- published: 23 Jul 2011
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- author: treyanator09
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Afghanistan
Afghanistan
i/æfˈɡænɨstæn/ (Persian/Pashto: افغانستان, Afġānistān), officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located in the centre of Asia, forming part of South Asia, Central Asia, and Greater Middle East, it is also considered to be part of a broader West Asia. With a population of about 29 million, it has an area of 647,500 km2 (250,001 sq mi), making it the 42nd most populous and 41st largest nation in the world. It is bordered by Pakistan in the south and the east, Iran in the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan in the north, and China in the far northeast.
Afghanistan has been an ancient focal point of the Silk Road and human migration. Archaeologists have found evidence of human habitation from as far back as 50,000 BC. Urban civilization may have begun in the area as early as 3,000 to 2,000 BC. Sitting at an important geostrategic location that connects the Middle East with Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, the land has been home to various peoples through the ages and witnessed many military campaigns, notably by Alexander the Great, Genghis Khan, and in modern era Western forces. The land also served as a source from which the Greco-Bactrians, Kushans, Saffarids, Ghaznavids, Ghorids, Timurids, Mughals and many others have risen to form major empires.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (Arabic: بغداد, Baġdād, IPA: [bæɣˈdæːd]) is the capital of Republic of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Province. The population of Baghdad as of 2011 is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab World (after Cairo, Egypt), and the second largest city in Western Asia (after Tehran, Iran).
Located along the Tigris River, the city was founded in the 8th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate. Within a short time of its inception, Baghdad evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual center for the Islamic World. This in addition to housing several key academic institutions (e.g. House of Wisdom) garnered the city a worldwide reputation as the "Center of Learning". Throughout the High Middle Ages, Baghdad was considered to be the largest city in the world with an estimated population of 1,200,000 people. The city was largely destroyed at the hands of the Mongol Empire in 1258, resulting in a decline that would linger through many centuries due to frequent plagues and multiple successive empires. With the recognition of Iraq as an independent state (formerly the British Mandate of Mesopotamia) in 1938, Baghdad gradually regained some of its former prominence as a significant center of Arabic culture.
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Battle of Stalingrad
Coordinates: 48°42′N 44°31′E / 48.7°N 44.517°E / 48.7; 44.517
The Battle of Stalingrad was a major and decisive battle of World War II in which Nazi Germany and its allies fought the Soviet Union for control of the city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) in southwestern Russia. The battle took place between 23 August 1942 to 2 February 1943 and was the largest battle on the Eastern Front, marked by brutality and disregard for military and civilian casualties. It is among the bloodiest battles in the history of warfare, with the higher estimates of combined casualties amounting to nearly two million. The heavy losses inflicted on the German army made it a significant turning point in the whole war. After the Battle of Stalingrad, German forces never recovered their earlier strength, and attained no further strategic victories in the East.
The German offensive to capture Stalingrad commenced in late summer 1942, and was supported by intensive Luftwaffe bombing which reduced much of the city to rubble. The German offensive eventually became mired in building-to-building fighting; and despite controlling nearly all of the city at times, the Wehrmacht was unable to dislodge the last Soviet defenders clinging tenaciously to the west bank of the Volga River.
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Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
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Dunkirk
Coordinates: 51°02′18″N 2°22′39″E / 51.0383°N 2.377500°E / 51.0383; 2.377500
Dunkirk (French: Dunkerque, pronounced: [dœ̃kɛʁk]; Dutch: Duinkerke(n) [ˈdœynkɛrkə(n)] (
listen); Flemish: [ˈdyŋkarkə] ( listen)) is a commune in the Nord department in northern France. It lies 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the Belgian border. The population of the city (commune) at the 1999 census was 70,850 inhabitants (71,300 inhabitants as per February 2004 estimates). The population of the metropolitan area was 265,974 inhabitants as per the 1999 census.
The name of Dunkirk derives from West Flemish "dun(e)" (dune) and "kerke" (church). Until the middle of the 20th century the city was situated in the French Flemish area; today the local Flemish dialect, a variety of the Dutch language, can still be found but has been largely replaced by French.
Dunkirk was first mentioned in 1067 as Dunkirk (Dutch: “Church of the Dune” or "Dune Church").[citation needed]
The area was much disputed between Spain, the Netherlands, England and France.
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Empire of Japan
The Empire of Japan (Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國; Shinjitai: 大日本帝国; Romaji: Dai Nippon Teikoku; literally Great Imperial State of Japan; officially Great Japan or Empire of Great Japan; commonly as Imperial Japan or the Japanese Empire) was an empire and world power that existed from the Meiji Restoration on 3 January 1868 to the enactment of the post-World War II Constitution of Japan on 3 May 1947.
Imperial Japan's rapid industrialization and militarization under the slogan Fukoku Kyōhei (富国強兵?, "Enrich the Country, Strengthen the Army") led to its emergence as a world power, eventually culminating in its membership in the Axis alliance and the conquest of a large part of the Asia-Pacific region. At the height of its power in 1942, the Japanese Empire ruled over a land area spanning 7,400,000 square kilometres (2,857,000 sq mi), making it one of the largest maritime empires in history.
After several large-scale military successes during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) and the Pacific War, the Empire of Japan also gained notoriety for its war crimes against the peoples of the countries it conquered. After suffering many defeats and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, however, the Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies on 2 September 1945. A period of occupation by the Allies followed the surrender, and a new constitution was created with American involvement. The constitution came into force on 3 May 1947, officially dissolving the Empire. American occupation and reconstruction of the country continued well into the 1950s, eventually forming the current nation-state whose title is simply that ("the nation of Japan" Nippon-koku) or just "Japan" .
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Finland
Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Finlandi/ˈfɪnlənd/ (
Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities, and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Helmand Province
Helmand (Pashto/Dari: هلمند) is the largest of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the southwest of the country. Its capital is Lashkar Gah. The Helmand River flows through the mainly desert region, providing water for irrigation.
Helmand is the world's largest opium-producing region, responsible for 75% of the world's total production. This is more than the whole of Burma, which is the second largest producing nation after Afghanistan. Afghan opium accounts for more than 90% of the global supply.
The Helmand valley region is mentioned by name in the Avesta (Fargard 1:13) as Haetumant, one of the early centers of the Zoroastrian faith, in pre-Islamic Afghan history. However, owing to the preponderance of non-Zoroastrians (Hindus and Buddhists), the Helmand and Kabul regions were also known as "White India" in those days. Some Vedic scholars (e.g. Kochhar 1999) also believe the Helmand valley corresponds to the Sarasvati area mentioned in the Rig Veda as the homeland for the Indo-Aryan migrations into India, ca. 1500 BC.
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Helmand province
Helmand (Pashto/Dari: هلمند) is the largest of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan. It is in the southwest of the country. Its capital is Lashkar Gah. The Helmand River flows through the mainly desert region, providing water for irrigation.
Helmand is the world's largest opium-producing region, responsible for 75% of the world's total production. This is more than the whole of Burma, which is the second largest producing nation after Afghanistan. Afghan opium accounts for more than 90% of the global supply.
The Helmand valley region is mentioned by name in the Avesta (Fargard 1:13) as Haetumant, one of the early centers of the Zoroastrian faith, in pre-Islamic Afghan history. However, owing to the preponderance of non-Zoroastrians (Hindus and Buddhists), the Helmand and Kabul regions were also known as "White India" in those days. Some Vedic scholars (e.g. Kochhar 1999) also believe the Helmand valley corresponds to the Sarasvati area mentioned in the Rig Veda as the homeland for the Indo-Aryan migrations into India, ca. 1500 BC.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or
i/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Jalalabad
Jalalabad (Pashto: جلال آباد Jalālābād), formerly called Adinapour (Pashto: آدينه پور) as documented by the 7th century Hsüan-tsang, is a city in eastern Afghanistan. Located at the junction of the Kabul River and Kunar River near the Laghman valley, Jalalabad is the capital of Nangarhar province. It is linked by approximately 95 miles (153 km) of highway with Kabul to the west. Jalalabad is the second-largest city in eastern Afghanistan as well as the centre of its social and business activity. Major industries include papermaking, as well as agricultural products including oranges, rice and sugarcane. Jalalabad is one of the leading trading centres with neighbouring Pakistan.
In 630 Xuan Zang, the famous Chinese Buddhist monk, visited Jalalabad. The city was a major center of Gandhara's Greco-Buddhist culture in the past until it was conquered by Muslim Arabs in the 7th century. However, not everyone converted to Islam at that period as some still refused to accept it. In a book called Hudud-al-Alam, written in 982 CE, it mentions a village near Jalalabad where the local king used to have many Hindu, Muslim and Afghan wives.
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Libya
Libya (Arabic: ليبيا Lībyā), Berber: ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ) is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
With an area of almost 1.8 million square kilometres (700,000 sq mi), Libya is the third largest country in Africa by area, and the 17th largest in the world. The largest city, Tripoli, is home to 1.7 million of Libya's 6.4 million people. The three traditional parts of the country are Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica.
In 2009 Libya had the highest HDI in Africa and the fourth highest GDP (PPP) per capita in Africa, behind Seychelles, Equatorial Guinea and Gabon. Libya has the 10th-largest proven oil reserves of any country in the world and the 17th-highest petroleum production.
As a result of the Libyan civil war, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, which had at that time been in existence for 34 years, collapsed and Libya entered a period of governance by a transitional administration called the National Transitional Council. The NTC has stated its intention to oversee the first phase of a transition to constitutional democracy, after which it claims it will dissolve in favor of a representative legislature.
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Lichfield
Coordinates: 52°41′01″N 1°49′36″W / 52.6835°N 1.82653°W / 52.6835; -1.82653
Lichfield ( /ˈlɪtʃfiːld/) is a cathedral city, civil parish and district in Staffordshire, England. One of eight civil parishes with city status in England, Lichfield is situated roughly 25 km (16 mi) north of Birmingham. In 2008, its population was estimated at 30,583 and the wider Lichfield district at 97,900.
Notable for its three-spired medieval cathedral, Lichfield was the birthplace of Samuel Johnson, the writer of the first authoritative Dictionary of the English Language. The city's recorded history began when St Chad arrived to establish his Bishopric in 669 CE and the settlement grew as the ecclesiastical centre of the Kingdom of Mercia. In 2009 the Staffordshire Hoard, the largest hoard of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver metalwork, was found 5.9 km (3.7 mi) south west of Lichfield.
The development of the city was consolidated in the 12th century under Bishop Clinton who fortified the Cathedral Close, and also laid out the town with the ladder-shaped street pattern that survives to this day. Lichfield's heyday was in the 18th century when it developed into a thriving coaching city. This was a period of great intellectual activity, the city being the home of many famous people including Samuel Johnson, David Garrick, Erasmus Darwin and Anna Seward, and prompted Johnson's remark that Lichfield was "a city of philosophers".
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Linghem
Coordinates: 50°35′41″N 2°22′18″E / 50.5947°N 2.3717°E / 50.5947; 2.3717
Linghem is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France.
Linghem is situated about 12 miles (19.3 km) northwest of Béthune and 34 miles (54.7 km) west of Lille, on the D90 road. The A26 autoroute forms the western border of the commune.
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Marseille
Coordinates: 43°17′47″N 5°22′12″E / 43.2964°N 5.37°E / 43.2964; 5.37
Marseille ( /mɑrˈseɪ/; also Marseilles in English; French: [maʁsɛj], locally: [mɑχˈsɛjə]; Occitan: Marselha [maʀˈsejɔ, maʀˈsijɔ]), known in antiquity as Massilia or Massalia (from Greek: Μασσαλία), is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of 240.62 km2 (93 sq mi). The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of 1,204 km2 (465 sq mi). 1,530,000 or 1,601,095 people live in the Marseille metropolitan area, ranking it third among French metropolitan areas after Paris and Lyon. Located on the southeast coast of France, Marseille is France's largest city on the Mediterranean coast and largest commercial port. Marseille is the capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, as well as the capital of the Bouches-du-Rhône department. Its inhabitants are called Marseillais.
Marseille is the second largest city in France after Paris and the centre of the third largest metropolitan area in France after Paris and Lyon. To the east, starting in the small fishing village of Callelongue on the outskirts of Marseille and stretching as far as Cassis, are the Calanques, a rugged coastal area interspersed with small fjords. Further east still are the Sainte-Baume, a 1,147 m (3,763 ft) mountain ridge rising from a forest of deciduous trees, the town of Toulon and the French Riviera. To the north of Marseille, beyond the low Garlaban and Etoile mountain ranges, is the 1,011 m (3,317 ft) Mont Sainte Victoire. To the west of Marseille is the former artists' colony of l'Estaque; further west are the Côte Bleue, the Gulf of Lion and the Camargue region in the Rhône delta. The airport lies to the north west of the city at Marignane on the Étang de Berre.
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Maryland
Maryland (i/ˈmɛrɨlənd/) is a U.S. state located in the Mid Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and Delaware to its east. Maryland was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and three nicknames for it (the Old Line State, the Free State, and the Chesapeake Bay State) are occasionally used. Maryland is the 9th smallest state by area, but the 19th most populous and the 5th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's most populated city is Baltimore. Its capital is Annapolis. It was named after Queen Henrietta Maria.
Maryland has an area of 12,406.68 square miles (32,133.2 km2) and is comparable in overall area with the European country of Belgium (11,787 square miles (30,530 km2)). It is the 42nd largest/9th smallest state, and is closest in size to Hawaii (10,930.98 square miles (28,311.1 km2)), the next smallest state. The next largest state, Maryland's neighbor West Virginia, is almost twice the size of Maryland (24,229.76 square miles (62,754.8 km2)).
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Musa Qala
Musa Qala (The 'Fortress of Moses') is a town and the district center of Musa Qala District in Helmand Province, Afghanistan, at 32°26′36″N 64°44′40″E / 32.4433°N 64.7444°E / 32.4433; 64.7444 and at 1043 m altitude in the valley of Musa Qala River in the central western part of the district. Its population has been reported in the British press to be both 2,000 and 20,000. It is in a desolate and largely lawless area, populated by Pashtun tribes. .
Musa Qala is one of the centers of Taliban resistance to NATO ISAF control in Afghanistan.
On February 2, 2006, intensive fighting erupted there, leading to 28 deaths, including the Musa Qala district chief, Abdul Quddus. On March 3, 2006, the Sangin district governor, Amir Jan, was killed there while on vacation.British forces were deployed to defend the district offices at Musa Qala (and also at Sangin, Nowzad and Kajaki). Over several months, eight British soldiers died there during attacks by the Taliban. July 23–25, 2006, Danish troops of the "1. Lette Opklaringseskadron" (1st Light Reconnaissance Squadron, 120 men) moved in to replace the British troops, but found themselves having to assist the British troops repel a major Taliban attack before they could carry out the replacement. On 28 August 2006, the Danish forces were replaced as planned—if slightly belated—and were once again replaced by the British.
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Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland (Irish: Tuaisceart Éireann pronounced [ˈt̪ˠuəʃcəɾˠt̪ˠ ˈeːɾʲən̪ˠ] ( listen), Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann or Norlin Airlan) is a part of the United Kingdom in the north-east of the island of Ireland. It shares a border with the Republic of Ireland to the south and west. As of 2001, its population was 1,685,000, constituting about 30% of the island's total population and about 3% of the population of the United Kingdom. Since the signing of the Good Friday Agreement in 1998, Northern Ireland is largely self-governing. According to the agreement, Northern Ireland co-operates with the rest of Ireland – from which it was partitioned in 1921 — on some policy areas, while other areas are reserved for the Government of the United Kingdom, though the Republic of Ireland "may put forward views and proposals".
Northern Ireland was for many years the site of a violent and bitter inter-communal conflict — the Troubles — which was caused by divisions between nationalists, who are predominantly Roman Catholic, and unionists, who are predominantly Protestant. Unionists want Northern Ireland to remain as a part of the United Kingdom, and generally see themselves as British, while nationalists wish for it to be politically reunited with the rest of Ireland, independent of British rule, and generally see themselves as Irish. Additionally, people from both sides of the community may describe themselves as Northern Irish. Since 1998, most of the paramilitary groups involved in the Troubles have ceased their armed campaigns.
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Operation Slipper
Operation Slipper is the Australian Defence Force (ADF) contribution to the war in Afghanistan. The operation commenced in late 2001 and is ongoing. ADF participation included two major activities centred on Afghanistan and the Persian Gulf.
