The Union Flag is one of the most potent symbols of Britishness.^[1]

Britishness is the state or quality of being British,^[2][3] or of embodying British characteristics,^[3] and is used to refer to that which binds and distinguishes the British people and forms the basis of their unity and identity,^[4] or else to explain expressions of British culture—such as habits, behaviours or symbols—that have a common, familiar or iconic quality readily identifiable with the United Kingdom.^[5] Dialogue about the legitimacy and authenticity of Britishness is intrinsically tied with power relations and politics;^[6] in terms of nationhood and belonging, expressing or recognising one's Britishness provokes a range of responses and attitudes, such as advocacy, indifference or rejection.^[6] Macphee and Poddar state that although the designation of the two differing terms, Britishness and Englishness, is not simple as they are invariably conflated, they are both tied into the identity of the British nation and empire, since these last two are altering considerably as Englishness and Britishness do too. Thus the slippage between the two words can be seen as a play between these changing dynamics.^[7]

Britishness "sprung into political and academic prominence" in the late-20th century,^[8] but its origins lie with the formation of the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. Although Britishness was used to refer to Britons collectively as early as 1682,^[3] historian Linda Colley asserts that it was after the Acts of Union 1707 that the citizens of Great Britain began to assume a "layered" identity—to think of themselves as simultaneously British but also Scottish, English, and/or Welsh.^[9] In this formative period, Britishness was "closely bound up with Protestantism".^[9] The Oxford English Dictionary Online dates the first known use of the term Britishness to refer to the state of being British to a June 1857 issue of Putnam's Monthly Magazine.^[3]

Since the late-20th century, the exploration and proliferation of Britishness became directly associated with a desire to define, sustain or restore a homogenous British identity or allegiance to Britain, prompting debate. For instance, the Life in the United Kingdom test—reported as a test of one's Britishness—has been described as controversial.^[10] The United Kingdom Independence Party have asserted that Britishness is tied with inclusive civic nationalism,^[11] whereas the Commission for Racial Equality reported that, Scots, Welsh, Irish and ethnic minorities may feel quite divorced from Britishness because of White, English dominance; Gwynfor Evans, Welsh nationalist politician, said that "Britishness is a political synonym for Englishness which extends English culture over the Scots, Welsh and the Irish".^[12] With regards to a proposed Oath of Allegiance for school leavers, historian David Starkey argued that it is impossible to teach Britishness because "a British nation doesn't exist."^[13][14]

Government perspective[link]

Gordon Brown, then Chancellor of the Exchequer, made a speech in 2006 to promote Britishness.^[15] Brown's speech to the Fabian Society's Britishness Conference proposed that British values demand a new constitutional settlement and symbols to represent a modern patriotism, including a new youth community service scheme and a 'British Day' to celebrate.^[16]

One of the central issues identified at the Fabian Society conference was how the English identity fits within the framework of a devolved UK. Does England require a new constitutional settlement for instance?^[17]

Her Majesty's Government's sought to promote Britishness with the inaugural Veterans' Day, first held on 27 June 2006. As well as celebrating the achievements of armed forces veterans, Brown's speech at the first event for the celebration said:

Scots and people from the rest of the UK share the purpose – that Britain has something to say to the rest of the world about the values of freedom, democracy and the dignity of the people that you stand up for. So at a time when people can talk about football and devolution and money, it is important that we also remember the values that we share in common.^[18]

Critics have argued that Gordon Brown's sudden interest in the subject is more to do with countering English opposition to a Scottish Member of Parliament becoming Prime Minister.^[19]

In November 2007 The Times' Comment Central asked readers to define Britishness in five little words. The winning suggestion was "No motto please, we're British."^[20]

Ethnicity and social trends[link]

Britishness is conceived of as being greater than national identities like Scottish culture (represented by the Tam o' Shanter), but without negating it as well

In 2007, the majority of people in many non-white ethnic groups living in Great Britain described their national identity as British, English, Scottish or Welsh. This included almost nine in ten (87%) of people with mixed heritage, 85% of Black Caribbeans, and 80% of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis. Non-whites were more likely to describe themselves as British than whites. One-third of people from the White British group described themselves as British; some respondents opted to call themselves English, Welsh or Scottish.^[21]

