presidential Medal of Freedom (alone, presented 1991, by George H. W. Bush).
Contents |
Early life and career[link]
She was born Elizabeth Ann Bloomer in Chicago, Illinois, the third child and only daughter of William Stephenson Bloomer, Sr. (July 19, 1874 – July 18, 1934), a traveling salesman for Royal Rubber Co., and his wife, Hortense (née Neahr; July 11, 1884 – November 20, 1948).[5] Her two older brothers were Robert and William Jr. After living briefly in Denver, Colorado, she grew up in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where she graduated from Central High School.[6]
After the 1929 stock market crash, when Ford was age 14, she began modeling clothes and teaching children dances such as the foxtrot, waltz, and big apple. She also entertained and worked with children with disabilities at the Mary Free Bed Home for Crippled Children. She studied dance at the Calla Travis Dance Studio, graduating in 1935.[citation needed]
When Ford was age 16, her father died of carbon monoxide poisoning in the family's garage while working under their car, despite the garage doors being open.[7][8] He died the day before his 60th birthday.[5]
In 1936, after she graduated from high school, she proposed continuing her study of dance in New York City, but her mother refused. Instead, she attended the Bennington School of Dance in Bennington, Vermont, for two summers, where she studied under director Martha Hill with choreographers Martha Graham and Hanya Holm. After being accepted by Graham as a student, Ford moved to New York City to live in its Manhattan borough's Chelsea neighborhood and worked as a fashion model for the John Robert Powers firm in order to finance her dance studies. She joined Graham's auxiliary troupe and eventually performed with the company at Carnegie Hall in New York City.[5]
Her mother opposed her daughter's choice of a career and insisted that she move home, but Ford resisted. They finally came to a compromise: she would return home for six months, and if she still wanted to return to New York City at the end of the six months, her mother would not protest further. Ford became immersed in her life in Grand Rapids and did not return to New York City. Her mother remarried to family friend and neighbor, Arthur Meigs Goodwin, and Ford lived with them. She got a job as assistant to the fashion coordinator for Herpolsheimer's, a local department store, as well as organizing her own dance group and taught dance at various sites in Grand Rapids.[5]
Marriages and family[link]
In 1942, she married William C. Warren,[6] who worked for his father in insurance sales, and whom she had known since she was 12. Warren began selling insurance for another company shortly after, later he worked for Continental Can Co., and after that Widdicomb Furniture, and the couple moved frequently because of his work. At one point, they lived in Toledo, Ohio, where she was employed at the department store Lasalle & Koch as a demonstrator, a job that entailed being a model and saleswoman. She worked a production line for a frozen-food company in Fulton, New York, and once back in Grand Rapids returned to work at Herpolsheimer's, this time as "The" Fashion Coordinator.[9] Warren was an alcoholic and in poor health. Just after Betty decided to file for divorce, he went into a coma. She took care of him for another two years as he convalesced, at his family's home. She stayed upstairs while he was nursed downstairs. Then when he recovered, they were finally divorced on September 22, 1947, on the grounds of "excessive, repeated cruelty".[5] They had no children.
On October 15, 1948, she married Gerald Ford, a lawyer and World War II veteran, at Grace Episcopal Church, in Grand Rapids. Gerald Ford was then campaigning for what would be his first of thirteen terms as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, and the wedding was delayed until shortly before the elections because, as The New York Times reported, "Jerry was running for Congress and wasn't sure how voters might feel about his marrying a divorced ex-dancer."[5][10]
Married for fifty-eight years until his death, the couple had three sons: Michael Gerald Ford (born 1950), John Gardner Ford (nicknamed Jack; born 1952), Steven Meigs Ford (born 1956), and a daughter, Susan Elizabeth Ford (born 1957).[2] She never spanked or hit her children, believing that there were better, more constructive ways to deal with discipline and punishment.[11]
The Fords moved to the Virginia suburbs of Washington, D.C., and lived there for twenty-five years. Gerald Ford rose to become the highest-ranking Republican in the House, then was appointed Vice President to Richard Nixon when Spiro Agnew resigned from that position in 1973. He became president in 1974, upon Nixon's resignation in the wake of the Watergate scandal.[citation needed]
They were among the more openly affectionate First Couples in American history. Neither was shy about their mutual love and equal respect, and they were known to have a strong personal and political partnership.[12]
First Lady of the United States[link]
National power, influence, and candor[link]
When compared to her predecessor, Pat Nixon, who was noted by one reporter to be the "most disciplined, composed first lady in history", reporters questioned what kind of first lady Ford would be.[13] In the opinion of The New York Times and several presidential historians, "Mrs. Ford's impact on American culture may be far wider and more lasting than that of her husband, who served a mere 896 days, much of it spent trying to restore the dignity of the office of the president."[citation needed]
The paper went on to describe her as "a product and symbol of the cultural and political times — doing the Bump dance along the corridors of the White House, donning a mood ring, chatting on her CB radio with the handle First Mama — a housewife who argued passionately for equal rights for women, a mother of four who mused about drugs, abortion and premarital sex aloud and without regret."[14] In 1975, in an interview with McCall's, Ford said that she was asked just about everything, except for how often she and the president had sex. "And if they'd asked me that I would have told them," she said, adding that her response would be, "As often as possible."[8]
She was open about the benefits of psychiatric treatment, and spoke understandingly about marijuana use and premarital sex, and as a new First Lady pointedly stated during a televised White House tour that she and the President shared the same bed. After Ford appeared on 60 Minutes in a characteristically candid interview in which she discussed how she would counsel her daughter if she was having an affair, saying that she "would not be surprised,"[15] and the possibility that her children may have experimented with marijuana. Some conservatives called her "No Lady" and even demanded her "resignation", but her overall approval rating was at seventy-five percent. As she later said, during her husband's failed 1976 presidential campaign, "I would give my life to have Jerry have my poll numbers."[14]
Social policy and political activism[link]
During her time as First Lady, Ford was also an outspoken advocate of women's rights and was a prominent force in the Women's Movement of the 1970s. She supported the proposed ERA and lobbied state legislatures to ratify the amendment, and took on opponents of the amendment. She was also un-apologetically pro-choice[16] and her active political role prompted Time to call her the country's "Fighting First Lady" and name her a Woman of the Year in 1975, representing American women along with other feminist icons.[4]
For a time, it was unclear whether Gerald Ford shared his wife's pro-choice viewpoint. However, in December 1999, he told interviewer Larry King that he, too, was pro-choice and had been criticized for that stance by conservative forces within the Republican Party.[16]
Health and breast cancer awareness[link]
Weeks after Ford became First Lady, she underwent a mastectomy for breast cancer on September 28, 1974, after being diagnosed with the disease. Ford decided to be open about her cancer because "There had been so much cover-up during Watergate that we wanted to be sure there would be no cover-up in the Ford administration"[17] Her openness about her illness raised the visibility of a disease that Americans had previously been reluctant to talk about. "When other women have this same operation, it doesn't make any headlines," she told Time. "But the fact that I was the wife of the President put it in headlines and brought before the public this particular experience I was going through. It made a lot of women realize that it could happen to them. I'm sure I've saved at least one person — maybe more." Further amplifying the public awareness of breast cancer were reports that several weeks after Ford's cancer surgery, Happy Rockefeller, the wife of vice president Nelson Rockefeller, also underwent a mastectomy.[18] The spike in women self-examining after Ford went public with the diagnosis led to an increase in reported cases of breast cancer, a phenomenon known as the "Betty Ford blip".[17]
The arts[link]
Ford was an advocate of the arts while First Lady and was instrumental in Martha Graham receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1976. She received an award from Parsons The New School for Design in recognition of her style.[citation needed]
Conceding the 1976 election[link]
After Gerald Ford's defeat by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 Presidential election she delivered her husband's concession speech because he lost his voice while campaigning.[2]
Post-White House career[link]
After leaving the White House in 1977, she continued to lead an active public life. In addition to founding the Betty Ford Center, she remained active in women's issues taking on numerous speaking engagements and lending her name to charities for fundraising.[19]
The Betty Ford Center[link]
Main article: Betty Ford Center
In 1978, the Ford family staged an intervention and forced her to confront her alcoholism and an addiction to opioid analgesics that had been prescribed in the early 1960s for a pinched nerve.[citation needed] "I liked alcohol," she wrote in her 1987 memoir. "It made me feel warm. And I loved pills. They took away my tension and my pain". In 1982, after her recovery, she established the Betty Ford Center (initially called the Betty Ford Clinic) in Rancho Mirage, California, for the treatment of chemical dependency.[citation needed] She co-authored with Chris Chase a 1987 book about her treatment, Betty: A Glad Awakening. In 2003, Ford produced another book, Healing and Hope: Six Women from the Betty Ford Center Share Their Powerful Journeys of Addiction and Recovery.
In 2005, Ford relinquished her chair of the center's board of directors to her daughter Susan. She had held the top post at the center since its founding. Her husband joked about how she had been chairperson of the board while he had only been a president.[12]
Women's movement[link]
Ford continued to be an active leader and activist of the feminist movement after the Ford administration, and continued to strongly advocate and lobby politicians and state legislatures for passage of the ERA. In 1977, President Jimmy Carter appointed Ford to the second National Commission on the Observance of International Women's Year (the first had been appointed by President Ford). That same year, she joined First Ladies Lady Bird Johnson and Rosalynn Carter to open and participate in the National Women's Conference in Houston, Texas, where she endorsed measures in the convention's National Plan of Action, a report sent to the state legislatures, the U.S. Congress, and the President on how to improve the status of American women.[20] As she was during her years in the White House, Ford continued to be an outspoken supporter of equal pay, breast cancer awareness, and the ERA throughout her life.[21]
In 1978, the deadline for ratification of the ERA was extended from 1979 to 1982, resulting largely from a march of a hundred thousand people on Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington. The march was led by prominent feminist leaders, including Ford, Bella Abzug, Elizabeth Chittick, Betty Friedan and Gloria Steinem. In 1981, Eleanor Smeal, the National Organization for Women's president, announced Ford's appointment to be the co-chair, with Alan Alda, of the ERA Countdown Campaign.[22] As the deadline approached, Ford led marches, parades and rallies for the ERA with other feminists including First Daughter Maureen Reagan and various Hollywood actors. Ford was credited with rejuvenating the ERA movement and inspiring more women to continue working for the ERA and visited states, including Illinois, where ratification was believed to have the most realistic chance of passing.[23] In 2004, she reaffirmed her pro-choice stance and her support for the 1973 U.S. Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade and reaffirmed her belief in and support for the ratification of the ERA.[24]
Later life[link]
In 1987, Ford underwent quadruple coronary bypass surgery and recovered without complications.
In November 18, 1991, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George H.W. Bush[25] and a Congressional Gold Medal in 1999. A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to her and her husband in 1999.[26]
On May 8, 2003, Ford received the Woodrow Wilson Award in Los Angeles for her public service from the Woodrow Wilson Center of the Smithsonian Institution.[citation needed]
During these years, she and her husband resided in Rancho Mirage and in Beaver Creek, Colorado.[citation needed]
Gerald Ford died, age 93, at their Rancho Mirage home of heart failure on December 26, 2006. Despite her advanced age and frail physical condition, Ford traveled across the country and took part in the funeral events in California, Washington, D.C., and Michigan.[citation needed]
Following her husband's death, Ford continued to live in Rancho Mirage. She was the third longest-lived first lady behind Bess Truman and Lady Bird Johnson. Poor health and increasing frailty due to operations in August 2006 and April 2007 for blood clots in her legs caused her to largely curtail her public life. Her ill health prevented her from attending Johnson's funeral in July 2007; Ford's daughter Susan represented her mother at the funeral service.[citation needed]
Gerald and Betty Ford were the first U.S. President and First Lady to both live into their nineties. Bess Truman and Lady Bird Johnson lived into their nineties but their husbands Harry S. Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson did not. Herbert Hoover and John Adams both lived into their nineties but their wives Lou Henry Hoover and Abigail Adams did not. On April 8, 2011, Ford turned 93, the same age that her late husband, President Ford reached on his last birthday, July 14, 2006. On July 6, 2011, former First Lady Nancy Reagan turned 90, and thus she and her husband, former President Ronald Reagan, joined the Fords as the second first couple to both live into their nineties.[citation needed]
Death and funeral[link]
Betty Ford died of natural causes on July 8, 2011, at Eisenhower Medical Center in Rancho Mirage, aged 93.[27]
Funeral services were held in Palm Desert, California, on July 12, 2011, with over 800 people in attendance, including former president George W. Bush, First Lady Michelle Obama and former first ladies Rosalynn Carter, Nancy Reagan and Hillary Rodham Clinton.[19] Rosalynn Carter, Cokie Roberts and Geoffrey Mason, a member of the Board of the Betty Ford Center delivered eulogies.
On July 13, her casket was flown to Grand Rapids where it lay in repose at the Gerald Ford Museum overnight.[28]
On July 14, a second service was held at Grace Episcopal Church with eulogies given by Lynne Cheney, former Ford Museum director Richard Norton Smith and son, Steven. In attendance were former President Bill Clinton, former Vice President Dick Cheney and former first lady Barbara Bush.[19] In her remarks, Mrs. Cheney noted that July 14 would have been Gerald Ford's 98th birthday.[29] After the service, she was buried next to her husband on the museum grounds.[28]
Bibliography[link]
- Ford, Betty; Chase, Chris (1978). The Times of My Life. New York City, New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-011298-1.
- Ford, Betty; Chase, Chris (1987). Betty — A Glad Awakening. Garden City, New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-23502-0.
- Ford, Betty; Betty Ford Center (2003). Healing and Hope — Six Women from the Betty Ford Center Share Their Powerful Journeys of Addiction and Recovery. New York City, New York: Putnam (Penguin Group). ISBN 978-0-399-15138-5.
See also[link]
- Feminist Movement in the United States (1963–1982)
- List of breast cancer patients according to occupation
- List of First Ladies of the United States
Notes[link]
- ^ Christoff, Chris; Gray, Kathleen (July 15, 2011). "Betty Ford: A First Lady's Last Farewell". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ a b c (Registration required) Nemy, Enid (July 8, 2011). "Betty Ford, Former First Lady, Dies at 93". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/09/us/politics/betty-ford-dies.html?_r=1&ref=deathsobituaries. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
- ^ Staff (July 9, 2011). "Ex-First Lady, Advocate for Substance Abuse Treatment Betty Ford Dies". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/07/08/betty.ford.dies/index.html. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ a b Staff (March 3, 1975). "Women: A Fighting First Lady". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912914,00.html. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f Staff (undated). "First Lady Biography — Betty Ford". National First Ladies' Library. http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=39. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
- ^ a b Ford, Betty; Chase, Chris (1978). The Times of My Life. p. 22.
- ^ Ford, Betty; Chase, Chris (1978). The Times of My Life. p. 21.
- ^ a b Tucker, Neely (December 29, 2006). "Betty Ford, Again Putting On a Brave Face". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Ford, Betty; Chase, Chris (1978). The Times of My Life. pp. 39, 41.
- ^ Abstract; subscription required for full article) Howard, Jane (December 8, 1974). "Forward Day by Day; The 38th First Lady: Not a Robot At All". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ [unreliable source?] Hollywood Squares question
- ^ a b Video documentary (May 16, 2009). Betty Ford — The Real Deal (requires Adobe Flash; 57 minutes). PBS NewsHour (via Public Broadcasting Service). Retrieved July 10, 2011.
- ^ *Anthony, Carl Sferrazza (1991). First Ladies: The Saga of the Presidents' Wives and Their Power; 1961–1990 (Volume II). New York City: William Morrow and Company. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-688-10562-4.