Australian participation in Afghanistan included a Special Forces Task group and two Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Boeing 707 air-to-air refuelling aircraft from No. 33 Squadron. These aircraft and associated support personnel operated from Manas Air Base in Kyrgyzstan and provided support to coalition aircraft operating in Afghan airspace. Two RAAF AP-3C Orion aircraft flew maritime patrol missions in support of maritime interdiction operations in the Persian Gulf. These aircraft were temporarily retasked to Operations Falconer and Catalyst in 2003.
RAAF C-130 Hercules transport aircraft were also involved in providing logistic support for deployed forces. The Special Forces were involved with the establishment of the US-led coalition's first Forward Operating Base (Camp Rhino) southwest of Kandahar in November 2001, followed by the capture of Kandahar International Airport in December 2001. The initial ADF commitment in Afghanistan concluded in December 2002 when the Special Air Service Task Group was withdrawn. Following this date until 2005 Australia’s total contribution to efforts in Afghanistan was a single officer attached to the Coalition’s mine clearing force.
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Operation Torch
Operation Torch (initially called Operation Gymnast) was the British-American invasion of French North Africa in World War II during the North African Campaign, started on 8 November 1942.
The Soviet Union had pressed the U.S. and Britain to start operations in Europe and open a second front to reduce the pressure of German forces on the Soviet troops. While the American commanders favored Operation Sledgehammer, landing in Occupied Europe as soon as possible, the British commanders believed that such a course would end in disaster. An attack on French North Africa was proposed instead, which would clear the Axis Powers from North Africa, improve naval control of the Mediterranean Sea and prepare for an invasion of Southern Europe in 1943. American President Franklin D. Roosevelt suspected the African operation would rule out an invasion of Europe in 1943 but agreed to support British Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
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Patrick Ferguson
Major Patrick Ferguson (1744 – 7 October 1780) was a Scottish officer in the British Army, early advocate of light infantry and designer of the Ferguson rifle. He is best known for his service in the 1780 military campaign of Charles Cornwallis, in which he aggressively recruited Loyalists and harshly treated Patriot sympathisers. Some dispute this characterization of Ferguson as pro-Patriot bias, however, and other accounts praise him for his humanity and unwillingness to follow orders he considered barbaric. Ultimately, his activities led to a militia uprising against him, and he was killed in the Battle of Kings Mountain, where he was the only regular army officer present from either side of the conflict. His body was mistreated in the aftermath of the battle by the victorious Patriot forces before burial.
Patrick Ferguson was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 25 May (Old Style)/4 June (New Style) 1744, the second son and fourth child of advocate James Ferguson of Pitfour (who was raised to the judges' bench as a Senator of the College of Justice, so known as Lord Pitfour after 1764) and his wife Anne Murray, a sister of the literary patron Patrick Murray, 5th Lord Elibank.
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Ramadi
Ramadi (Arabic: الرمادي; BGN: Ar Ramādī) is a city in central Iraq, about 110 kilometers (68 mi) west of Baghdad. It is the capital of Al Anbar Governorate. The city outstretched to a distance of more than 60 kilometers on the Euphrates, the largest city in Al-Anbar.
Ramadi's population has been stated as 444,582 according to UN data from 2003. and 483,209 according to UN from 2004.
However, according to the former regime there are about 700,000 inhabitants. Although there was a large Jewish community into the twentieth century, in the 21st century all of the inhabitants of the city are Sunni Muslims from the Dulaim tribe.
Ramadi is located in a fertile, irrigated, alluvial plain, within Iraq's Sunni Triangle. It was founded in 1869 under the Ottoman Empire. The main purpose of the city was to give the Ottomans a focal point to communicate and control the Dulaim tribe of the region.
During the Mesopotamian Campaign of World War I, British forces under Lieutenant General Frederick Stanley Maude took Ramadi. In November 1917, British forces fought what was left of the Ottoman forces there. Sir Maude died soon after Ramadi was taken.
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Sadr City
Sadr City (Arabic: مدينة الصدر - Madinat aṣ-Ṣadr) is a suburb district of the city of Baghdad, Iraq. It was built in 1959 by Prime Minister Abdul Karim Qassim and later unofficially renamed Sadr City after deceased Shia leader Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr.
Sadr City (or more accurately Thawra District — Arabic: حيّ الثورة - ħayy ath-Thawra) is one of nine administrative districts in Baghdad. A public housing project neglected by Saddam Hussein, Sadr City holds more than 3 millions Shiite residents.
Sadr City was built in Iraq in 1959 by Prime Minister Abdul Karim Qassim in response to grave housing shortages in Baghdad. At the time named Revolution City (مدينة ألثورة "Al-Thawra"), it provided housing for Baghdad's urban poor, many of whom had come from the countryside and who had until then lived in appalling conditions. It quickly became a stronghold of the Iraqi Communist Party, and resistance to the Baathist-led coup of 1963 was strong there.
In 1982, following the Saddam Hussein coup, the district was renamed Saddam City, in honor of Saddam Hussein, the Baath Party leader. After the foreign occupation of Baghdad in April 2003, the district was unofficially renamed Sadr City after deceased shiite leader Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr.
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Sniper Alley
"Sniper Alley" (Bosnian: Snajperska aleja) was the informal name primarily for Ulica Zmaja od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia Street), the main boulevard in Sarajevo which during the Bosnian War was lined with snipers' posts, and became infamous as a dangerous place for civilians to traverse. The road connects the industrial part of the city (and further on, Sarajevo Airport) to the Old Town's cultural and historic sites. The boulevard itself has many high-rise buildings giving sniper shooters extensive fields of fire.
Mountains surrounding the city were also used for sniper positions, providing a safe distance and giving an excellent view on the city and its traffic. Although the city was under constant Serbian siege, its people still had to move about the city in order to survive, thus routinely risking their lives. Signs reading "Pazi – Snajper!" ("Watch out – Sniper!") became common. People would either run fast across the street or would wait for United Nations armored vehicles and walked behind them, using them as shields. According to data gathered in 1995, the snipers wounded 1,030 people and killed 225, 60 of whom were children.
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Soviet Union
The Soviet Union (Russian: Советский Союз, tr. Sovetsky Soyuz), officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR; Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik; IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪˈstʲitɕɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] ( listen); abbreviated СССР, SSSR), was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991.
The Soviet Union was a single-party state ruled by the Communist Party from its foundation until 1990. A union of 15 subnational Soviet republics, the Soviet state was structured under a highly centralized government and economy.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 caused the downfall of the Russian Empire. Following the Russian Revolution, there was a struggle for power between the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, and the anti-communist White movement. In December 1922, the Bolsheviks won the civil war, and the Soviet Union was formed with the merger of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.
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Syria
Syria (/ˈsɪriə/ ( listen) SIRR-ee-ə; Arabic: سورية Sūriyya or سوريا Sūryā; Syriac: ܣܘܪܝܐ; Kurdish: Sûrî), officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهورية العربية السورية al-Jumhūriyyah al-‘Arabīyah as-Sūriyyah Arabic pronunciation (help·info)), is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the West, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest.
In English, the name Syria was formerly synonymous with the Levant, known in Arabic as Sham, while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the third millennium BC. In the Islamic era, its capital city, Damascus, the oldest continuously inhabited city in the world, was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate, and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt.
The population of Syria is 74% Sunni, 12% Alawi, 10% Christian, and 3% Druze. Combined, 87% of the Syrian population is Muslim, while the other 10% is Christian, which includes mainly Arab Christians but also Assyrians and Armenians. Major ethnic minorities in Syria include Kurds (9%), Assyrians, Armenians, Turkmens and Circassians. The majority of the population is Arab (90%).
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Virginia
Virginia (i/vərˈdʒɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a U.S. state located in the South Atlantic region of the United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city and Fairfax County the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's population is over eight million.
The area's history begins with several indigenous groups, including the Powhatan. In 1607 the London Company established the Colony of Virginia as the first permanent New World English colony. Slave labor and the land acquired from displaced Native American tribes each played a significant role in the colony's early politics and plantation economy. Virginia was one of the 13 Colonies in the American Revolution and joined the Confederacy in the American Civil War, during which Richmond was made the Confederate capital and Virginia's northwestern counties separated to form the state of West Virginia. Although the Commonwealth was under conservative single-party rule for nearly a century following Reconstruction, both major national parties are competitive in modern Virginia.
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
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Adelbert Waldron
Staff Sergeant Adelbert F. Waldron, or Adelbert F. Waldron III, (March 14, 1933 – October 18, 1995) was a United States Army sniper serving during the Vietnam War (9th Infantry Div.). Although little known, until 2011 Waldron held the record for confirmed kills by any American sniper in history at 109. Replaced in 2011 by Navy SEAL Chris Kyle with 160,Carlos Hathcock had 93 confirmed kills, Eric R. England had 98 and Chuck Mawhinney had 103 - all but Waldron, and with the exception of Kyle, were members of the US Marine Corps.
Waldron was one of the few two-time recipients of the Distinguished Service Cross, both awarded for separate actions in 1969.
Waldron is buried in Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California, Columbarium A (shelter F), Court B, Row B, Site 37.
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Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (German: [ˈadɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ] ( listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP), commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945 and dictator of Nazi Germany (as Führer und Reichskanzler) from 1934 to 1945. Hitler is commonly associated with the rise of fascism in Europe, World War II, and the Holocaust.
A decorated veteran of World War I, Hitler joined the German Workers' Party, precursor of the Nazi Party, in 1919, and became leader of the NSDAP in 1921. In 1923, he attempted a coup d'état, known as the Beer Hall Putsch, in Munich. The failed coup resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, during which time he wrote his memoir, Mein Kampf (My Struggle). After his release in 1924, Hitler gained popular support by attacking the Treaty of Versailles and promoting Pan-Germanism, antisemitism, and anticommunism with charismatic oratory and Nazi propaganda. After his appointment as chancellor in 1933, he transformed the Weimar Republic into the Third Reich, a single-party dictatorship based on the totalitarian and autocratic ideology of Nazism. His aim was to establish a New Order of absolute Nazi German hegemony in continental Europe.
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Arron Perry
Arron Perry is a former Master Corporal in the Canadian Forces who supposedly in March 2002 briefly held the record for the longest recorded sniper kill in combat at a range of 2,310 m (2,526 yd). This shot exceeded the previous record of 2,286 m (2,500 yd), set by Carlos Hathcock in 1968.
Perry's record was surpassed in March 2002 by another member of his sniper team Corporal Rob Furlong, who shot a Taliban fighter at a verified range of 2,430 m (2,657 yd).
Perry was a member of the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, but began his military career with a Halifax Militia unit, the Princess Louise Fusiliers.
Perry was a member of a five-man team of snipers as part of Canada's contributions to Operation Anaconda in Afghanistan during 2002. The Canadian sniper team consisted of MCpl Graham Ragsdale (Team Commander), MCpl Tim McMeekin, MCpl Arron Perry, Cpl Dennis Eason and Cpl Rob Furlong from the Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI). Ragsdale's team received praise from United States Army colleagues for killing a significant number of Taliban and al-Qaeda combatants. When the operation ended, each of the five were recommended for the Bronze Star. Among the team's accomplishments was a 2,430 metre shot fired by Corporal Rob Furlong that killed an al-Qaeda soldier carrying an RPK. The shot was fired from a .50-caliber McMillan Brothers TAC-50 rifle.
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Austrians
Austrians (German: Österreicher) are a nation and ethnic group, consisting of the population of the Republic of Austria and its historical predecessor states who share a common Austrian culture and Austrian descent.
The English term Austrians was applied to the population of Habsburg Austria from the 17th or 18th century. During the 19th century, it identified the citizens of the Empire of Austria (1804–1867), and until 1918 to the citizens of Cisleithania, Austria-Hungary's western half.
In the closest sense, the term Austria originally referred to the historical March of Austria, corresponding roughly to the Vienna Basin in what is today Lower Austria.
The English word Austrian is a derivative of the proper name Austria, which is a latinization of Österreich, the German name for Austria. This word is derived from Ostarrîchi, which first appears in 996. This, in turn, is probably a translation of the Latin Marcha Orientalis, which means "eastern borderland" (viz. delimiting the eastern border of the Holy Roman Empire). It was a margraviate of the Duchy of Bavaria, ruled by the House of Babenberg from AD 976. During the 12th century, the Marcha Orientalis under the Babenbergs became independent of Bavaria. What is today known as Lower Austria corresponds to the Marcha Orientalis, while Upper Austria corresponds to the eastern half of the core territory of Bavaria (the western half forming part of the German state of Bavaria).
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Benedict Arnold
Benedict Arnold V (January 14, 1741 [O.S. January 3, 1740] – June 14, 1801) was a general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army but defected to the British Army. While a general on the American side, he obtained command of the fort at West Point, New York, and plotted to surrender it to the British forces. After the plot was exposed in September 1780, he was commissioned into the British Army as a brigadier general.
Born in Connecticut, Arnold was a merchant operating ships on the Atlantic Ocean when the war broke out in 1775. After joining the growing army outside Boston, he distinguished himself through acts of intelligence and bravery. His actions included the Capture of Fort Ticonderoga in 1775, defensive and delaying tactics despite losing the Battle of Valcour Island on Lake Champlain in 1776, the Battle of Ridgefield, Connecticut (after which he was promoted to major general), operations in relief of the Siege of Fort Stanwix, and key actions during the pivotal Battles of Saratoga in 1777, in which he suffered leg injuries that ended his combat career for several years.
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Billy Sing
William Edward 'Billy' Sing, DCM (2 March 1886 – 19 May 1943) was a Chinese Australian soldier who served in the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) during World War I, best known as a sniper during the Gallipoli Campaign. He took at least 150 confirmed kills during that campaign, and may have had over 200 kills in total. One contemporary estimate put his tally at close to 300 kills. Towards the end of the war, Sing married a Scottish woman, but the relationship did not last long. Following work in sheep farming and gold mining, he died in relative poverty and obscurity in Brisbane during World War II.
A biography by John Hamilton, Gallipoli Sniper: The life of Billy Sing, was published in 2008. A television mini-series based on this book, The Legend of Billy Sing, is in post-production as of 2010. The production has attracted controversy due to the director's decision to cast actors of white ancestry in the roles of Sing and his father, since Sing's father was Chinese.
Sing was born on 2 March 1886 in Clermont, Queensland, Australia, the son of a Chinese father and an English mother. His parents were John Sing (c. 1842–1921), a drover from Shanghai, China, and Mary Ann Sing (née Pugh; c. 1857–unknown), a nurse from Kingswinford, Staffordshire, England. Sing's mother had given birth to a daughter named Mary Ann Elizabeth Pugh on 28 May 1883, less than two months before marrying Sing's father on 4 July 1883. It is unclear whether this child was J. Sing's daughter as well. A daughter, Beatrice Sing, was later born into the family on 12 July 1893. The three children grew up together on the farm run by the Sings, and all three performed well academically.
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Carlos Hathcock
Carlos Hathcock (May 20, 1942 – February 23, 1999) was a United States Marine Corps Gunnery Sergeant sniper with a service record of 93 confirmed kills. Hathcock's record and the extraordinary details of the missions he undertook made him a legend in the Marine Corps. His fame as a sniper and his dedication to long distance shooting led him to become a major developer of the United States Marine Corps Sniper training program. He was honored by having a rifle named after him: a variant of the M21 dubbed the Springfield Armory M25 White Feather.
Hathcock was born in Little Rock, Arkansas on May 20, 1942. He grew up in rural Arkansas, living with his grandmother after his parents separated. He took to shooting and hunting at an early age, partly out of necessity to help feed his poor family. He would go into the woods with his dog and pretend to be a soldier and hunt imaginary Nazis in his "own little Germany". He would hunt at that early age with a rifle that his father had brought back from Europe during World War II. Hathcock dreamed of being a Marine throughout his childhood, and so on May 20, 1959, at the age of 17, he enlisted in the Marine Corps. Hathcock married Jo Winstead on November 10, 1962. Jo gave birth to a son, whom they named Carlos Norman Hathcock III.
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Charles Whitman
Charles Joseph Whitman (June 24, 1941 – August 1, 1966) was a student at the University of Texas at Austin and a former Marine who killed 16 people and wounded 32 others (a total of 49 victims including himself) during a shooting rampage on and around the university's campus on August 1, 1966.
Whitman killed three of his victims inside the university's tower, and 10 others from the 28th floor observation deck of the University's 307-foot (94 m) administrative building; one, Karen Griffith, died from her wounds a week after the shooting.
The tower massacre happened shortly after Whitman murdered his wife and mother at their homes. He was shot and killed by Austin Police Officer Houston McCoy, assisted by Austin Police Officer Ramiro Martinez.