A study conducted for the Commission for Racial Equality (CRE) in 2005 found that, in England, the majority of ethnic minority participants identified primarily as British, whereas white English participants identified as English first and British second. In Wales and Scotland, the majority of both white and ethnic minority participants identified as Welsh or Scottish first and British second, although they saw no incompatibility between the two identities.^[22] Other research conducted for the CRE found that white participants felt that there was a threat to Britishness from large-scale immigration, the 'unfair' claims that they perceived ethnic minorities made on the welfare state, a rise in moral pluralism and political correctness. Much of this frustration was found to be targeted at Muslims rather than minorities in general. Muslim participants in the study reported feeling victimised and stated that they felt that they were being asked to choose between Muslim and British identities, whereas they saw it possible to be both at the same time.^[22]

Within the United Kingdom[link]

England[link]

Scotland[link]

There is evidence that people in Scotland are increasingly likely to describe themselves as Scottish, and less likely to say they are British. A 2006 study by social scientists at the Universities of Edinburgh, Dundee, St Andrews and Lancaster shows that more than eight out of ten people in Scotland saw themselves as Scottish. At the same time, there has been a long-term decline in Scots defining themselves as British, although more than half of the people in the survey saw themselves as British.^[24][25]

The Scottish National Party MSP and Cabinet Secretary for Justice, Kenny MacAskill gave the following submission to the UK Parliament's Joint Committee on Human Rights in March 2008 discussing a British Bill of Rights:

What is meant by Britishness? Is there a concept of Britishness? Yes, just as there is a concept of being Scandinavian. We eat fish and chips, we eat chicken masala, we watch EastEnders. Are [the SNP] British? No, we are not. We consider ourselves Scottish.^[26]

Identity and politics[link]

In a 1998 poll, 37% of Scottish National Party voters stated themselves to be "Scottish, not British", the rest demonstrating some form of British identity, with the most popular choice being "More Scottish than British" (41%).^[27] This conclusion was again put forward in 2002, with similar figures cited.^[28] However, the British Social Attitudes Survey of 2007 found that only 21% of Scots saw themselves as 'Equally Scottish and British', with less than half choosing British as a secondary identity.^[29] The report concluded that 73% of respondents saw themselves as 'only' or 'mainly' Scottish.^[29]

See also[link]

United Kingdom portal

• British Day
• Nationalism in the United Kingdom
• Cool Britannia
• Culture of the United Kingdom
• National colours of the United Kingdom
• Stiff upper lip

References[link]

Footnotes[link]

Bibliography[link]

External links[link]

• Academy for the Study of Britishness
• Who Do We Think We Are - Exploring Britishness diversity and identity
• Being British

For the former English professional footballer, see Trevor Phillips (footballer)

Trevor Phillips
Member of the London Assembly for the Labour Party (London-wide)
In office 4 May 2000 – February 2003
Preceded by	New constituency
Succeeded by	Diana Johnson
Personal details
Born	(1953-12-31) 31 December 1953 (age 58) Wood Green, London
Nationality	British
Political party	Labour
Alma mater	Imperial College London

Trevor Phillips, OBE (born 31 December 1953, London), chairs the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) and is a former television executive and presenter. He became head of the Commission for Racial Equality in 2003, and on its abolition in 2006 was appointed full-time chair of its successor, the EHRC (initially called the Commission for Equality and Human Rights), which had a broader remit of combating discrimination and promoting equality across other grounds (age, disability, gender, race, religion and belief, sexual orientation and gender reassignment).^[1] The EHRC also had the role of promoting and defending human rights, and secured recognition as the national human rights institution for Great Britain (alongside separate commissions in Northern Ireland and Scotland). Phillips' tenure as EHRC chair (which at his request became a part-time position in 2009) has at times been controversial.

Early life[link]

Phillips was born in London,and lived in Wood Green, attending Wood Green Grammar School (became Wood Green Comprehensive in 1967) on White Hart Lane, but took his A-levels at Queen's College in Georgetown, Guyana. He returned to London to study for a BSc in chemistry at Imperial College London - saying his interest in the subject was prompted by living next to a gasometer as a child.

Political activity[link]

As a student at Imperial he became president of its students' union. In 1978 he was elected president of the National Union of Students as a candidate for the Broad Left.

