This article appears to contradict the article Malnutrition. Please see discussion on the linked talk page. Please do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.

Starvation
Classification and external resources
A girl during the Nigerian-Biafran war of the late 1960s, shown suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition.
ICD-10	T73.0
ICD-9	994.2
DiseasesDB	12415

Starved Vietnamese man, who was deprived of food in a Viet Cong prison camp.

Starvation is a severe deficiency in caloric energy, nutrient and vitamin intake. It is the most extreme form of malnutrition. In humans, prolonged starvation can cause permanent organ damage^[1] and eventually, death. The term inanition refers to the symptoms and effects of starvation.

According to the World Health Organization, hunger is the single gravest threat to the world's public health.^[2] The WHO also states that malnutrition is by far the biggest contributor to child mortality, present in half of all cases.^[2] Six million children die of hunger every year.^[3]Figures on actual starvation are difficult to come by, but according to the FAO, the less severe condition of undernourishment currently affects about 925 million people, or about 14% of the world population.^[4]

The bloated stomach, as seen in the picture to the right, represents a form of malnutrition called kwashiorkor which is caused by protein deficiency combined with inadequate caloric consumption.^[5] Children are more vulnerable to kwashiorkor whose advanced symptoms include weight loss and muscle wasting.^[5] It is quite common to depict a thin child with a bloated stomach as starving, but in reality, such child is malnourished.

Common causes[link]

The basic cause of starvation is an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. In other words, the body expends more energy than it takes in as something. This imbalance can arise from one or more medical conditions and/or circumstantial situations, which can include:

Medical reasons

• Anorexia nervosa
• Bulimia nervosa
• Coeliac Disease
• Coma
• Major depressive disorder
• Diabetes mellitus
• Digestive disease
• Constant vomiting

Circumstantial causes

• Famine – for any reason, such as political strife and war.
• Fasting – done without proper medical supervision.
• Poverty

Signs and symptoms[link]

Individuals experiencing starvation lose substantial fat (adipose) and muscle mass as the body breaks down these tissues for energy. Catabolysis is the process of a body breaking down its own muscles and other tissues in order to keep vital systems such as the nervous system and heart muscle (myocardium) functioning. Vitamin deficiency is a common result of starvation, often leading to anemia, beriberi, pellagra, and scurvy. These diseases collectively can also cause diarrhea, skin rashes, edema, and heart failure. Individuals are often irritable and lethargic as a result.

Early symptoms include impulsivity, irritability, hyperactivity and other symptoms. Atrophy (wasting away) of the stomach weakens the perception of hunger, since the perception is controlled by the percentage of the stomach that is empty. Victims of starvation are often too weak to sense thirst, and therefore become dehydrated.

Starving Russian girl during the Russian famine of 1921

All movements become painful due to muscle atrophy and dry, cracked skin that is caused by severe dehydration. With a weakened body, diseases are commonplace. Fungi, for example, often grow under the esophagus, making swallowing unbearably painful.

The energy deficiency inherent in starvation causes fatigue and renders the victim more apathetic over time. As the starving person becomes too weak to move or even eat, their interaction with the surrounding world diminishes.

There is also an inability to fight diseases, and in females, irregular menstruation can occur.

Biochemistry[link]

When food intake ceases, the body enters the starvation response^{[citation needed]}. Initially, the body's glycogen stores are used up in about 24 hours.^{[citation needed]} The level of insulin in circulation is low and the level of glucagon is very high. The main means of energy production is lipolysis. Gluconeogenesis converts glycerol into glucose and the Cori cycle converts lactate into usable glucose. Two systems of energy enter the gluconeogenesis: proteolysis provides alanine and lactate produced from pyruvate, while acetyl CoA produces dissolved nutrients (Ketone bodies), which can be detected in urine and are used by the brain as a source of energy.

In terms of insulin resistance, starvation conditions make more glucose available to the brain.

Efforts[link]

Treatment[link]

This section requires expansion.

