Teacher

Classroom at a secondary school in Pendembu, Sierra Leone.
Occupation
Names	Teacher, schoolteacher
Activity sectors	Education
Description
Competencies	Teaching abilities, pleasant disposition, patience
Education required	Teaching certification

Jewish children with their teacher in Samarkand, the beginning of the 20th century

A teacher or schoolteacher is a person who provides education for pupils (children) and students (adults). The role of teacher is often formal and ongoing, carried out at a school or other place of formal education. In many countries, a person who wishes to become a teacher must first obtain specified professional qualifications or credentials from a university or college. These professional qualifications may include the study of pedagogy, the science of teaching. Teachers, like other professionals, may have to continue their education after they qualify, a process known as continuing professional development. Teachers may use a lesson plan to facilitate student learning, providing a course of study which is called the curriculum.

A teacher's role may vary among cultures. Teachers may provide instruction in literacy and numeracy, craftsmanship or vocational training, the arts, religion, civics, community roles, or life skills.

A teacher who facilitates education for an individual may also be described as a personal tutor, or, largely historically, a governess.

In some countries, formal education can take place through home schooling. Informal learning may be assisted by a teacher occupying a transient or ongoing role, such as a family member, or by anyone with knowledge or skills in the wider community setting.

Religious and spiritual teachers, such as gurus, mullahs, rabbis, pastors/youth pastors and lamas, may teach religious texts such as the Quran, Torah or Bible.

Professional educators[link]

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008)

A teacher of a Latin school and two students, 1487

Teaching may be carried out informally, within the family which is called home schooling (see Homeschooling) or the wider community. Formal teaching may be carried out by paid professionals. Such professionals enjoy a status in some societies on a par with physicians, lawyers, engineers, and accountants (Chartered or CPA).

A teacher's professional duties may extend beyond formal teaching. Outside of the classroom teachers may accompany students on field trips, supervise study halls, help with the organization of school functions, and serve as supervisors for extracurricular activities. In some education systems, teachers may have responsibility for student discipline.

Around the world teachers are often required to obtain specialized education, knowledge, codes of ethics and internal monitoring.

There are a variety of bodies designed to instill, preserve and update the knowledge and professional standing of teachers. Around the world many governments operate teacher's colleges, which are generally established to serve and protect the public interest through certifying, governing and enforcing the standards of practice for the teaching profession.

The functions of the teacher's colleges may include setting out clear standards of practice, providing for the ongoing education of teachers, investigating complaints involving members, conducting hearings into allegations of professional misconduct and taking appropriate disciplinary action and accrediting teacher education programs. In many situations teachers in publicly funded schools must be members in good standing with the college, and private schools may also require their teachers to be college peoples. In other areas these roles may belong to the State Board of Education, the Superintendent of Public Instruction, the State Education Agency or other governmental bodies. In still other areas Teaching Unions may be responsible for some or all of these duties.

Pedagogy and teaching[link]

Dutch schoolmaster and children, 1662

A primary school teacher in northern Laos

The teacher-student-monument in Rostock, Germany, honours teachers

In education, teachers facilitate student learning, often in a school or academy or perhaps in another environment such as outdoors. A teacher who teaches on an individual basis may be described as a tutor.

GDR "village teacher", a teacher teaching students of all age groups in one class in 1951

The objective is typically accomplished through either an informal or formal approach to learning, including a course of study and lesson plan that teaches skills, knowledge and/or thinking skills. Different ways to teach are often referred to as pedagogy. When deciding what teaching method to use teachers consider students' background knowledge, environment, and their learning goals as well as standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. Many times, teachers assist in learning outside of the classroom by accompanying students on field trips. The increasing use of technology, specifically the rise of the internet over the past decade, has begun to shape the way teachers approach their roles in the classroom.

The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilities.

Teaching using pedagogy also involve assessing the educational levels of the students on particular skills. Understanding the pedagogy of the students in a classroom involves using differentiated instruction as well as supervision to meet the needs of all students in the classroom. Pedagogy can be thought of in two manners. First, teaching itself can be taught in many different ways, hence, using a pedagogy of teaching styles. Second, the pedagogy of the learners comes into play when a teacher assesses the pedagogic diversity of his/her students and differentiates for the individual students accordingly.

Perhaps the most significant difference between primary school and secondary school teaching is the relationship between teachers and children. In primary schools each class has a teacher who stays with them for most of the week and will teach them the whole curriculum. In secondary schools they will be taught by different subject specialists each session during the week and may have 10 or more different teachers. The relationship between children and their teachers tends to be closer in the primary school where they act as form tutor, specialist teacher and surrogate parent during the course of the day.