- ^ a b Steinhauer, Jennifer (December 31, 2006). ""Back in View, a First Lady With Her Own Legacy". The New York Times. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Staff (undated). "Elizabeth "Betty" Ford". Miller Center of Public Affairs. http://millercenter.org/academic/americanpresident/ford/essays/firstlady/elizabeth. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ^ a b Transcript (December 30, 2006). "Special Encore Presentation — Interview with Gerald Ford". Larry King Live. CNN. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0612/30/lkl.01.html. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ^ a b Gibbs, Nancy (July 8, 2011). "Betty Ford, 1918–2011". Time. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Staff (November 4, 1974). "Breast Cancer: Fear and Facts". Time. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
- ^ a b c Staff (July 14, 2011). "After Funeral Service, Betty Ford Buried Next to Husband". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43755302/ns/politics-more_politics/. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Staff (undated). "The Conference". Background material on the documentary film Sisters of '77 (2005), aired on Independent Lens (via Public Broadcasting Service). http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/sistersof77/conference.html. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Barth-Werb, Zoë (July 12, 2011). "Former First Lady and Women's Rights Advocate: Betty Ford". Blog of Rights. ACLU. http://www.aclu.org/blog/womens-rights/former-first-lady-and-womens-rights-advocate-betty-ford. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Smeal, Eleanor (opinion essay) (July 9, 2011). "Betty Ford, Champion of Women's Rights". CNN. http://articles.cnn.com/2011-07-09/opinion/smeal.betty.ford_1_betty-ford-equal-rights-amendment-era-vote?_s=PM:OPINION. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Carabillo, Toni; Meuli, Judith; Csida, June Bundy (1993). Feminist Chronicles 1953–1993. Los Angeles, California: Women's Graphics (via Feminist Majority Foundation). ISBN 978-0-9634912-0-6. http://feminist.org/research/chronicles/fc1981.html. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Stanley, Tim (opinion essay) (July 9, 2011). "Betty Ford's death marks the passing of a lost generation of moderate Republican women". The Daily Telegraph (UK). http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/timstanley/100096173/betty-fords-death-marks-the-passing-of-a-lost-generation-of-moderate-republican-women/. Retrieved January 6, 2012.
- ^ Staff (November 16, 2010). "Heroes of the Presidential Medal of Freedom" (PDF file; requires Adobe Reader; 806 KB). National First Ladies' Library. p. 3. http://www.firstladies.org/documents/Medal_freedom.pdf. Retrieved July 16, 2011. "Betty Ford (1918 – ) ... Presidential Medal of Freedom received November 18, 1991"
- ^ Palm Springs Walk of Stars: By Date Dedicated
- ^ Staff (July 8, 2011). "Former First Lady Betty Ford Dies at Age 93". KPSP-TV. http://www.kpsplocal2.com/Content/Top-Stories/story/Former-First-Lady-Betty-Ford-Dies-at-Age-93/qDNyIl6JokC8f_pQicWXkA.cspx. Retrieved July 10, 2011.
- ^ a b Staff (July 12, 2011). "Betty Ford Memorial Schedule". Detroit Free Press. http://www.freep.com/article/20110712/NEWS08/110712021. Retrieved July 16, 2011.
- ^ Gray, Kathleen; Christoff, Chris (July 14, 2011). "Betty Ford Funeral: Family, Friends Eulogize Former First Lady". Detroit Free Press. http://www.freep.com/article/20110714/NEWS06/110714017. Retrieved July 15, 2011.
External links[link]
- Betty Ford, US Presidential First Lady at Find a Grave
- Betty Ford at the Internet Movie Database
- Remembering Betty Ford — slideshow by Life
- Ford, Betty from Encyclopædia Britannica
| Honorary titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Judy Agnew |
Second Lady of the United States 1973–1974 |
Succeeded by Happy Rockefeller |
| Preceded by Pat Nixon |
First Lady of the United States 1974–1977 |
Succeeded by Rosalynn Carter |
|
|||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ford, Betty |
| Alternative names | Ford, Elizabeth Anne Bloomer |
| Short description | First Lady of the United States, 1974 to 1977 |
| Date of birth | 1918-04-08 |
| Place of birth | Chicago, Illinois, United States |
| Date of death | 2011-07-08 |
| Place of death | Rancho Mirage, California, United States |
http://wn.com/Betty_Ford
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Betty Ford
http://cs.wn.com/Betty Fordová
http://id.wn.com/Betty Ford
http://es.wn.com/Betty Ford
http://ru.wn.com/Форд, Бетти
http://nl.wn.com/Betty Ford
http://pt.wn.com/Betty Ford
http://pl.wn.com/Betty Ford
http://fr.wn.com/Betty Ford
http://de.wn.com/Betty Ford
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Ford
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the actress. For the 1970s television series, see The Mary Tyler Moore Show.
| Mary Tyler Moore | |
|---|---|
 Moore in 1993 |
|
| Born | (1936-12-29) December 29, 1936 (age 75) Brooklyn, New York, U.S. |
| Nationality | American |
| Education | Immaculate Heart High School |
| Occupation | Actress |
| Years active | 1958–present |
| Home town | Minneapolis, Minnesota |
| Television | The Mary Tyler Moore Show The Dick Van Dyke Show |
| Spouse | Dick Meeker (1955–1961) Grant Tinker (1962–1981) Robert Levine (1983–present) |
| Children | Richard Meeker (deceased) |
Mary Tyler Moore (born December 29, 1936) is an American actress, primarily known for her roles in television sitcoms. Moore is best known for The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970–77), in which she starred as Mary Richards, a 30-something single woman who worked as a local news producer in Minneapolis, and for her earlier role as Laura Petrie (Dick Van Dyke's wife) on The Dick Van Dyke Show (1961–66). She also appeared in a number of films, most notably 1980's Ordinary People, in which she played a role that was the polar opposite of the television characters she had portrayed, and for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress. Moore has also been active in charity work and various political causes, particularly around the issues of animal rights and Diabetes mellitus type 1. Mary Tyler Moore was diagnosed with Type 1 diabetes at the beginning of The Mary Tyler Moore Show,[1] and also dealt with alcoholism,[2] which was treated in the 1980s. In May 2011, Moore underwent elective brain surgery to remove a benign meningioma.[3]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Mary Tyler Moore was born in the Brooklyn Heights section of Brooklyn, New York, to George Tyler Moore, a clerk, and his wife Marjorie (Hackett). Her father was Roman Catholic and her mother a Catholic convert.[citation needed] Mary was the eldest of three siblings.[4] Her maternal grandparents were immigrants from England. Her paternal great-grandfather, Lieutenant Colonel Lewis Tilghman Moore, owned the house which is now Stonewall Jackson's Headquarters Museum.[5] Moore's family moved to Los Angeles when she was eight years old. She attended Saint Rose of Lima, a Catholic school in Brooklyn, followed by St. Ambrose School (Los Angeles) and the Immaculate Heart High School (Los Feliz).[6][7]
Career[link]
Television[link]
At the age of 17, Moore aspired to be a dancer. She started her career as "Happy Hotpoint", a tiny elf dancing on Hotpoint appliances in TV commercials during the 1950s series Ozzie and Harriet.[8] She appeared in 39 TV commercials in five days, ultimately earning about $6,000 from her first job.[9] Her time as "Happy Hotpoint" ended when it became difficult to conceal her pregnancy in the dancing elf costume.[8] Moore modeled anonymously on the covers of a number of record albums and auditioned for the role of the older daughter of Danny Thomas for his long-running TV show, but was turned down. Much later, Thomas explained that "no daughter of mine could have that [little] nose."
Moore's first regular television role was as a mysterious and glamorous telephone receptionist on Richard Diamond, Private Detective. To add to the mystique, only her voice was heard and her shapely legs appeared on camera.[10] About this time, she guest-starred on John Cassavetes's NBC detective series Johnny Staccato. In 1960, she guest starred in two episodes, "The O'Mara's Ladies" and "All The O'Mara's Horses", of the William Bendix-Doug McClure NBC western series, Overland Trail. Several months later, she appeared in the first episode, entitled "One Blonde Too Many", of NBC's one-season The Tab Hunter Show, a sitcom starring the former teen idol as a bachelor cartoonist. In 1961, Moore appeared in several big parts in movies and on television, including Bourbon Street Beat, 77 Sunset Strip, Surfside Six, Wanted: Dead or Alive, Steve Canyon, Hawaiian Eye, Thriller and Lock-Up.
In 1961, Carl Reiner cast her in The Dick Van Dyke Show, an acclaimed weekly series based on Reiner's own life and career as a writer for Sid Caesar's television variety show, telling the cast from the outset that it would run no more than five years. The show was produced by Danny Thomas's company, and Thomas himself recommended her. He remembered Mary as "the girl with three names" whom he had turned down earlier.[11] Moore's energetic comic performances as Van Dyke's character's wife, begun at age 24 (eleven years Van Dyke's junior), made both the actress and her signature tight capri pants extremely popular, and she became internationally famous. When she won an Emmy[12] award for her portrayal of Laura Petrie, she said, "I know this will never happen again." Mary Tyler Moore recently stated on The Rachael Ray Show that she was actually 23 years old when she first starred on the Dick Van Dyke Show. She had told producers that she was 24 because she heard that initially Dick Van Dyke had stated that she might be too young for the part.
In 1970, after having appeared earlier in a pivotal one-hour musical special called "Dick Van Dyke and the Other Woman", Moore and husband Grant Tinker successfully pitched a sitcom centered on Moore to CBS. The Mary Tyler Moore Show was a half-hour newsroom sitcom featuring Ed Asner as her gruff boss Lou Grant, a character that would later be spun off into an hour-long dramatic series. The premise of the single working woman's life, alternating during the program between work and home, became a television staple.[11][13] After six years of ratings in the top 20,[14] the show slipped to number #39 during its seventh season. Producers argued for its cancellation because of its falling ratings, afraid that the show's legacy might be damaged if it were renewed for another season. To the surprise of the entire cast including Mary Tyler Moore herself, it was announced that they would soon be filming their final episode. After the announcement, the series finished strongly and the final show was the most watched show during the week it aired. The 1977 season would go on to win an Emmy Award[15] for Outstanding Comedy Series, to add to the awards it had won in 1975 and 1976. The series had become a touchpoint of the Women's Movement because it was one of the first to show, in a serious way, an independent working woman.
After a brief respite, Moore threw herself into a completely different genre. She attempted two unsuccessful series in a row: Mary, which featured David Letterman, Michael Keaton, Swoosie Kurtz and Dick Shawn in the supporting cast and lasted three episodes, which was re-tooled as The Mary Tyler Moore Hour, a backstage show within a show, with Mary portraying a TV star putting on a variety show.[14] To arouse curiosity and nostalgic feelings, Dick Van Dyke appeared as her guest, but the program was canceled within three months. About this time, she also made a one-off musical/variety special for CBS, titled Mary's Incredible Dream,[16] which featured John Ritter, among others. It did poorly in the ratings and, according to Moore, was never repeated and will likely never be aired again because of legal problems surrounding the show.[citation needed]
In the 1985–86 season, she returned to CBS in a series titled Mary, which suffered from poor reviews, sagging ratings, and internal strife within the production crew. According to Moore, she asked CBS to pull the show, as she was unhappy with the direction of the program and the producers.[17] She also starred in the short-lived Annie McGuire in 1988.[18] In the mid-1990s, she had a cameo and a guest starring role as herself on two episodes of Ellen. She subsequently also guest starred on Ellen DeGeneres's next TV show, The Ellen Show, in 2001. In 2004, Moore reunited with her Dick Van Dyke Show castmates for a reunion "episode" called The Dick Van Dyke Show Revisited.[19]
In August 2005, Moore guest-starred as Christine St. George, a high-strung host of a fictional TV show on three episodes of Fox sitcom That '70s Show. Moore's scenes were shot on the same soundstage where The Mary Tyler Moore Show was filmed in the 1970s. Moore made a guest appearance on the season 2 premiere of Hot in Cleveland, which stars her old co-star Betty White.[20] This marked the first time that White and Moore had worked together since The Mary Tyler Moore Show ended in 1977.[21]
Theatre[link]
Moore appeared in several Broadway plays. She starred in Whose Life Is It Anyway with James Naughton, which opened on Broadway at the Royale Theatre on February 24, 1980, and ran for 96 performances, and in Sweet Sue, which opened at the Music Box Theatre (transferred to the Royale Theatre) on Jan. 8, 1988, and ran for 164 performances. She was the star of a new musical version of Breakfast at Tiffany's in December 1966, but the show, titled Holly Golightly, was a notorious flop that closed in previews before opening on Broadway. In reviews of performances in Philadelphia and Boston, critics "murdered" the play in which Moore claimed to be singing with bronchial pneumonia.[22] During the 1980s, Moore and her production company produced five plays: Noises Off, The Octette Bridge Club, Joe Egg, Benefactors, and Safe Sex.[citation needed] She appeared in previews of the Neil Simon play Rose's Dilemma at the off-Broadway Manhattan Theatre Club in December 2003 but quit the production after receiving a critical letter from Simon instructing her to "learn your lines or get out of my play".[23] Moore had been using an earpiece on stage to feed her lines to the repeatedly rewritten play.[24]
Movies[link]
Moore made her film debut in 1961's X-15. She subsequently appeared in a string of 1960s films (after signing an exclusive contract with Universal Pictures), including 1967's Thoroughly Modern Millie with Julie Andrews and 1968's What's So Bad About Feeling Good? with George Peppard, and Don't Just Stand There!.
In 1969, she starred opposite Elvis Presley as a nun in Change of Habit. Moore's future television castmate Ed Asner also appeared in that film (as a cop). After that film's disappointing reviews and reception at the box office, Moore returned to television, and did not appear in another feature film for eleven years. She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for 1980's Ordinary People. Other feature film credits include Just Between Friends and Flirting with Disaster.
She has appeared in a number of television movies, including Like Mother, Like Son, Run a Crooked Mile, Heartsounds, The Gin Game (based on the Broadway play; reuniting her with Dick Van Dyke), Mary and Rhoda, Finnegan Begin Again.[citation needed] and Stolen Babies for which she won an Emmy Award in 1993.[25]
Author[link]
Moore has written two memoirs. The first, After All, released in 1995, in which she acknowledged that she is a recovering alcoholic.[26] The next, Growing Up Again: Life, Loves, and Oh Yeah, Diabetes, was released on April 1, 2009, and focuses on living with type 1 diabetes (St. Martin's Press; ISBN 0-312-37631-6).[27]
Personal life[link]
Family[link]
In 1955, at age 18, she married Richard Carleton Meeker[28] whom Mary described as "the boy next door," and within six weeks was pregnant with her only child, Richard, Jr. (born July 3, 1956). Coincidentally, he was known as "Richie," which was also the name of her TV son on The Dick Van Dyke Show.[29] Meeker and Moore divorced in 1961.[30] Moore married Grant Tinker, a CBS executive (later chairman of NBC), in 1962, and in 1970 they formed the television production company MTM Enterprises,[31] which created and produced the company's first television series, The Mary Tyler Moore Show. Moore and Tinker divorced in 1981.[32] She married Dr. Robert Levine[33] on November 23, 1983, at the Pierre Hotel in New York City.[34] They met when her mother was treated by him in New York City on a weekend housecall, after Moore and her mother returned from a visit to the Vatican where they had personal audience with Pope John Paul II.[35] On October 14, 1980, at the age of 24,[33] Mary's son Richie died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound, accidentally shooting himself in the head while handling a sawed-off shotgun. The gun was later taken off the market because of its "hair trigger".[36] Just before his death, Moore had secured a job for him in the CBS mailroom.
Charity work[link]
In addition to her acting work, Moore is the International Chairman of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International.[37] In this role, she has used her profile to help raise funds and raise awareness of diabetes mellitus type 1, which she has, almost losing her vision and at least one limb to the disease.
In 2007, in honor of Moore's dedication to the Foundation, JDRF created the "Forever Moore" research initiative which will support JDRF's Academic Research and Development and JDRF's Clinical Development Program. The program works on translating basic research advances into new treatments and technologies for those living with type 1 diabetes.[38]
She also adopted a Golden Retriever puppy from Yankee Golden Retriever Rescue in Hudson, Massachusetts.[39] She is an animal rights activist and promoted her cause on the Ellen DeGeneres sitcom Ellen.[40] She has worked for animal rights for many years.[41] She has worked with Farm Sanctuary to raise awareness about the cruelty of factory farming and to promote the compassionate treatment of farm animals.[42]
She is also a co-founder of Broadway Barks, an annual animal adopt-a-thon held in New York City. Moore and friend Bernadette Peters work to make New York City a no-kill city and to promote adopting animals from shelters.[43]
After her work with multiple cat adoption organizations, she herself has adopted over 132 cats that live with her at her ranch.
