Wade–Giles ( /ˌweɪd ˈdʒaɪlz/; simplified Chinese: 韦氏拼音; traditional Chinese: 韋氏拼音; pinyin: Wéi-Shì Pīnyīn ; Wade–Giles: Wei²-Shi⁴ P'in¹-yin¹), sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a romanization system for the Mandarin Chinese language. It developed from a system produced by Thomas Wade during the mid-19th century (simplified Chinese: 威妥玛拼音; traditional Chinese: 威妥瑪拼音; pinyin: Wēituǒmǎ Pīnyīn ; Wade–Giles: Wei¹-t'o³-ma³ P'in¹-yin¹), and was given completed form with Herbert Giles' Chinese–English dictionary of 1892.

Wade–Giles was the most widely-used system of transcription in the English-speaking world for most of the 20th century, used in several standard reference books and in all books about China published in western countries before 1979.^[1] It replaced the Nanjing-based romanization systems that had been common until late in the 19th century. It has been entirely replaced by the pinyin system in mainland China. Outside mainland China, it has mostly been replaced by the pinyin system (developed by the Chinese government and approved during 1958),^[2] but remains common in history books, particularly those about Imperial China. Additionally, its legacy can be felt in the common English names of certain individuals and locations (e.g. Mao Tse-tung).

History[link]

Wade–Giles was developed by Thomas Francis Wade, a British ambassador in China and Chinese scholar who was the first professor of Chinese at Cambridge University. Wade published the first Chinese textbook in English in 1867. The system was refined in 1912 by Herbert Allen Giles, a British diplomat in China and his son, Lionel Giles, a curator at the British Museum.^[3]

The Wade–Giles system was designed to transcribe Chinese terms, for Chinese specialists.

Taiwan has used Wade–Giles for decades as the de facto standard, co-existing with several official but obscure romanizations in succession, namely, Gwoyeu Romatzyh (1928), MPS II (1986), and Tongyong pinyin (2000). With the election of the Nationalist government in 2008, Taiwan has officially switched to Hanyu pinyin. However, many signs and maps in Taiwan are still in Wade–Giles, and many overseas Chinese write their Chinese names in Wade–Giles.

Wade–Giles spellings and pinyin spellings for Taiwanese place names and words long accepted in English usage are still used interchangeably in English-language texts.

Technical aspects[link]

Multi-sound symbols[link]

A common feature of the Wade–Giles system is the representation of the unaspirated-aspirated stop consonant pairs using apostrophes: p, p', t, t', k, k', ch, ch'. However, the use of apostrophes preserves b, d, g, and j for the romanization of Chinese languages containing voiced consonants, such as Shanghainese (which has a full set of voiced consonants) and Min Nan (Hō-ló-oē) whose century-old Pe̍h-ōe-jī (POJ, often called Missionary Romanization) is similar to Wade–Giles. POJ, Legge romanization, Simplified Wade, and EFEO Chinese transcription use the letter h instead of an apostrophe to indicate aspiration (this is similar to the superscript ʰ used in IPA). The convention of the apostrophe or "h" to denote aspiration is also found in romanizations of other Asian languages, such as McCune–Reischauer for Korean and ISO 11940 for Thai.

People unfamiliar with Wade–Giles often ignore the apostrophes, even so far as leaving them out when copying texts, unaware that they represent vital information. Hanyu Pinyin addresses this issue by employing the Latin letters customarily used for voiced stops, unneeded in Mandarin, to represent the unaspirated stops: b, p, d, t, g, k, j, q, zh, ch.

Partly because of the popular omission of the apostrophe, the four sounds represented in Hanyu pinyin by j, q, zh, and ch all become ch in many literature and personal names. However, were the diacritics to be kept, the system reveals a symmetry that leaves no overlap:

• The non-retroflex ch (Pinyin j) and ch' (pinyin q) are always before either i or ü.
• The retroflex ch (Pinyin zh) and ch' (pinyin ch) are always before a, e, ih, o, or u.

Multi-symbol sounds[link]

In addition to several sounds presented using the same letter(s), sometimes, one single sound is represented using several sets of letters. There exist two versions of Wade–Giles romanizations for each of the pinyin syllables zi, ci, and si.

• The older version writes tsû, ts'û, and ssû
• The newer version writes:
  • tzu for tsû, but it still remains ts- before other vowels, as in tsung for the Pinyin zong.
  • tz'u for ts'û, but remains ts'- before other vowels.
  • szu or ssu for ssû, but is s- before other vowels. Note, not ss-.

Precision with empty rime[link]

On the other hand, Wade–Giles shows precisions not found in other major Romanizations in regard to the rendering of the two types of empty rimes (simplified Chinese: 空韵; traditional Chinese: 空韻; pinyin: kōngyùn):

• -u (formerly û) after the sibilant tz, tz', and ss (pinyin z, c, and s).
• -ih after the retroflex ch, ch', sh, and j (Pinyin zh, ch, sh, and r).

These empty rimes are all written as -i in Hanyu pinyin (hence distinguishable only by context from true i as in li), and all written as -ih in Tongyong Pinyin. Zhuyin, as a non-romanization, does not require the representation of any empty rime.

[edit] Partial interchangeability of uo and e with o

What is pronounced as a close-mid back unrounded vowel is written usually as -e as in pinyin, but sometimes as -o. This vowel in an isolate syllable is written as o or ê. When placed in a syllable, it is e; except when preceded by k, k', and h, when it is o.

What is actually pronounced as -uo is virtually always written as -o in Wade–Giles, except shuo and the three syllables of kuo, k'uo, and huo, which already have the counterparts of ko, k'o, and ho that represent pinyin ge, ke, and he.

Punctuation[link]

In addition to the apostrophes used for distinguishing the multiple sounds of a single Latin symbol, Wade–Giles uses hyphens to separate all syllables within a word, whereas pinyin only uses apostrophes to separate ambiguous syllables. Originally in his dictionary, Giles used left apostrophes (‘) consistently. Such orientation was followed in Sinological works until the 1950s or 60s, when it started to be gradually replaced by right apostrophes (’) in academic literature. On-line publications almost invariably use the plain apostrophe ('). Apostrophes are completely ignored in Taiwanese passports, hence their absence in overseas Chinese names.