This is true throughout most of the United States as well. However, alternative approaches for primary education do exist. One of these, sometimes referred to as a "platoon" system, involves placing a group of students together in one class that moves from one specialist to another for every subject. The advantage here is that students learn from teachers who specialize in one subject and who tend to be more knowledgeable in that one area than a teacher who teaches many subjects. Students still derive a strong sense of security by staying with the same group of peers for all classes.

Co-teaching has also become a new trend amongst educational institutions. Co-teaching is defined as two or more teachers working harmoniously to fulfill the needs of every student in the classroom. Co-teaching focuses the student on learning by providing a social networking support that allows them to reach their full cognitive potential. Co-teachers work in sync with one another to create a climate of learning.

Rights to enforce school discipline[link]

Throughout the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment. While a child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent, with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them.

Medieval schoolboy birched on the bare buttocks

In past times, corporal punishment (spanking or paddling or caning or strapping or birching the student in order to cause physical pain) was one of the most common forms of school discipline throughout much of the world. Most Western countries, and some others, have now banned it, but it remains lawful in the United States following a US Supreme Court decision in 1977 which held that paddling did not violate the US Constitution.^[1]

30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it. Corporal punishment in American schools is administered to the seat of the student's trousers or skirt with a specially made wooden paddle. This often used to take place in the classroom or hallway, but nowadays the punishment is usually given privately in the principal's office.

Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment.

Currently detention is one of the most common punishments in schools in the United States, the UK, Ireland, Singapore and other countries. It requires the pupil to remain in school at a given time in the school day (such as lunch, recess or after school); or even to attend school on a non-school day, e.g. "Saturday detention" held at some US schools. During detention, students normally have to sit in a classroom and do work, write lines or a punishment essay, or sit quietly.

A modern example of school discipline in North America and Western Europe relies upon the idea of an assertive teacher who is prepared to impose their will upon a class. Positive reinforcement is balanced with immediate and fair punishment for misbehavior and firm, clear boundaries define what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior. Teachers are expected to respect their students; sarcasm and attempts to humiliate pupils are seen as falling outside of what constitutes reasonable discipline.^{[verification needed]}

Whilst this is the consensus viewpoint amongst the majority of academics, some teachers and parents advocate a more assertive and confrontational style of discipline.^{[citation needed]} Such individuals claim that many problems with modern schooling stem from the weakness in school discipline and if teachers exercised firm control over the classroom they would be able to teach more efficiently. This viewpoint is supported by the educational attainment of countries—in East Asia for instance—that combine strict discipline with high standards of education.^{[citation needed]}

It's not clear, however that this stereotypical view reflects the reality of East Asian classrooms or that the educational goals in these countries are commensurable with those in Western countries. In Japan, for example, although average attainment on standardized tests may exceed those in Western countries, classroom discipline and behavior is highly problematic. Although, officially, schools have extremely rigid codes of behavior, in practice many teachers find the students unmanageable and do not enforce discipline at all.

Where school class sizes are typically 40 to 50 students, maintaining order in the classroom can divert the teacher from instruction, leaving little opportunity for concentration and focus on what is being taught. In response, teachers may concentrate their attention on motivated students, ignoring attention-seeking and disruptive students. The result of this is that motivated students, facing demanding university entrance examinations, receive disproportionate resources. Given the emphasis on attainment of university places, administrators and governors may regard this policy as appropriate.

Obligation to honor students rights[link]

Sudbury model democratic schools claim that popularly based authority can maintain order more effectively than dictatorial authority for governments and schools alike. They also claim that in these schools the preservation of public order is easier and more efficient than anywhere else. Primarily because rules and regulations are made by the community as a whole, thence the school atmosphere is one of persuasion and negotiation, rather than confrontation since there is no one to confront. Sudbury model democratic schools' proponents argue that a school that has good, clear laws, fairly and democratically passed by the entire school community, and a good judicial system for enforcing these laws, is a school in which community discipline prevails, and in which an increasingly sophisticated concept of law and order develops, against other schools today, where rules are arbitrary, authority is absolute, punishment is capricious, and due process of law is unknown.^[2][3]

Teacher enthusiasm[link]

A teacher and young pupils at The British Museum Duveen Gallery

Since teachers can affect how students perceive the course materials, it has been found that teachers who showed enthusiasm towards the course materials and students can affect a positive learning experience towards the course materials. On teacher/course evaluations, it was found that teachers who have a positive disposition towards the course content tend to transfer their passion to receptive students.^[4] These teachers do not teach by rote but attempt to find new invigoration for the course materials on a daily basis.^[5] One of the difficulties in this approach is that teachers may have repeatedly covered a curriculum until they begin to feel bored with the subject which in turn bores the students as well. Students who had enthusiastic teachers tend to rate them higher than teachers who didn’t show much enthusiasm for the course materials.^{[citation needed]}

Teachers that exhibit enthusiasm can lead to students who are more likely to be engaged, interested, energetic, and curious about learning the subject matter. Recent research has found a correlation between teacher enthusiasm and students’ intrinsic motivation to learn and vitality in the classroom.^[6] Controlled, experimental studies exploring intrinsic motivation of college students has shown that nonverbal expressions of enthusiasm, such as demonstrative gesturing, dramatic movements which are varied, and emotional facial expressions, result in college students reporting higher levels of intrinsic motivation to learn.^{[citation needed]} Students who experienced a very enthusiastic teacher were more likely to read lecture material outside of the classroom.