In honor of her father, George Tyler Moore, a life-long American Civil War enthusiast, in 1995 Moore donated funds to acquire a historic structure in Shepherdstown, West Virginia, for Shepherd College (now Shepherd University) to be used as a center for Civil War studies. The center, named the George Tyler Moore Center for the Study of the Civil War is housed in the historic Conrad Shindler house (ca. 1795), which is named in honor of her great-great-great-grandfather, who owned the structure from 1815–52.[44] Moore also contributed to the renovation of the house used as headquarters during 1861–1862 by Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson. Use of the house had been offered to Jackson by its owner, Lieutenant Colonel Lewis Tilghman Moore, commander of the 4th Virginia Infantry and a great-grandfather of Mary Tyler Moore.[5][45]
Moore supports embryonic stem cell research. When President George W. Bush announced that he would veto the Senate's bill supporting the research, she said, "This is an intelligent human being with a heart, and I don't see how much longer he can deny those aspects of himself."[46]
Politics[link]
During the 1960s and 1970s, Moore could have been described more as a liberal or moderate liberal. However, during a 2011 interview with former castmate Ed Asner on the O'Reilly Factor, Asner stated that Moore "has become much more conservative of late." In fact, Bill O'Reilly admits that Moore had been a major viewer of his show, which describes how her political views had leaned towards the right in recent years.[47] In a Parade article dated March 22, 2009, Moore identified herself as a "libertarian centrist", but does admit to frequently watching Fox News. "...when one looks at what's happened to television, there are so few shows that interest me. I do watch a lot of Fox News. I like Charles Krauthammer and Bill O'Reilly...If McCain had asked me to campaign for him, I would have."[48]
Honors[link]
In 1984, she was awarded the Women in Film Crystal Award.[49] In May 2002, Moore was present as cable TV network TV Land dedicated a statue in downtown Minneapolis to the television character she made famous on Mary Tyler Moore. The statue is in front of the Dayton's (now Macy's) department store, near the corner of 7th Street and Nicollet Mall. It depicts the iconic moment in the show's opening credits where Moore tosses her tam o'shanter in the air, in a freeze-frame at the end of the montage.[50] Moore was awarded the 2011 Screen Actors Guild's lifetime achievement award.[51][52]
Moore was awarded seven Emmy Awards:
- Outstanding Supporting Actress In A Miniseries Or Special - 1993
- Outstanding Lead Actress In A Comedy Series - 1976
- Actress Of The Year-series - 1974
- Best Lead Actress In A Comedy Series - 1974
- Outstanding Continued Performance By An Actress - 1973
- Outstanding Continued Performance By An Actress - 1966
- Outstanding Continued Performance By An Actress - 1964
- Screen Actor's Guild Lifetime Achievement Award - 2012
Moore was awarded three Golden Globe Awards:
- Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - 1981
- Best Performance by an Actress In A Television Series - 1971
- Actress In A Television Series - 1965
MTM Enterprises[link]
Main article: MTM Enterprises
Moore also founded MTM Enterprises, Inc. in 1969. This company produced The Mary Tyler Moore Show and several other television shows and films. It also included a record label, MTM Records.[53] MTM Enterprises later produced popular American sitcoms and drama television series such as Rhoda and Phyllis (both spin-offs from The Mary Tyler Moore Show), The Bob Newhart Show, WKRP in Cincinnati, Hill Street Blues, and Newhart. It was later sold to Television South, an ITV Franchise holder during the 1980s.
The MTM logo was a short video sequence parodying the MGM logo, but with a cat mewing instead of a lion roaring.
Filmography[link]
Television[link]
Film[link]
References[link]
External links[link]
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
http://wn.com/Mary_Tyler_Moore
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Mary Tyler Moore
http://es.wn.com/Mary Tyler Moore
http://ru.wn.com/Мур, Мэри Тайлер
http://nl.wn.com/Mary Tyler Moore
http://pt.wn.com/Mary Tyler Moore
http://pl.wn.com/Mary Tyler Moore
http://fr.wn.com/Mary Tyler Moore
http://de.wn.com/Mary Tyler Moore
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Tyler_Moore
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the U.S. President. For other uses, see Gerald Ford (disambiguation).
| Gerald Ford | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| 38th President of the United States | |
| In office August 9, 1974 – January 20, 1977 |
|
| Vice President | Nelson Rockefeller |
| Preceded by | Richard Nixon |
| Succeeded by | Jimmy Carter |
| 40th Vice President of the United States | |
| In office December 6, 1973 – August 9, 1974 |
|
| President | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | Spiro Agnew |
| Succeeded by | Nelson Rockefeller |
| House Minority Leader | |
| In office January 3, 1965 – December 6, 1973 |
|
| Deputy | Leslie Arends |
| Preceded by | Charles Halleck |
| Succeeded by | John Rhodes |
| Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Michigan's 5th district |
|
| In office January 3, 1949 – December 6, 1973 |
|
| Preceded by | Bartel Jonkman |
| Succeeded by | Richard Vander Veen |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Leslie Lynch King, Jr. (1913-07-14)July 14, 1913 Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. |
| Died | December 26, 2006(2006-12-26) (aged 93) Rancho Mirage, California, U.S.[1] |
| Resting place | Gerald R. Ford Museum |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse(s) | Betty Bloomer (1948–2006) |
| Children | Michael John Steven Susan |
| Alma mater | University of Michigan Yale Law School |
| Profession | Lawyer |
| Religion | Episcopal |
| Signature |  |
| Military service | |
| Service/branch | United States Navy |
| Years of service | 1942–1946 |
| Rank | Lieutenant Commander |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal American Campaign Medal World War II Victory Medal |
Gerald Rudolph "Jerry" Ford, Jr. (born Leslie Lynch King, Jr.; July 14, 1913 – December 26, 2006) was the 38th President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the 40th Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974. As the first person appointed to the vice-presidency under the terms of the 25th Amendment (after Spiro Agnew had resigned), when he became President upon Richard Nixon's resignation on August 9, 1974, he became the only President of the United States who was never elected President nor Vice-President by the Electoral College. Before ascending to the vice-presidency, Ford served nearly 25 years as the Representative from Michigan's 5th congressional district, eight of them as the Republican Minority Leader.
As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War. With the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U.S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over arguably the weakest economy since the Great Depression, with growing inflation and a recession during his tenure.[2] One of his more controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Ford's incumbency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, and by the corresponding curb on the powers of the President.[3] In 1976, Ford narrowly defeated Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination, but lost the presidential election to Democrat Jimmy Carter.
Following his years as president, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. After experiencing health problems, Ford died in his home on December 26, 2006. He lived longer than any other U.S. president, living 93 years and 165 days.
Contents
|
Early life[link]
Childhood[link]
Ford was born Leslie Lynch King, Jr., on July 14, 1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. His mother was Dorothy Ayer Gardner, and his father was Leslie Lynch King, Sr., a wool trader and son of prominent banker Charles Henry King and Martha King. Dorothy separated from King just sixteen days after her son's birth. She took her son with her to the Oak Park, Illinois home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, Clarence Haskins James. From there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Dorothy and King divorced in December 1913; she gained full custody of her son. Ford's paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930.[4]
Ford later said his biological father had a history of hitting his mother.[5] James M. Cannon, a member of the Ford administration, wrote in a Ford biography that the Kings' separation and divorce were sparked when, a few days after Ford's birth, Leslie King threatened Dorothy with a butcher knife and threatened to kill her, Ford, and Ford's nursemaid. Ford later told confidantes that his father had first hit his mother on their honeymoon for smiling at another man.[6]
After two and a half years with her parents, on February 1, 1916, Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford, a salesman in a family-owned paint and varnish company. They then called her son Gerald Rudolff Ford, Jr. The future president was never formally adopted, however, and he did not legally change his name until December 3, 1935; he also used a more conventional spelling of his middle name.[7] He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half brothers by his mother's second marriage: Thomas Gardner Ford (1918–1995), Richard Addison Ford (born 1924), and James Francis Ford (1927–2001).
Ford also had three half-siblings from his father's second marriage: Marjorie King (1921–1993), Leslie Henry King (1923–1976), and Patricia Jane King (born 1925). They never saw one another as children and he did not know them at all. Ford was not aware of his biological father until he was 17, when his parents told him about the circumstances of his birth. That year his father Leslie King, whom Ford described as a "carefree, well-to-do man who didn't really give a damn about the hopes and dreams of his firstborn son", approached Ford while he was waiting tables in a Grand Rapids restaurant. The two "maintained a sporadic contact" until Leslie King, Sr.'s death.[5][8]
Ford maintained his distance emotionally, saying, "My stepfather was a magnificent person and my mother equally wonderful. So I couldn't have written a better prescription for a superb family upbringing."[9]
Scouting and athletics[link]
Ford was involved in The Boy Scouts of America, and earned that program's highest rank, Eagle Scout.[10] In later years, Ford received the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in May 1970 and Silver Buffalo Award from the Boy Scouts of America. He is the only U.S. president who is an Eagle Scout.[10] Scouting was so important to Ford that his family asked that Scouts participate in his funeral. About 400 Eagle Scouts were part of the funeral procession, where they formed an honor guard as the casket went by in front of the museum. A few selected scouts served as ushers inside the National Cathedral.[11]
Ford attended Grand Rapids South High School and was a star athlete and captain of his football team.[12] In 1930, he was selected to the All-City team of the Grand Rapids City League. He also attracted the attention of college recruiters.[9]
Attending the University of Michigan as an undergraduate, Ford played center and linebacker for the school's football team[13] and helped the Wolverines to undefeated seasons and national titles in 1932 and 1933. The team suffered a steep decline in his 1934 senior year, however, winning only one game. Ford was the team's star nonetheless, and after a game during which Michigan held heavily favored Minnesota (the eventual national champion) to a scoreless tie in the first half, assistant coach Bennie Oosterbaan later said, "When I walked into the dressing room at half time, I had tears in my eyes I was so proud of them. Ford and [Cedric] Sweet played their hearts out. They were everywhere on defense." Ford later recalled, "During 25 years in the rough-and-tumble world of politics, I often thought of the experiences before, during, and after that game in 1934. Remembering them has helped me many times to face a tough situation, take action, and make every effort possible despite adverse odds." His teammates later voted Ford their most valuable player, with one assistant coach noting, "They felt Jerry was one guy who would stay and fight in a losing cause."[14]
During the same season, in a game against the University of Chicago, Ford "became the only future U.S. president to tackle a future Heisman Trophy winner when he brought down running back Jay Berwanger, who would win the first Heisman the following year."[15] In 1934, Ford was selected for the Eastern Team on the Shriner's East West Crippled Children game at San Francisco (a benefit for crippled children), played on January 1, 1935. As part of the 1935 Collegiate All-Star football team, Ford played against the Chicago Bears in an exhibition game at Soldier Field.[16] By virtue of Ford's later career as President of the United States, the University of Michigan retired Ford's No.48 jersey in 1994.
Ford remained interested in football and his school throughout life, occasionally attending games. Ford also visited with players and coaches during practices, at one point asking to join the players in the huddle.[17] Ford often had the Naval band play the University of Michigan fight song, The Victors, before state events instead of Hail to the Chief.[18] He also selected the song to be played during his funeral procession at the U.S. Capitol.[19] On his death in December 2006, the University of Michigan Marching Band played the fight song for him one final time, for his last ride from the Gerald R. Ford Airport in Grand Rapids, Michigan.[20]
Ford was also an avid golfer. In 1977, he shot a hole in one during a Pro-am held in conjunction with the Danny Thomas Memphis Classic at Colonial Country Club in Memphis, Tennessee. He received the 1985 Old Tom Morris Award from the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, GCSAA's highest honor.[21]
Education[link]
At Michigan, Ford became a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity (Omicron chapter) and washed dishes at his fraternity house to earn money for college expenses. Following his graduation in 1935 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics, he turned down contract offers from the Detroit Lions and Green Bay Packers of the National Football League to take a coaching position at Yale and apply to its law school.[22] Ford continued to contribute to football and boxing, accepting an assistant coaching job for both at Yale in September 1935.[23]
Ford hoped to attend Yale's law school beginning in 1935 while serving as boxing coach and assistant varsity football coach. Yale officials at first denied his admission to the law school, because of his full-time coaching responsibilities. He spent the summer of 1937 as a student at the University of Michigan Law School[24] and was eventually admitted in spring 1938 to Yale Law School.[25] Ford earned his LL.B. degree in 1941 (later amended to Juris Doctor), graduating in the top 25 percent of his class. His introduction to politics came in the summer of 1940 when he worked in Wendell Willkie's presidential campaign. While attending Yale Law School, he joined a group of students led by R. Douglas Stuart, Jr., and signed a petition to enforce the 1939 Neutrality Act. The petition was circulated nationally and was the inspiration for the America First Committee, a group determined to keep the U.S. out of World War II.[26]
Ford graduated from law school in 1941, and was admitted to the Michigan bar shortly thereafter. In May 1941, he opened a Grand Rapids law practice with a friend, Philip W. Buchen,[23] who would later serve as Ford's White House counsel. But overseas developments caused a change in plans, and Ford responded to the attack on Pearl Harbor by enlisting in the Navy.[27]
Naval service in World War II[link]
Ford received a commission as ensign in the U.S. Naval Reserve on April 13, 1942. On April 20, he reported for active duty to the V-5 instructor school at Annapolis, Maryland. After one month of training, he went to Navy Preflight School in Chapel Hill, North Carolina, where he was one of 83 instructors and taught elementary navigation skills, ordnance, gunnery, first aid and military drill. In addition, he coached in all nine sports that were offered, but mostly in swimming, boxing and football. During the one year he was at the Preflight School, he was promoted to Lieutenant Junior Grade on June 2, 1942, and to Lieutenant in March 1943.
Applying for sea duty, Ford was sent in May 1943 to the pre-commissioning detachment for the new aircraft carrier USS Monterey (CVL-26), at New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey. From the ship's commissioning on June 17, 1943, until the end of December 1944, Ford served as the assistant navigator, Athletic Officer, and antiaircraft battery officer on board the Monterey. While he was on board, the carrier participated in many actions in the Pacific Theater with the Third and Fifth Fleets in late 1943 and 1944. In 1943, the carrier helped secure Makin Island in the Gilberts, and participated in carrier strikes against Kavieng, New Ireland in 1943. During the spring of 1944, the Monterey supported landings at Kwajalein and Eniwetok and participated in carrier strikes in the Marianas, Western Carolines, and northern New Guinea, as well as in the Battle of the Philippine Sea.[28] After overhaul, from September to November 1944, aircraft from the Monterey launched strikes against Wake Island, participated in strikes in the Philippines and Ryukyus, and supported the landings at Leyte and Mindoro.[28]
Although the ship was not damaged by Japanese forces, the Monterey was one of several ships damaged by the typhoon that hit Admiral William Halsey's Third Fleet on December 18–19, 1944. The Third Fleet lost three destroyers and over 800 men during the typhoon. The Monterey was damaged by a fire, which was started by several of the ship's aircraft tearing loose from their cables and colliding on the hangar deck. During the storm, Ford narrowly avoided becoming a casualty himself. As he was going to his battle station on the bridge of the ship in the early morning of December 18, the ship rolled twenty-five degrees, which caused Ford to lose his footing and slide toward the edge of the deck. The two-inch steel ridge around the edge of the carrier slowed him enough so he could roll, and he twisted into the catwalk below the deck. As he later stated, "I was lucky; I could have easily gone overboard."
Because of the extent of the fires, Admiral Halsey ordered Captain Ingersoll to abandon ship. Instead Captain Ingersoll ordered Ford to lead a fire brigade below. After five hours he and his team had put out the fire.
After the fire the Monterey was declared unfit for service, and the crippled carrier reached Ulithi on December 21 before continuing across the Pacific to Bremerton, Washington where it underwent repairs. On December 24, 1944, at Ulithi, Ford was detached from the ship and sent to the Navy Pre-Flight School at Saint Mary's College of California, where he was assigned to the Athletic Department until April 1945. One of his duties was to coach football. From the end of April 1945 to January 1946, he was on the staff of the Naval Reserve Training Command, Naval Air Station, Glenview, Illinois as the Staff Physical and Military Training Officer. On October 3, 1945, he was promoted to Lieutenant Commander. In January 1946, he was sent to the Separation Center, Great Lakes to be processed out. He was released from active duty under honorable conditions on February 23, 1946. On June 28, 1946, the Secretary of the Navy accepted Ford's resignation from the Naval Reserve.
For his naval service, Gerald Ford earned the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with nine engagement stars for operations in the Gilbert Islands, Bismarck Archipelago, Marshall Islands, Asiatic and Pacific carrier raids, Hollandia, Marianas, Western Carolines, Western New Guinea, and the Leyte Operation. He also received the Philippine Liberation Medal with two bronze stars for Leyte and Mindoro, as well as the American Campaign and World War II Victory Medals.[27]
Ford was a member of several civic organizations, including the American Legion, AMVETS, Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, Sons of the Revolution,[29] and Veterans of Foreign Wars.