Charles Whitman grew up in an upper-middle class family headed by a father who owned a successful plumbing contract business in Lake Worth, Florida. Whitman excelled academically and was well liked by his peers and neighbors. There were underlying dysfunctional issues within the family that escalated in 1966, when his mother left his father and moved to Texas. The elder Whitman was an authoritarian who provided for his family, but demanded near perfection from all of them. He was also known to become physically and emotionally abusive.
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Chris Kyle
Chris Kyle (born 1974) is a former United States Navy SEAL. He is the deadliest sniper in United States military history, with 160 confirmed kills (out of 255 claimed kills).
Born in Odessa, Texas, Kyle is the son of a Sunday school teacher and a deacon. His father bought him his first gun at 8 years old, a bolt-action .30-06 Springfield rifle, and later a shotgun, with which they hunted pheasant, quail, and deer.
After school, Kyle became a professional bronco rodeo rider, but his profession ended abruptly when he severely injured his arm. After his arm healed, he went to a military recruiting office, interested in joining the United States Marine Corps. The U.S. Marine Corps booth was closed because the recruiter was out at lunch. However, as he was leaving, the U.S. Navy recruiter called him over and talked about the Navy SEALS. Kyle was interested and signed up, but he did not pass the physical test, because of the pins in his arm. A little while later he received a call and he had the chance to go to BUD/S (Basic Underwater Demolition SEAL school), finally joining the United States Navy in 1999.
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Chuck Mawhinney
Charles Benjamin "Chuck" Mawhinney (born 1949) is an Oregon-born American who served in the United States Marine Corps as a sniper during the Vietnam War. He holds the record for the most confirmed kills by a USMC sniper, having recorded 103 confirmed kills and 216 "probable kills" in his 16 months of action.
Mawhinney, the son of a World War II Marine Corps veteran, was an avid hunter in his youth. He graduated from high school in June 1967 and joined the U.S. Marine Corps later that year—after the deer season. He spent 16 months in Vietnam, starting in early 1968.
On Valentine's Day 1969, Mawhinney encountered an enemy platoon and killed 16 North Vietnamese Army soldiers with head shots from his M14 rifle.
"It was the ultimate hunting trip: a man hunting another man who was hunting me," Mawhinney told the Los Angeles Times. "Don't talk to me about hunting lions or elephants; they don't fight back with rifles and scopes. I just loved it." Mawhinney sought to change the public perception about snipers, who he maintains save lives by sapping the enemy's will to fight. "My rules of engagement were simple: If they had a weapon, they were going down. Except for an NVA paymaster I hit at 900 yards, everyone I killed had a weapon," he said. Mawhinney's one regret was the one that got away. "I can't help thinking about how many people that he may have killed later, how many of my friends, how many Marines. He [messed] up and he deserved to die. That still bothers me."
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Clive Hulme
Alfred Clive Hulme VC (24 January 1911 – 2 September 1982) was a New Zealand recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
He was the father of champion Formula One racing driver Denny Hulme.
He was 30 years old and a sergeant in the 23rd Battalion, (The Canterbury Regiment) 5th Brigade, 2nd Division, 2NZEF during the Second World War when the actions took place during the Battle of Crete for which he was awarded the VC.
The citation from the London Gazette dated 10 October 1941 reads:
On Tuesday, 27 May, when our troops were holding a defensive line in Suda Bay during the final retirement, five enemy snipers had worked into position on the hillside overlooking the flank of the battalion line. Sergeant Hulme volunteered to deal with the situation and stalked and killed the snipers in turn. He continued similar work successfully through the day.
On 28 May at Stylos, when an enemy heavy mortar was bombing a very important ridge held by the battalion rearguard troops, inflicting severe casualties, Sergeant Hulme, on his own initiative, penetrated the enemy lines, killed the mortar crew of four, put the mortar out of action, and thus very materially assisted the withdrawal of the main body through Stylos. From the enemy mortar position he then worked onto the left flank and killed three snipers who were causing concern to the rearguard. This made his score of enemy snipers thirty three stalked and shot. Shortly afterwards Sergeant Hulme was severely wounded in the shoulder while stalking another sniper. When ordered to the rear, in spite of his wound, he directed traffic under fire and organised stragglers of various units into section groups." Clive Hulme's brother Harold Charles ("Blondie") Hulme, was killed while also fighting in Crete.
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Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (Spanish: [fiˈðel ˈkastro]; born August 13, 1926) is a Cuban revolutionary and politician, having held the position of Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and then President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from the party's foundation in 1961 until 2011. Politically a Marxist-Leninist, under his administration the Republic of Cuba was converted into a one-party socialist state, with industry and business being nationalized under state ownership and socialist reforms implemented in all areas of society. On the international stage, he also served as the Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement from 1979 to 1983 and 2006 to 2008.
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Francis Pegahmagabow
Francis Pegahmagabow MM & Two Bars, (March 9, 1891 – August 5, 1952) was the First Nations soldier most highly decorated for bravery in Canadian military history and the most effective sniper of World War I. Three times awarded the Military Medal and seriously wounded, he was an expert marksman and scout, credited with killing 378 Germans and capturing 300 more. Later in life, he served as chief and a councilor for the Wasauksing First Nation, and as an activist and leader in several First Nations organizations. He corresponded with and met other noted aboriginal figures including Fred Loft, Jules Sioui, Andrew Paull and John Tootoosis.
Francis Pegahmagabow was born on what is now the Shawanaga First Nation reserve. His father was Michael Pegahmagabow of the Parry Island First Nation and his mother Mary Contin of the Henvey Inlet First Nation, located further up the Georgian Bay's north shore. An Ojibwa he grew up at the Parry Island (Wasauksing) Band, near Parry Sound, Ontario. He was orphaned at an early age and was raised by the Shawanaga First Nation community. Prior to the war, Pegahmagabow worked as a marine fireman for the Department of Marine and Fisheries on the Great Lakes.
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Fulgencio Batista
Fulgencio Batista y Zaldívar (Spanish: [fulˈxensjo βaˈtista i salˈdiβar]; January 16, 1901 – August 6, 1973) was the United States-aligned Cuban President, dictator and military leader who served as the leader of Cuba from 1940 to 1944 and from 1952 to 1959, before being overthrown as a result of the Cuban Revolution.
Batista initially rose to power after being under "peer-Pressure" by long time mentor Nicholas C. Sumners, as part of the 1933 "Revolt of the Sergeants" that overthrew the authoritarian rule of Gerardo Machado. Batista then appointed himself chief of the armed forces with the rank of colonel, and effectively controlled the five-member Presidency. He maintained this control through a string of puppet presidents until 1940, when he was himself elected President of Cuba on a populist platform. He then instated the 1940 Constitution of Cuba, deemed progressive for its time, and served until 1944. After finishing his term he lived in the United States, returning to Cuba to run for president in 1952. Facing certain electoral defeat, he led a military coup that preempted the election.
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Gary Gordon
Master Sergeant Gary Ivan Gordon (August 30, 1960 – October 3, 1993) is a posthumous recipient of the Medal of Honor. At the time of his death, he was a non-commissioned officer in the United States Army's premiere special operations unit, the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1SFOD-D), or "Delta Force." Together with Sergeant First Class Randy Shughart, he was awarded the Medal of Honor for actions he performed during the Battle of Mogadishu in October 1993.
Gary Gordon was born August 30, 1960 in Lincoln, Maine and graduated from Mattanawcook Academy in 1978. He joined the U.S. Army that same year at age 18 and after serving with the 2nd Battalion of the 10th Special Forces Group he was chosen to join the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1SFOD-D), or "Delta Force", as a sniper. Before deploying with his unit to Somalia he married his wife Carmen and together they had two children.
Gordon was deployed to Mogadishu, Somalia with other Delta members in the summer of 1993 as part of Task Force Ranger. On October 3, 1993 Gordon was Sniper Team Leader during Operation Gothic Serpent, a joint-force assault mission to apprehend key advisers to Somali warlord Mohamed Farrah Aidid. During the assault, Super Six One, one of the Army's Black Hawk helicopters providing insertion and air support to the assault team, was shot down and crashed in the city. A Combat Search and Rescue team was dispatched to the first crash site to secure it and a short time later Super Six Four was shot down as well. Ranger forces on the ground were not able to assist the downed helicopter crew of the second crash site as they were already engaged in heavy combat with Aidid's militia and making their way to the first crash site.
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Graham Ragsdale
Master Corporal Graham Ragsdale of the Canadian Forces was the commander of the Third Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry sniper team attached to the 101st Airborne of the U.S. Army during Operation Anaconda in the Shah-i-kot Valley, Paktia Province, Afghanistan in March, 2002. The sniper team recorded more than 20 priority target confirmed kills including the long distance record combat kill of 2430 metres set by Corporal Rob Furlong. Master Corporal Ragsdale with selfless disregard for his own personal safety operated his sniper team through extreme weather conditions at high altitude while under direct and indirect enemy fire aiding the success of the mission by identifying and neutralizing enemy targets and saving allied lives. He was awarded the U.S. Army Bronze Star with "V" for valour for his actions in combat and the Mention in Dispatches Oak Leaf by the Canadian Forces for valiant conduct and meritorious service.
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Hiram Berdan
Hiram Berdan (September 6, 1824 – March 31, 1893) was an American engineer, inventor and military officer, world-renowned marksman, and guiding force behind and commanding colonel of the famed United States Volunteer Sharpshooter Regiments during the American Civil War. He was the inventor of the Berdan rifle, the Berdan centerfire primer and numerous other weapons and accessories.
Berdan was born in Phelps, a small town in Ontario County, New York. A mechanical engineer in New York City, he had been the top rifle shot in the country for fifteen years prior to the Civil War. He invented a repeating rifle and a patented musket ball before the war. He had also developed the first commercial gold amalgamation machine to separate gold from ore. He invented a reaper and a mechanical bakery. His inventions had brought him wealth and international fame.
In the summer and fall of 1861, he was involved in the recruiting of eighteen companies, from eight states, which were formed into two sharpshooter regiments with the backing of General Winfield Scott and President Abraham Lincoln. Berdan was named as Colonel of the resultant 1st and 2nd U.S. Sharpshooters on November 30, 1861. His men, who had to pass rigorous marksmanship tests, were dressed in distinctive green uniforms and equipped with the most advanced long-range rifles featuring telescopic sights. Even when assigned to a brigade, the regiments were usually detached for special assignments on the field of battle. They were frequently used for skirmish duty. Berdan fought at the Seven Days Battles and Second Battle of Bull Run. In September 1862, his sharpshooters were at the Battle of Shepherdstown. Berdan commanded the 2nd Brigade, 3rd Division, 3rd Corps, Army of the Potomac in February and March 1863, then he commanded the 3rd Brigade at the Battle of Chancellorsville.
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Jack Hinson
John W. "Jack" Hinson, "Old Jack" (1807–1874) was a farmer in Stewart County, Tennessee who operated as a Confederate partisan sniper against Union forces in the Between-the-Rivers region of Tennessee and Kentucky during the American Civil War.
Hinson, a prosperous plantation owner (who freed all of his slaves), of Scotch-Irish descent, was neutral at the outbreak of the war but took up arms after two of his sons were executed as suspected bushwhackers by Federal troops; their heads were cut off and stuck on the gate-posts to Hinson's home. Hinson used a one of a kind custom made 50 caliber long-range 41-inch barrel Kentucky Long Rifle that weighed 18 pounds to target Union soldiers more than a half-mile away on land, transports, and gunboats along the Tennessee River and the Cumberland River, killing as many as a hundred. Hinson also served as a guide for Nathan Bedford Forrest in his assault on the Union supply center at Johnsonville, Tennessee in November 1864. He was the father of Robert Hinson, who served as the leader of a highly effective partisan band in the Between-the-Rivers region until his death in combat on September 18, 1863. Jack Hinson was never apprehended despite the commitment of elements of four Union regiments to pursue him, and survived the war, dying in 1874.
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John Allen Muhammad
John Allen Muhammad (December 31, 1960 – November 10, 2009) was a spree killer from the United States. He, along with his younger partner, Lee Boyd Malvo, carried out the 2002 Beltway sniper attacks, killing at least 10 people. Muhammad and Malvo were arrested in connection with the attacks on October 24, 2002, following tips from alert citizens. Although the pairing's actions were classified as psychopathy attributable to serial killer characteristics by the media, whether or not their psychopathy meets this classification is debated by researchers.
Born as John Allen Williams, Muhammad joined the Nation of Islam in 1987 and later changed his surname to Muhammad. At Muhammad's trial, the prosecutor claimed that the rampage was part of a plot to kill his ex-wife and regain custody of his children, but the judge ruled that there was insufficient evidence to support this argument.
His trial for one of the murders (the murder of Dean Harold Meyers in Prince William County, Virginia) began in October 2003, and the following month he was found guilty of capital murder. Four months later he was sentenced to death. While awaiting execution in Virginia, in August 2005, he was extradited to Maryland to face some of the charges there, for which he was convicted of six counts of first-degree murder on May 30, 2006. Upon completion of the trial activity in Maryland, he was returned to Virginia's death row pending an agreement with another state or the District of Columbia seeking to try him. He was not tried on additional charges in other Virginia jurisdictions, and faced potential trials in three other states and the District of Columbia involving other deaths and serious woundings. All appeals of his conviction for killing Dean Harold Meyers had been made and rejected. Appeals for Muhammad's other trials remained pending at the time of his execution.
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John Plaster
Major John L. Plaster (born 1949) is a retired U.S. Army Special Forces soldier regarded as one of the leading sniper experts in the world. A decorated Vietnam War veteran who served in the covert Studies and Observations Group (SOG), Plaster co-founded a renowned sniper school that trains military and law enforcement personnel in highly specialized sniper tactics. He is the author of The Ultimate Sniper: An Advanced Training Manual for Military and Police Snipers, The History of Sniping and Sharpshooting, and Secret Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines with the Elite Warriors of SOG, a memoir of his 3 years of service with SOG.
Plaster graduated from high school in 1967. He was trained as a communications sergeant in the Special Forces. He served three combat tours in Vietnam as a member of SOG, leading intelligence-gathering and recon teams in North Vietnamese Army-controlled areas of Laos and Cambodia and along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. He was wounded once, and decorated four times, eventually receiving a field commission in recognition of his combat experience. He retired from the military at the rank of Major.
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John Sedgwick
John Sedgwick (September 13, 1813 – May 9, 1864) was a teacher, a career military officer, and a Union Army general in the American Civil War. He was the highest ranking Union casualty in the Civil War, killed by a sniper at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House.
Sedgwick was born in the Litchfield Hills town of Cornwall, Connecticut. He was named after his grandfather, John Sedgwick (brother of Theodore Sedgwick), an American Revolutionary War general who served with George Washington. After teaching for two years, he attended the United States Military Academy, graduated in 1837 ranked 24th of 50, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Army's artillery branch. He fought in the Seminole Wars and received two brevet promotions in the Mexican-American War, to captain for Contreras and Churubusco, and to major for Chapultepec. After returning from Mexico he transferred to the cavalry and served in Kansas, in the Utah War, and in the Indian Wars, participating in 1857 in a punitive expedition against the Cheyenne.
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Josef Allerberger
Josef 'Sepp' Allerberger was an Austrian sniper in the II Battalion of the 144th Gebirgsjäger Regiment of the 3rd Mountain Division on the Eastern Front, and was credited with 257 kills.
He was born in the vicinity of Steiermark, Austria, on 24 December 1924 (although in his memoirs he states he was born in September), the son of a local carpenter. Sent to the Eastern Front in June 1943 as a machine gunner, Allerberger was lightly wounded at Stavropol and experimented with a captured Soviet Mosin Nagant 91/30 rifle with a 3.5x PU telescopic sight whilst recuperating. Eventually he made 27 kills before being sent for sniper training at Seetaleralpe, and being assigned a Karabiner 98k sniper variant with 4x telescopic sight. At the end of the War he would often use a Gewehr 43 with ZF4 4x telescopic sight and an MP40 submachine gun.
During combat, Allerberger was noted for using the Wehrmacht-taught technique of an umbrella with the cloth removed and foliage woven into the arms which he held to his front in order to camouflage himself. This camouflage was quickly assembled and lightweight and adaptable to many circumstances.
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Joseph Whitworth
Sir Joseph Whitworth, 1st Baronet (21 December 1803 – 22 January 1887) was an English engineer, entrepreneur, inventor and philanthropist. In 1841, he devised the British Standard Whitworth system, which created an accepted standard for screw threads. Whitworth also created the Whitworth rifle, often called the 'sharpshooter' because of its accuracy and is considered one of the earliest examples of a sniper rifle.