If the syllable is not the first in a word, its first letter is not capitalized, even if it is a proper noun. The use of apostrophes, hyphens, and capitalization is frequently not observed in place names and personal names. For example, the majority of overseas Chinese of Taiwanese origin write their given names like "Tai Lun" or "Tai-Lun", whereas the Wade–Giles actually writes "Tai-lun". The capitalization issue arises partly because ROC passports indiscriminately capitalize all letters of the holder's names (beside the photograph). It is also due to the misunderstanding that the second syllable is a middle name. (See also Chinese name)

Wade–Giles uses superscript numbers to indicate tone, and official Pinyin uses diacritics. The tone marks are ignored except in textbooks.

Comparison with pinyin[link]

• Wade–Giles chose the French-like j to represent a Northerner's^{[clarification needed]} pronunciation of what now is represented as r in Pinyin.
• Ü always has a trema (diaeresis) above, while pinyin only employs it in the cases of nü, lü, nüe and lüe, while leaving it out in -ue, ju-, qu-, xu-, -uan and yu- as a simplification because u cannot otherwise appear in those positions. Because yü (as in 玉 "jade") must have a diaeresis in Wade, the diaeresis-less yu in Wade–Giles is freed up for what corresponds to you (有) in Pinyin.
• The pinyin vowel cluster ong is ung in Wade–Giles. (Compare Kung Fu to Gong Fu as an example.)
• After a consonant, both the Wade–Giles and Pinyin vowel cluster uei is written ui. Furthermore, both Romanizations use iu and un instead of the complete syllables: iou and uen.
• Single i is never preceded by y, as in pinyin. The only exception is in placenames, which are hyphenless, so without a y, syllable ambiguity could arise.
• The isolated syllable eh is written as ê, like in pinyin. (Schwa is occasionally written as ê as well.) But unlike Pinyin, which uses -e if there is a consonant preceding the sound, Wade–Giles uses -eh. (See circumflex)
• In addition to being the schwa, ê also represents the pinyin er as êrh.

Comparison chart[link]

Note: In Hanyu pinyin the so-called fifth accent (neutral accent) is written leaving the syllable with no diacritic mark at all. In Tongyong Pinyin a ring is written over the vowel instead.

Influences[link]

Chinese Postal Map Romanization is based on Wade–Giles, but incorporating a number of exceptions that override the systematic rules.

See also[link]

	China portal
	Languages portal

• Simplified Wade
• Cyrillization of Chinese from Wade–Giles
• Daoism–Taoism romanization issue
• Legge romanization

References[link]

External links[link]

• Chinese Romanization Converter – Convert between Hanyu Pinyin, Wade–Giles, Gwoyeu Romatzyh and other known or (un-)common Romanization systems.
• Wade-Giles → Zhuyin → Pinyin → Word list
• A conversion table of Chinese provinces and cities from Wade-Giles to Pinyin
• Pinyin4j: Java library supporting Chinese to Wade-Giles – Support Simplified and Traditional Chinese; Support most popular Pinyin systems, including Hanyu Pinyin, Tongyong Pinyin, Wade–Giles, MPS2, Yale and Gwoyeu Romatzyh; Support multiple pronunciations of a single character; Support customized output, such as ü or tone marks.
• Pronunciation Guide – From Chuang Tzu's Genius of the Absurd
• Chinese without a teacher, Chinese phrasebook by Herbert Giles with romanization
• Chinese Phonetic Conversion Tool - Converts between Wade–Giles and other formats
• Wade-Giles Annotation – Wade–Giles pronunciation and English definitions for Chinese text snippets or web pages.
• 國語拼音對照表

Ching-He Huang (Chinese: 黃瀞億) (born 28 November 1978) is a Taiwanese-born British food writer, food entrepreneur and TV chef who has appeared in a variety of television cooking shows. Ching has starred in three popular TV series and is the author of five best-selling cookbooks. She has developed a range of Ching-branded Woks, tableware, Chinese cooking and preparation utensils marketed by Typhoon Housewares, as well as branded exotic mushrooms grown in the UK and available through Tesco.

Early life[link]

Born in Taipei, Taiwan, Huang spent most of her early childhood in South Africa before her parents moved to London, England when she was 11 years old. Educated at Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London and Bocconi Business School in Milan, Huang graduated with a first class economics degree^[1][2] and set up her own food businesses, Fuge Ltd^[3] and TZU.^[4][5][6]

Cooking[link]

Ching often reinvents favourite Chinese dishes, and cooks them in a style often different from most conventional Chinese restaurants in the UK. Her aim is to use fresh and simple ingredients.

Broadcasting career[link]

Ching is also known for her cookery programmes, her first being Ching's Kitchen, which was first shown on UKTV Food in 2005. Other television appearances followed including Daily Cooks, Saturday Cooks and Great Food Live. Huang has also appeared on BBC Saturday Kitchen with James Martin, UK Food Market Kitchen as well as guest appearances on Ready Steady Cook, Cooking the Books and cooked live for Melanie Sykes on Grand Designs Live. She also appears as a regular guest on Sky Television food show Taste, hosted by Beverly Turner.^[7]

The Chinese Food Made Easy television series has been licensed into The Cooking Channel (USA), New Zealand, Germany, Iceland, Poland, Australia and Belgium and has been picked up by BBC’s Lifestyle channel for all its Asian feeds, including China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore and Korea.^[8]

In 2010, Huang fronted a new thirteen part cookery series on Five. The series Chinese Food in Minutes was based on Huang’s title of the same name, published by HarperCollins in September 2009. It included a branded microsite with video, recipes, episode guides and competitions, plus additional exclusive content websites.^[9]

In 2011 her 13-episode series Easy Chinese San Francisco by Ching He Huang debuted on the Cooking Channel.

Publications[link]

In 2006 she published her first recipe book, China Modern, which contained a variety of Chinese influenced recipes.

In 2008, she published a second recipe book to accompany a 6-part peak time television series Chinese Food Made Easy,^[10] commissioned and shown by BBC Two and BBC HD.^[11] Chinese Food Made Easy aired in June 2008 and was an instant success, attracting millions of viewers.^[12] Her book, also called Chinese Food Made Easy,^[13] was published alongside the series and was a number 1 bestseller for six weeks.