There are various mechanisms by which teacher enthusiasm may facilitate higher levels of intrinsic motivation. Teacher enthusiasm may contribute to a classroom atmosphere full of energy and enthusiasm which feed student interest and excitement in learning the subject matter.^{[citation needed]} Enthusiastic teachers may also lead to students becoming more self-determined in their own learning process. The concept of mere exposure indicates that the teacher’s enthusiasm may contribute to the student’s expectations about intrinsic motivation in the context of learning. Also, enthusiasm may act as a “motivational embellishment”; increasing a student’s interest by the variety, novelty, and surprise of the enthusiastic teacher’s presentation of the material. Finally, the concept of emotional contagion, may also apply. Students may become more intrinsically motivated by catching onto the enthusiasm and energy of the teacher.^{[citation needed]}

Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement depends on the kind of relationship they build with their students.^{[7][8][9][10]} Useful teacher-to-student interactions are crucial in linking academic success with personal achievement.^[11] Here, personal success is a student's internal goal of improving himself, whereas academic success includes the goals he receives from his superior. A teacher must guide his student in aligning his personal goals with his academic goals. Students who receive this positive influence show stronger self-confidence and greater personal and academic success than those without these teacher interactions.^[10][12][13]

Students are likely to build stronger relations with teachers who are friendly and supportive and will show more interest in courses taught by these teachers.^[11][12] Teachers that spend more time interacting and working directly with students are perceived as supportive and effective teachers. Effective teachers have been shown to invite student participation and decision making, allow humor into their classroom, and demonstrate a willingness to play.^[8]

The way a teacher promotes the course they are teaching, the more the student will get out of the subject matter. The three most important aspects of teacher enthusiasm are enthusiasm about teaching, enthusiasm about the students, and enthusiasm about the subject matter. A teacher must enjoy teaching. If they do not enjoy what they are doing, the students will be able to tell. They also must enjoy being around their students. A teacher who cares for their students is going to help that individual succeed in their life in the future. The teacher also needs to be enthusiastic about the subject matter they are teaching. For example, a teacher talking about chemsitry needs to enjoy the art of chemistry and show that to their students. A spark in the teacher may create a spark of excitement in the student as well. A enthusiastic teacher has the ability to be very influential in the young students life.

Misconduct[link]

Misconduct by teachers, especially sexual misconduct, has been getting increased scrutiny from the media and the courts.^[14] A study by the American Association of University Women reported that 9.6% of students in the United States claim to have received unwanted sexual attention from an adult associated with education; be they a volunteer, bus driver, teacher, administrator or other adult; sometime during their educational career.^[15]

A study in England showed a 0.3% prevalence of sexual abuse by any professional, a group that included priests, religious leaders, and case workers as well as teachers.^[16] It is important to note, however, that the British study referenced above is the only one of its kind and consisted of "a random ... probability sample of 2,869 young people between the ages of 18 and 24 in a computer-assisted study" and that the questions referred to "sexual abuse with a professional," not necessarily a teacher. It is therefore logical to conclude that information on the percentage of abuses by teachers in the United Kingdom is not explicitly available and therefore not necessarily reliable. The AAUW study, however, posed questions about fourteen types of sexual harassment and various degrees of frequency and included only abuses by teachers. "The sample was drawn from a list of 80,000 schools to create a stratified two-stage sample design of 2,065 8th to 11th grade students"Its reliability was gauged at 95% with a 4% margin of error.

In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Latourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct.

Chris Keates, the general secretary of National Association of Schoolmasters Union of Women Teachers, said that teachers who have sex with pupils over the age of consent should not be placed on the sex offenders register and that prosecution for statutory rape "is a real anomaly in the law that we are concerned about." This has led to outrage from child protection and parental rights groups.^[17]

Teaching around the world[link]

There are many similarities and differences among teachers around the world. In almost all countries teachers are educated in a university or college. Governments may require certification by a recognized body before they can teach in a school. In many countries, elementary school education certificate is earned after completion of high school. The high school student follows an education specialty track, obtain the prerequisite "student-teaching" time, and receive a special diploma to begin teaching after graduation.