Upon his death in 1887, he bequeathed much of his fortune for the people of Manchester, with the Whitworth Art Gallery and Christie Hospital partly funded by Whitworth's money. Whitworth Street and Whitworth Hall in Manchester are named in his honour.
Whitworth was born in Stockport, the son of Charles Whitworth, a teacher and Congregational minister, and at an early age developed an interest in machinery. He was educated at Idle, near Bradford; his aptitude for mechanics became apparent when he began work for his uncle.
After leaving school Whitworth became an indentured apprentice to his uncle, Charles Hulse, a cotton spinner at Amber Mill, Oakerthorpe in Derbyshire. This was for a four year term after which he worked for another four years as a mechanic in a factory in Manchester. He then moved to London where he found employment working for Henry Maudslay, the inventor of the screw-cutting lathe, alongside such people as James Nasmyth (inventor of the steam hammer) and Richard Roberts.
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Korean War
The Korean War (Korean: 한국전쟁 or 조선전쟁, Hanja: 韓國戰爭 or 朝鮮戰爭; 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953) was a war between the Republic of Korea (supported primarily by the United States of America, with contributions from allied nations under the aegis of the United Nations) and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (supported by the People's Republic of China, with military and material aid from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). The Korean War was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half.
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Lee Boyd Malvo
Lee Boyd Malvo (also known as John Lee Malvo) (born February 18, 1985), is a spree killer convicted, along with John Allen Muhammad, of murders in connection with the Beltway sniper attacks, which took place in the Washington Metropolitan Area over a three-week period in October 2002. According to his own confession they had planned to kill six people a day for a month in order "to terrorize the nation." The beltway attacks turned out to be only the latest of a series of shootings across the United States connected to these individuals which began on the West Coast. Muhammad had befriended the juvenile Malvo, and had enlisted him in the murderous rampage. According to Craig Cooley, one of Malvo's defense attorneys, Malvo believed Muhammad when he told him that the $10 million ransom sought from the US government to stop the sniper killings would be used to establish a Utopian society for 140 black homeless children on a Canadian compound.
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Lyudmila Pavlichenko
Lyudmila Mykhailivna Pavlichenko (Ukrainian: Людмила Михайлівна Павліченко; Russian: Людмила Михайловна Павличенко Lyudmila Mikhailovna Pavlichenko; July 12, 1916 – October 10, 1974) was a Soviet sniper during World War II. Credited with 309 kills, she is regarded as the most successful female sniper in history.
Born in the Ukrainian town of Belaya Tserkov (Bila Tserkva) on July 12, 1916, Pavlichenko moved to Kiev with her family at the age of fourteen. There she joined a shooting club and developed into a sharpshooter, while working as a grinder at the Kiev Arsenal factory. In 1937 as a student of Kiev University she successfully defended her master-thesis on Bohdan Khmelnytsky.
In June 1941, 24-year old Pavlichenko was in her fourth year of studying history at the Kiev University when Nazi Germany began its invasion of the Soviet Union. Pavlichenko was among the first round of volunteers at the recruiting office, where she requested to join the infantry and subsequently she was assigned to the Red Army's 25th Rifle Division; Pavlichenko had the option to become a nurse but refused; "I joined the army when woman were not yet accepted". There she became one of 2,000 female snipers in the Red Army, of whom about 500 ultimately survived the war. As a sniper, she made her first two kills near Belyayevka, using a Tokarev SVT-40 semi-automatic rifle with 3.5 telescopic sight.
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Matthäus Hetzenauer
Matthäus Hetzenauer (December 23, 1924 in Tyrol, Austria - October 3, 2004) was a Austrian sniper in the 3rd Mountain Division on the Eastern Front of the World War II, who was credited with 345 kills. His longest confirmed kill was reported at 1100 metres. Hetzenauer was also a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (German: Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes). The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded to recognise extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
Hetzenauer trained as a sniper from March 27 through July 16, 1944, before being assigned to the 3rd Gebirgsjäger Division, issued both a Karabiner 98k sniper variant with 6x telescopic sight and a Gewehr 43 with ZF4 4x telescopic sight.
On November 6, 1944, he suffered head trauma from artillery fire, and was awarded the Verwundeten-Abzeichen three days later.
On multiple occasions he served with fellow sniper Josef Allerberger. The two of them killed many Soviet soldiers.
Gefreiter Hetzenauer received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 17 April 1945. Generalleutnant and Divisions commander Paul Klatt had recommended Hetzenauer because of his numerous sniper kills, which in sum defeated two strong enemy companies without fear for his own safety under artillery fire and enemy attacks. This recommendation was approved by General der Gebirgstruppe Karl von Le Suire and General der Panzertruppe Walter Nehring.
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Munich massacre
The Munich massacre is an informal name for events that occurred during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Bavaria in southern West Germany, when members of the Israeli Olympic team were taken hostage and eventually killed by the Palestinian group Black September. Shortly after the crisis began, the Palestinians demanded the release of 234 prisoners held in Israeli jails. Black September called the operation "Ikrit and Biram", after two Christian Palestinian villages whose inhabitants were expelled by the Haganah in 1948.
By the end of the ordeals, the kidnappers had killed eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a West German police officer. Five of the eight members of Black September were killed by police officers during a failed rescue attempt. The three surviving assassins were captured, but later released by West Germany following the hijacking by Black September of a Lufthansa airliner. Israel responded to the killings with Operation Spring of Youth and Operation Wrath of God, during which Palestinians suspected of involvement in the massacre were systematically tracked down and killed by Israeli intelligence and special forces. The Israeli operations cost the lives of one innocent in Norway (Lillehammer affair) and of four passersby in Lebanon during the killing of Ali Hassan Salameh.
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Patrick Ferguson
Major Patrick Ferguson (1744 – 7 October 1780) was a Scottish officer in the British Army, early advocate of light infantry and designer of the Ferguson rifle. He is best known for his service in the 1780 military campaign of Charles Cornwallis, in which he aggressively recruited Loyalists and harshly treated Patriot sympathisers. Some dispute this characterization of Ferguson as pro-Patriot bias, however, and other accounts praise him for his humanity and unwillingness to follow orders he considered barbaric. Ultimately, his activities led to a militia uprising against him, and he was killed in the Battle of Kings Mountain, where he was the only regular army officer present from either side of the conflict. His body was mistreated in the aftermath of the battle by the victorious Patriot forces before burial.
Patrick Ferguson was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 25 May (Old Style)/4 June (New Style) 1744, the second son and fourth child of advocate James Ferguson of Pitfour (who was raised to the judges' bench as a Senator of the College of Justice, so known as Lord Pitfour after 1764) and his wife Anne Murray, a sister of the literary patron Patrick Murray, 5th Lord Elibank.
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Randy Shughart
Sergeant First Class Randall David Shughart (August 13, 1958–October 3, 1993) was a soldier in the United States Army special operations unit, the 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1SFOD-D), or "Delta Force." Shughart posthumously received the Medal of Honor for his actions during the Battle of Mogadishu in October 1993.
Shughart was born on August 13, 1958 in Lincoln, Nebraska into an Air Force family. After his father, Herbert Shughart, left the Air Force, the Shugharts moved to Newville, Pennsylvania to live and work on a dairy farm. Shughart joined the Army while attending Big Spring High School in Newville, entering upon graduation in 1976. After completing basic training, he successfully completed AIT (advanced individual training), Airborne School, and in 1978 was assigned to the 2nd Ranger Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment), at Fort Lewis, Washington. Several months later he completed a pre-ranger course (currently known as SURT, Small Unit Ranger Tactics), was granted a slot to attend Ranger School, graduated, and earned the Ranger Tab. Shughart left active duty and went into the Army Reserve in June 1980. In December 1983, Shughart returned to active duty and the following year attended Special Forces training. Shughart was assigned to "Delta Force" and was transferred to Fort Bragg, North Carolina in June 1986.
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Rob Furlong
Rob Furlong (born 1976), is a former corporal of the Canadian Forces, who previously held the record for the longest confirmed sniper kill in combat, at 2,430 m (2,657 yd) or 12.08 furlongs or 1.51 miles. Furlong's shot exceeded the previous record of Arron Perry set in 2002 just before Furlong's record by 120 m or 130 yd. Furlong's record was surpassed in November 2009 by Craig Harrison who shot two Taliban fighters consecutively at a verified range of 2,475 m (2,707 yd).
Born in Fogo Island, Newfoundland, Furlong taught himself to fire a rifle ambidextrously.[citation needed]
In March 2002, Furlong participated in Operation Andaconda in Afghanistan's Shah-i-Kot Valley as a member of the 3rd Battalion of Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (PPCLI). His sniper team included MCpl. Graham Ragsdale (Team Commander), MCpl. Tim McMeekin, MCpl. Arron Perry, and Cpl. Dennis Eason. A group of three al-Qaeda fighters were moving into a mountainside position when Furlong took aim with his Long Range Sniper Weapon (LRSW), a .50-caliber McMillan Brothers Tac-50 rifle, loaded with Hornady A-MAX 750 gr very-low-drag bullets. He began firing at a fighter carrying an RPK machine gun. Furlong's first shot missed and his second shot hit the knapsack on the target's back. The third struck the target's torso, killing him. The distance was measured as 2,430 m (2,657 yd). With a muzzle speed of 823 m/s (2,700 ft/s), each shot reached the target almost four seconds after Furlong fired.
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Roza Shanina
Roza Georgiyevna Shanina (Russian: Ро́за Гео́ргиевна Ша́нина, IPA: ['rozə 'ʂanʲɪnə]; 3 April 1924 – 28 January 1945) was a Soviet sniper during World War II, credited with 54 confirmed kills, including 12 snipers during the Battle of Vilnius. Praised for her shooting accuracy, Shanina was capable of firing precise semi-automatic shots on moving enemy targets. Being highly courageous, she volunteered to serve as a marksman on the front line.
The Allied newspapers described Shanina as "the unseen terror of East Prussia". She became the first Soviet female sniper to be awarded the Order of Glory and the first servicewoman of the 3rd Belorussian Front to receive it. Shanina died during the East Prussian Offensive while shielding the heavily wounded commander of an artillery unit.
Roza Shanina was born in the Russian village of Yedma (Ustyansky District in Arkhangelsk Oblast), to kolkhoz milkmaid Anna Alexeyevna Shanina and logger Georgiy (Yegor) Mikhailovich Shanin, who had become disabled from a wound received in World War I. Roza was reportedly named after Rosa Luxemburg and had six siblings: one sister Yuliya and five brothers (Mikhail, Fyodor, Sergei, Pavel and Marat). Apart from their own children, the Shanins also raised three orphans. Roza was above average in height, with light brown hair and blue eyes, and spoke in a Northern Russian dialect. After finishing four classes of elementary school in Yedma, Shanina continued her education in the village of Bereznik. As there was no school transport at the time, Shanina in grades five through seven had to walk 13 kilometres (8.1 mi) to Bereznik together with one friend to attend middle school. On Saturdays Shanina went to Bereznik to take care of her ill aunt Agnia Borisova.
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Second Boer War
The Second Boer War (Dutch: Tweede Boerenoorlog, Afrikaans: Tweede Vryheidsoorlog or Tweede Boereoorlog) was fought from 11 October 1899 until 31 May 1902 between the British Empire and the Afrikaans-speaking Dutch settlers of two independent Boer republics, the South African Republic (Transvaal Republic) and the Orange Free State. It ended with a British victory and the annexation of both republics by the British Empire; both would eventually be incorporated into the Union of South Africa, a dominion of the British Empire, in 1910. The conflict is commonly referred to as The Boer War but is also known as the South African War outside South Africa, the Anglo-Boer War among most South Africans, and in Afrikaans as the Anglo-Boereoorlog or Tweede Vryheidsoorlog ("Second War of Liberation" or lit. "Second Freedom War") or the Engelse oorlog (English War).
The Second Boer War and the earlier, much less well known, First Boer War (December 1880 to March 1881) are collectively known as the Boer Wars.
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Second Matabele War
The Second Matabele War, also known as the Matabeleland Rebellion and in Zimbabwe as the First Chimurenga, was fought between 1896 and 1897 in the country today called Zimbabwe. It pitted the British South Africa Company against the Ndebele (Matabele) people.
In March 1896, the Ndebele revolted against the authority of the British South Africa Company in what is now celebrated in Zimbabwe as the First Chimurenga. Mlimo, the Ndebele spiritual leader, is credited with fomenting much of the anger that led to this confrontation. He convinced the Ndebele and the Shona that the settlers (almost 4,000 strong by then) were responsible for the drought, locust plagues and the cattle disease rinderpest ravaging the country at the time.
Mlimo's call to battle was well-timed. Only a few months earlier, the British South Africa Company's Administrator General for Matabeleland, Leander Starr Jameson, had sent most of his troops and armaments to fight the Transvaal Republic in the ill-fated Jameson Raid. This left the country nearly defenceless. The British immediately sent troops to suppress the Ndebele and the Shona, but it cost the lives of many settlers, Ndebele, and Shona alike, took months before British forces were adequate to break the sieges and defend the major settlements, and war raged on until October of the following year.
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Simo Häyhä
Simo Häyhä (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈsimɔ ˈhæy̯hæ]; December 17, 1905 – April 1, 2002), nicknamed "White Death" (Russian: Белая смерть, Belaya Smert; Finnish: valkoinen kuolema; Swedish: den vita döden) by the Red Army, was a Finnish sniper. Using a modified Mosin–Nagant in the Winter War, he has the highest recorded number of confirmed sniper kills – 505 – in any major war.
Häyhä was born in the municipality of Rautjärvi near the present-day border of Finland and Russia, and started his military service in 1925. Before entering combat, Häyhä was a farmer and a hunter. At the age of 17, he joined the Finnish militia suojeluskunta and succeeded with his sniping skills in shooting sports in the Viipuri province. His farmhouse was reportedly full of trophies for marksmanship.
During the Winter War (1939–1940), between Finland and the Soviet Union, he began his duty as a sniper and fought for the Finnish Army against the Red Army. In temperatures between −40 and −20 degrees Celsius, dressed completely in white camouflage, Häyhä was credited with 505 confirmed kills of Soviet soldiers. A daily account of the kills at Kollaa was conducted for the Finnish snipers. Remarkably, all of Häyhä's kills were accomplished in fewer than 100 days – in other words, an average of 5 kills per day – at a time of year with very short hours of daylight.
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Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939. The war began after a pronunciamiento (declaration of opposition) by a group of generals under the leadership of José Sanjurjo against the elected government of the Second Spanish Republic, at the time under the leadership of President Manuel Azaña. The rebel coup was supported by a number of conservative groups including the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right, monarchists such as the religious conservative Carlists, and the Fascist Falange. The uprising was authoritarian and anti-separatist in inspiration; anti-Basque and anti-Catalan feeling marked the Nationalist zone.
Following the only partially successful coup, Spain was left militarily and politically divided. From that moment onwards, general Francisco Franco began a protracted war of attrition against the established government for the control of the country. The rebel forces received the support of Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy, as well as neighbouring Portugal, while the Soviet Union and Mexico intervened in support of the Republican government or loyalist side.
wn.com/Spanish_Civil_War -
Takeda Shingen
Takeda Shingen (武田 信玄?, December 1, 1521 – May 13, 1573), of Kai Province, was a preeminent daimyo in feudal Japan with exceptional military prestige in the late stage of the Sengoku period.
Shingen was called "Tarō" (a commonly used pet name for the eldest son of a Japanese family) or "Katsuchiyo" (勝千代) during his childhood. When he celebrated his coming of age, he was given a formal name of "Harunobu" (晴信), which included a character from the name of Ashikaga Yoshiharu (足利義晴), the 12th Ashikaga Shogun. It was a common practice in feudal Japan for a higher-ranked warrior to bestow a character from his own name to his inferiors as a symbol of recognition. From the local warlord's perspective, it was glorious to receive a character from the shogunate, although the authority of the latter had greatly degenerated in the mid-16th century.
Both the Ashikaga and the Takeda clans descended from the noble Minamoto (源) clan. Technically, Harunobu, as well as his forefathers, had borne the surname of Minamoto. Therefore, Harunobu would be referred to as "Minamoto-no Harunobu" (源晴信) in official records kept by the Imperial Court when he was conferred the official title of "Daizen Dayu" (大膳大夫). The Imperial Court had maintained a system of ritsuryō (律令) that was parallel to the shogunate apparatus.
wn.com/Takeda_Shingen -
World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I -
Zhang Taofang
Zhang Taofang, (Chinese: 張桃芳; Wade–Giles: Zhang Tao-fang; 1931 – April 29, 2007) was a Chinese sniper during the Korean War. He is credited with 214 confirmed kills in 32 days without using a sniper magnifying scope.