Starving patients can be treated, but this must be done cautiously to avoid refeeding syndrome.^[6]

Prevention[link]

For the individual, prevention obviously consists of ensuring they eat plenty of food, varied enough to provide a nutritionally complete diet. Short of sitting in front of a potentially starving person and offering him or her food, to address societal mechanisms by which people are denied access to food is a more complicated matter.

Supporting farmers in areas of food insecurity through such measures as free or subsidized fertilizers and seeds increases food harvest and reduces food prices.^[7]

Organizations[link]

Many organizations have been highly effective at reducing starvation in different regions. Aid agencies give direct assistance to individuals, while political organizations pressure political leaders to enact more macro-scale policies that will reduce famine and provide aid.

Starvation statistics[link]

According to estimates by the FAO there were 925 million under- or malnourished people in the world in 2010.^[8] This was a decrease from an estimate of 1023 million malnourished people in 2009.^[9] In 2007, 923 million people were reported as being undernourished, an increase of 80 million since 1990-92.^[10] It has also been recorded that the world already produces enough food to support the world's population.

As the definitions of starving and malnourished people are different, the number of starving people is different from that of malnourished. Generally, much fewer people are starving, than are malnourished. The numbers here may provide some indication, but should not be quoted as a number of starving people.

The share of malnourished and of starving people in the world has been more or less continually decreasing for at least several centuries.^[11] This is due to an increasing supply of food and to overall gains in economic efficiency. In 40 years, the share of malnourished people in the developing world has been more than halved. The share of starving people has decreased even faster. This improvement is expected to continue in the future.

As capital punishment[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2008)

Wikisource has original text related to this article: The Women of the Caesars

The starving Livilla refusing food.
From a drawing by André Castagne

Historically, starvation has been used as a death sentence. From the beginning of civilization to the Middle Ages, people were immured, or walled in, and would die for want of food.

A Mongolian woman condemned to die of starvation, c. 1922

In ancient Greco-Roman societies, starvation was sometimes used to dispose of guilty upper class citizens, especially erring female members of patrician families. For instance, in the year 31, Livilla, the niece and daughter-in-law of Tiberius, was discreetly starved to death by her mother for her adulterous relationship with Sejanus and for her complicity in the murder of her own husband, Drusus the Younger.

Another daughter-in-law of Tiberius, named Agrippina the Elder (a granddaughter of Augustus and the mother of Caligula), also died of starvation, in 33 AD. (However, it is not clear whether or not her starvation was self inflicted.)

A son and daughter of Agrippina were also executed by starvation for political reasons; Drusus Caesar, her second son, was put in prison in 33 AD, and starved to death by orders of Tiberius (he managed to stay alive for nine days by chewing the stuffing of his bed); Agrippina's youngest daughter, Julia Livilla, was exiled on an island in 41 by her uncle, Emperor Claudius, and not much later, her death by starvation was arranged by the empress Messalina.

It is also possible that Vestal Virgins were starved when found guilty of breaking their vows of celibacy.

Ugolino della Gherardesca, his sons and other members of his family were immured in the Muda, a tower of Pisa, and starved to death in the thirteenth century. Dante, his contemporary, wrote about Gherardesca in his masterpiece The Divine Comedy.

In Sweden in 1317, King Birger of Sweden imprisoned his two brothers for a coup they had staged several years earlier (Nyköping Banquet). A few weeks later, they died of starvation.

In the English county of Cornwall in 1671, John Trehenban from St Columb Major was condemned to be starved to death in a cage at Castle An Dinas for the murder of two girls.

Saint Maximilian Kolbe, a martyred Polish friar, offered his life to save another inmate who had a family that had been sentenced to death in the Auschwitz concentration camp along with nine other prisoners because a prisoner had escaped. He was starved, along with another nine inmates. After two weeks of starvation, only Kolbe and three other inmates were still alive, and they were then executed with injections of phenol.

Nikolai Vavilov was starved to death in the Soviet Union for supporting the concept of genes in the face of the official position of effectively limitless environmental plasticity.