Ching's third book, Ching's Chinese Food in Minutes, was published on 3 September 2009.^[14]

Huang's three books published by Harper Collins, including her most recent work, have sold 250,000 copies in the U.K. and are now available in 20 to 25 countries around the world.^[15]

Other writing[link]

Huang has also written for several food magazines such as Olive,^[16] BBC Good Food and Delicious.^[17]

Awards[link]

Chinese Food Made Easy won the award for Second Best Chinese cuisine book in the world at the Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2009.^[18]

Chinese Food Made Easy 2011 NAMIC Vision Awards Winner-Lifestyle Category ^[19]

Chinese Food in Minutes won the award for 3rd Best Chinese cuisine book in the world at the Gourmand World Cookbook Awards 2010. ^[20]

Personal life[link]

Ching lives with her partner, actor Jamie Cho, who is half Chinese, in Cricklewood, North London.^[21]

She is also an avid supporter of Traditional Chinese Medicine. On 5 October 2010, she signed an online petition against the impending European Directive on Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products, adding the comment: "This is absurd! I grew up using herbal medicine. More money into research and let the people decide."

Legacy of Taste[link]

In 2009–11 Ching He Huang teamed up with China's number one selling beer, Tsingtao, to "find the best Chinese dining experience in the UK". Members of the public were invited to nominate their favourite Chinese restaurant. A panel of experts led by Ching then had the role of judging which restaurant among the many nominations would be crowned. The restaurant that wins the Legacy of Taste title is awarded a trophy and framed certificate for display in their restaurant, with awards presented by Ching at a ceremony in London.^[22]

Published works[link]

China Modern (Kyle Cathie, 2006) ISBN 978-1-85626-673-4

Chinese Food Made Easy (HarperCollins, 2008) ISBN 978-0-00-726498-8

Ching's Chinese Food in Minutes (HarperCollins, 2009) ISBN 978-0-00-726500-8

Ching's Chinese Food Made Easy Paperback (HarperCollins, April 2011) ISBN 978-0-00-726499-5

Ching’s Fast Food (HarperCollins, April 2011) ISBN 978-0-00-742627-0

Ching's Everyday Easy Chinese (William Morrow Cookbooks, October 4, 2011) ISBN 978-0-06-207749-3

Ken Hom & Ching in China (BBC Books 7 Jun 2012) ISBN 978-1-84990-498-8

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website
• Official Chinese Food In Minutes Website
• CHING HE HUANG IMAGE SPACE
• Chinese Food Made Easy BBC Two Website
• Ching He Huang at Timesonline
• Ching He Huang at Telegraph.co.uk
• Ching-He Huang Celebrity Angels
• Chinese food made easy Website
• Ching He Huang Queen Mary University-Biogs
• Ching He Huang Profile at VisibleChinese
• Yum Yum Asia » Ching He Huang

This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (September 2009)

Ken Hom OBE (born May 3, 1949 in Tucson, Arizona, United States) with ancestry from Taishan, Guangdong is a notable Chinese American chef, author and British television-show presenter. In 2009 he was awarded by HM Queen Elizabeth II with an honourary OBE for ‘services to culinary arts’.

Early life[link]

Hom was born in Tucson, Arizona, and raised in Chicago, Illinois, by his widowed mother, after his father died when Hom was eight months old.^[1] He first learned cooking at the age of eleven when he worked in his uncle's Chinese restaurant.^[2] He went to California to study History of Art at the University of California, Berkeley.

During this time he taught Italian cooking lessons at weekends to supplement his college fees. This led him on to teach Chinese cookery classes. In 1977 he was invited to join San Francisco's new California Culinary Academy as an instructor.

TV career[link]

In 1982, after a 2 year global search, the BBC auditioned him for a Chinese cookery series. The resulting TV series named Ken Hom's Chinese Cookery was a huge success and the companion book became one of the best-selling cookbooks ever published by BBC Books, selling more than 1.5 million copies. Today after numerous printing it still remains in print.

He has since appeared in a number of prime time BBC TV series that have sold throughout the world. His latest series for KBS, a five hour documentary on the history of noodle, sold in 23 countries and won the prestigious Peabody award in 2010.

Business interests[link]

Since 1986 Hom has had a base in Paris. In 1997 he settled permanently in south west France in a restored 13th century tower in Lot. Hom has also spent more time in his adopted home of Thailand since 2003.

Hom is an author of more than 20 cookbooks. Alongside his best known work on Chinese cuisine, his works also include topics on Cambodian, Malaysian, Thai, Singaporean, and Vietnamese cooking. He has worked as a consultant for hotels and restaurants and cooked personally for presidents, celebrities and royalty.

In additional, he is also well known for the Ken Hom wok which has sold over 7 million in 62 countries throughout the world. Hom’s range of ready cooked meals has sold over 60 million units. He has also developed an array of cooking sauces, ready cooked noodles and rice. However, these are available only in the UK.

Despite semi-retirement, he travels extensively worldwide and divides his time between France and Bangkok where he supervises his restaurant Maison Chin. He continues to make occasional radio and television appearances worldwide, as well as working for a number of charities.

On 12 September 2007, Hom received an honorary doctorate from Oxford Brookes University, England in recognition of his "outstanding success within the international food world".

In 2010, Hom was diagnosed with prostate cancer and has been receiving proton radiation therapy in Japan. It has been successfully treated and he is now an ambassador for Prostate Cancer Charity, building awareness for early testing and treatment.

Television[link]

• Ken Hom’s Chinese Cookery (1984)
• Hot Chefs (1992)
• Ken Hom’s Hot Wok (1996)
• Ken Hom’s Travels with a Wok (1998)
• Foolproof Chinese Cookery (2000)
• Take on the Takeaway (2007)
• Noodle Road (KBS) (2008)

Books[link]

• Hom, Ken (6 January 2011). My Kitchen Table - Ken Hom: 100 Quick Stir-Fry Recipes. BBC Books. ISBN 978-1-84990-147-5. 
• Hom, Ken (27 January 2011). Complete Chinese Cookbook. BBC Books. ISBN 978-1-84990-082-9. 