On January 11, 1953, Zhang, who had been enrolled in the army for no more than two years and together with soldiers of 8th company, 214th Regiment, 24th Corps, he was assigned to Triangle Hill, equipped with an old Mosin-Nagant without a PU scope.
After waiting 18 days at his position, Zhang spotted an enemy and immediately aimed and fired 12 shots, only to miss them all. This eager action attracted enemy fire, which almost killed him. After this, he carefully analyzed why he failed and figured out a technique using the iron sight to improve his shooting ability. He shot down one enemy the next day.
On February 15, he hit 7 enemies with 9 bullets, which surpassed the ratio of many experienced snipers. He achieved a total of 214 confirmed kills on UN troops in 32 days.
wn.com/Zhang_Taofang
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Episode : One Shot - One Kill
USA...
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Episode : Law Enforcement Snipers
USA:15 November 2002...
- Sniper - Harry Chapin
- Sniper - Curves That Kick
- Sniper - Kalashnikov
- Graver Dans La Roche - Sniper
- Recette Maison - Sniper
- Sans Reperes - Sniper
- Processus 2003 - Sniper
[Incomprehensible]
She said not now, she said not now
She said not now, she said not now
It is an early Monday morning
The sun is becoming bright on the land
No one is watching as he comes a walking
Two bulky suitcases hang from his hands
He heads towards the tower that stands in the campus
He goes through the door, he starts up the stairs
The sound of his footsteps, the sound of his breathing
The sound of the silence when no one was there
I didn't really know him
He was kind of strange
Always sort of sat there
He never seemed to change
He reached the catwalk, he put down his burden
The four sided clock began to chime
7 a.m., the day is beginning
So much to do and so little time
He looks at the city where no one had known him
He looks at the sky where no one looks down
He looks at his life and what it has shown him
He looks for his shadow, it cannot be found
He was such a moody child
Very hard to touch
Even as a baby he never smiled too much
No, no, no, no
You bug me, she said
Your ugly, she said
Please hug me, I said
But she just sat there
With the same flat stare
That she saves for me alone
When I'm home, when I'm home
Take me home
He laid out the rifles, he loaded the shotgun
He stacked up the cartridges along the wall
He knew he would need them for his conversation
If it went as it he planned, then he might use them all
He said, "Listen you people I've got a question
You won't pay attention but I'll ask anyhow
I found a way that will get me an answer
Been waiting to ask you 'till now, right now"
Am I? I am a lover whose never been kissed
Am I? I am a fighter whose not made a fist
Am I? If I'm alive then there's so much I've missed
How do I know I exist?
Are you listening to me?
Are you listening to me?
Am I?
The first words he spoke took the town by surprise
One got Mrs. Gibbons above her right eye
It blew her through the window, wedged her against the door
Reality poured from her face, staining the floor
He was kind of creepy, sort of a dunce
I met him at the corner bar
I only dated the poor boy once
That's all, just once, that was all
Bill Whedon was questioned as he stepped from his car
Tom Scott ran across the street but he never got that far
The police were there in minutes, they set up barricades
He spoke right on over them in a half-mile circle
In a dumb struck city his pointed questions were sprayed
He knocked over Danny Tyson as he ran towards the noise
Just about then the answers started coming, sweet, sweet joy
Thudding in the clock face, whining off the walls
Reaching up to where he sat there, answering calls
Thirty-seven people got his message so far
Yes, he was reaching them right where they are
[Incomprehensible]
She said not now, she said not now
She said not now, she said not now
They set up an assault team, they asked for volunteers
They had to go and get him, that much was clear
And the word spread about him on the radios and TV's
In appropriately sober tones they asked, "Who can it be?"
He was a very dull boy, very taciturn
Not much of a joiner
He did not want to learn
No, no, no, no
They're coming to get me, they don't want to let me
Stay in the bright light too long
It's getting on noon now, it's goin' to be soon now
But oh, what a wonderful sound
Mama, won't you nurse me?
Rain me down the sweet milk of your kindness
Mama, it's getting worse for me
Won't you please make me warm and mindless?
Mama, yes, you have cursed me
I never will forgive you
For your blindness
I hate you
The wires are all humming for me
And I can hear them coming for me
Soon they'll be here but there's nothing to fear
Not any more though they've blasted the door
She said not now, she said not now
As the copter dropped the gas he shouted, " Who cares ?"
They could hear him laughing as they started up the stairs
They stormed out on the catwalk, blinking at the sun
With their final fusillade his answer had come
Am I? There is no way that you can hide me
Am I? Though you have put your fire inside me
Am I? You've given me my answer, can't you see?
Bathed in the bloody limbs - don't cry
You've been burned by the fire - don't cry
Sick bastards - don't cry
Black
Burning fire
Stripped of all your clothing - don't cry
You've been raped by a frat boy - don't cry
You smashed his face - don't cry
Black
Burning fire
Kill them all - watch them cry
Gut them like trout - watch them cry
Wipe the tears away from his face
Watch him cry
Black
Hidding in a building
Over your head a minute you are alive
A minute you're dead
The man just killed you
Is acting alone
Sniper
Rolling in the city
Hunting for heads
Helped by the people
He is one of them
Spreading pure fear in
The enemy
Sniper
Shoot to kill
Hidding in a building
Over your heada minute you are live
A minute you're dead
The man just killed you
Is acting alone
Sniper
Rolling in the city
Hunting for heads
Helped by the people
He is one of them
Spreading pure fear in
The enemy
Sniper
Dans ce rap biz
on est arrivé les mains dans les poches
à l'époque c'était envoie l'bit
on f'ait l'truc à l'arrache
Laisse parler la rage
on veut graver ça dans la roche
on a la dalle mais rien dans l'bide
de plus le blaze a tourner tu connais la suite
tout ça est passé bien vite où c'est qu'j'en suis
dan la vrai vie
oui c'est de ça dont j'parle
se s'rais mentir si j'disais qu'c'était pareil
déjà j'suis moins sur la paille
et j'suis sortit d'mon trou
voir du pays et vivre des moments forts avec mon crew
kiffer entre nous et rendre fier les notres
qui nous on connut et sout'nut avant tout les autres
c'est pour les mecs de chez nous
les équipes de nuits qui paroudent
oui qui restent protégé au pugé entre couilles
là où j'suis dans mon élément
là où j'ai tellement passé de temps
a kiffer rien faire j'suis presque un meuble
qu'on peut pas déplacer
comme une encre impossible à effacer
comme un tagà l'acide ou comme mon blaz
graver à la bougie sur les vitres du R.E.R
S.N.I.P.E.R avec un putain d'lettrages
refarin : Hey approche,
écoute,
hoche,
la tête si t'accroche
pour nos familles et nos proches c'est
Graver dans la roche
sortit de nul part
c'était écrit c'est pas un hasard
Un jour n'ot blaze s'ra
Graver dans la roche
On lache pas on s'accroche
du but on s'rapproche
sous disque ou sous l'porche c'est
Graver la roche
maint'nant on reste les même
on retranscrit la vie qu'on mène
sur risque ou sur scène c'est
Graver dans la roche
avec tout c'qui s'est passé
j'ai pas changé
j'suis toujours l'même enfoiré
j'retourne pas ma ste-vé, non
j'garde mes principes et mon points d'attaches
j'quitte pas la célébrités j'rammasse juste mon cash
faut mes point d'repères
si non j'suis du-per
la mi-fa la go les compères c'est pèpères
rien à fout' de leur époque jet-set
j'profite de la chance que j'ai
j'suis pas l'kaid j'me prend pas la tête
j'suis pas une vedette
et j'veux pas en etre une
j'suis pas mieux qu'un autre
j'ai pas marché sur la lune
graver dans l'bitume
graver dans la roche
juste ma plume et mes proches
j'me rapelle de nos débuts
9, 7 commencement d'l'histoire
propositions d'l'album
on voulait même pas y croire
30,01,2001 la machine s'met en route
2003 toujours l'but le succès rien a foutre
maint'nant qu'on est al
on compte bien y resté
graver sur la dalle aimé ou détesté
l'aventure continue et continura
inshala
qui vivra verra
j'ai presque arrêter l'chanvre
finit d'rapper dans ma chambre tu sais,
tout a changé depuis le 11 septembre
mais pour l'reste c'est idem
du kif-kif au final t'a r'connut la voie qu't'aime
ma même signature vocale
chacal a l'arrache
du hip-hop sans complèxe
tellement graver dans la roche j'allume mes clopes au silex
riche pas encore toujours l'problème de flouzs
cette maladie incurable qui soigne par pac de 12
hey ma belle, ya pire
passe... respire
la vie est belle ça s'écrit pas V.I.H
toujours même salot,
dégeulasse, éfficasse, rapace
qui joue l'beau, alias Tuniziano
mon premier cassage de dos
comme mes premières tunes
mon premier pas en studio
comme le premier pas sur la lune
les mêmes raclits
les mêmes cliniques présenties, orti
.......
les mêmes histoires d'Alma, Ji-lo ou R-Kelly
D'la mort d'Buigi au pont d'l'Alma et Laidy
ici tu hoche la tête
Sniper graver dans la roche on revient choquer la Frnace
Refrain (répété)
On persiste et on lache pas prise
On vient pour controler le réseau
Voici un style à la mode de chez nous
Encore les même qui braille ici c'est per-sni
Bien sûr que c'est nous, recette son-mai, danger
Differents styles associés connection meurtriere pour t'oublier
Voici un style à la mode de chez nous
Encore les même qui braille ici c'est per-sni
Bien sûr que c'est nous, recette son-mai, danger
Differents styles associés connection meurtriere pour t'oublier
Recette maison un peu de ci
Un peu de ça, un peu de moi
Un peu de lui, un peu de toi
Combinaison brutale, déclinaison vocale
Ambiance familiale on fait sa bien
(Quoi)
Tu connais l'animal aketo j'affute sa mal mal
Sans maquillage ni effet speciaux
Fait juste peter le mixte, un bon master et c'est dans la boite
T'es en chaleur et t'a les mains moites
On exploite les filon en font pas d'cinema
Dj boudj envoi le son qu'on leur montre comment on fait
La base scratch dans les enceintes deux platines trois micros
Le rap a son expression la plus simple
On dit qu'il sature ben tant pis pour lui
Nous on sdit pourvue qu'sa dure
On va pas lui sauver la vie n'importe qui en ecoute
N'importe qui en fait
Chacun sa recette t'a la notre la table est prête
Voici un style à la mode de chez nous
Encore les même qui braille ici c'est per-sni
Bien sûr que c'est nous, recette son-mai, danger
Differents styles associés connection meurtriere pour t'oublier
Voici un style à la mode de chez nous
Encore les même qui braille ici c'est per-sni
Bien sûr que c'est nous, recette son-mai, danger
Differents styles associés connection meurtriere pour t'oublier
Mec te prends pas la tête on a la bonne recette
Le ce-tru qui fait que sa pète mec tu t'sen pris on t'jette
L'art et la technique, la maîtrise la pratique on a trouvé
L'thème pour te faire flipper la recette son-mai
Elle est trop chan-mé lève le bras bouge la nuque
Et qu't'avoue qu'j'ai son-rai si tes dingues avec le per-sni
Mec tu sais quand mye faut pas qu' sa défouraille
Moi Je rêvé d'blé
Pour les jeunes qui sont dans l'guettos
Pour les mafieux les rebeus, les négros
Tunisan Blacko et à Aketo sa c'est l'équipe attache ton slip
Quand on a toute la tiraille pour tout faire ter-sau
Laisse-nous t'embarquer dans notre freestyle sections
Laisse nous donnez la vibes, laisses nous fumer la version
Laisses nous dédicacé les sons de toute l'affections
Vas-y vient le per-sni a pris position
Voici un style à la mode de chez nous
Encore les même qui braille ici c'est per-sni
Bien sûr que c'est nous, recette son-mai, danger
Differents styles associés connection meurtriere pour t'oublier
Voici un style à la mode de chez nous
Encore les même qui braille ici c'est per-sni
Bien sûr que c'est nous, recette son-mai, danger
Differents styles associés connection meurtriere pour t'oublier
J'ai trop gratter le bic malgres qu'j'ai ratée le bac
Afin de propajet ma zik dans ta zup ou dans ta zap
Tunisan explique pour mes bickos et mes blacks
Et y'en a marre cours d'aretmetique rattrapage pour les hamal
Jet -set on veut tous le trône mais dieu est grand
J'ai pas de couronne sur la tête
Juste une à la place des dents j'ai le temps mike
Donc precis bonhomme Snip comme à Washington
Oua Ouani rrach choufni ou smarni
Aise idek ou tabarni jit darhk bech oun jmer
Meh rhouati ou Rhrine ran insen fi himara ou houmar
Melkine hala hait nous voici nous revoila precision
Confection recette maison savere d'être plus rare
Voici un style à la mode de chez nous
Encore les même qui Braille ici c'est per-sni
Bien sûr que c'est nous, recette son-mai, danger
Differents styles associés connection meurtriere pour t'oublier
Voici un style à la mode de chez nous
Encore les même qui braille ici c'est per-sni
Bien sûr que c'est nous, recette son-mai, danger
Differents styles associés connection meurtriere pour t'oublier
Voici un style à la mode de chez nous
Encore les même qui braille ici c'est per-sni
Bien sûr que c'est nous, recette son-mai, danger
Differents styles associés connection meurtriere pour t'oublier
Voici un style à la mode de chez nous
Encore les même qui braille ici c'est per-sni
Bien sûr que c'est nous, recette son-mai, danger
La place d'un père, la place d'une mère dans une famille
La place de deux êtres chers censés s'aimer pour la vie
Unis par leur volonté, par les sentiments en commun
Simplement réunis, on craint rien
Enfin c'est c' qu'on dit mais pas toujours c' qu'on voit
J'ai demander pourquoi, on m'a répondu c'est la vie
Puis-je donner mon avis? Faut qu' j' reste en dehors de ça
Quand l'amour s' transforme en haine et qu'on s' déchire devant moi
Voila ce qu'il en est, et c' n'est pas autrement
Comprend tant d'angoument pour l'histoire de mes tourments
Le temps évolue, j'ai fait face aux soucis, j'ai grandi
Maman est là, mais papa est parti et la j'ai compris
Qu' t'as préféré tourner la page
J'étais pas du voyage, dire qu' j' te croyais au paradis
Vu qu' l'alcool fait des ravages
Tu t'es pas rattrapé et sans même te retourner
J' t'ai vu t'éloigner du rivage
Et s' tu as ta vie merdique j'en sais trop rien
Dev'nu alcoolique et tu fais du mal aux tiens
Combien de fois tu l'a vexer, combien de fois t'étais pas la
Combien de bleus sur ses bras, car quand on aime on n' compte pas
Tu es parti
Sans même que l'on ne puisse te dire au revoir
Au fond d' mon coeur
Tout est devenu si noir
Tu es parti
Sans même que l'on ne puisse te dire au revoir
Au fond d' mon coeur
Il reste encore un espoir
Oh papa, si j'avais peut j' t'aurais dit: Non, ne pars pas!
J'étais trop p'tit pour comprendre J'ai dû grandir sans toi
Même si mama c'est bien occupée d' moi
Il me manquait un repère, un père derrière moi
J'fermais les yeux et j'imaginais ton visage,
J'savais juste que t'étais noir vu mon métissage
A l'école on m' demandait Ton papa il fait quoi?