Gerald R. Ford was initiated into Freemasonry on September 30, 1949.[30] He later said in 1975, "When I took my obligation as a master mason—incidentally, with my three younger brothers—I recalled the value my own father attached to that order. But I had no idea that I would ever be added to the company of the Father of our Country and 12 other members of the order who also served as Presidents of the United States."[31]
Marriage and children[link]
On October 15, 1948, at Grace Episcopal Church in Grand Rapids, Ford married Elizabeth Bloomer Warren (1918–2011), a department store fashion consultant. Warren had been a John Robert Powers fashion model and a dancer in the auxiliary troupe of the Martha Graham Dance Company. She had previously been married to and divorced from William G. Warren.
At the time of his engagement, Ford was campaigning for what would be his first of thirteen terms as a member of the United States House of Representatives. The wedding was delayed until shortly before the elections because, as The New York Times reported in a 1974 profile of Betty Ford, "Jerry was running for Congress and wasn't sure how voters might feel about his marrying a divorced ex-dancer."[32]
The couple had four children:
- Michael Gerald, born in 1950
- John Gardner, known as Jack, born in 1952
- Steven Meigs, born in 1956
- Susan Elizabeth, born in 1957
House of Representatives[link]
After returning to Grand Rapids, Ford became active in local Republican politics, and supporters urged him to take on Bartel J. Jonkman, the incumbent Republican congressman. Military service had changed his view of the world; "I came back a converted internationalist", Ford wrote, "and of course our congressman at that time was an avowed, dedicated isolationist. And I thought he ought to be replaced. Nobody thought I could win. I ended up winning two to one."[9] During his first campaign in 1948, Ford visited voters at their doorsteps and as they left the factories where they worked.[33] Ford also visited local farms where, in one instance, a wager resulted in Ford spending two weeks milking cows following his election victory.[34] Ford was known to his colleagues in the House as a "Congressman's Congressman".[35]
Ford was a member of the House of Representatives for twenty-five years, holding the Grand Rapids congressional district seat from 1949 to 1973. It was a tenure largely notable for its modesty. As an editorial in The New York Times described him, Ford "saw himself as a negotiator and a reconciler, and the record shows it: he did not write a single piece of major legislation in his entire career".[36] Appointed to the House Appropriations Committee two years after being elected, he was a prominent member of the Defense Appropriations Subcommittee. Ford described his philosophy as "a moderate in domestic affairs, an internationalist in foreign affairs, and a conservative in fiscal policy".[37]
In the early 1950s, Ford declined offers to run for both the Senate and the Michigan governorship. Rather, his ambition was to become Speaker of the House.[38]
Warren Commission[link]
Further information: Warren Commission and Assassination of John F. Kennedy
In November 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Ford to the Warren Commission, a special task force set up to investigate the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Ford was assigned to prepare a biography of Lee Harvey Oswald, the accused assassin.[39] The Commission's work continues to be debated in the public arena.
In the preface to his book, A Presidential Legacy and The Warren Commission, Ford said the CIA destroyed or kept from investigators critical secrets connected to the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy. He said the commission's probe put "certain classified and potentially damaging operations in danger of being exposed". The CIA's reaction, he added, "was to hide or destroy some information, which can easily be misinterpreted as collusion in JFK's assassination".[40]
According to a 1963 FBI memo released in 2008, Ford secretly provided the FBI with information about two of his fellow commission members, both of whom were doubtful about the FBI's conclusions about the assassination.[41] The FBI position was that President Kennedy was shot by a single gunman firing from the Texas Book Depository. Another 1963 memo released in 1978 stated that Representative Ford volunteered to advise the FBI regarding the content of the commission's deliberations if his involvement with the bureau was kept confidential, a condition which the bureau approved.[42] Ford was an outspoken proponent of the single-assassin theory.[43] According to the same reports, Ford had strong ties to the FBI and J. Edgar Hoover.[43]
House Minority Leader[link]
File:Ford in meeting with Nixon.png
Ford meets with President Richard Nixon as House Minority Leader.
In 1964, Democratic President Lyndon Johnson led a landslide victory for his party, securing another term as president and taking 36 seats from Republicans in the House of Representatives. Following the election, members of the Republican caucus looked to select a new Minority Leader. Three members approached Ford to see if he would be willing to serve; after consulting with his family, he agreed. After a closely contested election, Ford was chosen to replace Charles Halleck of Indiana as Minority Leader.[44]
The Republicans had 140 seats in the House compared with the 295 seats held by the Democrats. Consequently, the Johnson Administration proposed and passed a series of programs termed by President Johnson as the "Great Society". During the first session of the Eighty-ninth Congress alone, the Johnson Administration submitted eighty-seven bills to Congress, and Johnson signed eighty-four, or 96%, arguably the most successful legislative agenda in U.S. Congressional history.[45]
Criticism over the Johnson Administration's handling of the Vietnam War began to grow in 1966, with Ford and Congressional Republicans expressing concern that the United States was not doing what was necessary to win the war. Public sentiment also began to move against Johnson, and the 1966 midterm elections saw a 47-seat swing in favor of the Republicans. This was not enough to give Republicans a majority in the House, but the victory did give Ford the opportunity to prevent the passage of further Great Society programs.[44]
Ford's private criticism of the Vietnam War became public following a speech from the floor of the House, in which he questioned whether the White House had a clear plan to bring the war to a successful conclusion.[44] The speech angered President Johnson, who accused Ford of playing "too much football without a helmet".[44][46]
As Minority Leader in the House, Ford appeared in a popular series of televised press conferences with famed Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen, in which they proposed Republican alternatives to Johnson's policies. Many in the press jokingly called this "The Ev and Jerry Show".[47] Johnson said at the time, "Jerry Ford is so dumb he can't fart and chew gum at the same time."[48] The press, used to sanitizing LBJ's salty language, reported this as "Gerald Ford can't walk and chew gum at the same time."[49]
Ford's role shifted under President Nixon to being an advocate for the White House agenda. Congress passed several of Nixon's proposals, including the National Environmental Policy Act and the Tax Reform Act of 1969. Another high-profile victory for the Republican minority was the State and Local Fiscal Assistance act. Passed in 1972, the act established a Revenue Sharing program for state and local governments.[50] Ford's leadership was instrumental in shepherding revenue sharing through Congress, and resulted in a bipartisan coalition that supported the bill with 223 votes in favor (compared with 185 against).[44][51]
During the eight years (1965–1973) he served as Minority Leader, Ford won many friends in the House because of his fair leadership and inoffensive personality.[44] An office building in the U.S. Capitol Complex, House Annex 2, was renamed for Gerald Ford as the Ford House Office Building.
Vice Presidency, 1973–74[link]
On October 10, 1973, Vice President Agnew resigned and then pleaded no contest to criminal charges of tax evasion and money laundering, part of a negotiated resolution to a scheme in which he accepted $29,500 in bribes while governor of Maryland. According to The New York Times, "Nixon sought advice from senior Congressional leaders about a replacement. The advice was unanimous. 'We gave Nixon no choice but Ford,' House Speaker Carl Albert recalled later".[36]
Ford was nominated to take Agnew's position on October 12, the first time the vice-presidential vacancy provision of the 25th Amendment had been implemented. The United States Senate voted 92 to 3 to confirm Ford on November 27. Only three Senators, all Democrats, voted against Ford's confirmation: Gaylord Nelson of Wisconsin, Thomas Eagleton of Missouri and William Hathaway of Maine. On December 6, the House confirmed Ford by a vote of 387 to 35. One hour after the confirmation vote in the House, Ford took the oath of office as Vice President of the United States. Ford's brief tenure as Vice-President was little noted by the media as reporters were preoccupied by the continuing revelations about the Watergate scandal—a political scandal resulting from the discovery of a series of crimes committed during the 1972 presidential election and allegations of cover-ups by the White House.
Following Ford's appointment, the Watergate investigation continued until Chief of Staff Alexander Haig contacted Ford on August 1, 1974, and told him that "smoking gun" evidence had been found. The evidence left little doubt that President Nixon had been a part of the Watergate cover-up. At the time, Ford and his wife, Betty, were living in suburban Virginia, waiting for their expected move into the newly-designated vice president's residence in Washington, D.C. However, "Al Haig [asked] to come over and see me," Ford later related, "to tell me that there would be a new tape released on a Monday, and he said the evidence in there was devastating and there would probably be either an impeachment or a resignation. And he said, 'I'm just warning you that you've got to be prepared, that things might change dramatically and you could become President.' And I said, 'Betty, I don't think we're ever going to live in the vice president's house.'"[9]
Presidency, 1974–77[link]
Accession[link]
When Nixon resigned on August 9, 1974, Ford assumed the presidency, making him the only person to assume the presidency without having been previously voted into either the presidential or vice presidential office. Immediately after taking the oath of office in the East Room of the White House, he spoke to the assembled audience in a speech broadcast live to the nation.[52] Ford noted the peculiarity of his position: "I am acutely aware that you have not elected me as your president by your ballots, and so I ask you to confirm me as your president with your prayers."[53] He went on to state:
I have not sought this enormous responsibility, but I will not shirk it. Those who nominated and confirmed me as Vice President were my friends and are my friends. They were of both parties, elected by all the people and acting under the Constitution in their name. It is only fitting then that I should pledge to them and to you that I will be the President of all the people.[54]
He also stated:
My fellow Americans, our long national nightmare is over. Our Constitution works; our great Republic is a government of laws and not of men. Here, the people rule. But there is a higher Power, by whatever name we honor Him, who ordains not only righteousness but love, not only justice, but mercy. ... let us restore the golden rule to our political process, and let brotherly love purge our hearts of suspicion and hate.[55]
A portion of the speech would later be memorialized with a plaque at the entrance to his presidential museum.
On August 20, Ford nominated former New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller to fill the vice presidency he had vacated.[56] Rockefeller's top competitor had been George H. W. Bush. Rockefeller underwent extended hearings before Congress, which caused embarrassment when it was revealed he made large gifts to senior aides, such as Henry Kissinger. Although conservative Republicans were not pleased that Rockefeller was picked, most of them voted for his confirmation, and his nomination passed both the House and Senate. Some, including Barry Goldwater, voted against him.[57]
Pardon of Nixon[link]
 |
Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
On September 8, 1974, Ford issued Proclamation 4311, which gave Nixon a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes he may have committed against the United States while President.[58][59][60] In a televised broadcast to the nation, Ford explained that he felt the pardon was in the best interests of the country, and that the Nixon family's situation "is a tragedy in which we all have played a part. It could go on and on and on, or someone must write the end to it. I have concluded that only I can do that, and if I can, I must."[61] When he announced the Nixon pardon, Ford also introduced a conditional amnesty program for Vietnam War draft dodgers who had fled to countries such as Canada.[62] Full pardon, however, did not come about until the Jimmy Carter Presidency.[63]
The Nixon pardon was highly controversial. Critics derided the move and claimed a "corrupt bargain" had been struck between the men.[9] They claimed Ford's pardon was granted in exchange for Nixon's resignation that elevated Ford to the Presidency. According to Bob Woodward, Nixon Chief of Staff Alexander Haig proposed a pardon deal to Ford. He later decided to pardon Nixon for other reasons, primarily the friendship he and Nixon shared.[64] Regardless, historians believe the controversy was one of the major reasons Ford lost the election in 1976, an observation with which Ford agreed.[64] In an editorial at the time, The New York Times stated that the Nixon pardon was "a profoundly unwise, divisive and unjust act" that in a stroke had destroyed the new president's "credibility as a man of judgment, candor and competence".[36]
Ford's first press secretary and close friend Jerald Franklin terHorst resigned his post in protest after President Nixon's full pardon. Ford also voluntarily appeared before Congress on October 17, 1974 to give sworn testimony—the only time a sitting president has done so—about the pardon.[23]
After Ford left the White House in 1977, intimates said that the former President privately justified his pardon of Nixon by carrying in his wallet a portion of the text of Burdick v. United States, a 1915 U.S. Supreme Court decision which stated that a pardon indicated a presumption of guilt, and that acceptance of a pardon was tantamount to a confession of that guilt.[64] In 2001, the John F. Kennedy Library Foundation awarded the John F. Kennedy Profile in Courage Award to Ford for his pardon of Nixon.[65] In presenting the award to Ford, Senator Ted Kennedy said that he had initially been opposed to the pardon of Nixon, but later stated that history had proved Ford to have made the correct decision.[66]
File:Pardon4313.jpg
Pardon given by President Ford under Proclamation 4313.
Presidential Proclamation 4313[link]
On September 16, 1974 President Ford announced a program for the Return of Vietnam Era Draft Evaders and Military Deserters.[67] This proved to be controversial, as it provided a means for those who were against the Vietnam War to erase any remaining criminal charges and for those who were given punitive discharges as a result of being against the war to have them converted to Clemency Discharges. The Proclamation established a Clemency Board to review the records and make recommendations for receiving a Presidential Pardon and a change in Military discharge status.
Administration and cabinet[link]
Upon assuming office, Ford inherited Nixon's cabinet. During Ford's brief administration, only Secretary of State Kissinger and Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon remained. Ford appointed William Coleman as Secretary of Transportation, the second black man to serve in a presidential cabinet (after Robert Clifton Weaver) and the first appointed in a Republican administration.[68]
| The Ford Cabinet | ||
|---|---|---|
| OFFICE | NAME | TERM |
|
|
||
| President | Gerald Ford | 1974–1977 |
| Vice President | Nelson Rockefeller | 1974–1977 |
|
|
||
| State | Henry Kissinger | 1974–1977 |
| Treasury | William E. Simon | 1974–1977 |
| Defense | James R. Schlesinger | 1974–1975 |
| Donald Rumsfeld | 1975–1977 | |
| Justice | William B. Saxbe | 1974–1975 |
| Edward Levi | 1975–1977 | |
| Interior | Rogers Morton | 1974–1975 |
| Stanley K. Hathaway | 1975 | |
| Thomas S. Kleppe | 1975–1977 | |
| Agriculture | Earl Butz | 1974–1976 |
| John Albert Knebel | 1976–1977 | |
| Commerce | Frederick B. Dent | 1974–1975 |
| Rogers Morton | 1975 | |
| Elliot Richardson | 1975–1977 | |
| Labor | Peter J. Brennan | 1974–1975 |
| John Thomas Dunlop | 1975–1976 | |
| William Usery, Jr. | 1976–1977 | |
| HEW | Caspar Weinberger | 1974–1975 |
| F. David Mathews | 1975–1977 | |
| HUD | James Thomas Lynn | 1974–1975 |
| Carla Anderson Hills | 1975–1977 | |
| Transportation | Claude Brinegar | 1974–1975 |
| William Thaddeus Coleman, Jr. | 1975–1977 | |
Other cabinet-level posts:
- White House Chief of Staff
- Alexander Haig (1974)
- Donald Rumsfeld (1974–1975)
- Dick Cheney (1975–1977)
- Director of the Office of Management and Budget
- Roy Ash (1974–1975)
- James T. Lynn (1975–1977)
- United States Trade Representative
- William D. Eberle (1974–1975)
- Frederick B. Dent (1975–1977)
- Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency
- Russell E. Train (1974–1977)
- United States Ambassador to the United Nations
- John A. Scali (1974–1975)
- Daniel Patrick Moynihan (1975–1976)
- William Scranton (1976–1977)
Other important posts:
- United States National Security Advisor
- Henry Kissinger (1974–1975)
- Brent Scowcroft (1975–1977)
- Director of Central Intelligence
- William E. Colby (1974–1976)
- George H. W. Bush (1976–1977)
- Press Secretary
- Jerald ter Horst (1974)
- Ronald H. Nessen (1974–1977)
Ford selected George H.W. Bush as Chief of the US Liaison Office to the People's Republic of China in 1974, and then Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in late 1975.[69]
Ford's transition chairman and first Chief of Staff was former congressman and ambassador Donald Rumsfeld. In 1975, Rumsfeld was named by Ford as the youngest-ever Secretary of Defense. Ford chose a young Wyoming politician, Richard Cheney, to replace Rumsfeld as his new Chief of Staff and later campaign manager for Ford's 1976 presidential campaign.[70] Ford's dramatic reorganization of his Cabinet in the fall of 1975 has been referred to by political commentators as the "Halloween Massacre".