Phillips was active in the voluntary sector, serving as chair of the Runnymede Trust, a think-tank promoting ethnic equality, from 1993 to 1998, and as a commissioner for a number of other charities. He also served as chair of the London Arts Board. His long-standing friendship with Peter Mandelson (who worked with Phillips at LWT and was best man at his wedding to Asha Bhownagary) brought him close to the New Labour project and he became friends with Tony Blair. Phillips joined the Labour Party in London in 1996. He was awarded an OBE in 1999 for services to broadcasting. Later in 1999, Phillips ran to be Labour's candidate for Mayor of London.

Phillips was initially reported to be Tony Blair's preferred choice for the role, and when Blair called for the party to swiftly unite behind one candidate, Ken Livingstone, a left-winger and favourite to win the nomination, offered to form a joint ticket with Phillips as his running mate. Phillips described Livingstone's offer as "patronising" in a response that was seen as an accusation of racism, though Phillips later denied this.^[2] Following this and other controversies, including his decision to send his children to a private school, Phillips withdrew from the race a few months later and was not on the final shortlist of candidates. Instead, he accepted an offer to be running mate to Frank Dobson.

Although Dobson won the nomination, his candidature was harmed by the perception that the contest was "fixed" by the use of an electoral college.^[3] Livingstone ran as an independent and won. The Labour Party designated Phillips as a member of the London Assembly on 4 May 2000 as one of its 'top-up' candidates. Phillips served as chair of the Assembly until February 2003, before resigning his seat to take up his appointment at the Commission for Racial Equality.

Multiculturalism: disagreements with Ken Livingstone[link]

Phillips and Livingstone had a frosty relationship throughout Phillips' time on the London Assembly, and Phillips' opposition to multiculturalism saw them clash time and again during his tenure at the CRE. In a Times interview in April 2004, Phillips called for the government to reject its support for multiculturalism, claiming it was out of date, and legitimised "separateness" between communities and instead should "assert a core of Britishness".^[4]

In 2006, Livingstone accused Phillips of "pandering to the right" so much that he "would soon join the BNP".^[5] Phillips himself replied that his views had been "well documented" and "well supported". Phillips has made speeches stating that "it was right to ask hard questions about multicultural Britain". Although he apologised for his misuse of statistics on levels of segregation he welcomed the focus on integration of different communities after the launch of A Commission for Integration and Cohesion.^[6]

After the 2005 riots in France, Phillips warned that "inequality, race and powerlessness" can be "incendiary". He was invited to advise the French government and in September 2007 was awarded the Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur.^[7]

Chair of the EHRC[link]

Phillips' tenure as EHRC chair has been dogged by controversies and internal dissent. Under his leadership six of the body's commissioners departed after expressing concerns about his leadership and probity and others were reported to be considering their position.^[8][9]

Phillips has argued for school selection to be amended to prevent segregation in British schools,^{[clarification needed][citation needed]} and controversially warned that Britain's current approach to multiculturalism could cause Britain to "sleepwalk towards segregation".^[10]

Views on Islam and free speech[link]

Trevor Phillips has spoken on the need for free speech to "allow people to offend each other."^[11] These comments came after the protests against the Danish cartoons satirising the Prophet Muhammad which sparked protests in the Muslim world. He stated in an ITV interview: "One point of Britishness is that people can say what they like about the way we should live, however absurd, however unpopular it is." While supporting free speech, Phillips has spoken out against providing the far right with a platform. Discussing the Oxford Union's invitation to BNP leader Nick Griffin and Holocaust denier David Irving, he told the BBC's Andrew Marr Show: "As a former president of the National Union of Students, I'm ashamed that this has happened. This is not a question of freedom of speech, this is a juvenile provocation. What I would say to students at Oxford is: You're supposed to be brilliant. Put your brains back in your head. People fought and died for freedom of expression and freedom of speech. They didn't fight and die for it so it could be used as a sort of silly parlour game. This is just a piece of silly pranksterism and the issues are too serious to be left to that." Griffin has since hit back at Phillips by declaring him a "black racist" in an interview given to Channel 4.^[12]

Opposition to 42-day detention[link]

In early June 2008 Phillips as EHRC head voiced that he "remain[ed] unpersuaded that the government has yet provided compelling evidence for what our legal advice shows would be an effective suspension of some human rights"^[13] Phillips was responding to the growing uproar surrounding proposals to amend counter-terrorism legislation to permit 42 days' detention without charge. He raised the possibility of the EHRC legally testing the legislation by judicial review. In the event, the Brown government maintained the limit on detention without charge at 28 days (although in practice a 14-day limit was observed). Following the installation of a Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition government the limit was in January 2011 allowed to revert to 14 days.