Les autres se marraient quand moi je ne répondais pas
Le jour ou j' suis tombé sur cette photo de mariage
Le puzzle de ma vie a commencé son assemblage
J'ai enfin su à quoi tu ressemblais
Impossible d'expliquer l'effet qu' ça m'a fait
mil-neufcent quatre-vingt-dix le téléphone sonne
Après l'orage le soleil rayonne
Mama m'appelle et m' dit quelqu'un veut t' parler
J'ai juste entendu allo j'ai compris qui c'était
Quelques semaines plus tard te voilà devant moi
Est-ce la réalité ou s' rêve que j' vis à chaque fois
T'es resté huit ans puis t'es r'parti
T'es retourné au pays
Tu es parti
Sans même que l'on ne puisse te dire au revoir
Au fond d' mon coeur
Tout est devenu si noir
Tu es parti
Sans même que l'on ne puisse te dire au revoir
Au fond d' mon coeur
Il reste encore un espoir
A la suite de ton départ
J'ai dû m' faire une raison
Quand elle a dit au grand frère,
Maintenant t'es l'homme de la maison
Elle si fière dev'nue la cause de mes souffrances
Devant nous l'air de rien, mais qui pleurait en silence
J'aimerais plus t'en vouloir, à l'inverse de mon coeur
Une rancoeur intérieure d'avoir juste un géniteur
A toute personne délaissée, sans présence de darons
Divorcée ou décédées, qu'ont juste hérité d'un nom
Oh papa! J'ai mis 4 ans pour effacer ma rancune
Un père on en a qu'un une mère on n'en a qu'une
J'ai ranger ma fierté, j' t'ai rejoins là-bas
Les larmes ont coulées quand tu m'as pris dans tes bras
Moi j' l'ai r'trouvé, d'autres ont pas eu cette chance
J'leur dédie ce morceau et partage leur souffrance
Ceux victimes d'un abandon, d'un divorce ou d'un décès
Ceux qui vivent avec le coeur blessé
Tu es parti
Sans même que l'on ne puisse te dire au revoir
Au fond d' mon coeur
Tout es devenu si noir
Tu es parti
Sans même que l'on ne puisse te dire au revoir
Au fond d' mon coeur
Hey, Sniper
2003
(2003, 2003, 2003)
Putain d'processus
Ca y est l'beat est lancé mais où est passé l'inspi?
Évaporée dans un fe-spli donc à moi d'anticiper
De-spi changé, y'a eu trop d'laisser-aller
Bon, Tuni s'est relaché, car le premier a tout niquer
Est-ce bien compliqué d'y apporter du changement?
C'est important pourtant vu qu'on nous attend au tournant
Là j'évalue les risques, à la base parti de rien
Et j'vais pas jouer l'américain maintenant qu'j'ai vendu des disques
Et puisqu'on me croit riche, que dire de mes pépettes?
Une chose est sure certes, j'ai réglé toutes mes dettes
Pas d'prise de grosse tête, si j'me suis envolé en l'air
J'ai atteri pépère, t'inquiète, j'ai des pompes à bulle d'air
Hep sartek pour les shoes
Sinc j'ai investi, c'est toujours la même famille
Pas dans mon lit travesti
Aux platines c'est Dj Boudj
Y'a Aket et Blako
Conflit par séparation, les rumeurs sont des ragots
Donc toujours à 4, rapace mais pas cagoulés
Agités, exact; pas d'minerve dans l'col roulé
Touché le M.I.C., laisse mes empreintes digitales
Afin d'toucher ton amour propre ou tes parties génitales
Sale excuse bidon, veux-tu entendre c'qui s'dit?
Nous rappons pour les p'tits et trop d'sky dans l'biberon
Voyons, mais qu'aimerais-tu entendre?
Qu'j'suis underground ici
Et qu'j'ai ligoté l'Difool et pelotté la Marie?
Bah oui et t'sais c'que j'ai compris et ça depuis qu'on vend
Des coups plus t'en prends, plus t'apprends et enfin tu comprends
Des coups plus t'en prends, plus t'apprends et enfin tu comprends
Des coups plus t'en prends, plus t'apprends, 2003, j'te surprend
S que tes auch? Nous, on l'est encore
N, au fond du coeur, on repart en guerre
I, magine la merde, comme pas trop sévère
P E R, on perd pas le nord
S, cadron en place, on cadre le tire
N, passage arabe
I, névitable, attend toi au pire
P E R, on explose les stats
On a pas pris une ride, on s'est fait scrète
Pendant qu'tu rétrogrades
Qu'on soit pas aigri quand on accélere et que tu rétrogrades
Préviens les pomplars qui sortent la grande échelle
2003 s'ra mort, c'est l'jeu à grande échelle
Qui aurait cru que ce groupe creverait l'écran
Que des gens crient pour eux
Qu'ils boufferaient tout cru les grands
Qui dit moi? Qui? Quand?
On était rien, tu disais écoute moi ces cons qui révent trop
J'suis bon à fumer de la glostro
Tire pas cette mine, ok j'te pardonne
Allez barre toi vermine, l'instru maintenant faut qu'j'la cartonne
Ça sent le carbone, v'là l'équipe pyrotechnique
Notre mascotte, on sort la tête du plastoc et place au spectacle
Deuxieme tome, on garde la meme team, le même thème
Un rap qui sent le bitum un truc qui
Laisse des hémathomes uppercut, hyper brute
Ça déchire la gueule et l'anus
J'suis perdu, le beat de plein fouet
J'me met en joue et en tant que sniper
Il finit troué, ça claque comme un fouet
Ces jeunes-là sont doués
Processus 2003, objectif, tout secouer
Prend une bouée, c'est trop fluide t'risques la noyade
C'est terrain dangereux
Comme les yakuz' ou les triades
J'suis voué à mon équipe qui vers le sommet
Rap vite on décolle tout de suite
S que tes auch? Nous, on l'est encore
N, au fond du coeur, on repart en guerre
I, magine la merde, comme pas trop sévère
P E R, on perd pas le nord
S, cadron en place, on cadre le tire
N, passage arabe
I, névitable, attend toi au pire
P E R, on explose les stats
Tu croyais qu'on était gayz et que mon équipe était dans le gaz
Qu'on était dead et qu'on arrêtait de surfer sur la vague
Bah dis toi qu'c'est d'la baise, on revient tous died
Prends-toi une dèse, met toi à l'aise, écoute ce que j'dis
Faut que tu ressentes la vibe, et tout c'qui va avec, la niak
2.0.0.3 si tu l'ouvres pas tu lag
Malgrés mon gabaris, aket' au mic, c'est d'la barbarie
Bah oui j'savais que j'débarquerais
J'avais promis que ça barderait
Que j'garderais la pêche et que les bacs, on les bombarderait
J'passe des larmes aux barres des rires
Des négotripes aux militants
Des sujets Les plus brulants, c'est l'cas d'le dire
On cadre le tire, la balle atteint ça cible, S N I P E R
Obligé en un battement de cil
Remise à leur, remise à jour, remise à niveau
Remise à l'amende, remise à plat ventre à nouveau
Massacre à la parole, on prend les mêmes on recommence
En parallèle, il y a la vie qu'on mène, j'y trouve ma substance
Avec tout ce qui s'passe, il y a d'la matière
Et j'compte pas faire comme si de rien
était donc j'ai noirci des pages entières
Meilleur qu'y hier et moins bon que demain
J'suis pas du genre à faire des efforts pour plaîre
Même si j'suis dans ma chambre
Mon rap, c'est pas elle qui le gère, elle aime le geant-ar
Elle apprend mon neccessaire, il y aura pas d'histoire
S que tes auch? Nous, on l'est encore
N, au fond du coeur, on repart en guerre
I, magine la merde, comme pas trop sévère
P E R, on perd pas le nord
S, cadron en place, on cadre le tire
N, passage arabe
I, névitable, attend toi au pire
P E R, on explose les stats
Invisibles Intouchables
S N I P E R, pour les marmots
C'est l'odyssée du sniper, la d'un coup il y a trop d'flow
Invisibles Intouchables
S N I P E R, malgrés tous les croche-pattes
Mon équipe est encore debout
S, Intouchables
N, pour les marmots
I, on est la pour donner des trous d'balles
P E R, mon blaze
S, Intouchables
N, pour les marmots
I, on est la pour donner des trous d'balles
P E R, mon équipe est encore debout
Oh, mon équipe est encore debout
RELEASE
ALBUMS
- À toute épreuve (Processus 2011)
- Chienne de vie
- Arabia
- Blood Diamondz
- La Gueule de l'emploi
- Mentalité française
- Ange et démon
- Blues de la tess
- J'te parle
- J'essaye d'oublier
- Fadela
- Thérapie
- Tout le monde lève les bras
- Jugement dernier
- S.N.I.
- Dans mon monde
- Trait pour trait
- Eldorado (feat. Faada Freddy Daara)
- Zamalia
- Génération Tanguy
- Donne tout
- La France (itinéraire d'une polémique) (feat. Ici & Olivier Cachin)
- Hommes de loi
- Il était une fois
- Radio
- Retour aux sources
- Elle
- Brûle (feat. Joey Starr)
- Fallait que je te dise
- Intro
- Sniper processus
- Pris pour cible
- Faut de tout pour faire un monde
- Le crew est de sortie, intro
- Le crew est de sortie
- Tribal poursuite, intro
- Tribal poursuite
- La France
- Du rire aux larmes, intro
- Du rire aux larmes
- Aketo vs. Tunisiano
- La Sentence
- Quand-on te dit (feat. J-Mi Sissoko)
- Aketo solo
- Fait divers
- La Rumba
- On s'en sort bien
- Intro
- Processus 2003
- Visions chaotiques
- Gravé dans la roche
- Pourquoi
- Recette maison
- Y a pas de mérite
- Sans (re)pères
- Ce que j'ai sur le cœur
- 35 heures
- Hall Story
- Entre deux (feat. Leïla Rami)
- Trop vite
- Jeteur de pierres
- Interlude micro ouvert
- Panam All Starz
- Burn in Flames
- Freedom
- Lynkkarien Laulu
- United White People
- Moment of Truth
- White Rock'n'Roll NS
- Hate Song
- Finland Belongs to Me
- Vöyrin Marssi
- John William King
- Unifinished Business
- Break The Way
- Obituary
- Läpi Tulen Ja Jään
- Outlaw On The Road
- Last Day Of My Life
- Adolf Hitler
- White Sluts
- Vapauden Soturit
- Together Tomorrow
- Elämästä Kuolemaan
- Winds Of Revolution
- Countdown to Victory
- Iron Birds
- Disturber
- Night Fire
- White R'n'R Underground Band
- Hail the White Race
- Last in Line
- Spread the Wings of Revolution
- Judgement Night
- Terror Territory
- I'm Born as a White Man
- White Rock
- White Punishment Troop Nr. 1
- Guten Tag (Dead Cop)
- White Sluts
- Bloodline
- Times Are Changing
- Final Day of False History
- Punishment Must Fit the Crime
- Praise & Prelude to a New World
- Fight With Pride
- Waiting for the Good Times
- The Chosen Ones
- Days of Glory
- Europe Must Awake
- Sotaa!!
- Once Upon a Time
- Together Tomorrow
- Sensuroitu
- Marssilaulu
- In the Final War
- Occult Occupation
- Memories
- Racial Gig
- End of Days
- Isänmaa
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Surviving the cut: Army sniper
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:04
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Army Snipers!
http://wn.com/Surviving_the_cut_Army_sniper
SPEC OPS SNIPER BATTLE WITH TALIBAN
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:09
- Updated: 08 Mar 2013
A MARSOC sniper exchanges fire with Taliban fighters in the village below. Accurate incoming rounds are heard snapping overhead. Join the full FUNKER530 comm...
http://wn.com/SPEC_OPS_SNIPER_BATTLE_WITH_TALIBAN
A MARSOC sniper exchanges fire with Taliban fighters in the village below. Accurate incoming rounds are heard snapping overhead. Join the full FUNKER530 comm...
- published: 13 Aug 2012
- views: 2739193
- author: FUNKER530
Marine Sniper Engages Taliban Afghanistan
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:45
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
U.S. Marines with Company B., 1st Reconnaissance Battalion engage enemy forces from a patrol base near Sangin, Afghanistan, November 19, 2010. 1st Reconnaiss...
http://wn.com/Marine_Sniper_Engages_Taliban_Afghanistan
U.S. Marines with Company B., 1st Reconnaissance Battalion engage enemy forces from a patrol base near Sangin, Afghanistan, November 19, 2010. 1st Reconnaiss...
- published: 03 Feb 2013
- views: 173467
- author: ArmedForcesFootage
Barrett .50 cal M82 Sniper Kill Shot (A MUST WATCH)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:05
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Barrett .50 cal M82 Sniper Kill Shot.
http://wn.com/Barrett_50_cal_M82_Sniper_Kill_Shot_A_MUST_WATCH
National Geographic - Snipers inc.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 45:17
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Meet the family who came with one of the best sniper in the world the Barrett 50 cal. and see how they developed this sniper further to make it better and li...
http://wn.com/National_Geographic_Snipers_inc
Meet the family who came with one of the best sniper in the world the Barrett 50 cal. and see how they developed this sniper further to make it better and li...
- published: 17 May 2012
- views: 385842
- author: SDTV11
Modern Sniper S01E01 Army FULL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 44:33
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Modern Sniper S01E01 Army FULL. tarded5595 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 8402. 1902993. Like 4909 Dislike 237. Like .... Modern Sniper S01E02 Marines FULLby tarded55 225949 views · 4500. Watch Later Narkotyki Złodzieje samochodów National Geographic Lektor PLby redirox 154393 views · 4552. Watch Later Sensacje XX wieku Syndykat zabójcówby Sensacje 93462 views · 2556. Watch Later End Time America 2013 2014 Forewarningsby patmosisle 198608 views · 13936 ...
http://wn.com/Modern_Sniper_S01E01_Army_FULL
Modern Sniper S01E01 Army FULL. tarded5595 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 8402. 1902993. Like 4909 Dislike 237. Like .... Modern Sniper S01E02 Marines FULLby tarded55 225949 views · 4500. Watch Later Narkotyki Złodzieje samochodów National Geographic Lektor PLby redirox 154393 views · 4552. Watch Later Sensacje XX wieku Syndykat zabójcówby Sensacje 93462 views · 2556. Watch Later End Time America 2013 2014 Forewarningsby patmosisle 198608 views · 13936 ...
- published: 25 Mar 2011
- views: 1902099
- author: tarded55
Sniper - One Shot, One Kill (PART 1/5)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:27
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Documentary about snipers thoughout history. It was roughly cut in 5 pieces, don't have the tools to do it better. http://www.niek.be.
http://wn.com/Sniper_One_Shot,_One_Kill_PART_1_5
Documentary about snipers thoughout history. It was roughly cut in 5 pieces, don't have the tools to do it better. http://www.niek.be.
- published: 14 May 2007
- views: 2307750
- author: Spasmomen
HD | 02 | Sniper: Missões Mortais | Dublado
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 87:58
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
CLIQUE EM EXIBIR MAIS |--------------------------- Episódio 02 - Snipers: Missões Mortais Edição de Video e Audio feitas por M...
http://wn.com/HD_|_02_|_Sniper_Missões_Mortais_|_Dublado
CLIQUE EM EXIBIR MAIS |--------------------------- Episódio 02 - Snipers: Missões Mortais Edição de Video e Audio feitas por M...
- published: 26 Aug 2012
- views: 251036
- author: maxsilvacastro
sniper-sans repère
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:03
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
la chanson du groupe de rap français sniper "sans (re)père"
http://wn.com/sniper-sans_repère
la chanson du groupe de rap français sniper "sans (re)père"
- published: 22 Nov 2006
- views: 12048158
- author: meeel64
50 CAL SNIPER SLOW-MO!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
SHARE: http://clicktotweet.com/_pdx2 My Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489 Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW FaceBook: http://www.facebook....
http://wn.com/50_CAL_SNIPER_SLOW-MO!
SHARE: http://clicktotweet.com/_pdx2 My Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489 Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW FaceBook: http://www.facebook....
- published: 22 Dec 2012
- views: 2677340
- author: FPSRussia
(英語中字) 狙擊手 - 身在瞄準鏡 Sniper Inside The Crosshairs
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 87:57
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
英語中字 狙擊手 身在瞄準鏡Sniper Inside The Crosshairs. Gim Fei Long153 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 909. 205811. Like 1563 Dislike 25. Like .... 狙擊菁英2 獵殺希特勒Sniper Elite V2 Assassinate The Führer Kill Hitler DLC Packby wliomsky 10894 views · 030. Watch Later 巴西歹徒挾持人質被狙擊手擊斃by xintieba 98513 views · 3921. Watch Later 一個22歲中國黑社會青年說的話萬人點擊感動by 立誠袁 431165 views · 233. Watch Later 2012517 中菲開戰的結果48秒之後你就清楚啦by ...
http://wn.com/英語中字_狙擊手_身在瞄準鏡_Sniper_Inside_The_Crosshairs
英語中字 狙擊手 身在瞄準鏡Sniper Inside The Crosshairs. Gim Fei Long153 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 909. 205811. Like 1563 Dislike 25. Like .... 狙擊菁英2 獵殺希特勒Sniper Elite V2 Assassinate The Führer Kill Hitler DLC Packby wliomsky 10894 views · 030. Watch Later 巴西歹徒挾持人質被狙擊手擊斃by xintieba 98513 views · 3921. Watch Later 一個22歲中國黑社會青年說的話萬人點擊感動by 立誠袁 431165 views · 233. Watch Later 2012517 中菲開戰的結果48秒之後你就清楚啦by ...