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Starvation

• U.N. Chief: Hunger Kills 17,000 Kids Daily - by CNN

Antoine McColister, (born May 11, 1988), better known by his stage name Ace Hood, is an American rapper. Originating from Broward County, Florida, he is signed to DJ Khaled's label We the Best Music Group and Cash Money Records. he is formerly signed to Def Jam Recordings.^[1] His song "Top of the World", from his debut studio album Gutta, was also featured in the basketball simulation game, NBA 2K10.

Career[link]

Early career[link]

In 2007, he met DJ Khaled outside the offices of WEDR 99 Jamz, a South Florida radio station that mainly plays hip hop and contemporary R&B music. After Ace gave him an autobiography and demo tape, Khaled asked Ace to rap over the instrumental of "I'm So Hood" and later signed Hood to his label, We the Best.^[2] Ace was named with several others to the Freshmen of 09 by XXL magazine.^[3]

[edit] 2008: Gutta

His first album, Gutta, was released in 2008. Singles included "Cash Flow" featuring T-Pain and Rick Ross, and "Ride" featuring Trey Songz. Hood also released mixtapes called Ace Won't Fold and All Bets On Ace. He made a guest performance among several rappers on DJ Khaled's single "Out Here Grindin'", also featuring Akon, Rick Ross, Young Jeezy, Lil Boosie, Trick Daddy and Plies, which peaked at #38 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Ace Hood's biggest hit.^[2] It is from Khaled's third studio album We Global, and was eventually certified gold by the RIAA. Ace Hood appeared on Wildstyle Radio with Rome and Hoss on WUAG 103.1FM in Greensboro, North Carolina, on September 7, 2008, to promote his album, Gutta, along with DJ Khaled.^[4] The album debuted at #36 on the Billboard 200, selling 25,000 copies its first week.

[edit] 2009: Ruthless

On June 30, 2009, seven months later, Ace Hood released his second album, titled Ruthless, once again on Def Jam. The album's first single was "Overtime", which was produced by The Runners and featured Akon and T-Pain. The album's second single is "Loco Wit The Cake", which was produced by Schife, of the Palm Beach County Karbeen Mafia. The album's guest lists includes Rick Ross, Ludacris, Jazmine Sullivan, The-Dream, Birdman, and Lloyd. The album debuted at #23 on the Billboard 200, selling 20,000 copies its first week.

[edit] 2011: Blood, Sweat, & Tears

Ace Hood confirmed that his third album will be called, Blood, Sweat & Tears. It was released on August 9, 2011. The first official single, "Hustle Hard", became Ace's highest charting solo single, peaking at #60 on the Billboard 100. The second official single is "Go 'N' Get It". Both tracks are produced by Lex Luger. The third single is "Body 2 Body" featuring Chris Brown and the song is produced by J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League. It peaked at #65 on the Hot 100. The album features artists like T-Pain, Yo Gotti, Kevin Cossom, Rick Ross & Lil Wayne. The album debuted at #8 on the Billboard 200, selling 26,000 copies, becoming the rapper's most successful album so far. He promoted the album with his first concert tour, the Hustle Hard Tour.^[5] He also appeared on three tracks from DJ Khaled's fifth studio album, We the Best Forever: "I'm Thuggin'", "Future", and the "Welcome to My Hood (Remix)".

[edit] 2012: Signed on YMCMB

He starts the year 2012 by collaborating with Cash Money Records artist Bow Wow on a song called "We Going Hard". He will be appear on T.I.'s Trouble Man album. Birdman & DJ Khaled signed Ace Hood and We The Best Music Group to Cash Money Records. Now DJ Khaled's label We The Best Music Group has combined with YMCMB family. Ace will be recording his fourth studio album under We The Best & Cash Money. He has also made numerous guest appearances on tracks by other huge recording artists since he was signed, like Talib Kweli, Jadakiss & Brisco. But the most noticed tracks he made his guest appearance on was "The Drill" by Game (also featuring Meek Mill), which appears on his California Republic. Ace Hood and Game have collaborated once before on a song called Different People for the Starvation mixtape. Follow by with a huge collaborating with R. Kelly on a song called "It's On" (also featuring DJ Khaled), which will appear on his Black Panties album.