International schools generally follow an English-speaking, Western curriculum and are aimed at expatriate communities.^[18]

Canada[link]

Teaching in Canada requires a post-secondary degree Bachelor's Degree. In most provinces a second Bachelor's Degree such as a Bachelor of Education is required to become a qualified teacher. Salary ranges from $40,000/year to $90,000/yr. Teachers have the option to teach for a public school which is funded by the provincial government or teaching in a private school which is funded by the private sector, businesses and sponsors.

England[link]

Salaries for Nursery, Primary and Secondary School teachers ranged from £20,133 to £41,004 in September 2007, although some salaries can go much higher depending on experience and extra responsibilities.^[19] Preschool teachers may earn £20,980 annually.^{[citation needed]} Teachers in state schools must have at least a bachelor's degree, complete an approved teacher education program, and be licensed.

Many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taught.^{[citation needed]}

France[link]

In France, teachers, or professors, are mainly civil servants, recruited by competitive examination.

Republic of Ireland[link]

Salaries for primary teachers in the Republic of Ireland depend mainly on seniority (i.e. holding the position of principal, deputy principal or assistant principal), experience and qualifications. Extra pay is also given for teaching through the Irish language, in a Gaeltacht area or on an island. The basic pay for a starting teacher is €30,904 p.a., rising incrementally to €59,359 for a teacher with 25 years' service. A principal of a large school with many years' experience and several qualifications (M.A., H.Dip., etc.) could earn over €90,000.^[20]

Scotland[link]

In Scotland, anyone wishing to teach must be registered with the General Teaching Council for Scotland (GTCS). Teaching in Scotland is an all graduate profession and the normal route for graduates wishing to teach is to complete a programme of Initial Teacher Education (ITE) at one of the seven Scottish Universities who offer these courses. Once successfully completed, "Provisional Registration" is given by the GTCS which is raised to "Full Registration" status after a year if there is sufficient evidence to show that the "Standard for Full Registration" has been met.^[21]

For the salary year beginning April 2008, unpromoted teachers in Scotland earned from £20,427 for a Probationer, up to £32,583 after 6 years teaching, but could then go on to earn up to £39,942 as they complete the modules to earn Chartered Teacher Status (requiring at least 6 years at up to two modules per year.) Promotion to Principal Teacher positions attracts a salary of between £34,566 and £44,616; Deputy Head, and Head teachers earn from £40,290 to £78,642.^[22] Teachers in Scotland can be registered members of trade unions such as ATL.

United States[link]

In the United States, each state determines the requirements for getting a license to teach in public schools. Teaching certification generally lasts three years, but teachers can receive certificates that last as long as ten years.^[23] Public school teachers are required to have a bachelor's degree and the majority must be certified by the state in which they teach. Many charter schools do not require that their teachers be certified, provided they meet the standards to be highly qualified as set by No Child Left Behind. Additionally, the requirements for substitute/temporary teachers are generally not as rigorous as those for full-time professionals. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates that there are 1.4 million elementary school teachers,^[24] 674,000 middle school teachers,^[25] and 1 million secondary school teachers employed in the U.S.^[26]

In the past, teachers have been paid relatively low salaries. However, average teacher salaries have improved rapidly in recent years. US teachers are generally paid on graduated scales, with income depending on experience. Teachers with more experience and higher education earn more than those with a standard bachelor’s degree and certificate. Salaries vary greatly depending on state, relative cost of living, and grade taught. Salaries also vary within states where wealthy suburban school districts generally have higher salary schedules than other districts. The median salary for all primary and secondary teachers was $46,000 in 2004, with the average entry salary for a teacher with a bachelor's degree being an estimated $32,000. Median salaries for preschool teachers, however, were less than half the national median for secondary teachers, clock in at an estimated $21,000 in 2004.^[27] For high school teachers, median salaries in 2007 ranged from $35,000 in South Dakota to $71,000 in New York, with a national median of $52,000.^[28] Some contracts may include long-term disability insurance, life insurance, emergency/personal leave and investment options.^[29] The American Federation of Teachers' teacher salary survey for the 2006-07 school year found that the average teacher salary was $51,009.^[30] In a salary survey report for K-12 teachers, elementary school teachers had the lowest median salary earning $39,259. High school teachers had the highest median salary earning $41,855.^[31] Many teachers take advantage of the opportunity to increase their income by supervising after-school programs and other extracurricular activities. In addition to monetary compensation, public school teachers may also enjoy greater benefits (like health insurance) compared to other occupations. Merit pay systems are on the rise for teachers, paying teachers extra money based on excellent classroom evaluations, high test scores and for high success at their overall school. Also, with the advent of the internet, many teachers are now selling their lesson plans to other teachers through the web in order to earn supplemental income, most notably on TeachersPayTeachers.com.^[32]

Wales[link]

Education in Wales differs in certain respects from education elsewhere in the United Kingdom. For example, a significant number of students all over Wales are educated either wholly or largely through the medium of Welsh: in 2008/09, 22 per cent of classes in maintained primary schools used Welsh as the sole or main medium of instruction. Welsh medium education is available to all age groups through nurseries, schools, colleges and universities and in adult education; lessons in the language itself are compulsory for all pupils until the age of 16.