Comparisons between UK and US[link]

In an article published in 2003,^[14] Phillips stated "from Rome, through Constantinople to Venice and London, our (European) nations have a history of peacefully absorbing huge, diverse movements of people, driven by war, famine and persecution; and there is no history of long-term ethnic segregation of the kind one can see in any US city."

In a March 2008 article for Prospect magazine, Phillips was cool on Barack Obama as a potential Presidential candidate, and speculated that if he did become President of America it might "postpone the arrival of a post-racial America".^[15]

Following Obama's win, in a radio interview for BBC Radio 4 on November 8, 2008, Trevor Phillips said that he believed it would be impossible for a black candidate in the United Kingdom to rise to the top in politics because of institutional racism within the Labour Party. He said;

If Barack Obama had lived here I would be very surprised if even somebody as brilliant as him would have been able to break through the institutional stranglehold that there is on power within the Labour party.^[16]

The comments gained support and criticism from members of ethnic communities in the UK.^[17] An article on Phillips in The Independent pointed out the demographic differences between the United Kingdom and the United States of America making a comparison untenable. In the United States people of non-European ancestry constitute about one third of the population, whereas in the United Kingdom people of non-white ancestry make up only 8% of the population.^[18]

Broadcasting and writing[link]

Phillips worked initially as a researcher for London Weekend Television (LWT), before being promoted to head of current affairs in 1992, remaining in the post until 1994. He produced and presented The London Programme for LWT and has worked on projects for the BBC. With his brother, the crime writer Mike Phillips, he wrote Windrush: The Irresistible Rise of Multi-racial Britain (1998, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-00-255909-9).

Accusations of conflict of interest[link]

In 2008 it was revealed through the British tabloid press that a private company co founded by Phillips and in which he owns 70% of the shares,^[19] the Equate Organisation had been employed by Channel Four following the race row involving Shilpa Shetty and Jade Goody during the May 2007 series of Celebrity Big Brother. The undisclosed sum paid by Channel 4 to Phillips and the Commission's assertion that "Trevor has gone through all the correct processes of declaring his interests, so there is no conflict"^[20] provoked widespread criticism in the British media.

In 2010 Phillips was investigated regarding alleged attempts to influence a committee writing a report on him. He was cleared of contempt of Parliament but was told his behaviour was "inappropriate and ill-advised".^[21]

Personal life[link]

Phillips was married to Asha Bhownagary for 28 years.^[22] Phillips met his former wife, a child psychologist, as a student,^[23] and the couple have two grown-up daughters, Sushila^[24] and Holly. Phillips and Bhownagary separated in February 2008. Soon afterwards, he started going out with TV producer Helen Veale, who is 16 years his junior.^[25]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Trevor Phillips

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Trevor Phillips

• Official website
• BBC website profile
• Observer report on Phillips

Peter Whittle (born 27 February 1927, in Wellington, New Zealand^[1]) is a mathematician and statistician, working in the fields of stochastic nets, optimal control, time series analysis, stochastic optimization and stochastic dynamics. From 1967 to 1994, he was the Churchill Professor of Mathematics for Operational Research at the University of Cambridge.^[2][3]

Whittle graduated from the University of New Zealand in 1947 with a B.Sc. in mathematics and physics and in 1948 with a M.Sc. in mathematics.^{[3] [1]}

He then moved to Uppsala, Sweden in 1950 to study for his Ph.D.^[1] with Herman Wold (at the University of Uppsala). His thesis, Hypothesis Testing in Time Series, generalized Wold's autoregressive representation theorem for univariate stationary processes to multivariate processes. Whittle's thesis was published in 1951^[2]. A synopsis of Whittle's thesis also appeared as an appendix to the second edition of Wold's book on time-series analysis. He remained in Uppsala at the Statistics Institute as a docent until 1953, when Whittle returned to New Zealand.

In New Zealand, Whittle worked at the Department of Industrial and Scientific Research (DSIR) in the Applied Mathematics Laboratory (later named the Applied Mathematics Division).