References[link]

External links[link]

• KenHom.com
• Ken Hom on the My Kitchen Table website
• Ken Hom's Library at Oxford Brookes University contains all the books that he used throughout his career, with an emphasis on Asian cookery, including Chinese, Korean, Thai and Japanese, as well as memorabilia to do with his television shows and consulting work, including menus, invitations, photographs and artifacts.

• Ken Hom's restaurant Maison Chin

Teresa Teng 鄧麗君
200px
Chinese name	鄧麗君 (Traditional)
Chinese name	邓丽君 (Simplified)
Pinyin	Dèng Lìjūn (Mandarin)
Pe̍h-ōe-jī	Tēng Lê-kun (Hokkien)
Birth name	Teng Li-chun (鄧麗筠)
Ancestry	Daming, Hebei, China
Origin	Republic of China (Taiwan)
Born	(1953-01-29)January 29, 1953 Baojhong, Yunlin, Taiwan
Died	May 8, 1995(1995-05-08) (aged 42) Chiang Mai, Thailand
Resting place	Chin Pao Shan (Jinbaoshan), Taiwan 25°15′04″N 121°36′14″E / 25.251°N 121.604°E / 25.251; 121.604
Other name(s)	Teresa Tang, Teresa Deng
Occupation	Singer
Genre(s)	Mandopop, Cantopop, J-Pop
Instrument(s)	Singing
Label(s)	Taiwan: Yeu Jow (1967–1971), Haishan (1971), Life[disambiguation needed ] (1972–1976), Kolin (1977–1983), PolyGram (1984–1992) Hong Kong: EMI (1971), Life[disambiguation needed ] (1971–1976), PolyGram (1975–1992) Japan: Polydor K.K. (1974–1981), Taurus (1983–1995)
Years active	1967–1995
Awards Golden Melody Awards Special Award 1996

Teresa Teng (January 29, 1953 – May 8, 1995) (traditional Chinese: 鄧麗君; simplified Chinese: 邓丽君; pinyin: Dèng Lìjūn; Wade–Giles: Teng Li-chun; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tēng Lē-kun, Japanese: テレサ・テン), was an immensely popular and influential Chinese pop singer from Taiwan. Teng's voice and songs are instantly recognized throughout East Asia and in areas with large Asian populations. It is often said, "Wherever there are Chinese people, the songs of Teresa Teng can be heard." Her songs enjoy popularity among Korean, Japanese, Thai, Vietnamese, Malaysian, and Indonesian listeners as well.

Teng was known for her folk songs and romantic ballads. Many became standards in her lifetime, such as "When Will You Return?" (何日君再來) and "The Moon Represents My Heart" (月亮代表我的心).^[1] She recorded songs not only in her native Mandarin but also in Taiwanese, Cantonese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Indonesian, and English.^{[citation needed]}

Teng, a lifelong sufferer from asthma, died in 1995 from a severe respiratory attack while on holiday in Thailand. She was 42.

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Teresa Teng was born in Baozhong, Yunlin County, Taiwan, to a mainland Chinese family from Hebei. She was educated at Ginling Girls High School. As a young child, Teng won awards for her singing at talent competitions. Her first major prize was in 1964 when she sang "Visiting Yingtai" from Shaw Brothers' Huangmei opera movie, "The Love Eterne" (梁祝), at an event hosted by Broadcasting Corporation of China. She was soon able to support her family with her singing. Taiwan's rising manufacturing economy in the 1960s made the purchase of records easier for more families. With her father's approval, she quit high school to pursue singing professionally.

Career[link]

Teng's singing style conveyed simplicity and sincerity. Yeh Yueh-Yu, a professor of Cultural Theory at the University of Southern California said, "It was the sweetness in her voice that made her famous. She had a perfect voice for folk songs and ballads, and she added traditional folk song stylings into Western-style compositions." Her voice was also described as being "like weeping and pleading, but with strength, capable of drawing in and hypnotizing listeners." Songwriter Tsuo Hung-yun said Teng's voice was "seven parts sweetness, three parts tears."

Teng gained her first taste of fame in 1968 when a performance on a popular Taiwanese music program led to a record contract. She released several albums within the next few years under the Life Records label. In 1973 she attempted to crack the Japanese market by signing with the Polydor Japan label and taking part in Japan's Kōhaku Uta Gassen, a year-round singing match of the most successful artists. She was named "Best New Singing Star".^[2] Following her success in Japan, Teng sang many Japanese songs, including original hits such as "Give yourself to the flow of Time" (時の流れに身をまかせ, Toki no Nagare ni Mi wo Makase^?) which was later covered in Chinese as "I Only Care About You" (我只在乎你).

In 1974 the song "Airport" (空港) became a hit in Japan. Teng remained popular in Japan despite being barred from the country briefly in 1979 for having a fake Indonesian passport she purchased for US$20,000. The subterfuge had seemed necessary due to the official break in relations between Taiwan and Japan that occurred shortly after the People's Republic of China replaced the ROC in the United Nations.

Teng's popularity boomed worldwide in the 1970s after her debut in Japan. Singing by now in Cantonese, Japanese and English besides her native Mandarin, Teng's popularity quickly grew in Malaysia and Indonesia. In Taiwan she was known not only as the island's most popular export, but as "the soldier's sweetheart" because of her frequent performances for servicemen. Teng was herself the child of a military family. Her concerts for troops featured popular music and Taiwanese folk songs that appealed to natives of the island as well as Chinese folk songs that appealed to homesick refugees of the civil war.

In the early 1980s, continuing political tension between mainland China and Taiwan led to her music, along with that of other singers from Taiwan and Hong Kong, being banned for several years in mainland China as too "bourgeois".^[3] Her popularity in China continued to grow nonetheless thanks to the black market. As Teng songs continued to be played everywhere, from nightclubs to government buildings, the ban on her music was soon lifted. Her Chinese fans nicknamed her "Little Deng" because she had the same family name as Deng Xiaoping; it was said that Deng the Communist leader ruled China by day, but that Deng the singer ruled China by night.^{[citation needed]}

Teng's contract with Polydor ended in 1981. She signed a contract with Taurus Records in 1983 and made a successful comeback appearance in Japan. In 1983 Taurus released her album, dan dan you qing (淡淡幽情). This album consisted of settings of twelve poems from the Tang and Song dynasties. The music, written by composers of her earlier hits, blended modern and traditional styles of East and West. The most popular single from the album today is "Wishing We Last Forever" (但願人長久). The number of hits released in the years from 1984–1989 make them "Teresa Teng's Golden Years" in the views of her fans. She was the first singer to win the All-Japan Record Awards for four consecutive years (1984–1988).