Teachers in Wales can be registered members of trade unions such as ATL, NUT or NASUWT and reports in recent years suggest that the average age of teachers in Wales is falling with teachers being younger than in previous years.^[33] A growing cause of concern are that attacks on teachers in Welsh schools which reached an all-time high between 2005 and 2010.^[34]

Spiritual teacher[link]

In Hinduism the spiritual teacher is known as a guru. In the Latter Day Saint movement the teacher is an office in the Aaronic priesthood, while in Tibetan Buddhism the teachers of Dharma in Tibet are most commonly called a Lama. A Lama who has through phowa and siddhi consciously determined to be reborn, often many times, in order to continue their Bodhisattva vow is called a Tulku.

There are many concepts of teachers in Islam, ranging from mullahs (the teachers at madrassas) to ulemas.

A Rabbi is generally regarded as the Jewish spiritual teacher.^{[citation needed]}

Popular educators[link]

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Teachers

Look up teacher in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Media related to Teaching at Wikimedia Commons

Gaylord ("Gay") Bryan damian

(born May 1, 1927) was a male long and triple jumper from the United States, who competed in the 1940s and 1950s for his native country. Bryan set his personal best in the men's long jump event (7.74 metres) on April 9, 1949 at a meet in Westwood. He failed to qualify for the Summer Olympics (1948 and 1952) during his career.

He won the gold medal in the long jump at the 1951 Pan American Games and was a four-time national champion in the triple jump.

Achievements[link]

References[link]

• Profile

This biographical article about an American long jumper is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

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This article is about the U.S. sociopolitical commentator. For other people with a similar name, see Brian Fisher (disambiguation).

Bryan J. Fischer is the Director of Issues Analysis for the American Family Association (AFA). He hosts the talk radio program Focal Point on American Family Radio and posts on the AFA-run blog Rightly Concerned.

Fischer opposes abortion, national health care, gay adoption,^[2] and same-sex marriage.^[3] Fischer's controversial comments on racial and ethnic minorities were cited by Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) in explaining the hate group designation they gave to the AFA in November 2010.^[4]

Biography[link]

Fischer has an undergraduate degree in philosophy from Stanford University, and holds a graduate degree in theology from Dallas Theological Seminary. Fischer served at the Cole Community Church in Boise, Idaho and founded the Cole Center for Biblical Studies and was the church's director for thirteen years. Fischer then founded Community Church of the Valley and was senior pastor for twelve years. Before joining the board of directors of American Family Association, Fischer was also executive director of Idaho Values Alliance.^[3]

In 2004, he co-founded the Keep the Commandments Coalition, a group dedicated to keeping a Ten Commandments monument in Julia Davis Park in Boise, Idaho. From 2000 to 2005, he served as a commissioner for the city's Park and Recreation Department.^[3]

In November 2010, the SPLC changed their listing of the AFA from a group that used hate speech to the more serious one of being designated a hate group.^{[5][6][7][8][9]} The SPLC's Mark Potok said that the AFA's "propagation of known falsehoods and demonizing propaganda" was the basis for the change.^[10][11] Fischer's anti-gay comments were given as an example by SPLC in support of the hate group designation.^[4]

Recently, Fischer has become a supporter of the AIDS denial movement. His guest on the January 3, 2012 edition of Focal Point was prominent AIDS denialist Peter Duesberg. On that show, Fischer strongly supported Duesberg's contention that AIDS is not caused by HIV, but by recreational drug use.^[12][13] Fischer expanded on this further in a post on Rightly Concerned, saying that it isn't possible for a virus to remain dormant for a long period of time. He cited as an example Magic Johnson, who was diagnosed with HIV in 1991 and has remained healthy for over 20 years. This is despite overwhelming scientific consensus that HIV can stay dormant for several years before the onset of AIDS. In Fischer's view, HIV is a hoax that was concocted by cancer researchers who needed an excuse to keep their grants.^[14] He has also expressed support for tax protester theory; on the April 17, 2012 edition of Focal Point he made the common tax protester argument that the 16th Amendment does not count wages and salaries as income.^[15]

MormonVoices, a group associated with Foundation for Apologetic Information & Research, included Fischer on its Top Ten Anti-Mormon Statements of 2011 list for saying "Mormonism is not an orthodox Christian faith. It just is not ... It's very clear that the Founding Fathers did not intend to preserve automatically religious liberty for non-Christian faiths."^[16]

References[link]