In 1959 Whittle was appointed to a lectureship in Cambridge University^[1][4]. Whittle was appointed Professor of Mathematical Statistics at the University of Manchester in 1961.^[1][3][5] After 6 years in Manchester, Whittle returned to Cambridge as the Churchill Professor of Mathematics for Operational Research, a post he held until his retirement in 1994. From 1973, he was also Director of the Statistical Laboratory, University of Cambridge.^[6] He is a fellow of Churchill College, Cambridge.

Whittle was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1978,^[7] and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 1981.^[8] The Royal Society awarded him their Sylvester Medal in 1994 in recognition of his "major distinctive contributions to time series analysis, to optimisation theory, and to a wide range of topics in applied probability theory and the mathematics of operational research".^[9] In 1986, the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences awarded Whittle the Lanchester Prize for his book Systems in Stochastic Equilibrium (ISBN 0-471-90887-8) and the John von Neumann Theory Prize in 1997^[5] for his "outstanding contributions to the theory of operations research and management science".^[10]

In 1951 Whittle married a Finnish woman, Käthe Blomquist, whom he had met in Sweden. The Whittle family has six children.^[1][11]

Bibliography[link]

Peter Whittle has written many books and articles.

Books[link]

1. Whittle, P. (1951). Hypothesis Testing in Time Series Analysis. Almquist and Wicksell. 
2. Whittle, P. (1963). Prediction and Regulation. English Universities Press. ISBN 0-8166-1147-5. 

   Republished as: Whittle, P. (1983). Prediction and Regulation by Linear Least-Square Methods. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-1148-3. 

3. Whittle, P. (1970). Probability (Library of university mathematics). Penguin. ISBN 0-14-080085-9. 

   Republished as: Whittle, P. (30 April 1976). Probability. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-01657-8. 

4. Whittle, P. (28 July 1971). Optimization Under Constraints. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-94130-1. 
5. Whittle, P. (4 August 1982). Optimization Over Time. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-10120-6. 
6. Whittle, P. (April 1983). Optimization Over Time: Dynamic Programming and Stochastic Control. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-10496-5. 
7. Whittle, P. (4 June 1986). Systems in Stochastic Equilibrium. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-90887-8. 
8. Whittle, P. (April 1990). Risk-Sensitive Optimal Control. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-92622-1. 
9. Whittle, P. (14 May 1992). Probability Via Expectation (3rd ed.). Springer Verlag. ISBN 0-387-97758-9 (hardcover), ISBN 0-387-97764-3 (paperback). 

   Republished as: Whittle, P. (20 April 2000). Probability Via Expectation (4th ed.). Springer. ISBN 0-387-98955-2. 

10. Whittle, P. (18 July 1996). Optimal Control: Basics and Beyond. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-95679-1. 
11. Whittle, P. (8 December 1998). Neural Nets and Chaotic Carriers. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. ISBN 0-471-98541-4. 
12. Whittle, P. (31 May 2007). Networks: Optimisation and Evolution. Cambridge University Press. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/0-521-87100-6|0-521-87100-6]]. 

Biography and autobiographies[link]

• Kelly, F. P. (1994). Probability, statistics and optimisation: A Tribute to Peter Whittle. Chicheter: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-94829-2. 
  • Peter Whittle. 1994. "Almost Home". pages 1–28.
  • Anonymous. "Publications of Peter Whittle". pages xxi-xxvi. (A list of 129 publications.)
  • Anonymous. Biographical sketch (untitled). page xxvii.

Selected articles[link]

• Whittle, P. (1953). "The analysis of multiple stationary time series". J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B. 15 (1): 125–139. JSTOR 2983728. 
  • Reprinted with an introduction by Matthew Calder and Richard A. Davis as Whittle, P. (1997). "The analysis of multiple stationary time series". In Samuel Kotz and Norman L. Johnson. Breakthroughs in statistics, Volume III. Springer Series in Statistics: Perspectives in Statistics. New York: Springer-Verlag. pp. 141–169. ISBN 0-387-94988-7 , 0-387-94989-5. 

• Whittle, Peter (1954). "On stationary processes in the plane". Biometrika 41: 434–449. 
  • Reprinted as Whittle, Peter (2001). "On stationary processes in the plane". In D. M. Titterington and D. R. Cox. Biometrika: One Hundred Years. Oxford University Press. pp. 293–308. ISBN 0-19-850993-6. 