- published: 21 Jul 2012
- views: 206713
- author: Gim Fei Long
Sniper Elite | NAZI ZOMBIE ARMY: Village of the Dead Part 1 (Campaign/gameplay)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:56
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Today I have for you all a pretty awesome 3rd person zombie game. Sniper Elite Nazi Zombie Army! I had never played Sniper Elite so Im somewhat of a noob. Bu...
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_|_NAZI_ZOMBIE_ARMY_Village_of_the_Dead_Part_1_Campaign_gameplay
Today I have for you all a pretty awesome 3rd person zombie game. Sniper Elite Nazi Zombie Army! I had never played Sniper Elite so Im somewhat of a noob. Bu...
- published: 01 Mar 2013
- views: 73978
- author: yoteslaya
Blackwater Sniper
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:50
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
A Blackwater sniper team, inserted on top of a building, taking out insurgents in Najaf.
http://wn.com/Blackwater_Sniper
A Blackwater sniper team, inserted on top of a building, taking out insurgents in Najaf.
- published: 22 Dec 2006
- views: 1014550
- author: rockavenger
Team Fortress 2 "Meet the Sniper" Trailer (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:43
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
TEAM FORTRESS 2 : Meet the sniper from Team Fortress 2.
http://wn.com/Team_Fortress_2_Meet_the_Sniper_Trailer_HD
TEAM FORTRESS 2 : Meet the sniper from Team Fortress 2.
- published: 18 Jun 2008
- views: 7690996
- author: machinima
Amazing Sniper Shot
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:15
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
Amzingly close shot to get this suicide mans gun out of his hand.
http://wn.com/Amazing_Sniper_Shot
Amzingly close shot to get this suicide mans gun out of his hand.
- published: 10 Mar 2008
- views: 12045180
- author: stayupneverdie
► WTF Is... - Sniper Elite: Nazi Zombie Army ?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:12
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
Get it on Steam: http://bit.ly/13vUkRA Get it on GamersGate: http://bit.ly/XJM5xC TotalBiscuit takes a look at the recently released stand-alone expansion of...
http://wn.com/►_WTF_Is_Sniper_Elite_Nazi_Zombie_Army_?
Get it on Steam: http://bit.ly/13vUkRA Get it on GamersGate: http://bit.ly/XJM5xC TotalBiscuit takes a look at the recently released stand-alone expansion of...
- published: 02 Mar 2013
- views: 225142
- author: TotalHalibut
Sniper: Deadliest Missions (Español Latino) (Parte 1/9)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:14
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Documental sobre Francotirador que estudia y analiza no solo la actividad más peligrosa de la historia militar, sino también el trabajo más extremo del mundo...
http://wn.com/Sniper_Deadliest_Missions_Español_Latino_Parte_1_9
Documental sobre Francotirador que estudia y analiza no solo la actividad más peligrosa de la historia militar, sino también el trabajo más extremo del mundo...
- published: 05 Mar 2011
- views: 304167
- author: ninjacero
Sniper Elite: Nazi Zombie Army - Village of the Dead: No X-Ray Killcams? (Part 2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:33
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Please support with a Like, Favorite, and/or Comment for this EPIC new Zombie game! • Subscribe for more! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user...
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_Nazi_Zombie_Army_Village_of_the_Dead_No_X-Ray_Killcams?_Part_2
Please support with a Like, Favorite, and/or Comment for this EPIC new Zombie game! • Subscribe for more! http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user...
- published: 28 Feb 2013
- views: 55548
- author: NGTZombies
BAD NEWS SNIPER!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489 Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA WARNING: DO NOT ...
http://wn.com/BAD_NEWS_SNIPER!
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489 Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA WARNING: DO NOT ...
- published: 28 Aug 2011
- views: 8528138
- author: FPSRussia
South Korea Army Sniper
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:01
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
2011.
http://wn.com/South_Korea_Army_Sniper
Sniper - Jugement dernier (Clip Officiel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible. Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3 En concert à La Cigal...
http://wn.com/Sniper_Jugement_dernier_Clip_Officiel
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible. Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3 En concert à La Cigal...
- published: 04 Nov 2011
- views: 1974286
- author: SNIPTV
![Sniper Elite Nazi Zombie Army Walkthrough Part 1 CO-OP Gameplay Review Lets Play [HD]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/OJxTnKOoDZI/default.jpg "Sniper Elite Nazi Zombie Army Walkthrough Part 1 CO-OP Gameplay Review Lets Play [HD]")
Sniper Elite Nazi Zombie Army Walkthrough Part 1 CO-OP Gameplay Review Lets Play [HD]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:29
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Part 2: http://youtu.be/TqQkz_JA7fc Tomb Raider: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkkJssH12e4 http://www.youtube.com/user/volitilegabe http://www.youtube.com/...
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_Nazi_Zombie_Army_Walkthrough_Part_1_CO-OP_Gameplay_Review_Lets_Play_HD_
Part 2: http://youtu.be/TqQkz_JA7fc Tomb Raider: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nkkJssH12e4 http://www.youtube.com/user/volitilegabe http://www.youtube.com/...
- published: 01 Mar 2013
- views: 14722
- author: NukemDukem
DESERT TACTICAL HTI 50BMG SNIPER!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
DESERT TACTICAL HTI 50BMG SNIPER! Uploaded by FPSRussia on Jul 19, 2012. FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489 CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/d6pb3 Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA Weapon Info: http://www.deserttacticalarms.com/guns/dta-hti-sniper-rifle-chassis.html. fps russia.
http://wn.com/DESERT_TACTICAL_HTI_50BMG_SNIPER!
DESERT TACTICAL HTI 50BMG SNIPER! Uploaded by FPSRussia on Jul 19, 2012. FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489 CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/d6pb3 Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA Weapon Info: http://www.deserttacticalarms.com/guns/dta-hti-sniper-rifle-chassis.html. fps russia.
- published: 19 Jul 2012
- views: 4781859
- author: FPSRussia
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Sniper - Mentalité française (Audio officiel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
http://wn.com/Sniper_Mentalité_française_Audio_officiel
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 187819
- author: SNIPTV
Sniper - Chienne de Vie (audio officiel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
http://wn.com/Sniper_Chienne_de_Vie_audio_officiel
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 159225
- author: SNIPTV
Sniper - J'essaie d'oublier (audio officiel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:04
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
http://wn.com/Sniper_J'essaie_d'oublier_audio_officiel
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 282803
- author: SNIPTV
Sniper ft Anahy - Thérapie (audio officiel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
http://wn.com/Sniper_ft_Anahy_Thérapie_audio_officiel
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 97037
- author: SNIPTV
Sniper ft J-Mi Sissoko - Ange et démon (audio officiel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
http://wn.com/Sniper_ft_J-Mi_Sissoko_Ange_et_démon_audio_officiel
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 200642
- author: SNIPTV
Sniper ft Sexion d'Assault - Blood Diamondz (audio officiel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:54
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
http://wn.com/Sniper_ft_Sexion_d'Assault_Blood_Diamondz_audio_officiel
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 5000539
- author: SNIPTV
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Sniper - Jugement dernier (Clip Officiel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:52
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
Réalisé par ASRI
Instrumental composé par DIAKAR
http://wn.com/Sniper_Jugement_dernier_Clip_Officiel
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
Réalisé par ASRI
Instrumental composé par DIAKAR
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 1974765
- author: SNIPTV
SNIPER- J'te parle feat. Soprano (Clip Officiel)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Télécharge le nouvel album " A TOUTE EPREUVE" sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
Et RDV le 3 octobre dans les bacs
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
http://wn.com/SNIPER_J'te_parle_feat_Soprano_Clip_Officiel
Télécharge le nouvel album " A TOUTE EPREUVE" sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
Et RDV le 3 octobre dans les bacs
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 5800820
- author: SNIPTV
SNIPER - FADELA (clip officiel) (HD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:23
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
TELECHARGEZ "FADELA" sur iTunes et toutes les plateformes de téléchargement légal : http://bit.ly/sniper_fadela
l'album A Toute Epreuve est déjà disponible sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
CONCERT à LA CIGALE le 3 février 2012 : http://bit.ly/ocZ1tq
NOUVEL ALBUM LE 3 OCTOBRE 2011
http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
Jouer à notre blindtest 100% rap français: http://bit.ly/ovLk9c
Réalisation clip: Ronan Lagadec
ALBAN dans le rôle d'ALBAN
WILLIAM DIOP dans le role de BRUNO
Remerciements à toute l'équipe d'HK Corp, à Bob, Pascal et Sam, et l'équipe de Sawan Bistrot Thaï, Samy la Famille et tous les figurants, Masterisk et Kilomaître (le studio est propre !), Mezoued Records et Venimeuz Musik, Believe et la SPPF, Masta et son TMAX, Merkus, Tintin Merci pour le Cab.
Toutes les cascades sont réalisées sans trucage.
Aucun Grec n a été fermé depuis le tournage.
http://wn.com/SNIPER_FADELA_clip_officiel_HD
TELECHARGEZ "FADELA" sur iTunes et toutes les plateformes de téléchargement légal : http://bit.ly/sniper_fadela
l'album A Toute Epreuve est déjà disponible sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
CONCERT à LA CIGALE le 3 février 2012 : http://bit.ly/ocZ1tq
NOUVEL ALBUM LE 3 OCTOBRE 2011
http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
Jouer à notre blindtest 100% rap français: http://bit.ly/ovLk9c
Réalisation clip: Ronan Lagadec
ALBAN dans le rôle d'ALBAN
WILLIAM DIOP dans le role de BRUNO
Remerciements à toute l'équipe d'HK Corp, à Bob, Pascal et Sam, et l'équipe de Sawan Bistrot Thaï, Samy la Famille et tous les figurants, Masterisk et Kilomaître (le studio est propre !), Mezoued Records et Venimeuz Musik, Believe et la SPPF, Masta et son TMAX, Merkus, Tintin Merci pour le Cab.
Toutes les cascades sont réalisées sans trucage.
Aucun Grec n a été fermé depuis le tournage.
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 3303980
- author: SNIPTV
SNIPER ARABIA CLIP OFFICIEL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:43
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
CONCERT à LA CIGALE le 3 février 2012 : http://bit.ly/ocZ1tq
Album disponible sur iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
Le titre Evénement ARABIA , le deuxieme extrait du nouvel album SNIPER à venir rentrée 2011.
ARABIA sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_sniper
ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_remixallstars
BLUES DE LA TESS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/bluesdelatess
Retrouve-nous sur http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
et suis nous @officielsniper sur twitter!
http://wn.com/SNIPER_ARABIA_CLIP_OFFICIEL
CONCERT à LA CIGALE le 3 février 2012 : http://bit.ly/ocZ1tq
Album disponible sur iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
Le titre Evénement ARABIA , le deuxieme extrait du nouvel album SNIPER à venir rentrée 2011.
ARABIA sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_sniper
ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_remixallstars
BLUES DE LA TESS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/bluesdelatess
Retrouve-nous sur http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
et suis nous @officielsniper sur twitter!
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 1486012
- author: SNIPTV
SNIPER "LE BLUES DE LA TESS" CLIP OFFICIEL
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:19
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Clip officiel du "BLUES DE LA TESS" Réalisé par Wahib pour Kourtrajmé (2011)
BLUES DE LA TESS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/bluesdelatess
http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
ALBUM disponible sur iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
http://sniperofficiel.skyrock.com/
http://www.twitter.com/officielsniper
Pour jouer au blindtest 100% rap français: http://bit.ly/ovLk9c
http://wn.com/SNIPER_LE_BLUES_DE_LA_TESS_CLIP_OFFICIEL
Clip officiel du "BLUES DE LA TESS" Réalisé par Wahib pour Kourtrajmé (2011)
BLUES DE LA TESS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/bluesdelatess
http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
ALBUM disponible sur iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
http://sniperofficiel.skyrock.com/
http://www.twitter.com/officielsniper
Pour jouer au blindtest 100% rap français: http://bit.ly/ovLk9c
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 595452
- author: SNIPTV
SNIPER - ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS (official video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
CONCERT à LA CIGALE le 3 février 2012 : http://bit.ly/ocZ1tq
Album disponible sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS avec SINIK, Rim-K, MEDINE, MOKLESS, HAROUN, LECK, L'ALGERINO, BAKAR, MISTER YOU, REDA TALIANI
Retrouve-nous sur http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
et suis nous @officielsniper sur twitter
ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_remixallstars
ARABIA sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_sniper
BLUES DE LA TESS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/bluesdelatess
http://wn.com/SNIPER_ARABIA_REMIX_ALL_STARS_official_video
CONCERT à LA CIGALE le 3 février 2012 : http://bit.ly/ocZ1tq
Album disponible sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS avec SINIK, Rim-K, MEDINE, MOKLESS, HAROUN, LECK, L'ALGERINO, BAKAR, MISTER YOU, REDA TALIANI
Retrouve-nous sur http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
et suis nous @officielsniper sur twitter
ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_remixallstars
ARABIA sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_sniper
BLUES DE LA TESS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/bluesdelatess
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 3190029
- author: SNIPTV
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Sniper School part I
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:22
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
sniper tips for battlefield 2
http://wn.com/Sniper_School_part_I
Sniper School Part II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:51
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Battlefield 2 sniper training video showing graphic differances and sniper locations.
http://wn.com/Sniper_School_Part_II
Battlefield 2 sniper training video showing graphic differances and sniper locations.
- published: 02 May 2009
- views: 171218
- author: ryandpahl
Sniper School part III
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:26
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Battle field 2 sniper training showing kit utilization.
http://wn.com/Sniper_School_part_III
Battle field 2 sniper training showing kit utilization.
- published: 02 May 2009
- views: 87773
- author: ryandpahl
Sniper School IV
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:43
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Battlefield 2 sniper tips on how to use your rifle.
http://wn.com/Sniper_School_IV
Battlefield 2 sniper tips on how to use your rifle.
- published: 02 May 2009
- views: 102932
- author: ryandpahl
Sniper School Part V
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
advanced battle field 2 sniper tactics.
http://wn.com/Sniper_School_Part_V
Sniper School Part VI
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Sniper tips and hints for Battlefield 2
http://wn.com/Sniper_School_Part_VI
Sniper School VII
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
BF2 sniper tutorial on hitting moving targets.
http://wn.com/Sniper_School_VII
BF2 sniper tutorial on hitting moving targets.
- published: 02 May 2009
- views: 77712
- author: ryandpahl
Sniper School VIII
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Long range Shooting Techniques for Battlefield 2
http://wn.com/Sniper_School_VIII
Long range Shooting Techniques for Battlefield 2
- published: 02 May 2009
- views: 117380
- author: ryandpahl
Sniper School IX
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:44
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
My final words on BF2 sniping
http://wn.com/Sniper_School_IX
Sniper School X 1/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Battle Field 2 sniper training Video. Sniper server rules and etiquette.
http://wn.com/Sniper_School_X_1_2
Battle Field 2 sniper training Video. Sniper server rules and etiquette.
- published: 02 May 2009
- views: 20913
- author: ryandpahl
Sniper School X 2/2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Battle Field 2 sniper training video. Pixel Hunting techniques.
http://wn.com/Sniper_School_X_2_2
Battle Field 2 sniper training video. Pixel Hunting techniques.
- published: 02 May 2009
- views: 15893
- author: ryandpahl
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50 CAL SNIPER SLOW-MO!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
SHARE: http://clicktotweet.com/_pdx2
My Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
http://wn.com/50_CAL_SNIPER_SLOW-MO!
SHARE: http://clicktotweet.com/_pdx2
My Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
- published: 24 Dec 2012
- views: 2523455
- author: FPSRussia
BAD NEWS SNIPER!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
WARNING: DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME, ALL VIDEO IS FILMED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS.
http://wn.com/BAD_NEWS_SNIPER!
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
WARNING: DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME, ALL VIDEO IS FILMED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS.
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 8462711
- author: FPSRussia
The SWAT Sniper
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/6NWej
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
Zombies: http://zombieindustries.com/
http://wn.com/The_SWAT_Sniper
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/6NWej
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
Zombies: http://zombieindustries.com/
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 5019977
- author: FPSRussia
Guns & Explosives!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
CLICK TO TWEET PLEASE:
http://wn.com/Guns_Explosives!
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
CLICK TO TWEET PLEASE:
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 3450716
- author: FPSRussia
DESERT TACTICAL HTI 50BMG SNIPER!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:24
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/d6pb3
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
Weapon Info: http://www.deserttacticalarms.com/guns/dta-hti-sniper-rifle-chassis.html
http://wn.com/DESERT_TACTICAL_HTI_50BMG_SNIPER!