1. ^ Adler, Ben (January 18, 2011). "The Liberal Media's Conservative of the Month". Newsweek.
2. ^ Fischer, Bryan (June 15, 2011). "Homosexual adoptions victimize children". http://afa.net/Blogs/BlogPost.aspx?id=2147508635. 
3. ^ ^{a b c} Biography at American Family Association. Retrieved November 18, 2010.
4. ^ ^{a b} Potok, Mark (December 15, 2010). "SPLC Responds to Attack by FRC, Conservative Republicans". Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. http://www.splcenter.org/blog/2010/12/15/splc-responds-to-attack-by-frc-conservative-republicans/. Retrieved April 26, 2011. 
5. ^ Schlatter, Evelyn (Winter 2010). "18 Anti-Gay Groups and Their Propaganda | Southern Poverty Law Center". Splcenter.org. http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/winter/the-hard-liners. Retrieved December 17, 2010. 
6. ^ Waddington, Lynda (November 23, 2010). "Groups that Helped Oust Iowa Judges Earn 'Hate Group' Designation; SPLC Adds American Family Association, Family Research Council to List". Iowa Independent. http://iowaindependent.com/47947/groups-that-helped-oust-iowa-judges-earn-hate-group-designation. Retrieved November 25, 2010. 
7. ^ "SPLC's Anti-Gay Hate List Compiled With Diligence and Clear Standards | Southern Poverty Law Center". Splcenter.org. December 23, 2010. http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/news/splc-s-anti-gay-hate-list-compiled-with-diligence-and-clear-standards. Retrieved March 19, 2011. 
8. ^ Eichler, Alex (November 23, 2010). "13 New Organizations Added to Anti-Gay 'Hate Groups' List". The Atlantic Wire. The Atlantic Monthly Group. http://www.theatlanticwire.com/national/2010/11/13-new-organizations-added-to-anti-gay-hate-groups-list/22153/. Retrieved April 22, 2011. 
9. ^ Benen, Steve (December 18, 2010). "This Week in God". Political Animal. Washington Monthly. http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/archives/individual/2010_12/027153.php. Retrieved April 22, 2011. 
10. ^ Banks, Adele M. (November 29, 2010). "Religion News Service: Hate group watchdog adds Family Research Council to its list". The Pew Forum. The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. http://pewforum.org/Religion-News/RNS-Hate-group-watchdog-adds-Family-Research-Council-to-its-list.aspx. Retrieved April 22, 2011. 
11. ^ Nelson, Josh (November 29, 2010). "Judge-ouster supporters blast 'hate' label". WCFCourier.com. http://wcfcourier.com/news/local/article_0d224deb-9ca4-5f17-9ae0-cdd5c98e47f5.html. Retrieved April 22, 2011. 
12. ^ Part 1 of Fischer interview with Duesberg from AFA YouTube channel
13. ^ Part 2 of Fischer interview with Duesberg from AFA YouTube channel
14. ^ Fischer, Bryan. "Why is Magic Johnson healthy as a horse? HIV does NOT cause AIDS". American Family Association, January 5, 2012.
15. ^ "16th Amendment exempts wages and salaries from taxation" (video). American Family Association. 2012-04-17. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=58YvmJHCZ10. 
16. ^ Walker, Joshua (January 8, 2012). "Group lists Top Ten Anti-Mormon Statements of 2011". Deseret News. http://www.deseretnews.com/article/print/700213557/Group-lists-Top-Ten-Anti-Mormon-Statements-of-2011.html. 

External links[link]

• American Family Association

Julianne Moore
At the 66th Venice International Film Festival, September 2009
Born	Julie Anne Smith (1960-12-03) December 3, 1960 (age 51) Fayetteville, North Carolina, U.S.
Occupation	Actress
Years active	1983–present
Spouse	John Gould Rubin (m. 1986–1995) «start: (1986)–end+1: (1996)»"Marriage: John Gould Rubin to Julianne Moore" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Julianne_Moore) Bart Freundlich (m. 2003) «start: (2003)»"Marriage: Bart Freundlich to Julianne Moore" Location: (linkback:http://en-wiki.pop.wn.com/index.php/Julianne_Moore)
Children	2

Julianne Moore (born Julie Anne Smith on December 3, 1960) is a British-American actress and a children's book author. She has been nominated for four Oscars, six Golden Globes, three BAFTAs and nine Screen Actors Guild Awards.

Moore began her acting career in 1983 in minor roles, before joining the cast of the soap opera As the World Turns, for which she won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1988. She began to appear in supporting roles in films during the early 1990s, in films such as The Hand That Rocks the Cradle and The Fugitive. Her performance in Short Cuts (1993) won her and the rest of the cast a Golden Globe for their ensemble performance, and her performance in Boogie Nights (1997) brought her widespread attention and nominations for several major acting awards.

