In genetic engineering, recombination can also refer to artificial and deliberate recombination of disparate pieces of DNA, often from different organisms, creating what is called recombinant DNA. A prime example of such a use of genetic recombination is gene targeting, which can be used to add, delete or otherwise change an organism's genes. This technique is important to biomedical researchers as it allows them to study the effects of specific genes. Techniques based on genetic recombination are also applied in protein engineering to develop new proteins of biological interest.
Genetic recombination is catalyzed by many different enzymes, called recombinases. RecA, the chief recombinase found in Escherichia coli, is responsible for the repair of DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). In yeast and other eukaryotic organisms there are two recombinases required for repairing DSBs. The RAD51 protein is required for mitotic and meiotic recombination, whereas the DMC1 protein is specific to meiotic recombination.
Because recombination can occur with small probability at any location along chromosome, the frequency of recombination between two locations depends on their distance. Therefore, for genes sufficiently distant on the same chromosome the amount of crossover is high enough to destroy the correlation between alleles.
Tracking the movement of genes during crossovers has proven quite useful to geneticists. Because two genes that are close together are less likely to become separated than genes that are farther apart, geneticists can deduce roughly how far apart two genes are on a chromosome if they know the frequency of the crossovers. Geneticists can also use this method to infer the presence of certain genes. Genes that typically stay together during recombination are said to be linked. One gene in a linked pair can sometimes be used as a marker to deduce the presence of another gene. This is typically used in order to detect the presence of a disease-causing gene.
Recombination can occur between DNA sequences that contain no sequence homology. This is referred to as nonhomologous recombination or nonhomologous end joining.
Category:Cellular processes Category:Molecular genetics
ar:تأشيب جيني bg:Рекомбинация (генетика) ca:Recombinació genètica de:Rekombination el:Διασταύρωση (βιολογία) es:Recombinación genética fa:نوترکیبی ژنی fr:Recombinaison génétique ga:Athchuingir ghéiniteach ko:유전자 재조합 id:Rekombinasi genetika it:Ricombinazione genetica he:שחלוף (ביולוגיה) kk:Генетикалық рекомбинация hu:Genetikai rekombináció nl:Recombinatie (genetica) ja:遺伝的組換え no:Rekombinasjon nn:Rekombinasjon pl:Rekombinacja genetyczna ru:Рекомбинация (биология) sr:Рекомбинација fi:Rekombinaatio sv:Genetisk rekombination tr:Rekombinasyon uk:Генетична рекомбінація zh:遺傳重組This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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