World map with the intertropical zone highlighted in red.

Tropical climate zones of the Earth where all twelve months have mean temperatures above 18 °C (64 °F).

The tropics is a region of the Earth surrounding the Equator. It is limited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23° 26′ 16″ (or 23.4378°) N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere at 23° 26′ 16″ (or 23.4378°) S; these latitudes correspond to the axial tilt of the Earth. The tropics are also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone (see geographical zone). The tropics include all the areas on the Earth where the Sun reaches a point directly overhead at least once during the solar year. About 40 percent of the world's human population lives within the tropical zone (by 2008 statistics), and by 2060, 60% of the human population will be in the tropics, owing to high birth rates and migration.^[1]

The tropics are distinguished from the other climatic and biomatic regions of Earth, the middle latitudes and the polar regions on either side of the equatorial zone.

Seasons and climate[link]

A graph showing the zonally averaged monthly precipitation. The tropics receive more precipitation than higher latitudes. The precipitation maximum, which follows the solar equator through the year, is under the rising branch of the Hadley circulation; the sub-tropical minima are under the descending branch and cause the desert areas.

Tropical sunset over the sea in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia.

"Tropical" is sometimes used in a general sense for a tropical climate to mean warm to hot and moist year-round, often with the sense of lush vegetation.

Many tropical areas have a dry and wet season. The wet season, or rainy season, is the time of year, covering one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls.^[2] The term green season is also sometimes used as a euphemism by tourist authorities.^[3] Areas with wet seasons are disseminated across portions of the tropics and subtropics.^[4] Under the Koppen climate classification, for tropical climates, a wet season month is defined as a month where average precipitation is 60 millimetres (2.4 in) or more.^[5] Tropical rainforests technically do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall is equally distributed through the year.^[6] Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season when the intertropical convergence zone or monsoon trough move poleward of their location during the middle of the warm season.^[7]

When the wet season occurs during the warm season, or summer, precipitation falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours. The wet season is a time when air quality improves, freshwater quality improves, and vegetation grows significantly, leading to crop yields late in the season. Floods cause rivers to overflow their banks, and some animals to retreat to higher ground. Soil nutrients diminish and erosion increases. The incidence of malaria increases in areas where the rainy season coincides with high temperatures. Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime. Unfortunately, the previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature.

Regions within the tropics may well not have a tropical climate. There are alpine tundra and snow-capped peaks, including Mauna Kea, Mount Kilimanjaro, and the Andes as far south as the northernmost parts of Chile and Argentina. Under the Köppen climate classification, much of the area within the geographical tropics is classed not as "tropical" but as "dry" (arid or semi-arid) including the Sahara Desert, the Atacama Desert and Australian Outback.

Tropical ecosystems[link]

Coconut palms in the warm, tropical climate in Brazil.

Tropical forest near Fond St-Denis, Martinique.

Tropical plants and animals are those species native to the tropics. Tropical ecosystems may consist of rainforests, dry deciduous forests, spiny forests, desert and other habitat types. There are often significant areas of biodiversity, and species endemism present, particularly in rainforests and dry deciduous forests. Some examples of important biodiversity and/or high endemism ecosystems are: El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico, Costa Rican and Nicaraguan rainforests, Brazilian and Venezuelan Amazon Rainforest territories, Madagascar dry deciduous forests, Waterberg Biosphere of South Africa and eastern Madagascar rainforests. Often the soils of tropical forests are low in nutrient content making them quite vulnerable to slash-and-burn techniques, which are sometimes an element of shifting cultivation agricultural systems.

In biogeography, the tropics are divided into Paleotropics (Africa, Asia and Australia) and Neotropics (Caribbean, Central America, and South America). Together, they are sometimes referred to as the Pantropics. The Neotropical region should not be confused with the ecozone of the same name; in the Old World, there is no such ambiguity, as the Paleotropics correspond to the Afrotropical, Indomalayan, and partly the Australasian and Oceanic ecozones.