Her success continued with films such as The Big Lebowski (1998), The End of the Affair (1999) and Magnolia (1999). She received particular acclaim for her portrayal of a betrayed wife in Far from Heaven (2002), winning several critic awards as best actress of the year, in addition to several other nominations, including the Academy Award, Golden Globe, and Screen Actors Guild Award. The same year, she was also nominated for several awards as best supporting actress for her work in The Hours. In 2010, Moore starred in the comedy drama The Kids Are All Right, for which she received a Golden Globe and BAFTA nomination.

Early life[link]

Moore was born Julie Anne Smith at Fort Bragg, near Fayetteville, North Carolina.^[1] Her mother, the late Anne McNeil McLean (née Love), was a psychiatric social worker who emigrated from Greenock, Scotland, and her father, Peter Moore Smith, a New Jersey native, was a military lawyer, judge, helicopter pilot, and army colonel.^[2][3][4][5] She has a younger sister, Valerie, and a younger brother, novelist Peter Moore Smith III.^[6] Growing up as an "army brat", she moved 23 times and attended 9 different schools before she was 18.^[7][8] She lived in several places across the United States and Germany.^[1] Moore attended J.E.B. Stuart High School in Falls Church, Virginia and Frankfurt American High School in Frankfurt, Germany, graduating in 1979.^[1] She received her bachelor's degree at the College of Fine Arts at Boston University in Drama.^[9]

Career[link]

Acting[link]

Moore moved to New York City in 1983, working as a waitress and performing in bit parts before being cast in the dual roles of Frannie Hughes and Sabrina Hughes on the soap opera As the World Turns, for which she won a Daytime Emmy Award; she played the roles from 1985 to 1988.^[1] In 1987, she was part of the junior company in the New York premiere of Caryl Churchill's Serious Money at The Public Theater. Because of Screen Actors Guild rules, she had to change her name, since there were already actresses named "Julie Smith" and "Julianne Smith".^[1] She chose her father's middle name, "Moore", but because there was already another actress named "Julie Moore", she finally settled on "Julianne Moore."

Moore at the premiere of Savage Grace, April 2008.

Moore began starring in feature films in the early 1990s, mostly appearing in supporting roles in films like The Hand That Rocks the Cradle, Benny & Joon, and The Fugitive. Her part in 1993's Short Cuts gained her critical acclaim and recognition, and she was cast in several high-profile Hollywood films, including 1995's romantic comedy Nine Months, and 1997's summer blockbuster The Lost World: Jurassic Park. Her first role as the central lead, Carol White, in the well-reviewed independent film Safe also attracted critical attention. The role was called the ancestor of one of Moore's best-praised roles, Cathy Whitaker, in another Haynes film, Far from Heaven.^[1][10] Critics noted the importance of this role in establishing her as an actress to take seriously.^[11] In addition, her performance on Vanya on 42nd Street, a filmed version of Anton Chekhov's play Uncle Vanya, earned her critical recognition, with film critic Kenneth Turan calling her work in the film "a revelation".^[12] For this role, Moore won Best Actress from the Boston Society of Film Critics.

During the late 1990s and early 2000s, Moore appeared in a series of films that received Oscar recognition, including her roles in Boogie Nights (1997, Best Supporting Actress nomination), The End of the Affair (1999, Best Actress nomination), and her two 2002 films, The Hours (Best Supporting Actress nomination) and Far from Heaven (Best Actress nomination), for which she also won "Best Actress" from no less than 16 critics groups, more than any other actress that year^[13] (see below for a list), and from the Venice Film Festival.^[1] In the Los Angeles Times review of "The Hours," critic Manohla Dargis wrote: "The film's three leads are extraordinary, but what Moore does with her role is so beyond the parameters of what we call great acting that it nearly defies categorization." During this period, she also appeared in the commercial successes Hannibal (replacing Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling) and The Forgotten, in Paul Thomas Anderson's follow-up to Boogie Nights, Magnolia, and in the Coen brothers cult hit The Big Lebowski. Entertainment Weekly has chosen her one of The 25 Greatest Actresses of the '90s.^[14] In 2003, The Guardian called her "the most talented actress of her generation".^[15]

In November 2006, Moore made her Broadway debut in the world premiere of David Hare's new play The Vertical Hour, directed by Sam Mendes.^[16] 2006 also saw the releasing of three of her films: Freedomland, which opened in February to mixed reviews,^[17] followed by Trust the Man, directed by her husband Bart Freundlich, and the critically acclaimed science fiction feature Children of Men.^[18] The following year she appeared opposite Nicolas Cage and Jessica Biel in Next, a science fiction action film based on The Golden Man, a short story by Philip K. Dick; and the controversial film Savage Grace, the story of a high-society mother and son whose Oedipal relationship ends in tragedy. In 2008, she starred alongside Mark Ruffalo in Blindness, a thriller from director Fernando Meirelles. In her review of the film, Stephanie Zacharek of Salon.com called Moore "an apparition of generosity and compassion who seems in danger of disappearing at any moment. Moore takes the movie's stiff, signpost dialogue and delivers it in a way that's consistently believable. [...] She's a miracle worker, and whatever Meirelles paid her, it isn't nearly enough",^[19] while The Austin Chronicle commented that Moore "masterfully characterizes the devoted wife’s metamorphosis into a heroicism both unwanted and unheralded. It’s a rattling, heartrending performance in, yes, a long, hard slough of a film – one that is well worth the journey, if not a repeat trip."^[20]