Midterm elections[link]
Main articles: United States House elections, 1974 and United States Senate elections, 1974
The 1974 Congressional midterm elections took place fewer than three months after Ford assumed office and in the wake of the Watergate scandal. The Democratic Party turned voter dissatisfaction into large gains in the House elections, taking 49 seats from the Republican Party, and increasing their majority to 291 of the 435 seats. This was one more than the number needed (290) for a two-thirds majority, necessary to override a Presidential veto (or to propose a constitutional amendment). Perhaps due in part to this fact, the 94th Congress overrode the highest percentage of vetoes since Andrew Johnson was President of the United States (1865–1869).[71] Even Ford's old, reliably Republican seat was taken by Democrat Richard Vander Veen, defeating Republican Robert VanderLaan. In the Senate elections, the Democratic majority became 61 in the 100-seat body.[72]
Domestic policy[link]
The economy was a great concern during the Ford administration. One of the first acts the new president took to deal with the economy was to create the Economic Policy Board by Executive Order on September 30, 1974.[73] In response to rising inflation, Ford went before the American public in October 1974 and asked them to "Whip Inflation Now". As part of this program, he urged people to wear "WIN" buttons.[74] At the time, inflation was believed to be the primary threat to the economy, more so than growing unemployment. They felt as though controlling inflation would work to fix unemployment.[73] To rein in inflation, it was necessary to control the public's spending. To try to mesh service and sacrifice, "WIN" called for Americans to reduce their spending and consumption.[75] On October 4, 1974, Ford gave a speech in front of a joint session of Congress and as a part of this speech kicked off the "WIN" campaign. Over the next nine days 101,240 Americans mailed in "WIN" pledges.[73] In hindsight, this was viewed as simply a public relations gimmick without offering any means of solving the underlying problems.[76] The main point of that speech was to introduce to Congress a one-year, five-percent income tax increase on corporations and wealthy individuals. This plan would also take $4.4 billion out of the budget bringing federal spending below $300 billion.[77] At the time, inflation was approximately seven percent.[78]
Ford was confronted with a potential swine flu pandemic. In the early 1970s, an influenza strain H1N1 shifted from a form of flu that affected primarily pigs and crossed over to humans. On February 5, 1976, an army recruit at Fort Dix mysteriously died and four fellow soldiers were hospitalized; health officials announced that "swine flu" was the cause. Soon after, public health officials in the Ford administration urged that every person in the United States be vaccinated.[79] Although the vaccination program was plagued by delays and public relations problems, some 25% of the population was vaccinated by the time the program was canceled in December of that year. The vaccine was blamed for twenty-five deaths; more people died from the shots than from the swine flu.[80]
Ford was an outspoken supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment, issuing Presidential Proclamation no. 4383 in 1975:
In this Land of the Free, it is right, and by nature it ought to be, that all men and all women are equal before the law. Now, therefore, I, Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States of America, to remind all Americans that it is fitting and just to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment adopted by the Congress of the United States of America, in order to secure legal equality for all women and men, do hereby designate and proclaim August 26, 1975, as Women's Equality Day.[81]
As president, Ford's position on abortion was that he supported "a federal constitutional amendment that would permit each one of the 50 States to make the choice".[82] This had also been his position as House Minority Leader in response to the 1973 Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, which he opposed.[83] Ford came under criticism for a 60 Minutes interview his wife Betty gave in 1975, in which she stated that Roe v. Wade was a "great, great decision".[84] During his later life, Ford would identify as pro-choice.[85]
Budget[link]
The federal budget ran a deficit every year Ford was President.[86] Despite his reservations about how the program ultimately would be funded in an era of tight public budgeting, Ford signed the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, which established special education throughout the United States. Ford expressed "strong support for full educational opportunities for our handicapped children" according to the official White House press release for the bill signing.[87]
The economic focus began to change as the country sank into a mild recession. The focus of the Ford administration became fixing the increase in unemployment, which hit 7.2 percent in December 1974. In January 1975, Ford proposed a 1 year tax reduction of $16 billion to stimulate economic growth, along with spending cuts to avoid inflation.[77] Ford was criticized greatly for quickly switching from advocating a tax increase to a tax reduction. In Congress, the proposed amount of the tax reduction increased to $22.8 billion in tax cuts and lacked spending cuts.[73] In March 1975, Congress passed, and Ford signed into law, these income tax rebates as part of the Tax Reduction Act of 1975. This resulted in a federal deficit of around $53 billion for the 1975 fiscal year and $73.7 billion for 1976.[88]
When New York City faced bankruptcy in 1975, Mayor Abraham Beame was unsuccessful in obtaining Ford's support for a federal bailout. The incident prompted the New York Daily News' famous headline "Ford to City: Drop Dead", referring to a speech in which "Ford declared flatly ... that he would veto any bill calling for 'a federal bail-out of New York City'".[89][90] The following month, November 1975, Ford changed his stance and asked Congress to approve federal loans to New York City.[91]
Foreign policy[link]
Ford continued the détente policy with both the Soviet Union and China, easing the tensions of the Cold War. Still in place from the Nixon Administration was the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT).[92] The thawing relationship brought about by Nixon's visit to China was reinforced by Ford's December 1975 visit to the communist country.[93] In 1975, the Administration entered into the Helsinki Accords[94] with the Soviet Union, creating the framework of the Helsinki Watch, an independent non-governmental organization created to monitor compliance that later evolved into Human Rights Watch.[95]
Ford attended the inaugural meeting of the Group of Seven (G7) industrialized nations (initially the G5) in 1975 and secured membership for Canada. Ford supported international solutions to issues. "We live in an interdependent world and, therefore, must work together to resolve common economic problems," he said in a 1974 speech.[96]
Middle East[link]
In the Middle East and eastern Mediterranean, two ongoing international disputes developed into crises. The Cyprus dispute turned into a crisis with the Turkish invasion of Cyprus, causing extreme strain within the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance. In mid-August, the government withdrew Greece from the NATO military structure; in mid-September 1974, the Senate and House of Representatives overwhelmingly voted to halt military aid to Turkey. Ford, concerned with both the effect of this on Turkish-American relations and the deterioration of security on NATO's eastern front, vetoed the bill. A second bill was passed by the house, and vetoed, although a compromise was accepted to continue aid until the end of the year.[3] As Ford expected, Turkish relations were considerably disrupted until 1978.
In the continuing Arab-Israeli conflict, although the initial cease fire had been implemented to end active conflict in the Yom Kippur War, Kissinger's continuing shuttle diplomacy was showing little progress. Ford considered it "stalling" and wrote, "Their [Israeli] tactics frustrated the Egyptians and made me mad as hell."[97] During Kissinger's shuttle to Israel in early March 1975, a last minute reversal to consider further withdrawal, prompted a cable from Ford to Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, which included:
I wish to express my profound disappointment over Israel's attitude in the course of the negotiations ... Failure of the negotiation will have a far reaching impact on the region and on our relations. I have given instructions for a reassessment of United States policy in the region, including our relations with Israel, with the aim of ensuring that overall American interests ... are protected. You will be notified of our decision.[98]
On March 24, Ford received congressional leaders of both parties and informed them of the reassessment of the administration policies in the Middle East. "Reassessment", in practical terms, meant to cancel or suspend further aid to Israel. For six months between March and September 1975, the United States refused to conclude any new arms agreements with Israel. Rabin notes it was "an innocent-sounding term that heralded one of the worst periods in American-Israeli relations".[99] As could be expected, the announced reassessments upset the American Jewish community and Israel's well-wishers in Congress. On May 21, Ford "experienced a real shock", seventy-six senators wrote him a letter urging him to be "responsive" to Israel's request for $2.59 billion in military and economic aid. Ford felt truly annoyed and thought the chance for peace was jeopardized. It was, since the September 1974 ban on arms to Turkey, the second major congressional intrusion upon the President's [foreign policy] prerogatives.[100] The following summer months were described by Ford as an American-Israeli "war of nerves" or "test of wills",[101] and after much bargaining, the Sinai Interim Agreement (Sinai II), was formally signed on September 1 and aid resumed.
Vietnam[link]
One of Ford's greatest challenges was dealing with the continued Vietnam War. American offensive operations against North Vietnam had ended with the Paris Peace Accords, signed on January 27, 1973. The accords declared a cease fire across both North and South Vietnam, and required the release of American prisoners of war. The agreement guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam and, like the Geneva Conference of 1954, called for national elections in the North and South. The Paris Peace Accords stipulated a sixty-day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces.[102]
The accords had been negotiated by United States National Security Advisor Kissinger and North Vietnamese politburo member Le Duc Tho. South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu was not involved in the final negotiations, and publicly criticized the proposed agreement. However, anti-war pressures within the United States forced Nixon and Kissinger to pressure Thieu to sign the agreement and enable the withdrawal of American forces. In multiple letters to the South Vietnamese president, Nixon had promised that the United States would defend his government, should the North Vietnamese violate the accords.[103]
In December 1974, months after Ford took office, North Vietnamese forces invaded the province of Phuoc Long. General Trần Văn Trà sought to gauge any South Vietnamese or American response to the invasion, as well as to solve logistical issues before proceeding with the invasion.[104]
As North Vietnamese forces advanced, Ford requested aid for South Vietnam in a $522 million aid package. The funds had been promised by the Nixon administration, but Congress voted against the proposal by a wide margin.[92] Senator Jacob Javits offered "...large sums for evacuation, but not one nickel for military aid".[92] President Thieu resigned on April 21, 1975, publicly blaming the lack of support from the United States for the fall of his country.[105] Two days later, on April 23, Ford gave a speech at Tulane University. In that speech, he announced that the Vietnam War was over "...as far as America is concerned".[103] The announcement was met with thunderous applause.[103]
1,373 U.S. citizens and 5,595 Vietnamese and third country nationals were evacuated from the South Vietnamese capital of Saigon during Operation Frequent Wind. Military and Air America helicopters took evacuees to U.S. Navy ships off-shore during an approximately 24-hour period on April 29 to 30, 1975, immediately preceding the fall of Saigon. During the operation, so many South Vietnamese helicopters landed on the vessels taking the evacuees that some were pushed overboard to make room for more people. Other helicopters, having nowhere to land, were deliberately crash landed into the sea, close to the ships, their pilots bailing out at the last moment to be picked up by rescue boats.[106]
Many of the Vietnamese evacuees were allowed to enter the United States under the Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act. The 1975 Act appropriated $455 million toward the costs of assisting the settlement of Indochinese refugees.[107] In all, 130,000 Vietnamese refugees came to the United States in 1975. Thousands more escaped in the years that followed.[108]
Mayaguez and Panmunjom[link]
North Vietnam's victory over the South led to a considerable shift in the political winds in Asia, and Ford administration officials worried about a consequent loss of U.S. influence there. The administration proved it was willing to respond forcefully to challenges to its interests in the region on two occasions, once when Khmer Rouge forces seized an American ship in international waters and again when American military officers were killed in the demilitarized zone (DMZ) between North and South Korea.[109]
The first crisis was the Mayaguez Incident. In May 1975, shortly after the fall of Saigon and the Khmer Rouge conquest of Cambodia, Cambodians seized the American merchant ship Mayaguez in international waters.[110] Ford dispatched Marines to rescue the crew, but the Marines landed on the wrong island and met unexpectedly stiff resistance just as, unknown to the U.S., the Mayaguez sailors were being released. In the operation, two military transport helicopters carrying the Marines for the assault operation were shot down, and 41 U.S. servicemen were killed and 50 wounded while approximately 60 Khmer Rouge soldiers were killed.[111] Despite the American losses, the operation was seen as a success in the United States and Ford enjoyed an 11-point boost in his approval ratings in the aftermath.[112] The Americans killed during the operation became the last to have their names inscribed on the Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall in Washington, D.C.
Some historians have argued that the Ford administration felt the need to respond forcefully to the incident because it was construed as a Soviet plot.[113] But recent work by Andrew Gawthorpe, based on an analysis of the administration's internal discussions, shows that Ford's national security team understood that the seizure of the vessel was a local, and perhaps even accidental, provocation by an immature Khmer government. Nevertheless, they felt the need to respond forcefully to discourage further provocations by other Communist countries in Asia.[114]
The second crisis, known as the axe murder incident, occurred at Panmunjom, a village which stands in the DMZ between the two Koreas. At the time, this was the only part of the DMZ where forces from the North and the South came into contact with each other. Encouraged by U.S. difficulties in Vietnam, North Korea had been waging a campaign of diplomatic pressure and minor military harassment to try and convince the U.S. to withdraw from South Korea.[115] Then, in August 1976, North Korean forces killed two U.S. officers and injured South Korean guards who were engaged in trimming a tree in Panmunjom's Joint Security Area. The attack coincided with a meeting of the Conference of Non-Aligned Nations in Colombo, Sri Lanka, at which Kim Jong-il, the son of North Korean leader Kim Il-sung, presented the incident as an example of American aggression, helping secure the passage of a motion calling for a U.S. withdrawal from the South.[116]
At administration meetings, Kissinger voiced the concern that the North would see the U.S. as "the paper tigers of Saigon" if they did not respond, and Ford agreed with that assessment. After mulling various options the Ford administration decided that it was necessary to respond with a major show of force. A large number of ground forces went to cut down the tree, while at the same time the air force was deployed, which included B-52 bomber flights over Panmunjom. The North Korean government backed down and allowed the tree-cutting to go ahead, and later issued an unprecedented official apology.[117]
Assassination attempts[link]
Ford faced two assassination attempts during his presidency, occurring within three weeks of each other and in the same state; while in Sacramento, California, on September 5, 1975, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, a follower of Charles Manson, pointed a Colt .45-caliber handgun at Ford.[118] As Fromme pulled the trigger, Larry Buendorf,[119] a Secret Service agent, grabbed the gun and managed to insert the webbing of his thumb under the hammer, preventing the gun from firing. It was later found that, although the semi-automatic pistol had four cartridges in the magazine, the weapon had not been chambered, making it impossible for the gun to fire. Fromme was taken into custody; she was later convicted of attempted assassination of the President and was sentenced to life in prison; she was paroled on August 14, 2009.[120]
In reaction to this attempt, the Secret Service began keeping Ford at a more secure distance from anonymous crowds, a strategy that may have saved his life seventeen days later; as he left the St. Francis Hotel in downtown San Francisco, Sara Jane Moore, standing in a crowd of onlookers across the street, pointed her .38-caliber revolver at him.[121] Just before she fired, former Marine Oliver Sipple grabbed at the gun and deflected her shot; the bullet struck a wall about six inches above and to the right of Ford's head, then ricocheted and hit a taxi driver, who was slightly wounded. Moore was later sentenced to life in prison. She was paroled on December 31, 2007, having served 32 years.[122]
Judicial appointments[link]
Main article: List of federal judges appointed by Gerald Ford
In 1975, Ford appointed John Paul Stevens as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to replace retiring Justice William O. Douglas. Stevens had been a judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, appointed by President Nixon.[123] During his tenure as House Republican leader, Ford had led efforts to have Douglas impeached.[124] After being confirmed, Stevens eventually disappointed some conservatives by siding with the Court's liberal wing regarding the outcome of many key issues.[125] Nevertheless, President Ford paid tribute to Stevens. "He has served his nation well," Ford said of Stevens, "with dignity, intellect and without partisan political concerns."[126]
In addition to the Stevens appointment, Ford appointed 11 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, and 50 judges to the United States district courts.[127]
1976 presidential election[link]
Main article: United States presidential election, 1976
Ford reluctantly agreed to run for office in 1976, but first he had to counter a challenge for the Republican party nomination. Former Governor of California Ronald Reagan and the party's conservative wing faulted Ford for failing to do more in South Vietnam, for signing the Helsinki Accords and for negotiating to cede the Panama Canal (negotiations for the canal continued under President Carter, who eventually signed the Torrijos-Carter Treaties). Reagan launched his campaign in autumn of 1975 and won several primaries before withdrawing from the race at the Republican Convention in Kansas City, Missouri. The conservative insurgency convinced Ford to drop the more liberal Vice President Nelson Rockefeller in favor of Kansas Senator Bob Dole.[128]
In addition to the pardon dispute and lingering anti-Republican sentiment, Ford had to counter a plethora of negative media imagery. Chevy Chase often did pratfalls on Saturday Night Live, imitating Ford, who had been seen stumbling on two occasions during his term. As Chase commented, "He even mentioned in his own autobiography it had an effect over a period of time that affected the election to some degree."[129]
President Ford's 1976 election campaign had the advantage that he was an incumbent president during several anniversary events held during the period leading up to the United States Bicentennial. The Washington, D.C. fireworks display on the Fourth of July was presided over by the President and televised nationally.[130] On July 7, 1976, the President and First Lady served as hosts at a White House state dinner for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of the United Kingdom, which was televised on the Public Broadcasting Service network. The 200th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts gave Ford the opportunity to deliver a speech to 110,000 in Concord acknowledging the need for a strong national defense tempered with a plea for "reconciliation, not recrimination" and "reconstruction, not rancor" between the United States and those who would pose "threats to peace".[131] Speaking in New Hampshire on the previous day, Ford condemned the growing trend toward big government bureaucracy and argued for a return to "basic American virtues".[132]
Democratic nominee and former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter campaigned as an outsider and reformer, gaining support from voters dismayed by the Watergate scandal and Nixon pardon. After the Democratic National Convention, he held a huge 33-point lead over Ford in the polls. However, as the campaign continued, the race tightened, and, by election day, the polls showed the race as too close to call. There were three main events in the fall campaign. Most importantly, Carter repeated a promise of a "blanket pardon" for Christian and other religious refugees, and also all Vietnam War draft dodgers (Ford had only issued a conditional amnesty) in response to a question on the subject posed by a reporter during the presidential debates, an act which froze Ford's poll numbers in Ohio, Wisconsin, Hawaii, and Mississippi. (Ford had needed only to shift 11,000 votes in two of those four states in order to win.) Americans viewed the pardon as an essential moral act and as the true end to a bitterly hated war. It was the first act signed by Carter, on January 20, 1977. Earlier, Playboy magazine had published a controversial interview with Carter; in the interview Carter admitted to having "lusted in my heart" for women other than his wife, which cut into his support among women and evangelical Christians. Also, on September 24, Ford performed well in what was the first televised presidential debate since 1960. Polls taken after the debate showed that most viewers felt that Ford was the winner. Carter was also hurt by Ford's charges that he lacked the necessary experience to be an effective national leader, and that Carter was vague on many issues.