See also[link]

Geography portal

References[link]

A Morpho peleides (Blue Morpho) tropical butterfly.

External links[link]

• Tropen, Goethe-Institut (bilingual web site English/German with a lot of information and extracts from novels, short stories, essays, etc. written by explorers, conquerors and writers since the discovery of the so called New World)

Jorge Ben Jor
Jorge Ben Jor, April 27, 2008
Background information
Birth name	Jorge Duilio Lima Menezes
Born	(1945-03-22) March 22, 1945 (age 67)
Origin	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Genres	MPB, samba rock, samba, tropicália, funk, bossa nova, rock and roll
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, musician
Years active	1963–present
Website	http://www.jorgebenjor.com.br/

Jorge Ben Jor (born March 22, 1945 in Rio de Janeiro)^[1] is a Brazilian popular musician. His characteristic style fuses samba, funk, and rock into samba rock, with lyrics that blend humor and satire with often esoteric subject matter.^[2]

Biography[link]

Early life and career[link]

Born Jorge Duilio Lima Menezes, he first took the stage name Jorge Ben after his mother's name (of Ethiopian origin)^[3] but in the 1980s changed it to Jorge Ben Jor (commonly written Benjor), allegedly in response to an incident where some of his royalties accidentally went to American guitarist George Benson.

Jorge Ben obtained his first pandeiro (Brazil's most popular type of tambourine) when he was thirteen, and two years later, was singing in a church choir. He also took part as a pandeiro player in the blocos of Carnival, and from eighteen years of age, he began performing at parties and nightclubs with the guitar his mother gave him.

It was at one of those clubs in which he performed that his musical career took off. In 1963, Jorge came on stage and sang "Mas Que Nada" (or "no way") to a small crowd that happened to include an executive from the recording company, Philips. One week later, Jorge Ben's first single was released.

The hybrid rhythms that Jorge employed brought him some problems at the start of his career, when Brazilian music was split between the rockier sounds of the Jovem Guarda and traditional samba with its complex lyrics. But as that phase in Brazilian pop music history passed, and bossa nova became more well known throughout the world, Jorge rose to prominence.

Jorge Ben's first public appearances were in small festivals organised by his friends, where bossa nova and rock and roll predominated. As with most musicians of the time, Jorge was initially influenced by João Gilberto even though he was quite innovative in his own right. The aforementioned song, "Mas Que Nada", was his first big hit in Brazil, and remains to this day the most played song in the USA sung entirely in Portuguese. Outside of Brazil, the song is better known by its cover versions from both Sérgio Mendes and Tamba Trio. The song has also been reinterpreted by jazz luminaries such as Ella Fitzgerald, Oscar Peterson, Dizzy Gillespie and Al Jarreau; as well as other samba artists of the time, such as Elza Soares. His song 1976 song about soccer, called"Umbabarauma", is a tune which is also frequently covered by many artists—of many genres.It was originally featured on his album África Brasil.

Success[link]

Jorge Ben at Live Earth in 2007

In 1969, Jorge Ben released his self-titled album amid the excitement of the cultural and musical Tropicália movement. The album featured Trio Mocotó as his backing band, who would go on to launch a successful career on the back of their association with Ben. The album was noted for "País Tropical," one of his most famous compositions, although it would be Wilson Simonal who would take his recording of the song to the top of the charts in Brazil that same year. Instead, the song "Charles, Anjo 45", also from the self-titled album, would become Ben's biggest self-performed chart hit of the year.

In the 1970s, Jorge Ben released his most esoteric and experimental albums, most notably "A Tábua de Esmeralda" in 1974, "Solta o Pavão" in 1975 and "África Brasil" in 1976; the latter album's track "Xica da Silva" receiving a single release in many territories in Europe but retitled as "Chica da Silva" for ease of pronunciation. These three albums were not greeted with much popular success at the time but are regarded as classics today.

In 1989, Jorge changed his recording label as well as his artistic name, becoming Jorge Benjor (or Jorge Ben Jor). At the time, it was said that there were numerological reasons for his change in name, although it did in fact have more to do with problems in relation to his rights as a composer of music. Nonetheless, from this point on, Jorge's music became more pop oriented even though it did manage to maintain its swing.