The next year, Moore appeared opposite Colin Firth in the well-received American drama A Single Man,^[21] for which she received her fifth Golden Globe nomination, with Peter Travers of Rolling Stone calling her performance "explosively good".^[22] When the cancellation of As the World Turns was announced in late 2009, Moore decided to honor the soap that brought her fame and temporarily returned for a few days as Frannie Hughes.^[23] During the 2009–2010 season of 30 Rock, she had a guest role as Nancy Donovan, a love interest for Alec Baldwin's character, Jack Donaghy.^[24]

In 2010, Moore starred in the erotic thriller Chloe, theatrically released by Sony Pictures Classics and had since became director Atom Egoyan's biggest moneymaker ever.^[25] In his review of the film, David Edelstein of the New York magazine called Moore's performance "extraordinarily raw and affecting."^[26] Moore next appeared in the comedy-drama The Kids Are All Right, co-starring Annette Bening and Mark Ruffalo; Moore was instrumental in getting the film made and in getting Bening involved.^[27] The film was both a critical and commercial success,^[28][29] garnering acting and production nominations from the Gotham Awards, the Independent Spirit Awards and the Academy Awards, as well as winning the Golden Globe Award for "Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy". Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times commented, "Moore and Bening are superb actors here, evoking a marriage of more than 20 years, and all of its shadings and secrets, idealism and compromise",^[30] and the Los Angeles Times review said, "Moore is fearless" and "plays every note perfectly."^[31] For this role, Moore received her sixth Golden Globe Award nomination and a BAFTA nomination.

In July 2011, Moore appeared in the comedy Crazy, Stupid, Love., co-starring Steve Carell and Ryan Gosling, which was successful commercially and received favorable reviews,^[32] with The Globe and Mail commenting, "some genuinely impressive acting breaks out. The accomplished Moore is an obvious candidate and, even in a confined role, she delivers – here a nervous look, there a tender gesture."^[33] In the HBO drama Game Change, Julianne Moore portrayed 2008 vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin. The made-for-television movie earned the cable channel its biggest audience for an in-house production in eight years.^[34] Moore received rave reviews for her "flawless performance"^[35], with the San Francisco Chronicle calling her portrayal of Palin "both complex and entirely credible. Yes, the hair, makeup and costumes contribute mightily to transforming Moore, but the nuance she brings to the performance is simply astounding."^[36] Altogether, she has five upcoming projects, amongst others the fantasy film The Seventh Son based on the book series The Wardstone Chronicles, co-starring Jeff Bridges, in which Moore will star as the "most dangerous 1700s witch" Mother Malkin.^[37]

Writing[link]

In October 2007, Moore made her literary debut with the publication of Freckleface Strawberry, a children's book illustrated by LeUyen Pham, based on her experiences as a child. In April 2009, Moore and Pham followed up with a second children's book titled Freckleface Strawberry and the Dodgeball Bully.^[38][39]

Personal life[link]

Moore met her first husband, John Gould Rubin, in 1984. They married in 1986, separated in 1994, and divorced in 1995.^{[citation needed]} In 1996, she began a relationship with director Bart Freundlich, whom she wed on August 23, 2003.^[40] The couple had two children prior to their marriage: a son, Caleb (b. December 4, 1997), and a daughter, Liv Helen (b. April 11, 2002). In an interview, Moore said she picked roles in movies that film in the summer so her family can accompany her: "My husband and I are very fortunate, because we have flexible jobs," she says. "If you talk to parents, that's what they're trying to do — have as much flexibility as possible."^[41] She lives with her family in the West Village neighborhood of Manhattan.^{[citation needed]} By way of her Scottish ancestry, Moore became a British citizen on July 8, 2011.^[42]

Activism[link]

Politics[link]

Moore is a pro-choice activist^[43][44] and, during the 2004 presidential election, donated $2,000 to John Kerry's presidential campaign.^[45]

Charity work[link]

Since 2002,^[46] she has been involved with the TS Alliance^[47] to raise awareness of tuberous sclerosis and is an Artist Ambassador for Save the Children's programs in the United States.^{[citation needed]} In 2012, Moore joined Moms Clean Air Force^[48], to help call on parents to join in the fight against toxic air pollution.

LGBT advocacy[link]

She actively supports same-sex marriage,^[49] and some of her films and roles deal with LGBT topics.

Filmography[link]

Awards[link]