• Whittle, P. (May 1954). "Optimum preventative sampling". Journal of the Operations Research Society of America 2 (2): 197–203. JSTOR 166605. 

• Whittle, P. (1973). "Some general points in the theory of optimal experimental design". J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 35: 123–130. 

• Whittle, Peter (1980). "Multi-armed bandits and the Gittins index". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Ser. B (Methodology) 42 (2): 143–149. 
• Whittle, Peter (1981). "Arm-acquiring bandits". Annals of Probability 9: 284–292. DOI:10.1214/aop/1176994469.  (Available online)

• Whittle, Peter (1988). "Restless bandits: Activity allocation in a changing world". Journal of Applied Probability 25A (Special volume: A celebration of applied probability (A festschrift for Joe Gani)): 287–298. MR 974588. 

• Whittle, P. (1991). "Likelihood and cost as path integrals (With discussion and a reply by the author)". J. Roy. Statist. Soc. Ser. B 53 (3): 505–538. 

• Whittle, Peter (2002). "Applied probability in Great Britain (50th anniversary issue of Operations Research)". Oper. Res. 50 (1): 227–239.. 

References[link]

1. ^ Whittle learned Swedish in six months "by translating Matérn's 1947 work on sampling surveys in forestry." (Page 5 in Whittle, Peter (1994). "Almost home". In Kelly, F. P.. Probability, statistics and optimisation: A Tribute to Peter Whittle. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 1–28. ISBN 0-471-94829-2. ) Matérn's essay also stimulated Whittle's work on spatial stochastic processes. (Page 299 in Peter Whittle (1982). "Semi-spatial models of socio-economic transition". In Bo Ranneby. Statistics in theory and practice: Essays in honour of Bertil Matérn. Umeå: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. pp. 299–304. ISBN 91-576-1175-0. MR 688997. )
2. ^ "My gratitude is also extended to Professor Peter Whittle, University of Manchester. When [Professor Whittle was] visiting Uppsala in October 1960, we had fruitful discussions, which led me to consider an important technique used in this monograph." Jöreskog, K. G. (1963). Statistical estimation in factor analysis: A new technique and its foundation. Almqvist & Wiksell. p. 5. 
3. ^ Anonymous. Biographical sketch. In Kelly.

1. ^ ^{a b c d e} J.H. Darwin. "NZMS Newsletter 22 Centrefold, December 1981". http://ifs.massey.ac.nz/mathnews/centrefolds/22/Dec1981.shtml. Retrieved 2006-01-03. 
2. ^ ^a Cambridge Statistical Laboratory. "The History of the Statistical Laboratory, section 6". http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/History/2history.html#6. Retrieved 2006-01-03. 
3. ^ Cambridge Statistical Laboratory. "The History of the Statistical Laboratory, section 4". http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/History/2history.html#4. Retrieved 2006-01-03. 
4. ^ ^a Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. "John von Neumann Theory Prize Winners, 1997 section". http://www.informs.org/Prizes/vonNeumannDetails.html. Retrieved 2006-01-03. 
5. ^ Cambridge Statistical Laboratory. "The History of the Statistical Laboratory, section 7". http://www.statslab.cam.ac.uk/History/2history.html#4. Retrieved 2006-01-03. 
6. ^ Royal Society. "Directory of Fellows of the Royal Society". http://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/. Retrieved 2011-07-14. 
7. ^ Royal Society of New Zealand. "List of Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 1870-2000". http://www.rsnz.org/directory/yearbooks/year00/app2.php. Retrieved 2006-01-03. 
8. ^ The Royal Society. "Sylvester recent winners". http://www.royalsociety.ac.uk/page.asp?id=1766Z. Retrieved 2006-01-03. 
9. ^ Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. "Frederik W. Lanchester Prize". http://www.informs.org/Prizes/LanchesterPrize.html. Retrieved 2006-01-03. 
10. ^ Mathematics Genealogy Project. "Peter Whittle". http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/id.phtml?id=8717. Retrieved 2005-01-03. 

External links[link]

• Webpage of the Cambridge Statistical Laboratory
• Mathematics Genealogy Project. "Peter Whittle". http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/html/id.phtml?id=8717. Retrieved 2005-01-03. 
• Mathematical Reviews. "Peter Whittle". http://www.ams.org/mathscinet/search/author.html?mrauthid=182525. Retrieved 2010-05-14.