Presidential debates were reintroduced for the first time since the 1960 election. Carter later attributed his victory in the election to the debates, saying they "gave the viewers reason to think that Jimmy Carter had something to offer". The turning point came in the second debate when Ford blundered by stating, "There is no Soviet domination of Eastern Europe and there never will be under a Ford Administration." Ford also said that he did not "believe that the Poles consider themselves dominated by the Soviet Union".[133] In an interview years later, Ford said he had intended to imply that the Soviets would never crush the spirits of eastern Europeans seeking independence. However, the phrasing was so awkward that questioner Max Frankel was visibly incredulous at the response.[134] As a result of this blunder, and Carter's promise of a full presidential pardon for political refugees from the Vietnam era during the presidential debates, Ford's surge stalled and Carter was able to maintain a slight lead in the polls.
In the end, Carter won the election, receiving 50.1% of the popular vote and 297 electoral votes compared with 48.0% and 240 electoral votes for Ford. The election was close enough that had fewer than 25,000 votes shifted in Ohio and Wisconsin – both of which neighbored his home state – Ford would have won the electoral vote with 276 votes to 261 for Carter.[135] Though he lost, in the three months between the Republican National Convention and the election Ford managed to close what was once a 34-point Carter lead to a 2-point margin. Despite his defeat, Ford carried 27 states versus 23 carried by Carter.
Had Ford won the election, the provisions of the 22nd Amendment would have disqualified him from running in 1980, because he had served more than two years of Nixon's remaining term.
Post-presidential years, 1977–2006[link]
Activity[link]
The Nixon pardon controversy eventually subsided. Ford's successor, Jimmy Carter, opened his 1977 inaugural address by praising the outgoing President, saying, "For myself and for our Nation, I want to thank my predecessor for all he has done to heal our land."[136]
Ford remained relatively active in the years after his presidency and continued to make appearances at events of historical and ceremonial significance to the nation, such as presidential inaugurals and memorial services. In January 1977, he became the president of Eisenhower Fellowships in Philadelphia then served as its chairman of the board of trustees from 1980 to 1986.[137] Later in the year, he reluctantly agreed to be interviewed by James M. Naughton, a New York Times journalist who was given the assignment to write the former President's advance obituary, an article that would be updated prior to its eventual publication.[138] In 1979, Ford published his autobiography, A Time to Heal (Harper/Reader's Digest, 454 pages). A review in Foreign Affairs described it as, "Serene, unruffled, unpretentious, like the author. This is the shortest and most honest of recent presidential memoirs, but there are no surprises, no deep probings of motives or events. No more here than meets the eye."[139] In addition to his autobiography, in 1987 Ford wrote Humor and the Presidency, a book of humorous political anecdotes.
During the term of office of his successor, Jimmy Carter, Ford received monthly briefs by President Carter's senior staff on international and domestic issues, and was always invited to lunch at the White House whenever he was in Washington, D.C. Their close friendship developed after Carter had left office, with the catalyst being their trip together to the funeral of Anwar el-Sadat in 1981.[140] Until Ford's death, Carter and his wife, Rosalynn, visited the Fords' home frequently.[141] Ford and Carter served as honorary co-chairs of the National Commission on Federal Election Reform in 2001 and of the Continuity of Government Commission in 2002.
Like Presidents Carter, George H.W. Bush, and Clinton, Ford was an honorary co-chair of the Council for Excellence in Government, a group dedicated to excellence in government performance, which provides leadership training to top federal employees.
Ford considered a run for the Republican nomination in 1980, foregoing numerous opportunities to serve on corporate boards to keep his options open for a grudge match with Carter. Ford attacked Carter's conduct of the SALT II negotiations and foreign policy in the Middle East and Africa. Many have argued that Ford also wanted to exorcise his image as an "Accidental President" and to win a term in his own right. Ford also believed the more conservative Ronald Reagan would be unable to defeat Carter and would hand the incumbent a second term. Ford was encouraged by his former Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger as well as Jim Rhodes of Ohio and Bill Clements of Texas to make the race. On March 15, 1980, Ford announced that he would forgo a run for the Republican nomination, vowing to support the eventual nominee.
After securing the Republican nomination in 1980, Ronald Reagan considered his former rival Ford as a potential vice-presidential running mate, but negotiations between the Reagan and Ford camps at the Republican National Convention were unsuccessful. Ford conditioned his acceptance on Reagan's agreement to an unprecedented "co-presidency",[142] giving Ford the power to control key executive branch appointments (such as Kissinger as Secretary of State and Alan Greenspan as Treasury Secretary). After rejecting these terms, Reagan offered the vice-presidential nomination instead to George H.W. Bush.[143] Ford did appear in a campaign commercial for the Reagan-Bush ticket, in which he declared that the country would be "better served by a Reagan presidency rather than a continuation of the weak and politically expedient policies of Jimmy Carter".[144]
After his presidency, Ford joined the American Enterprise Institute as a distinguished fellow. He founded the annual AEI World Forum in 1982. Ford was awarded an honorary doctorate at Central Connecticut State University[145] on March 23, 1988.
After leaving the White House, Ford and his wife moved to Denver, Colorado. Ford successfully invested in oil with Marvin Davis, which later provided an income for Ford's children.[146]
By 1988 Ford was a member of several corporate boards including Commercial Credit, Nova Pharmaceutical, The Pullman Company, Tesoro Petroleum, and Tiger International, Inc.[147] Ford also became an honorary director of Citigroup, a position he held till his death.[148]
In 1977, he established the Gerald R. Ford Institute of Public Policy at Albion College in Albion, Michigan, to give undergraduates training in public policy. In April 1981, he opened the Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan, on the north campus of his alma mater, the University of Michigan,[149] followed in September by the Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids.[150][151] In 1999, Ford was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by Bill Clinton.[152] In 2001, he was presented with the John F. Kennedy Profiles in Courage Award for his decision to pardon Richard Nixon to stop the agony America was experiencing over Watergate.[153] In retirement Ford also devoted much time to his love of golf, often playing both privately and in public events with comedian Bob Hope, a longtime friend.
A Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars was dedicated to Ford in 1993.[154]
In October 2001, Ford broke with conservative members of the Republican party by stating that gay and lesbian couples "ought to be treated equally. Period." He became the highest ranking Republican to embrace full equality for gays and lesbians, stating his belief that there should be a federal amendment outlawing anti-gay job discrimination and expressing his hope that the Republican Party would reach out to gay and lesbian voters.[155] He also was a member of the Republican Unity Coalition, which The New York Times described as "a group of prominent Republicans, including former President Gerald R. Ford, dedicated to making sexual orientation a non-issue in the Republican Party".[156]
On November 22, 2004, New York Republican Governor George Pataki named Ford and the other living former Presidents (Carter, George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center.
In a pre-recorded embargoed interview with Bob Woodward of The Washington Post in July 2004, Ford stated that he disagreed "very strongly" with the Bush administration's choice of Iraq's alleged weapons of mass destruction as justification for its decision to invade Iraq, calling it a "big mistake" unrelated to the national security of the United States and indicating that he would not have gone to war had he been President. The details of the interview were not released until after Ford's death, as he requested.[157][158]
Health problems[link]
File:Royford.jpg
Roy W. Hill and Gerald Ford, Rancho Mirage California
File:Hillford.jpg
Anne T. Hill, Edgar L. McCoubrey and Gerald Ford, Rancho Mirage California
As Ford approached his 90th year, he began to experience health problems associated with old age. He suffered two minor strokes at the 2000 Republican National Convention, but made a quick recovery after being admitted to Hahnemann University Hospital.[159][160] In January 2006, he spent 11 days at the Eisenhower Medical Center near his residence at Rancho Mirage, California, for treatment of pneumonia.[161] On April 23, President George W. Bush visited Ford at his home in Rancho Mirage for a little over an hour. This was Ford's last public appearance and produced the last known public photos, video footage and voice recording. While vacationing in Vail, Colorado, he was hospitalized for two days in July 2006 for shortness of breath.[162] On August 15 Ford was admitted to St. Mary's Hospital of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, for testing and evaluation. On August 21, it was reported that he had been fitted with a pacemaker. On August 25, he underwent an angioplasty procedure at the Mayo Clinic, according to a statement from an assistant to Ford. On August 28, Ford was released from the hospital and returned with his wife Betty to their California home. On October 13, he was scheduled to attend the dedication of a building of his namesake, the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy at the University of Michigan, but due to poor health and on the advice of his doctors he did not attend. The previous day, Ford entered the Eisenhower Medical Center for undisclosed tests; he was released on October 16.[163] By November 2006, he was confined to a bed in his study.[164] In reality, President Ford had end-stage coronary artery disease and severe aortic stenosis and insufficiency, caused by calcific alteration of one of his heart valves.[165]
Death and legacy[link]
Main article: Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford
Ford died on December 26, 2006, at his home in Rancho Mirage, California, of arteriosclerotic cerebrovascular disease and diffuse arteriosclerosis. His age at the time of his death was 93 years and 165 days, making Ford the longest-lived U.S. President.[166] On December 30, 2006, Ford became the 11th U.S. President to lie in state. The burial was preceded by a state funeral and memorial services held at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C., on January 2, 2007. After the service, Ford was interred at his Presidential Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan.[167]
Ford died on the 34th anniversary of President Harry Truman's death, thus becoming the second U.S. President to die on Boxing Day. He was the last surviving member of the Warren Commission.[168] His wife, Betty Ford, died on July 8, 2011.[169] Like her husband, Betty also died at age 93. They are the longest lived Presidential couple.
The State of Michigan commissioned and submitted a statue of Ford to the National Statuary Hall Collection, replacing Zachariah Chandler. It was unveiled on May 3, 2011 in the Capitol Rotunda. On the proper right side is inscribed a quotation from a tribute by Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill, Speaker of the House during Ford’s presidency: "God has been good to America, especially during difficult times. At the time of the Civil War, he gave us Abraham Lincoln. And at the time of Watergate, he gave us Gerald Ford—the right man at the right time who was able to put our nation back together again." On the proper left side are words from Ford's swearing-in address: "Our constitution works. Our great republic is a government of laws and not of men. Here the people rule."
Longevity[link]
Ford was the longest-lived U.S. President, his lifespan being 45 days longer than Ronald Reagan's. He was the third-longest-lived Vice President, falling short only of John Nance Garner, 98, and Levi P. Morton, 96. Ford had the third-longest post-presidency (29 years and 11 months) after Herbert Hoover (31 years and 7 months) and Jimmy Carter (31 years, 5 months and counting)
On November 12, 2006, upon surpassing Ronald Reagan's lifespan, Ford released his last public statement:
The length of one's days matters less than the love of one's family and friends. I thank God for the gift of every sunrise and, even more, for all the years He has blessed me with Betty and the children; with our extended family and the friends of a lifetime. That includes countless Americans who, in recent months, have remembered me in their prayers. Your kindness touches me deeply. May God bless you all and may God bless America.[170]
Public image[link]
Ford was the only president never elected to be either president or vice-president. The choice of Ford to fulfill Agnew's vacated role as vice president was based on his reputation for openness and honesty.[171] "In all the years I sat in the House, I never knew Mr Ford to make a dishonest statement nor a statement part-true and part-false. He never attempted to shade a statement, and I never heard him utter an unkind word," said Martha Griffiths.[172]
The trust the American people had in him was severely and rapidly tarnished by his pardon of Nixon.[172] Nonetheless, many grant in hindsight that he had respectably discharged with considerable dignity a great responsibility that he had not sought.[172] His subsequent loss to Carter in 1976 has come to be seen as an honorable sacrifice he made for the nation.[171]
In spite of his athletic record and remarkable career accomplishments, Ford acquired a reputation as a clumsy, likable and simple-minded Everyman. An incident in 1975 when he tripped while exiting the presidential jet in Austria, was famously and repetitively parodied by Chevy Chase, cementing Ford's image as a klutz.[172][173][174] Pieces of Ford's common Everyman image have also been attributed to Ford's inevitable comparison to Nixon, as well as his perceived Midwestern stodginess and self-deprecation.[171] Ridicule often extended to supposed intellectual limitations, with Lyndon Johnson once joking, "He's a nice fellow but he spent too much time playing football without a helmet."[172]
Honors[link]
Ford was honored with a Golden Palm Star on the Palm Springs Walk of Stars in 1999.[154] And the following facilities were named after him:
- Gerald R. Ford Freeway (Nebraska)
- Gerald R. Ford Freeway (Michigan)
- Gerald Ford Memorial Highway, I-70 in Eagle County, Colorado
- Gerald R. Ford International Airport in Grand Rapids, Michigan
- Gerald R. Ford Library in Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan
- Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, University of Michigan
- Gerald R. Ford Amphitheater in Vail, Colorado, in Ford Park, also named after him
- Gerald R. Ford Institute of Public Policy, Albion College
- USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78)
- Gerald R. Ford Elementary School, Indian Wells, California
- Gerald Ford Boys and Girls Club, La Quinta, California
- Gerald R. Ford Middle School, Grand Rapids, Michigan[175]
- Gerald Ford Drive, Coachella Valley, California (Cathedral City, Rancho Mirage, Palm Desert)
- Gerald R. Ford Council, Boy Scouts of America The council where he was awarded the rank of Eagle Scout. (Includes the following Michigan counties: Allegan, Barry, Ionia, Kent, Lake, Mason, Mecosta, Montcalm, Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana and Ottawa). Council Headquarters is located in Walker, Michigan.[176]
See also[link]
 |
Biography portal |
 |
Conservatism portal |
 |
Michigan portal |
 |
United States Navy portal |
 |
Government of the United States portal |
 |
Politics portal |
References[link]
- ^ James M. Naughton, Adam Clymer (December 27, 2006). "Gerald Ford, 38th President, Dies at 93". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/27/washington/27webford.html?_r=1&hp&ex=1167282000&en=8487. Retrieved October 19, 2009.
- ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The '70s. New York, New York: Basic Books. p. 14. ISBN 0-465-04195-7.
- ^ a b George Lenczowski (1990). American Presidents, and the Middle East. Duke University Press. pp. 142–143. ISBN 0-8223-0972-6.
- ^ Young, Jeff C. (1997). The Fathers of American Presidents. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.. ISBN 0-7864-0182-6.
- ^ a b Funk, Josh (December 27, 2006). "Nebraska-born Ford Left State as Infant". Associated Press. Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/wires/2006Dec27/0,4670,FordNebraska,00.html. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ Cannon, James. "Gerald R. Ford". Character Above All. Public Broadcasting System. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/character/essays/ford.html. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
- ^ "Gerald R. Ford Genealogical Information". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. University of Texas. http://www.ford.utexas.edu/grf/genealog.asp. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
- ^ "A Common Man on an Uncommon Climb" (PDF). The New York Times: p. 28. August 19, 1976. http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=2&res=F10F10FF3E5D14768FDDA00994D0405B868BF1D3. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Kunhardt, Jr., Phillip (1999). Gerald R. Ford "Healing the Nation". New York: Riverhead Books. pp. 79–85. http://www.americanpresident.org/history/geraldford/biography/resources/ArticlesCopy1/KunhardtFordBio.article.shtml. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
- ^ a b Townley, Alvin (2007) [December 26, 2006]. Legacy of Honor: The Values and Influence of America's Eagle Scouts. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 12–13 and 87. ISBN 0-312-36653-1. http://us.macmillan.com/legacyofhonor. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
- ^ Ray, Mark (2007). "Eagle Scout Welcome Gerald Ford Home". Scouting Magazine. Boy Scouts of America. http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0703/a-ford.html. Retrieved March 5, 2007.