Teng performed in Paris during the 1989 Tiananmen student protests on behalf of the students and proclaimed her support for democracy. On May 27, 1989, over 300,000 people attended the concert called "Democratic songs dedicated to China" (民主歌聲獻中華) at the Happy Valley Racecourse in Hong Kong. One of the highlights was her rendition of "My Home Is on the Other Side of the Mountain."^[4]

Though Teng performed in many countries around the world during her career, her hopes of performing one day in mainland China never materialized. The Communist Party of China eventually invited her to do so in the 1990s but she died before the opportunity came.^[5]

Death and commemorations[link]

Teng died from a severe asthma attack while on holiday in Chiang Mai, Thailand, at the age of 42 (43 by Chinese reckoning) on May 8, 1995. She was an asthmatic throughout her adult life. Teng was given state honors at her funeral in Taiwan, with the flag of the Republic of China draped over her casket and then president Lee Teng-hui in attendance among thousands in mourning.

She was buried in a mountainside tomb at Chin Pao San, a cemetery in Jinshan, Taipei County (now New Taipei City) in northern Taiwan. The grave site features a statue of Teng and a large electronic piano keyboard set in the ground that can be played by visitors who step on the keys. The memorial is often visited by her fans. (This represents a noteworthy departure from the traditional Chinese practice of shunning grave sites.)^[6] Geotagging of the Teresa Teng Memorial Park (Yun Garden)^[7]: Geolocation on Google Maps from the tomb of Teresa Teng with view from the driveway on her golden statue: 25.248582,121.601843 (Latitude/Longitude).

A house she bought in 1986 in Hong Kong at No. 18 Carmel Street has also become a site of pilgrimage for her fans soon after her death. Plans to sell the home to finance a museum in Shanghai were made known in 2002,^[8] and subsequently sold for HK$ 32 million. It closed on what would have been her 51st birthday on January 29, 2004.^[9]

To commemorate the tenth anniversary of her death, the Teresa Teng Culture and Education Foundation launched a campaign entitled "Feel Teresa Teng". In addition to organizing an anniversary concert in Hong Kong and Taiwan, music fans paid homage at her shrine at Chin Pao San Cemetery. Additionally, some of her dresses, jewelry and personal items were placed on exhibition at Yuzi Paradise, an art park outside Guilin, China.^[10]

In May 2002, the wax figure of Teng was unveiled at Madame Tussauds Hong Kong.

Influence on popular culture[link]

• Her songs have been covered by a number of singers, including Faye Wong who released a tribute album (Decadent Sounds of Faye, 靡靡之音, 1995) of Teng's popular hits.
• The 1996 Hong Kong film Comrades: Almost a Love Story (甜蜜蜜 – Tiánmìmì) directed by Peter Chan features the tragedy and legacy of Teresa Teng in a subplot to the main story. The movie won best picture in Hong Kong, Taiwan, and at the Seattle Film Festival in the United States.
• Her songs are featured in various films, e.g. Rush Hour 2, Prison On Fire, Formosa Betrayed, Gomorrah.
• In 2007, TV Asahi produced a tanpatsu (単発, TV movie), entitled Teresa Teng Monogatari (テレサ・テン物語)^[11] to commemorate the 13th anniversary of her death. Actress Yoshino Kimura starred as Teresa Teng.
• Teresa Teng, Judy Ongg (1950–), Agnes Chan (1955–), Ouyang Feifei (1949–), and Yu Yar (尤雅, 1953–) were billed as the "Five Great Asian Divas" during the 1970s and 1980s due to their huge cross-cultural popularity.^{[citation needed]} Teng's music remains the most popular.
• Her song "Toki no Nagare ni Mi o Makase" was played numerous times in the film "Ban zhi yan" (also known as "Metade Fumaça" which means "half smoked" in Portuguese), including the opening scene. It can be called the theme of the film.

Awards received in Japan[link]

Teng received the following awards in Japan:^[12]

• The New Singer Award for「空港」(Kūkō) in 1974.
• The Gold Award in 1986 for「時の流れに身をまかせ」(Toki no Nagare ni Mi o Makase).
• The Grand Prix for「つぐない」(Tsugunai) in 1984:「愛人」(Aijin) in 1985; and「時の流れに身をまかせ」(Toki no Nagare ni Mi o Makase) in 1986. This was the first time anyone had won the Grand Prix three years in a row.
• The Outstanding Star Award for「別れの予感」(Wakare no Yokan) in 1987.
• The Cable Radio Music Award for「別れの予感」(Wakare no Yokan) in 1987 and 1988.
• The Cable Radio Special Merit Award (有線功労賞) in 1995 for three consecutive Grand Prix wins.

References[link]

See also[link]

• Zai shui yi fang (song)
• Ni zen me shuo

External links[link]

	Taiwan portal
	Biography portal
	Music portal

• Teresa Teng Foundation 鄧麗君文教基金會
• 鄧麗君 Teresa Teng テレサ・テン – One And Only
• Teresa Teng at Allmusic
• Teresa Teng discography at MusicBrainz
• Teresa Teng at the Internet Movie Database

Wade Barrett
Barrett at Fort Bragg in December 2011
Ring name(s)	Lawrence Knight[1] Stu Bennett[1] Stu Sanders[1] Wade Barrett[1][2]
Billed height	6 ft 7 in (2.01 m)[2]
Billed weight	246 lb (112 kg)[2]
Born	(1980-08-10) 10 August 1980 (age 31)[1] Preston, Lancashire, England, United Kingdom[1][3]
Resides	Tampa, Florida, United States[4]
Billed from	Manchester, England[2]
Trained by	Jon Richie[1][3] Al Snow[1][3] William Regal[5]
Debut	June 2004[6]

Stuart Alexander "Stu" Bennett^[1][7] (born August 10, 1980)^[1] is an English professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE where he performs on its SmackDown brand under the ring name Wade Barrett. He won the first season of NXT in 2010 and made his Raw debut in June of that year, rising to prominence as the leader of the Nexus, a villainous stable composed of the NXT contestants. Barrett headlined five WWE pay-per-view events during the remainder of 2010, challenging for the WWE Championship in three of those.^[8]

After moving to SmackDown in January 2011, Barrett formed a new stable known as The Corre, which included former Nexus members. He challenged for the World Heavyweight Championship at the 2011 WWE Elimination Chamber and won his first singles championship, the WWE Intercontinental Championship, in March.^[2] Prior to his WWE debut, Barrett competed in various independent promotions under his own name, and the ring names of Stu Sanders and Lawrence Knight.