He is known internationally as the composer of the Sérgio Mendes hit "Mas Que Nada", his own hit single "Taj Mahal" is recognizable (and was legally recognized in a plagiarism lawsuit) as the source of the melody in Rod Stewart's hit "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?". "Taj Mahal" originally appeared on 1972's "Ben" album, becoming a big hit on the charts in Brazil that year. An alternative version of the track also appeared on the 1977 album "Tropical"; this was an attempt to add soul and disco to his sound, after which he reverted to more familiar ways. Additionally, versions appear on Ben's 1975 collaboration with Gilberto Gil and his 1976 África Brasil album.

Recent career[link]

In 2002, Jorge Ben contributed to the critically acclaimed Red Hot + Riot, a compilation CD created by the Red Hot Organization in tribute to the music and work of Nigerian musician, Fela Kuti, that raised money for various charities devoted to raising AIDS awareness and fighting the disease. He collaborated with fellow hip-hop artists Dead Prez, Talib Kweli, and Bilal to remake the famous song by Fela Kuti, "Shuffering and Shmiling," for the CD.

In 2006, a remake of Ben Jor's "Mas Que Nada" became an international chart hit for Sérgio Mendes with The Black Eyed Peas after being used by Nike in a global TV advertisement during the 2006 FIFA World Cup; this remake (the second time Mendes had covered the track) reached the Top 10 in several European countries, including the UK and Germany, in addition to reaching Number 1 in the Netherlands.

He is also a big fan of Clube de Regatas do Flamengo, a Brazilian football club, located in Rio de Janeiro, where Zico, Junior and Leandro are among former stars. His passion is demonstrated in a song he wrote, called "Flamengo;" Flamengo's crest also features in the cover of the 1969 album "Jorge Ben." Ben's "Camisa 10 da Gávea" is an ode to Zico.

On 7 July 2007 he performed at the Brazilian leg of Live Earth in Rio de Janeiro.

Discography[link]

Jorge Ben in concert in Paris.

• 1963: Samba Esquema Novo
• 1964: Ben é Samba Bom
• 1964: Sacundin Ben Samba
• 1965: Big Ben
• 1967: O bidú-Silêncio no Brooklin
• 1969: Jorge Ben
• 1970: Força Bruta
• 1971: Negro é Lindo
• 1972: Ben
• 1973: 10 Anos Depois
• 1974: A Tábua de Esmeralda
• 1975: Solta o Pavão
• 1975: Jorge Ben à l'Olympia
• 1975: Gil e Jorge (with Gilberto Gil)
• 1976: África Brasil
• 1976: Samba Nova
• 1977: Tropical
• 1978: A Banda Do Zé Pretinho
• 1979: Salve Simpatia
• 1980: Alô, Alô, Como Vai?
• 1981: Bem Vinda Amizade
• 1983: Dadiva
• 1984: Sonsual
• 1986: Ben Brasil
• 1989: Ben Jor
• 1992: Live In Rio
• 1994: 23
• 1995: Homo Sapiens
• 1997: Musicas Para Tocar Em Elevador
• 2000: Puro Suingue
• 2002: Acústico MTV - Double CD release, available jointly or separately, consisting of Admiral Jorge V and Banda do Zé Pretinho
• 2004: Reactivus Amor Est (Turba Philosophorum)
• 2006: Sou da Pesada (7 Samurai Afroraduno Remix)/A Joven Samba *(Klasick Remix)
• 2007: Recuerdos de Assunción 443"
• 2008: Favourites: From Samba Esquema Novo 1963 - África Brasil 1976

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Site
• 'Brazil's alchemist of funk' - 2004 interview with Jorge Ben Jor (in English)
• 1996 interview with Jorge Ben Jor from Brazilian Music Up to Date (in English and Portuguese)
• Jorge Ben discography on Slipcue.com
• Jorge Ben profiled by Bobby Brazuka