- ^ Investigatory Records on Gerald Ford, Applicant for a Commission. Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. December 30, 1941. http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/usnavy/2825430.pdf. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ Wertheimer, Linda (December 27, 2006). "Special Report: Former President Gerald Ford Dies; Sought to Heal Nation Disillusioned by Watergate Scandal". National Public Radio. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4529638. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
- ^ Perry, Will (1974). "No Cheers From the Alumni" (PDF). The Wolverines: A Story of Michigan Football. Huntsville, Alabama: The Strode Publishers. pp. 150–152. ISBN 0-87397-055-1. http://www.aafla.org/SportsLibrary/FootballStudies/1999/FS0202h.pdf. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
- ^ "Ford one of most athletic Presidents". Associated Press. MSNBC. December 27, 2006. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16367165/. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- ^ Greene, J.R. (1995). The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford (American Presidency Series). University Press of Kansas. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-7006-0638-2.
- ^ "Clumsy image aside, Ford was Accomplished Athlete". Los Angeles Times. December 28, 2006. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/bal-sp.ford28dec28,0,6535524.story. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ Rozell, Mark J. (October 15, 1992). The Press and the Ford Presidency. University of Michigan Press. p. 38. ISBN 0-472-10350-4.
- ^ Anne E. Kornblut, "Ford Arranged His Funeral to Reflect Himself and Drew in a Former Adversary", The New York Times, December 29, 2006.
- ^ "Funeral: Marching Band Plays in His Honor". Eugene Register-Guard. January 3, 2007. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eIEVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=tfADAAAAIBAJ&pg=5206,309767&dq=michigan+marching+band+ford+funeral. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ "Old Tom Morris Award Recipients". Golf Course Superintendents Association of America. http://www.gcsaa.org/_common/templates/GcsaaSubNavigationLayout.aspx?id=333. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
- ^ Wendy Wolff (1997). Vice Presidents of the United States 1789–1993. United States Government Printing Office.
- ^ a b c "Timeline of President Ford's Life and Career". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/timeline.asp. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
- ^ "The U-M Remembers Gerald R. Ford". The University of Michigan. http://www.umich.edu/ford/timeline.html. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
- ^ "Gerald R. Ford Biography". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/grf/timeline.asp. Retrieved January 2, 2007.
- ^ Doenecke, Justus D. (1990). "In Danger Undaunted: The Anti-Interventionist Movement of 1940–1941 As Revealed in the Papers of the America First Committee (Hoover Archival Documentaries)". Hoover Institution Press. http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0817988416/. Retrieved December 28, 2006. p. 7
- ^ a b Naughton, James M.; Adam Clymer (December 26, 2006). "Gerald Ford, 38th President, Dies at 93 years and 165 day". The New York Times (Naval Historical Center). http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/27/washington/27webford.html?pagewanted=4. Retrieved October 19, 2007.
- ^ a b Hove, Duane (2003). American Warriors: Five Presidents in the Pacific Theater of World War II. Burd Street Press. ISBN 1-57249-307-0.
- ^ "Gerald R. Ford 1913–2006". SRCalifornia.com (Van Nuys, Calif.: Sons of the Revolution in the State of California). 2006. http://www.srcalifornia.com/Gerald_Ford.htm. Retrieved January 8, 2010.
- ^ The Supreme Council[dead link], Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, Southern Jurisdiction, USA.
- ^ "Gerald Ford". The American Presidency Project. University of California – Santa Barbara. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=5485. Retrieved January 17, 2007.
- ^ Howard, Jane (December 8, 1974). "The 38th First Lady: Not a Robot At All". The New York Times.
- ^ Winget, Mary Mueller (2007). Gerald R. Ford. Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 978-0-8225-1509-8. http://books.google.com/?id=pzL6X3Dv_SYC. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ Kruse, Melissa (January 3, 2003). "The Patterson Barn, Grand Rapids, Michigan—Barn razing erases vintage landmark". The Grand Rapids Press: p. D1. http://victorianrevivalbirdhouses.com/barnhistory.html. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ Celebrating the life of President Gerald R. Ford on what would have been his 96th birthday, H.R. 409, 111st Congress, 1st Session (2009).
- ^ a b c "Gerald R. Ford". The New York Times. December 28, 2006. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/character/essays/ford.html. Retrieved December 29, 2006.
- ^ "Gerald R. Ford". The White House. http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/geraldford/. Retrieved October 25, 2009.
- ^ "Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library and Museum". Ford.utexas.edu. http://www.ford.utexas.edu/grf/fordbiop.asp. Retrieved August 9, 2009.
- ^ In 1997, the Assassination Records Review Board (ARRB) released a document that revealed that Ford had altered the first draft of the report to read: "A bullet had entered the base of the back of [Kennedy's] neck slightly to the right of the spine." Some believed that Ford had elevated the location of the wound from its true location in the back to the neck to support the single bullet theory. ("Gerald Ford". Spartacus Schoolnet. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAfordG.htm. Retrieved December 29, 2006. ) The original first draft of the Warren Commission Report stated that a bullet had entered Kennedy's "back at a point slightly above the shoulder and to the right of the spine". Ford replied in an introduction to a new edition of the Warren Commission Report in 2004:
I have been accused of changing some wording on the Warren Commission Report to favor the lone-assassin conclusion. That is absurd. Here is what the draft said: "A bullet had entered his back at a point slightly above the shoulder and to the right of the spine." To any reasonable person, "above the shoulder and to the right" sounds very high and way off the side—and that's what it sounded like to me. That would have given the totally wrong impression. Technically, from a medical perspective, the bullet entered just to the right at the base of the neck, so my recommendation to the other members was to change it to say, "A bullet had entered the back of his neck, slightly to the right of the spine." After further investigation, we then unanimously agreed that it should read, "A bullet had entered the base of his neck slightly to the right of the spine." As with any report, there were many clarifications and language changes suggested by several of us.
Ford's description matched a drawing prepared for the Commission under the direction of Dr. James J. Humes, supervisor of Kennedy's autopsy, who in his testimony to the Commission said three times that the entrance wound was in the "low neck". The Commission was not shown the autopsy photographs.
- ^ Ford, Gerald R. (2007). A Presidential Legacy and The Warren Commission. The FlatSigned Press. ISBN 978-1-934304-02-0. http://books.google.com/?id=HOCdGQAACAAJ.
- ^ Newton, Jim (2007). Justice for All: Earl Warren and the Nation He Made. Penguin Group. ISBN 1-59448-270-5, 9781594482700.
- ^ Stephens, Joe (August 8, 2008). "Ford Told FBI of Skeptics on Warren Commission". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/08/07/AR2008080702757.html. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
- ^ a b "Ford told FBI about panel's doubts on JFK murder". USA Today. August 9, 2008. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2008-08-09-ford-fbi-file_N.htm. Retrieved September 2, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f Roger H. Davidson, Susan Webb Hammond, Raymond Smock (1988). Masters of the House: Congressional leadership over two centuries. Westview Press. pp. 267–275.
- ^ Unger, Irwin, 1996: 'The Best of Intentions: the triumphs and failures of the Great Society under Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon': Doubleday, p. 104.
- ^ Gray, Paul (December 27, 2006). "Gerald Ford: Steady Hand for a Nation in Crisis". Time. http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1572927,00.html. Retrieved September 16, 2009.
- ^ Ford, Gerald (May 23, 2001). "Address by President Gerald R. Ford, May 23, 2001". United States Senate. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/Leaders_Lecture_Series_Ford.htm. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
- ^ Jackson, Harold (December 27, 2006). "Guardian newspaper obituary". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,,1978937,00.html. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
- ^ Reeves, Richard (1975). A Ford, not a Lincoln.
- ^ James Midgley, Michelle Livermore (2008). The Handbook of Social Policy. SAGE. p. 162. ISBN 1-4129-5076-7.
- ^ Hoff, Joan (1995). Nixon Reconsidered. Basic Books. p. 69. ISBN 0-465-05105-7.
- ^ Gerald R. Ford's Remarks Upon Taking the Oath of Office as President. The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. August 9, 1974. http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/740001.asp. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ "Remarks By President Gerald Ford On Taking the Oath Of Office As President". Watergate.info. 1974. http://watergate.info/ford/ford-swearing-in.shtml. Retrieved December 28, 2006.
- ^ Miller, Danny (December 27, 2006). "Coming of Age with Gerald Ford". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/danny-miller/coming-of-age-with-gerald_b_37242.html. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
- ^ Ford, Gerald R. (August 9, 1974). "Gerald R. Ford's Remarks on Taking the Oath of Office as President". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/740001.htm. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
- ^ "The Daily Diary of President Gerald R. Ford". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. August 20, 1976. http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/diary/pdd740820.pdf. Retrieved November 19, 2010.
- ^ "The Vice Presidency: Rocky's Turn to the Right". Time. May 12, 1975. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917422,00.html. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
- ^ Ford, Gerald (September 8, 1974). "President Gerald R. Ford's Proclamation 4311, Granting a Pardon to Richard Nixon". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library & Museum. University of Texas. http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/speeches/740061.htm. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
- ^ Ford, Gerald (September 8, 1974). "Presidential Proclamation 4311 by President Gerald R. Ford granting a pardon to Richard M. Nixon". Pardon images. University of Maryland. http://narademo.umiacs.umd.edu/cgi-bin/isadg/viewitem.pl?item=100775. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
- ^ "Ford Pardons Nixon - Events of 1974 - Year in Review". UPI.com. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1974/Ford-Pardons-Nixon/12305808208934-3/. Retrieved 2011-11-04.
- ^ Ford, Gerald (September 8, 1974). "Gerald R. Ford Pardoning Richard Nixon". Great Speeches Collection. The History Place. http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/ford.htm. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
- ^ Bacon, Paul. "The Pardoning President". Public Broadcasting System. http://www.pbs.org/wnet/amerpres/presidents/pres38/pres38_intro.html. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
- ^ "Carter's Pardon". McNeil/Lehrer Report. Public Broadcasting System. January 21, 1977. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/vietnam/vietnam_1-21-77.html. Retrieved December 30, 2006.
- ^ a b c Shane, Scott (December 29, 2006). "For Ford, Pardon Decision Was Always Clear-Cut". The New York Times: p. A1. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/29/washington/29pardon.html. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
- ^ "Award Announcement". JFK Library Foundation. May 1, 2001. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Education+and+Public+Programs/Profile+in+Courage+Award/Award+Recipients/Gerald+Ford/Award+Announcement.htm. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
- ^ "Sen. Ted Kennedy crossed political paths with Grand Rapids' most prominent Republican, President Gerald R. Ford", The Grand Rapids Press, August 26, 2009. Retrieved Jan 5, 2010.
- ^ Presidential Proclamation 4313
- ^ Secretary of Transportation: William T. Coleman Jr. (1975–1977) – AmericanPresident.org (January 15, 2005). Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ "George Herbert Walker Bush Profile". CNN. Archived from the original on October 28, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20061028112345/http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/kbank/profiles/bush/. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- ^ Richard B. Cheney. United States Department of Defense. Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ Bush vetoes less than most presidents, CNN, May 1, 2007. Retrieved on October 19, 2007.
- ^ Renka, Russell D. Nixon's Fall and the Ford and Carter Interregnum. Southeast Missouri State University, (April 10, 2003). Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ a b c d Greene, John Robert. The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford. University Press of Kansas, 1995
- ^ Gerald Ford Speeches: Whip Inflation Now (October 8, 1974), Miller Center of Public Affairs. Retrieved on May 18, 2011
- ^ Brinkley, Douglas. Gerald R. Ford. New York: Times Books, 2007
- ^ "WIN buttons and Arthur Burns". Econbrowser. 2006. http://www.econbrowser.com/archives/2006/12/win_buttons_and.html. Retrieved January 24, 2007.
- ^ a b Crain, Andrew Downer. The Ford Presidency. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2009
- ^ Consumer Price Index, 1913–. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. Retrieved on December 31, 2006
- ^ Pandemic Pointers. Living on Earth, March 3, 2006. Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ Mickle, Paul. 1976: Fear of a great plague. The Trentonian. Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ Ford, Gerald R. (August 26, 1975). "Proclamation 4383 – Women's Equality Day, 1975". The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=23839. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
- ^ "Presidential Campaign Debate Between Gerald R. Ford and Jimmy Carter, October 22, 1976". Fordlibrarymuseum.gov. http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov//library/speeches/760947.htm. Retrieved September 8, 2009.
- ^ Ford, Gerald (September 10, 1976). "Letter to the Archbishop of Cincinnati". The American Presidency Project. http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=6320. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
- ^ Greene, John Edward. (1995). The presidency of Gerald R. Ford. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. p. 33. ISBN 0-7006-0639-4.
- ^ "The Best of Interviews With Gerald Ford". Larry King Live Weekend (CNN). February 3, 2001. http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0102/03/lklw.00.html. Retrieved June 12, 2007.
- ^ CRS Report RL33305, The Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax of the 1980s: Implications for Current Energy Policy, by Salvatore Lazzari, p. 5.
- ^ "President Gerald R. Ford's Statement on Signing the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975", Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, December 2, 1975, Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ "Office of Management and Budget. "Historical Table 1.1"". Whitehouse.gov. http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget/Historicals. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
- ^ Roberts, Sam (December 28, 2006). "Infamous 'Drop Dead' Was Never Said by Ford". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/28/nyregion/28veto.html. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
- ^ Van Riper, Frank (October 30, 1975). "Ford to New York: Drop Dead". Daily News (New York). Archived from the original on October 6, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20081006064254/http://www.nydailynews.com/features/bronxisburning/battle-for-the-city/Ford-to-New-York-Drop-Dead.html. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ "Educate Yourself – Gerald Ford, Part III". Buyandhold.com. June 30, 1978. http://www.buyandhold.com/bh/en/education/history/2006/ford_3.html. Retrieved May 31, 2011.
- ^ a b c Mieczkowski, Yanek (2005). Gerald Ford And The Challenges Of The 1970s. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. p. 284. ISBN 0-8131-2349-6.
- ^ "Trip To China". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. University of Texas. http://www.ford.utexas.edu/avproj/china.htm. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- ^ "President Gerald R. Ford's Address in Helsinki Before the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe". USA-presidents.info. http://www.usa-presidents.info/speeches/helsinki.html. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
- ^ "About Human Rights Watch". Human Rights Watch. http://www.hrw.org/about/whoweare.html. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- ^ "President Ford got Canada into G7". Canadian Broadcasting Company. December 27, 2006. http://www.cbc.ca/canada/story/2006/12/27/ford-canada.html. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- ^ Gerald Ford, A Time to Heal, 1979, p.240
- ^ Rabin, Yitzak (1996), The Rabin Memoirs, University of California Press, p. 256, ISBN 978-0-520-20766-0
- ^ Yitzak Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs, ISBN 0-520-20766-1 , p261
- ^ George Lenczowski, American Presidents, and the Middle East, 1990, p.150
- ^ Gerald Ford, A Time to Heal, 1979, p.298
- ^ Peter Church, ed. (2006). A Short History of South-East Asia.. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 193–194.
- ^ a b c Brinkley, Douglas (2007). Gerald R. Ford. New York, NY: Times Books. pp. 89–98. ISBN 0-8050-6909-7.
- ^ Karnow, Stanley (1991). Vietnam: A History. Viking.
- ^ "Vietnam's President Thieu resigns". BBC News. April 21, 1975. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/21/newsid_2935000/2935347.stm. Retrieved September 24, 2009.
- ^ Bowman, John S. (1985). The Vietnam War: An Almanac. Pharos Books. p. 434. ISBN 0-911818-85-5.
- ^ Plummer Alston Jones (2004). "Still struggling for equality: American public library services with minorities". Libraries Unlimited. p.84. ISBN 1-59158-243-1
- ^ Robinson, William Courtland (1998). Terms of refuge: the Indochinese exodus & the international response. Zed Books. p. 127. ISBN 1-85649-610-4. http://books.google.com/?id=_rjiOXMRd4sC&pg=PA127&dq#v=onepage&q=&f=false.
- ^ Gawthorpe, A. J. (2009), "The Ford Administration and Security Policy in the Asia-Pacific after the Fall of Saigon", The Historical Journal, 52(3):697–716.