Early life[link]

Bennett was born in Penwortham and lived in Preston, Lancashire until the age of six, when he moved to Wales with his family.^[4] He has an older brother named Martin.^[4] As a child, Bennett was a fan of "The British Bulldog" Davey Boy Smith.^[9] Before becoming a professional wrestler, Bennett was a bareknuckle boxer while living in Liverpool.^[9][10] Bennett has a degree in marine biology from University of Liverpool.^[4] He worked in a science laboratory and later as a Recruitment Consultant at Venn Group's London Office, whilst training to become a wrestler.^[4]

Professional wrestling career[link]

Debut[link]

Bennett decided to become a professional wrestler at the age of 21,^[9] and was trained by Jon Ritchie and Al Snow.^[1] He made his professional wrestling debut in June 2004, using the ring name "Stu Sanders",^[6] as a surprise entrant in a 30-man battle royal held by NWA UK Hammerlock Wrestling.^[3] Sanders also performed at numerous Dropkixx Wrestling and All Star Wrestling events,^[3][4] as well as wrestling in Wales for Welsh Wrestling. In June 2005 he beat Danny Beckwith for the Dropkixx IWC Heavyweight Championship.

World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE[link]

Development territories and NXT (2006–2010)[link]

Barrett in Florida Championship Wrestling in 2010.

Bennett participated in a tryout with WWE in November 2006 after appearing as part of a security team on the November 13 episode of Raw along with Sheamus in Manchester, England. He had another tryout in 2007, and signed a developmental contract with them in October.^[1][9] He was assigned to Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) under his Stu Sanders ring name, where he was defeated by Ace Steel in a dark match.^[1] He later formed a tag team with Paul Burchill and the pair faced the Major Brothers in several matches.^[3] On 2 January 2008 Sanders and Burchill defeated Colt Cabana and Charles Evans in the final of a tournament for the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship.^[1][3] Sanders and Burchill held the title for nearly two months before losing it to Los Locos (Ramón and Raúl) in a four-way match also involving The Insurgency (Ali and Omar Akbar) and The Mobile Homers (Ted McNaler and Adam Revolver).^[3][11]

After WWE ended their relationship with OVW as a developmental territory, Sanders was moved to Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) with several other wrestlers.^[3] On 6 May 2008, Sanders and Drew McIntyre, collectively known as The Empire, defeated The Puerto Rican Nightmares (Eddie Colón and Eric Pérez) to win the FCW Florida Tag Team Championship.^[12] They lost the titles back to the Nightmares at FCW's first TV taping on 17 July.^[3][12] The team broke up after the loss, and Sanders began wrestling under his real name before changing it to Lawrence Knight at the 9 October FCW television taping. On 19 February 2009, Knight announced that he was the new FCW commentator, alongside Dusty Rhodes.^[1][13] He became colour commentator due to an injury, in which he tore his Latissimus dorsi muscle and required surgery.^[14] In August 2009, Bennett was renamed yet again to Wade Barrett, partially named for Wade Dooley.^[3][4] Bennett describes the character of Barrett as being "an extension of his dark side".^[4] He returned to in-ring competition in FCW in December 2009.^[1]

It was announced on 16 February 2010 that Barrett would be competing on the first season of WWE NXT, with Chris Jericho as his storyline mentor.^[15] His first appearance for NXT was on the inaugural episode of NXT on 23 February, when he acted as Jericho's ring announcer.^[16] Barrett made his in-ring debut on the following episode of NXT, defeating Daniel Bryan.^[17] On the 13 April episode of NXT, Barrett won the "talk the talk" challenge and was awarded his own custom made entrance theme.^[18] On 11 May, Barrett was ranked in first place in the Pros Poll.^[19] On the 1 June episode of NXT, Barrett won the overall competition, and a WWE contract, by defeating David Otunga and Justin Gabriel in the season finale.^[20]

The Nexus and Corre (2010–2011)[link]

Barrett leading The Nexus in September 2010.

On the 7 June episode of Raw, Barrett was at the forefront of an attack by the NXT rookies, as they interfered in the main event match between John Cena and CM Punk, attacking both competitors, the Straight Edge Society, the announce team, the timekeeper and the ring announcer, before they destroyed the ring area and surrounding equipment. Cena in particular was heavily targeted by the rookies, who hit him with their finishing moves.^[21] On the next episode of Raw, Barrett and the other rookies (minus Daniel Bryan) demanded full-time contracts from Raw General Manager Bret Hart, who instead fired Barrett and had the rookies removed from the building. Later in the show the rookies attacked Hart and gave him until the Fatal 4-Way pay-per-view to decide on their contracts.^[22] At Fatal 4-Way, the rookies interfered in the main event for the WWE Championship, costing John Cena the championship in the process.^[23] The following night on Raw, Vince McMahon fired Hart and announced that a new 'anonymous' General Manager had been hired and the seven rookies received WWE contracts. The group of rookies continued their path of disrupting main events, as they attacked both Cena and McMahon, who had been acting as the referee.^[24] The following week, the group was named The Nexus.^[25] That same week, Barrett was absent on Raw as his work visa had expired and he had to return to the United Kingdom to apply for a new one.^[26] With his visa situation cleared up, Barrett returned the following week.^[27] On the 12 July episode of Raw, the Nexus, sans Darren Young, competed in their first match together and defeated John Cena in a six–on–one handicap match.^[28] The following week, Barrett made his singles match debut on Raw by defeating Mark Henry.^[29] the Nexus continued to feud with Cena and the Raw roster, resulting in a seven-on-seven elimination tag team match at SummerSlam. Barrett was the final member of the Nexus but submitted to Cena, causing the Nexus to lose the match.^[30] After Darren Young was exiled from the group and Skip Sheffield was injured, the Nexus faced Cena, Edge, Randy Orton, Sheamus and Jericho in a five-on-five elimination match on the 900th episode of Raw on 30 August. Barrett won the match for his team by last eliminating Orton.^[31]