Awards, nominations and appearances[link]

Ace Hood performed the Hustle Hard remix with DJ Khaled, Rick Ross and Lil Wayne at BET Awards 2011.^[6] He was also feature on "The Cypher" with Kevin McCall, Tyga & Chris Brown on the 2011 BET Hip Hop Awards. He performed for a homecoming concert and comedy show at North Carolina A&T State University in October 2011.

Discography[link]

Studio albums

• 2008: Gutta
• 2009: Ruthless
• 2011: Blood, Sweat & Tears

Mixtapes

• 2008: Ace Won't Fold (Hosted by DJ Khaled)
• 2008: All Bets on Ace (Hosted by DJ Khaled)
• 2009: The Preview (Hosted by DJ Dirt Dawg)
• 2009: Street Certified (Hosted by Bigga Rankin')
• 2009: Final Warning
• 2010: The Statement
• 2010: I Do It... for the Sport
• 2011: Sex Chronicles (Hosted by Rosa Acosta)
• 2011: Body Bag Vol.1 (Hosted by DJ Inafamous)
• 2011: The Statement 2
• 2012: Starvation
• 2012: Same Dream (with Meek Mill) ^[7]

References[link]

The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for music. Please help to establish notability by adding reliable, secondary sources about the topic. If notability cannot be established, the article is likely to be merged, redirected, or deleted. (December 2011)

Robert Williams (born May 6, 1987), better known by his stage name Meek Mill, is an American rapper from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was briefly signed to T.I.'s label Grand Hustle Records and in February 2011 signed to Rick Ross' Maybach Music Group. In March 2011, Mill was included in XXL's "Freshman Class of 2011".^[1]

In 2011, he released his debut single, "Tupac Back", featuring Rick Ross, from his label's compilation album Self Made Vol. 1. That same year he released another single from the album, "Ima Boss", also featuring Ross. The song was later remixed, featuring T.I., Birdman, Lil Wayne, DJ Khaled Swizz Beatz and Ross. The remix charted on the Billboard Hot 100 and peaked at #51. "Ima Boss" is so far Meek Mill's most successful song, peaking at #20 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

In February 2012, MTV listed Meek Mill as the #7 hottest MC in their annual "Hottest MCs in the Game" list.^[2]

On May 7, 2012, Mill released the second fresh installment in his Dreamchasers series. The mixtape features guest appearances from Drake, Jeremih, Big Sean, Kendrick Lamar, 2 Chainz and more.^[3] Mill has stated his favorite tracks off the tape are "Amen," "A1 Everything" and "Racked Up Shawty" with French Montana and Fabolous.^[4] On May 10, it was announced Meek Mill signed to Roc Nation management.^[4]

Discography[link]

Collaborative albums[link]

Mixtapes[link]

• BloodHoundz – Grimey, Thirsty, Starving, Hungry (2005) (with Mel Love, Dat NIG*A LiL & Young Pooh) +
• BloodHoundz – Blood in Blood Out (2005) (with Mel Love, Dat NIG*A LiL & Young Pooh)
• The Real Me (2007)
• The Real Me 2 (2008) (Hosted by DJ Difference)
• Flamers (2008) (Hosted by DJ Difference)
• Flamers 2: Hottest In The City (2009) (Hosted by DJ Difference)
• Flamers 2.5: The Preview (2009) (Hosted by DJ Cosmic Kev)
• Flamers 3: The Wait Is Over (2010) (Hosted by DJ Drama)
• Mr.Philadelphia (2010) (Hosted by DJ Ill Will & DJ Rockstar)
• Dreamchasers (2011) (Hosted by DJ Drama)
• Dreamchasers 2 (2012) (Hosted by DJ Drama)
• Same Dream (2012) (with Ace Hood)

Singles[link]

As lead artist[link]

As featured artist[link]

Other charted songs[link]

Guest appearances[link]

References[link]