- ^ Debrief of the Mayaguez Captain and Crew. Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. May 19, 1975. http://www.ford.utexas.edu/library/exhibits/vietnam/750519a.htm. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ "Capture and Release of SS Mayaguez by Khmer Rouge forces in May 1975". United States Merchant Marine. 2000. http://www.usmm.org/mayaguez.html. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- ^ Gerald R. Ford, A Time to Heal, p. 284
- ^ Cécile Menétray-Monchau (August 2005), "The Mayaguez Incident as an Epilogue to the Vietnam War and its Reflection on the Post-Vietnam Political Equilibrium in Southeast Asia", Cold War History, p. 346.
- ^ Gawthorpe, "The Ford Administration and Security Policy", pp. 707–709.
- ^ Oberdorfer, Don (2001), The two Koreas: a contemporary history (New York, NY: Basic Books), pp. 47–83.
- ^ Gawthorpe, "The Ford Administration and Security Policy", p. 711.
- ^ Gawthorpe, "The Ford Administration and Security Policy", pp. 710–714.
- ^ "1975 Year in Review: Ford Assassinations Attempts". Upi.com. http://www.upi.com/Audio/Year_in_Review/Events-of-1975/Ford-Assasinations-Attempts/12305821478075-12/. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
- ^ "Election Is Crunch Time for U.S. Secret Service". National Geographic News. Retrieved on March 2, 2008.
- ^ "Charles Manson follower Lynette 'Squeaky' Fromme released from prison after more than 30 years". Daily News. Associated Press (New York). August 14, 2009. http://articles.nydailynews.com/2009-08-14/news/17930594_1_sharon-tate-and-eight-lynette-squeaky-fromme-charles-manson-follower. Retrieved September 7, 2011.
- ^ United States Secret Service. "Public Report of the White House Security Review". United States Department of the Treasury. http://www.fas.org/irp/agency/ustreas/usss/t1pubrpt.html. Retrieved January 3, 2007.
- ^ Lee, Vic (January 2, 2007). "Interview: Woman Who Tried To Assassinate Ford". San Francisco: KGO-TV. http://abclocal.go.com/kgo/story?section=local&id=4900159. Retrieved January 3, 2007.
- ^ "John Paul Stevens". Oyez. Archived from the original on August 22, 2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060822043620/http://www.oyez.org/oyez/resource/legal_entity/101/biography. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- ^ News Release, Congressman Gerald R. Ford. The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. April 15, 1970. http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/700415.pdf. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ Levenick, Christopher (September 25, 2005). "The Conservative Persuasion". The Daily Standard. http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/006/135jlkrj.asp. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- ^ Letter from Gerald Ford to Michael Treanor. Fordham University, September 21, 2005, Retrieved March 2, 2008.
- ^ Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, a public-domain publication of the Federal Judicial Center.
- ^ Another Loss For the Gipper. TIME, March 29, 1976. Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ VH1 News Presents: Politics: A Pop Culture History Premiering Wednesday, October 20 at 10:00 pm (ET/PT). PRNewswire October 19, 2004. Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ Election of 1976: A Political Outsider Prevails. C-SPAN. Retrieved on December 31, 2006.[dead link]
- ^ Shabecoff, Philip. "160,000 Mark Two 1775 Battles; Concord Protesters Jeer Ford – Reconciliation Plea", The New York Times, April 20, 1975, p. 1.
- ^ Shabecoff, Philip. "Ford, on Bicentennial Trip, Bids U.S. Heed Old Values", The New York Times, April 19, 1975, p. 1.
- ^ "1976 Presidential Debates". CNN. http://www-cgi.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/debates/history/1976/. Retrieved September 28, 2011.
- ^ Lehrer, Jim (2000). "1976:No Audio and No Soviet Domination". Debating Our Destiny. PBS. http://www.pbs.org/newshour/debatingourdestiny/dod/1976-broadcast.html. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
- ^ "Presidential Election 1976 States Carried". multied.com. Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ "Jimmy Carter". U.S. Inaugural Addresses. Bartleby.com. January 20, 1977. http://www.bartleby.com/124/pres60.html. Retrieved August 14, 2009.
- ^ Perrone, Marguerite. "Eisenhower Fellowship: A History 1953–2003". 2003.
- ^ Naughton, James M (December 27, 2006). "The Real Jerry Ford". PoynterOnline. http://www.poynter.org/content/content_view.asp?id=115796. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
- ^ Smith, Gaddis (1979). "A Time to Heal". Foreign Affairs. Council on Foreign Relations. http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19790901fabook14015/gerald-r-ford/a-time-to-heal.html. Retrieved April 26, 2009.
- ^ Kornblut, Anne (December 29, 2006). "Ford Arranged His Funeral to Reflect Himself and Drew in a Former Adversary". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/29/washington/29funeral.html?ex=1325048400&en=44d6cd10bbdba342&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss. Retrieved April 4, 2007.
- ^ Updegrove, Mark K. (August/September 2006). "Flying Coach to Cairo". American Heritage 57 (4). http://www.americanheritage.com/content/%E2%80%9Cflying-coach-cairo%E2%80%9D. Retrieved September 28, 2011. ""Certainly few observers in January 1977 would have predicted that Jimmy and I would become the closest of friends," Ford said in 2000."
- ^ Thomas, Evan (2007). "The 38th President: More Than Met the Eye". Newsweek. http://www.newsweek.com/id/56688. Retrieved January 4, 2009.
- ^ Allen, Richard V. "How the Bush Dynasty Almost Wasn't", Hoover Institution, reprinted from the New York Times Magazine, July 30, 2000. Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ "Reagan campaign ad". Livingroomcandidate.org. November 4, 1979. http://www.livingroomcandidate.org/commercials/1980/pres-ford. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
- ^ Whipple, Scott (October 18, 2005). "A $3m gift". The New Britain Herald. http://www.zwire.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=15404901&BRD=1641&PAG=461&dept_id=17739&rfi=6. Retrieved September 9, 2009.
- ^ "The Man Who Ate Hollywood". Vanity Fair. November 2005. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2005/11/davis200511. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
- ^ New York Media, LLC (25 January 1988). New York Magazine. New York Media, LLC. pp. 19–. ISSN 00287369. http://books.google.com/books?id=VeUCAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19. Retrieved 19 February 2012.
- ^ "Ford’s Citigroup Connection". Wall Street Journal. 2006-12-27. http://blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2006/12/27/ford%E2%80%99s-citigroup-connection/. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
- ^ Lessenberry, Jack (April 20, 1981). "Ford to Formally Unveil His Presidential Library". Toledo Blade. http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MQsVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mgIEAAAAIBAJ&dq=gerald%20ford%20presidential%20library%201981&pg=3006%2C1433139. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ Ford, Gerald R. (September 18, 1981). "Remarks at the Dedication of the Gerald R. Ford Museum in Grand Rapids, Michigan". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. http://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/speeches/810918.asp. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
- ^ Tucker, Brian (September 18, 1981). "Reagan Praises Ford at Opening of Museum". Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/specials/gerald_ford/articles/ford_museum_opens/. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ "Politicians Who Received the Medal of Freedom". The Political Graveyard. http://politicalgraveyard.com/special/medal-of-freedom.html. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- ^ "Gerald Ford". John F. Kennedy Library Foundation. 2001. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Education+and+Public+Programs/Profile+in+Courage+Award/Award+Recipients/Gerald+Ford/. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- ^ a b Palm Springs Walk of Stars: By Date Dedicated
- ^ Price, Deb. "Gerald Ford: Treat gay couples equally". The Detroit News, October 29, 2001. Retrieved on December 28, 2006
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay. "Vocal Gay Republicans Upsetting Conservatives", The New York Times, June 1, 2003, p. N26.
- ^ Woodward, Bob. "Ford Disagreed With Bush About Invading Iraq". The Washington Post, December 28, 2006. Retrieved on December 28, 2006
- ^ "Embargoed Interview Reveals Ford Opposed Iraq War". Democracy Now Headlines for December 28, 2006. Retrieved on December 28, 2006
- ^ "Gerald Ford recovering after strokes". BBC, August 2, 2000. Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ Hospitalized After Suffering a Stroke, Former President Ford Is Expected to Fully Recover NYTimes, August 3, 2000. Retrieved on July 5, 2008.
- ^ Former "President Ford, 92, hospitalized with pneumonia". USA Today, Associated Press, January 17, 2006. Retrieved on October 19, 2007.
- ^ "Gerald Ford released from hospital". msnbc.com, Associated Press, July 26, 2006. Retrieved December 31, 2006.
- ^ "Former President Gerald Ford Released from Hospital". Fox News. October 16, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,221379,00.html. Retrieved September 3, 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "Gerald Ford Dies At Age 93". CNN Transcript December 26, 2006. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
- ^ DeFrank T: Write It When I'm Gone, G. Putnam & Sons, New York, NY, 2007.
- ^ "US ex-President Gerald Ford dies". BBC News. December 27, 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/6211407.stm. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
- ^ Davey, Monica (January 4, 2007). "Ford Is Buried After Thousands in Hometown Pay Respects". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/04/washington/04ford.html?pagewanted=print. Retrieved October 16, 2009.
- ^ Stout, David (January 2, 2007). "Bush and ex-presidents eulogize Gerald R. Ford". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/02/world/americas/02iht-web.0207ford.4080367.html. Retrieved September 3, 2009.
- ^ "Former first lady Betty Ford dies at 93". MSNBC. July 9, 2011. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/43692691/?gt1=43001. Retrieved September 9, 2011.
- ^ "Ford eclipses Reagan as oldest ex-president". USA Today. November 12, 2006. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-11-10-ford_x.htm. Retrieved March 2, 2008.
- ^ a b c "Gerald Ford, Betty's Husband". The Phoenix Media/Communications Group. http://thephoenix.com/Boston/News/30916-Gerald-Ford-Bettys-husband/. Retrieved December 4, 2009.
- ^ a b c d e "Gerald R Ford". The Independent (London). January 21, 2009. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/presidents/gerald-r-ford-1451818.html. Retrieved December 2, 2009.
- ^ Jake, Coyle (September 12, 2008). "'SNL' returns with spotlight on prez impersonators". CBS Interactive Inc.. http://www.theinsider.com/news/1185909__SNL_returns_with_spotlight_on_prez_impersonators. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ "Chevy Chase recalls Ford as 'a terrific guy': 'SNL' comedian became famous in the 1970s portraying president as klutz". MSNBC. December 27, 2006. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/16370028/. Retrieved September 16, 2008.
- ^ "Gerald R. Ford Middle School, Grand Rapids Public Schools". grpublicschools.org. http://grpublicschools.org/grps1/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=652&Itemid=345&lang=en. Retrieved February 25, 2012.
- ^ "Gerald R. Ford Council, Boy Scouts of America". Bsagrfc.org. http://www.bsagrfc.org/. Retrieved September 11, 2010.
Bibliography[link]
Primary sources[link]
- Ford, Gerald R. (1994). Presidential Perspectives from the National Archives. Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration. ISBN 1-880875-04-7.
- Ford, Gerald R. (1987). Humor and the Presidency. New York: Arbor House. ISBN 0-87795-918-8.
- Ford, Gerald R. (1979). A Time to Heal: The Autobiography of Gerald R. Ford. New York, NY: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-011297-2.
- Ford, Gerald R. (1973). Selected Speeches. Arlington, Va.: R. W. Beatty. ISBN 0-87948-029-7.
- Ford, Gerald R. (1965). Portrait of the assassin (Lee Harvey Oswald). ASIN B0006BMZM4.
- Ford, Betty (1978). The Times of My Life. New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-011298-0.
- Casserly, John J. (1977). The Ford White House: Diary of a Speechwriter. Boulder: Colorado Associated University Press. ISBN 0-87081-106-1.
- Coyne, John R. (1979). Fall in and Cheer. Garden City/N.Y.: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-11119-3.
- DeFrank, Thomas. (2007). Write It When I'm Gone: Remarkable Off-the-Record Conversations with Gerald R. Ford. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-15450-7.
- Gergen, David. (2000). Eyewitness to Power: The Essence of Leadership. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-684-82663-1. , by speechwriter
- Hartmann, Robert T. (1980). Palace Politics: An Insider's Account of the Ford Years. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-026951-3. , by chief of staff
- Hersey, John (1980). Aspects of the Presidency: Truman and Ford in Office (The President: A Minute-by-Minute Account of a Week in the Life of Gerald Ford). New Haven: Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 0-89919-012-X.
- Kissinger, Henry A. (1999). Years of Renewal. New York: Touchstone. ISBN 0-684-85572-0. by Secretary of State
- Thompson, Kenneth (ed.) (1980). The Ford Presidency: Twenty-Two Intimate Perspectives of Gerald Ford. Lanham: University Press of America. ISBN 0-8191-6960-9.
Secondary sources[link]
- Brinkley, Douglas (2007). Gerald R. Ford. New York, NY: Times Books. ISBN 0-8050-6909-7. full-scale biography
- Cannon, James (1993). Time and Chance: Gerald R. Ford's Appointment with History. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08482-8. full-scale biography
- Conley, Richard S. "Presidential Influence and Minority Party Liaison on Veto Overrides: New Evidence from the Ford Presidency". American Politics Research 2002 30(1): 34–65. ISSN 1532-673x Fulltext: in Swetswise
- Firestone, Bernard J. and Alexej Ugrinsky (eds) (1992). Gerald R. Ford and the Politics of Post-Watergate America. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-28009-6.
- Greene, John Robert (1992). The Limits of Power: The Nixon and Ford Administrations. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32637-0.
- Greene, John Robert (1995). The Presidency of Gerald R. Ford. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0639-4. , the major scholarly study
- Hersey, John Richard. The President: A Minute-By-Minute Account of a Week in the Life of Gerald Ford. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1975.
- Hult, Karen M. and Walcott, Charles E. Empowering the White House: Governance under Nixon, Ford, and Carter. University Press of Kansas, 2004.
- Jespersen, T. Christopher. "Kissinger, Ford, and Congress: the Very Bitter End in Vietnam". Pacific Historical Review 2002 71(3): 439–473. ISSN 0030-8684 Fulltext: in University of California; Swetswise; Jstor and Ebsco
- Jespersen, T. Christopher. "The Bitter End and the Lost Chance in Vietnam: Congress, the Ford Administration, and the Battle over Vietnam, 1975–76". Diplomatic History 2000 24(2): 265–293. ISSN 0145-2096 Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta, Ebsco
- Maynard, Christopher A. "Manufacturing Voter Confidence: a Video Analysis of the American 1976 Presidential and Vice-presidential Debates". Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 1997 17(4): 523–562. ISSN 0143-9685 Fulltext: in Ingenta
External links[link]
| Find more about Gerald Ford on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
 |
Definitions and translations from Wiktionary |
 |
Images and media from Commons |
 |
Learning resources from Wikiversity |
 |
News stories from Wikinews |
 |
Quotations from Wikiquote |
 |
Source texts from Wikisource |
 |
Textbooks from Wikibooks |
Published works[link]
- Works by or about Gerald Ford in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Works by Gerald Ford at Project Gutenberg.
- First State of the Union Address.
- Second State of the Union Address.
- Third State of the Union Address.
Libraries and museums[link]
- Gerald R. Ford Foundation.
- Ford Library and Museum.
- National Archives materials.
- Hauenstein Center for Presidential Studies in President Ford's hometown.
- Gerald Ford: A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress.
Biographies[link]
- Extensive essay on Gerald Ford and shorter essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs
- White House biography
- Gerald Ford at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
Multimedia and other[link]
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- April 23, 2006, Gerald Ford's visit with George W. Bush, the last known public photos, video footage and voice recording taken of Ford alive
- Portrait of Gerald Ford by Margaret Holland Sargent
- Gerald Ford collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Gerald Ford at Find a Grave
| Titles and Succession | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Ford, Gerald Rudolph |
| Alternative names | Ford, Gerry |
| Short description | 38th President of the United States |
| Date of birth | July 14, 1913 |
| Place of birth | Omaha, Nebraska, United States |
| Date of death | December 26, 2006 |
| Place of death | Rancho Mirage, California, United States |
http://wn.com/Gerald_Ford
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Gerald Ford
http://es.wn.com/Gerald Ford
http://ru.wn.com/Форд, Джеральд Рудольф
http://cs.wn.com/Gerald Ford
http://pt.wn.com/Gerald Ford
http://pl.wn.com/Gerald Ford
http://hi.wn.com/जेराल्ड फ़ोर्ड
http://it.wn.com/Gerald Ford
http://id.wn.com/Gerald Ford
http://nl.wn.com/Gerald Ford
http://fr.wn.com/Gerald Ford
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Ford
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