Barrett received his guaranteed championship match from winning NXT at Night of Champions, where he was unsuccessful in a six-pack challenge match for the WWE Championship, despite eliminating Cena.^[32] The feud between Cena and the Nexus continued at Hell in a Cell on 3 October, when Barrett defeated Cena to force Cena to become a member of the Nexus.^[33] The following night on Raw, Barrett, with the help of the rest of the Nexus, won a battle royal to determine the number one contender to the WWE Championship, when Cena eliminated himself on Barrett's orders.^[34] Barrett received his championship match against Randy Orton at the Bragging Rights pay-per-view. After ordering Cena to help him win, Cena interfered in the match causing Barrett to win via disqualification, which meant that Orton retained the championship.^[35] The following night, Barrett was granted a rematch at the Survivor Series pay-per-view, and allowed to choose a guest referee. He chose Cena, stating that if Barrett won the match and the WWE Title, Cena would be allowed to leave the Nexus, but if Barrett failed to win the title, Cena would be fired.^[36] At Survivor Series, Barrett was unsuccessful in winning the WWE Championship from Orton after Cena pushed him into an RKO by Orton.^[37] Cena was fired as per the match stipulation after Survivor Series.

Barrett at the WWE Tribute to the Troops event in December 2010.

Due to Cena's interference, Barrett received a rematch for the championship the following night on Raw, but was attacked by the fired Cena, costing him the match.^[38] After Cena attacked several members of the Nexus over the next few weeks, they demanded that Barrett re-instate him, or be exiled from the group.^[39] On the 13 December episode of Raw, Barrett agreed and rehired Cena.^[40] As a condition of his rehiring, Cena had to face Barrett in a Chairs match at the TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs pay-per-view, which Barrett lost.^[41]

Barrett made his first appearance since the TLC pay-per-view on the 3 January 2011 episode of Raw, where he confronted CM Punk, who had taken over the leadership of the Nexus in his absence. Punk gave Barrett the opportunity to regain the leadership, stating that if he won a three-way steel cage match involving Orton, Sheamus and Barrett to determine the number one contender for the WWE Championship, Punk would give up the leadership. However, during the match, Punk came down to ringside, attacked Barrett as he was about to win and took off Barrett's Nexus armband, symbolically removing him from the Nexus. Barrett went on to lose the match.^[42]

At the television tapings of the 7 January episode of SmackDown the next day, Barrett made his SmackDown debut by attacking The Big Show.^[43] The following week he was joined by Ezekiel Jackson and his former Nexus stablemates Justin Gabriel and Heath Slater, who had left the group the previous Monday,^[44][45] the group named themselves as the Corre.^[46] Barrett later qualified for the WWE Elimination Chamber match for the World Heavyweight Championship, but came up short after being the first man eliminated by The Big Show.^[47] On 22 March, at the tapings of the 25 March episode of SmackDown, Barrett defeated Kofi Kingston to win the WWE Intercontinental Championship.^[48][49][50] At WrestleMania XXVII, The Corre were defeated in an eight-man tag team match by the team of Kingston, The Big Show, Kane, and Santino Marella.^[51] Barrett went on to successfully defend his championship against Kingston on the 22 April episode of SmackDown.^[52] On the 6 May episode of SmackDown, Barrett, Gabriel, and Slater attacked Jackson, removing him from the group.^[53] On the 13 May episode of SmackDown, Barrett then challenged Jackson to a match for the Intercontinental Championship at the Over the Limit pay-per-view, and Jackson accepted. At the event, Gabriel and Slater attacked Jackson during the match, causing Barrett to lose by disqualification, but Barrett retained his Intercontinental Championship.^[54][55] He would then have to defend his Intercontinental Title against Jackson again on the 3 June episode of SmackDown. During the match, Jackson threw Barrett out of the ring, resulting in Barrett losing by countout, but Barrett still retained his Intercontinental Title as a title cannot change hands via countout. Barrett then instructed the Corre to attack Jackson, but then abandoned Gabriel and Slater, whom Jackson fended off.^[56] On the 10 June episode of SmackDown, The Corre dissolved after Barrett, fleeing from Jackson, walked out on Gabriel and Slater in a 6-man tag team match against Jackson and The Usos, causing them to lose the match.^[57]

The Barrett Barrage and injury (2011–present)[link]

Barrett addresses the fans.

At WWE Capitol Punishment, Barrett lost the Intercontinental Championship to Jackson.^[58] He invoked his rematch clause against Ezekiel Jackson for the Intercontinental Champion on the 24 June episode of SmackDown, but lost.^[59]

On the 1 July episode of SmackDown, Barrett was announced to be one of the participants for the SmackDown Money in the Bank match at the Money in the Bank pay-per-view, facing Heath Slater, Justin Gabriel, Kane, Sin Cara, Daniel Bryan, Cody Rhodes and Sheamus, which was won by Bryan.^[60] On the 22 July episode of SmackDown, Barrett faced Sheamus and both men were counted out. The following week Wade Barrett came to talk about how he was deserved to be Mr. Money in the Bank, Daniel Bryan came out and put him on the LeBell Lock. The following week, he was at commentary during Bryan's match. On the following SmackDown, Barrett attacked Bryan after the latter's loss to Alberto Del Rio. At SummerSlam, Barrett defeated Bryan in a singles match.^[61] He then had a short feud with Sheamus, where he lost on three occasions. On September 23 episode of Smackdown, Barrett defeated another former Nexus and Corre teammate, Justin Gabriel.^[62]

On the October 21 episode of SmackDown held in Mexico, Barrett dismissed his past alliances with a "legion of parasites", claiming that the only person he needed for him to succeed was himself, and he vowed that the "Barrett Barrage" was beginning. Barrett followed this announcement by beating Daniel Bryan.^[63] The next week, he would obtain wins over John Morrison on Raw and Trent Barreta on SmackDown.^[64][65] Barrett's winning streak continued as he and Cody Rhodes defeated the WWE Tag Team Champions Air Boom (Evan Bourne and Kofi Kingston) on the October 31 episode of Raw and the November 4 episode of SmackDown when he defeated Sheamus, following interference from Christian.^[66][67]

The following week, after being announced as the Team Captain for the Survivor Series against Team Orton, Barrett defeated Randy Orton. Barrett's winning streak was broken on the November 14 episode of Raw, when he was defeated by Orton via disqualification after Team Barrett attacked Orton.^[68] At Survivor Series Team Barrett defeated Team Orton, with Barrett and Cody Rhodes being the sole survivors in the match.^[69] On the November 25 episode of SmackDown, Barrett competed in a Fatal-4-Way match against Orton, Rhodes and Daniel Bryan to determine the #1 Contender for the World Heavyweight Championship which Bryan won.^[70] Barrett would continue his feud with Orton by attacking and distracting him during matches.^[71][72] On the December 9 episode of SmackDown, Barrett and Orton were put in two Time to Beat the Clock Challenge matches, with the winner choosing the stipulation for their match at TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs. Barrett defeated Ezekiel Jackson in 7:53, however, Orton pinned Dolph Ziggler in 7:51 and chose a Tables match.^[73] At Tables, Ladders, and Chairs, Orton defeated Barrett after hitting the RKO mid-air with Barrett landing through the table.^[74] Barrett and Orton would continue their feud on the December 23 episode of SmackDown, where they engaged in a brawl that ended backstage with Barrett getting hit with a RKO onto a car.^[75] This led to a Falls Count Anywhere match on December 30 episode of Smackdown, where Barrett pushed Orton down a set of stairs before exiting through the door.^[76] Orton suffered a herniated disc as a result, taking him off television for a number of weeks.^[77] Orton returned on the January 27, 2012, edition of SmackDown to wrestle Barrett to a no-contest and eliminate him from the 2012 Royal Rumble match.^[78][79] On the February 3 edition of SmackDown, Orton defeated Barrett in a No Disqualificatons match to end the feud.^[80]

At Elimination Chamber, Barrett failed to capture the World Heavyweight Championship after being eliminated fourth by Santino Marella.^[81] On the February 20 episode of Raw, Barrett suffered an injury during a 10-man battle royal after Dolph Ziggler was thrown out of the ring by Big Show and landed on Barrett and R-Truth. It was later announced that Barrett suffered a partially dislocated elbow, which would require surgery and sideline him for about four months.^[82]

Other media[link]

On May 3 2012 it was announced he would have a supporting role in the WWE Studios Film "Dead Man Down" starring Colin Farrell.^[83]

Personal life[link]

On 15 June 2008, Bennett was arrested in Tampa, Florida and charged with battery on a law enforcement officer (a felony) and obstructing an officer (a misdemeanor).^[1][7] The arrest took place outside of Champps Restaurant and Bar (2223 West Shore Boulevard North) at 2 am.^[84] Bennett was released the next day.^[84] According to FCW sources, all charges were subsequently dropped by police.

Bennett has three tattoos. The first is a barbwire tattoo on his left deltoid.^[85] He later expanded it to cover the entire deltoid.^[86] The second is a tribal design directly underneath the former tattoo.^[85] . The third is a rose on his right deltoid with the words 'Culture, Alienation, Boredom & Despair' - a line from the Manic Street Preachers song Little Baby Nothing.

Bennett is a supporter of Preston North End Football Club.^[4]

In wrestling[link]

Barrett performing the Wasteland on Randy Orton

• Finishing moves
  • Wasteland^[59][87] (Forward fireman's carry slam)^[88] - 2010-present
  • Winds of Change^[89] (Spinning side slam)^[59][90] - 2012; used as signature move 2010-2011 2012-present
• Signature moves
  • Backbreaker,^[91] sometimes while slingshotting^[18][92]
  • Back kick^[93]
  • Big boot,^[1][13][59] sometimes to an opponent trapped in the ropes^[94]
  • Belly to belly suplex^[95]
  • Diving elbow drop with theatrics^[60][96][97]
  • Leaping elbow smash^[98]
  • Multiple knee lifts to an opponent trapped in the ropes^[99][94]
  • Neckbreaker^[100]
  • Powerbomb,^[1] sometimes dropped into a sitout position^[13]
  • Pumphandle falling powerslam^[93]
  • Spinebuster^[13] – 2004–2009

• Managers
  • Byron Saxton^[101]

• Nicknames
  • "The Bare Knuckle Brawler/Fighter"^[102]
  • "The Jackal"^[103]
  • "The Pinnacle"^[1]

• Entrance themes
  • "We Are One" by 12 Stones^[104] (June 7, 2010–January 3, 2011; Used while a part of The Nexus)
  • "End of Days" (Various Versions) by Matt McCloskey, Emphatic, Shaman's Harvest and Jim Johnston (Used while a part of The Corre and in singles competition)^[105] (January 14, 2011–January 27, 2012)
  • "Just Don't Care Anymore" by American Fangs and Jim Johnston^[106] (January 29, 2012–present)

Championships and accomplishments[link]

Barrett as Intercontinental Champion.

• Dropkixx
  • Dropkixx IWC European Heavyweight Championship (1 time)^[1]

• Florida Championship Wrestling
  • FCW Florida Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Drew McIntyre^[3][12]

• Ohio Valley Wrestling
  • OVW Southern Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Paul Burchill^[11]

• Pro Wrestling Illustrated
  • PWI Feud of the Year (2010) – The Nexus vs. WWE^[107]
  • PWI Most Hated Wrestler of the Year (2010) – as part of The Nexus^[108]
  • PWI ranked him #19 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2011^[109]

• Pro Wrestling Report
  • Breakthrough Star of the Year (2010)^[110]