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/d6pb3
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
Weapon Info: http://www.deserttacticalarms.com/guns/dta-hti-sniper-rifle-chassis.html
- published: 22 Jul 2012
- views: 4637470
- author: FPSRussia
Knights Armament's SR-25
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/94Pg3
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
Category:
http://wn.com/Knights_Armament's_SR-25
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/94Pg3
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
Category:
- published: 10 Aug 2012
- views: 520906
- author: FPSRussia
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 1 ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:20
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_1_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 40144
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 2 ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_2_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 36635
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 3 [1/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/pJ6kTnNbSPQ/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 3 [1/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 3 [1/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:31
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_3_1_2_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 18683
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 3 [2/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/eBelvkln8JM/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 3 [2/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 3 [2/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:05
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_3_2_2_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 13228
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 4 [1/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/vYSsCLBO7CE/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 4 [1/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 4 [1/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:42
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_4_1_2_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 08 May 2012
- views: 18841
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 4 [2/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/pnXfLyOeeV8/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 4 [2/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 4 [2/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:59
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_4_2_2_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 08 May 2012
- views: 19259
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 5 [1/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/E6ig0qu1s10/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 5 [1/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 5 [1/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:36
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_5_1_2_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 12 May 2012
- views: 12483
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 5 [2/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/CN8ROf6QHvA/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 5 [2/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 5 [2/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_5_2_2_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 16 May 2012
- views: 11901
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 6 [1/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/b4DI0NpOnOY/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 6 [1/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 6 [1/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_6_1_2_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 16 May 2012
- views: 11804
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 6 [2/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/OYwlYm8w2LE/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 6 [2/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 6 [2/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:00
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_6_2_2_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 16 May 2012
- views: 10686
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 7 [1/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/T_4hnd6Z-Io/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 7 [1/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 7 [1/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 15:22
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_7_1_2_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 13122
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 7 [2/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/3x3QRNHwueU/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 7 [2/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 7 [2/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 11:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_7_2_2_Pc_
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 7318
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 8 [1/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/lrT8L3AQtDc/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 8 [1/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 8 [1/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:44
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Questa missione viene prima della 7 che ho già fatto scusate l'errore :'(
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_8_1_2_Pc_
Questa missione viene prima della 7 che ho già fatto scusate l'errore :'(
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 8849
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
![Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 8 [2/2] ( Pc )](http://web.archive.org./web/20130308005544im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/oaREzkODLoE/default.jpg "Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 8 [2/2] ( Pc )")
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 8 [2/2] ( Pc )
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:08
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Questa missione viene prima della 7 che ho già fatto scusate l'errore :'(
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
http://wn.com/Sniper_Elite_V2_Gameplay_ita_Missione_8_2_2_Pc_
Questa missione viene prima della 7 che ho già fatto scusate l'errore :'(
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 6024
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
4:52
Sniper - Mentalité française (Audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t...
published: 03 Jan 2012
author: SNIPTV
Sniper - Mentalité française (Audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 187819
- author: SNIPTV
4:52
Sniper - Chienne de Vie (audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t...
published: 03 Jan 2012
author: SNIPTV
Sniper - Chienne de Vie (audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 159225
- author: SNIPTV
5:04
Sniper - J'essaie d'oublier (audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t...
published: 03 Jan 2012
author: SNIPTV
Sniper - J'essaie d'oublier (audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 282803
- author: SNIPTV
4:18
Sniper ft Anahy - Thérapie (audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t...
published: 03 Jan 2012
author: SNIPTV
Sniper ft Anahy - Thérapie (audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 97037
- author: SNIPTV
4:22
Sniper ft J-Mi Sissoko - Ange et démon (audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t...
published: 03 Jan 2012
author: SNIPTV
Sniper ft J-Mi Sissoko - Ange et démon (audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 200642
- author: SNIPTV
4:54
Sniper ft Sexion d'Assault - Blood Diamondz (audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t...
published: 03 Jan 2012
author: SNIPTV
Sniper ft Sexion d'Assault - Blood Diamondz (audio officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 03 Jan 2012
- views: 5000539
- author: SNIPTV
Vimeo results:
14:19
KILLZONE INTERCEPT - Live Action Fan Film
( Hope you enjoyed it. Please use the Tip Jar below to help us make more awesome videos! )...
published: 01 Jan 2013
author: Brian Curtin
KILLZONE INTERCEPT - Live Action Fan Film
( Hope you enjoyed it. Please use the Tip Jar below to help us make more awesome videos! )
Killzone Intercept occurs during the events of Killzone 3 as the ISA evacuate Helghan. A small scout squad is called upon to stall a large group of approaching Helghasts that plan to cut off the ISA convoy from reaching the extraction point. Outnumbered, the squad takes on the task with hopes of getting everyone off the planet alive.
Director's note:
"This is another film project that was 2yrs in the making and only possible with unbelievable amounts of work and support from friends and family. It amazes me what can happen when a group of talented people are passionate about a project. On previous projects, we have never had any form of support from the actual game creators. Luckily, Guerrilla Games was kind enough to give feedback and recognition for a fan film project fueled by our love for the games. Other developers should take notes. Now, enjoy the film!"
STAY UPDATED ON FACEBOOK:
http://www.facebook.com/infectiousdesigner
SEE MORE HERE:
http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=INFECTIOUSDESIGNER
THE CAST
Director: Brian Curtin
Writer's: Brian Curtin and Taylor Robinson
Executive Producer: Taylor Robinson
Producer: Lisa Harris
Director of Photography: Jason Wallis
Casting: Hannah Francis
Produced by: Six Foot Five Productions
MAIN CAST
William: Russ Hobbie
ISA Heavy: Gerhard Mathangani
ISA Sniper: Michael Walters
ISA Rifleman: Don Cano
Mother: Shannon Hoppe
Helghast Commander: Kevin Wayne
Young William: Finn Steward
Tortured ISA Soldier: Cris Morriss
Helghast Soldiers: Ryan Whaley, Logan Huggins, Ben Moon, Kenny Glover
Helghast Sniper/Capture Trooper: Walt Thomas
CREW
First A.C.: Bill Schweikert
Audio: Eric Chapman
Gaffer: Seth Newell and Jerry Kelly
Key Grip: Sean Kirby
Grip: Ned Boggan
Costume/Props: Gary Barth and Martin McDonald
Make-up: Kathryn Petras
PA/Craft Service: Jonathan Hoffman and Jackson Leach
Art Dept: Matt Hall, Mat Powell, Walt Thomas
Audio Mastering: Eric Chapman
Editor/Visual Effects: Brian Curtin
3D/Special Effects: Goran Zovkic and Michael Eves
Visual Artist: Daniel Enrique De Leon
Capture Trooper Suit Artist: Anthony Kitchens
Special Thanks to: Sloss, Wade Sand and Gravel, Kel Roberts, Ford and Karla Wiles, Guerrilla Games
Huge Thanks to Joy Gravel for keeping me alive during this project.
4:38
Mister Heavenly - Bronx Sniper
published: 04 Nov 2011
author: Ravenhouse LTD.
Mister Heavenly - Bronx Sniper
20:07
A Lifelong Dream
Amaury on the 2010 world tour.
www.amaurybodyboarding.com
www.myspace.com/mozir
www.focu...
published: 08 Jan 2011
author: FOCUSprod Reunion
A Lifelong Dream
Amaury on the 2010 world tour.
www.amaurybodyboarding.com
www.myspace.com/mozir
www.focusbodyboarding.com
www.sniperbodyboard.com
www.kanabeach.com
www.bepapareil.com
www.avis.fr
www.cool-shoe.com
www.ibaworldtour.com
www.surfingfrance.com
www.surfingreunion.com
2:14
The Power of Music
Jack Leroy Tueller, at age 90, recounts a remarkable experience he had in WWII....
published: 26 Feb 2010
author: Life File Videos
The Power of Music
Jack Leroy Tueller, at age 90, recounts a remarkable experience he had in WWII.
4:52
Sniper - Jugement dernier (Clip Officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t...
published: 04 Jan 2012
author: SNIPTV
Sniper - Jugement dernier (Clip Officiel)
Extrait de l'album "A Toute Epreuve" déjà disponible.
Lien d'achat Fnac: http://bit.ly/q2t5op
Lien d'achat iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
En concert à La Cigale le 3 février 2012: http://bit.ly/rRBjQS
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
Réalisé par ASRI
Instrumental composé par DIAKAR
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 1974765
- author: SNIPTV
4:32
SNIPER- J'te parle feat. Soprano (Clip Officiel)
Télécharge le nouvel album " A TOUTE EPREUVE" sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
Et RDV le ...
published: 04 Jan 2012
author: SNIPTV
SNIPER- J'te parle feat. Soprano (Clip Officiel)
Télécharge le nouvel album " A TOUTE EPREUVE" sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
Et RDV le 3 octobre dans les bacs
www.facebook.om/officielsniper
www.twitter.com/officielsniper
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 5800820
- author: SNIPTV
4:23
SNIPER - FADELA (clip officiel) (HD)
TELECHARGEZ "FADELA" sur iTunes et toutes les plateformes de téléchargement légal : http:/...
published: 04 Jan 2012
author: SNIPTV
SNIPER - FADELA (clip officiel) (HD)
TELECHARGEZ "FADELA" sur iTunes et toutes les plateformes de téléchargement légal : http://bit.ly/sniper_fadela
l'album A Toute Epreuve est déjà disponible sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
CONCERT à LA CIGALE le 3 février 2012 : http://bit.ly/ocZ1tq
NOUVEL ALBUM LE 3 OCTOBRE 2011
http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
Jouer à notre blindtest 100% rap français: http://bit.ly/ovLk9c
Réalisation clip: Ronan Lagadec
ALBAN dans le rôle d'ALBAN
WILLIAM DIOP dans le role de BRUNO
Remerciements à toute l'équipe d'HK Corp, à Bob, Pascal et Sam, et l'équipe de Sawan Bistrot Thaï, Samy la Famille et tous les figurants, Masterisk et Kilomaître (le studio est propre !), Mezoued Records et Venimeuz Musik, Believe et la SPPF, Masta et son TMAX, Merkus, Tintin Merci pour le Cab.
Toutes les cascades sont réalisées sans trucage.
Aucun Grec n a été fermé depuis le tournage.
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 3303980
- author: SNIPTV
5:43
SNIPER ARABIA CLIP OFFICIEL
CONCERT à LA CIGALE le 3 février 2012 : http://bit.ly/ocZ1tq
Album disponible sur iTunes: ...
published: 04 Jan 2012
author: SNIPTV
SNIPER ARABIA CLIP OFFICIEL
CONCERT à LA CIGALE le 3 février 2012 : http://bit.ly/ocZ1tq
Album disponible sur iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
Le titre Evénement ARABIA , le deuxieme extrait du nouvel album SNIPER à venir rentrée 2011.
ARABIA sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_sniper
ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_remixallstars
BLUES DE LA TESS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/bluesdelatess
Retrouve-nous sur http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
et suis nous @officielsniper sur twitter!
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 1486012
- author: SNIPTV
5:19
SNIPER "LE BLUES DE LA TESS" CLIP OFFICIEL
Clip officiel du "BLUES DE LA TESS" Réalisé par Wahib pour Kourtrajmé (2011)
BLUES DE LA T...
published: 04 Jan 2012
author: SNIPTV
SNIPER "LE BLUES DE LA TESS" CLIP OFFICIEL
Clip officiel du "BLUES DE LA TESS" Réalisé par Wahib pour Kourtrajmé (2011)
BLUES DE LA TESS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/bluesdelatess
http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
ALBUM disponible sur iTunes: http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
http://sniperofficiel.skyrock.com/
http://www.twitter.com/officielsniper
Pour jouer au blindtest 100% rap français: http://bit.ly/ovLk9c
- published: 04 Jan 2012
- views: 595452
- author: SNIPTV
4:58
SNIPER - ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS (official video)
CONCERT à LA CIGALE le 3 février 2012 : http://bit.ly/ocZ1tq
Album disponible sur iTunes ...
published: 30 Apr 2012
author: SNIPTV
SNIPER - ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS (official video)
CONCERT à LA CIGALE le 3 février 2012 : http://bit.ly/ocZ1tq
Album disponible sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/o9YnQ3
ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS avec SINIK, Rim-K, MEDINE, MOKLESS, HAROUN, LECK, L'ALGERINO, BAKAR, MISTER YOU, REDA TALIANI
Retrouve-nous sur http://www.facebook.com/officielsniper
et suis nous @officielsniper sur twitter
ARABIA REMIX ALL STARS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_remixallstars
ARABIA sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/arabia_sniper
BLUES DE LA TESS sur iTunes : http://bit.ly/bluesdelatess
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 3190029
- author: SNIPTV
Vimeo results:
14:19
KILLZONE INTERCEPT - Live Action Fan Film
( Hope you enjoyed it. Please use the Tip Jar below to help us make more awesome videos! )...
published: 01 Jan 2013
author: Brian Curtin
KILLZONE INTERCEPT - Live Action Fan Film
( Hope you enjoyed it. Please use the Tip Jar below to help us make more awesome videos! )
Killzone Intercept occurs during the events of Killzone 3 as the ISA evacuate Helghan. A small scout squad is called upon to stall a large group of approaching Helghasts that plan to cut off the ISA convoy from reaching the extraction point. Outnumbered, the squad takes on the task with hopes of getting everyone off the planet alive.
Director's note:
"This is another film project that was 2yrs in the making and only possible with unbelievable amounts of work and support from friends and family. It amazes me what can happen when a group of talented people are passionate about a project. On previous projects, we have never had any form of support from the actual game creators. Luckily, Guerrilla Games was kind enough to give feedback and recognition for a fan film project fueled by our love for the games. Other developers should take notes. Now, enjoy the film!"
STAY UPDATED ON FACEBOOK:
http://www.facebook.com/infectiousdesigner
SEE MORE HERE:
http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=INFECTIOUSDESIGNER
THE CAST
Director: Brian Curtin
Writer's: Brian Curtin and Taylor Robinson
Executive Producer: Taylor Robinson
Producer: Lisa Harris
Director of Photography: Jason Wallis
Casting: Hannah Francis
Produced by: Six Foot Five Productions
MAIN CAST
William: Russ Hobbie
ISA Heavy: Gerhard Mathangani
ISA Sniper: Michael Walters
ISA Rifleman: Don Cano
Mother: Shannon Hoppe
Helghast Commander: Kevin Wayne
Young William: Finn Steward
Tortured ISA Soldier: Cris Morriss
Helghast Soldiers: Ryan Whaley, Logan Huggins, Ben Moon, Kenny Glover
Helghast Sniper/Capture Trooper: Walt Thomas
CREW
First A.C.: Bill Schweikert
Audio: Eric Chapman
Gaffer: Seth Newell and Jerry Kelly
Key Grip: Sean Kirby
Grip: Ned Boggan
Costume/Props: Gary Barth and Martin McDonald
Make-up: Kathryn Petras
PA/Craft Service: Jonathan Hoffman and Jackson Leach
Art Dept: Matt Hall, Mat Powell, Walt Thomas
Audio Mastering: Eric Chapman
Editor/Visual Effects: Brian Curtin
3D/Special Effects: Goran Zovkic and Michael Eves
Visual Artist: Daniel Enrique De Leon
Capture Trooper Suit Artist: Anthony Kitchens
Special Thanks to: Sloss, Wade Sand and Gravel, Kel Roberts, Ford and Karla Wiles, Guerrilla Games
Huge Thanks to Joy Gravel for keeping me alive during this project.
4:38
Mister Heavenly - Bronx Sniper
published: 04 Nov 2011
author: Ravenhouse LTD.
Mister Heavenly - Bronx Sniper
20:07
A Lifelong Dream
Amaury on the 2010 world tour.
www.amaurybodyboarding.com
www.myspace.com/mozir
www.focu...
published: 08 Jan 2011
author: FOCUSprod Reunion
A Lifelong Dream
Amaury on the 2010 world tour.
www.amaurybodyboarding.com
www.myspace.com/mozir
www.focusbodyboarding.com
www.sniperbodyboard.com
www.kanabeach.com
www.bepapareil.com
www.avis.fr
www.cool-shoe.com
www.ibaworldtour.com
www.surfingfrance.com
www.surfingreunion.com
2:14
The Power of Music
Jack Leroy Tueller, at age 90, recounts a remarkable experience he had in WWII....
published: 26 Feb 2010
author: Life File Videos
The Power of Music
Jack Leroy Tueller, at age 90, recounts a remarkable experience he had in WWII.
9:51
Sniper School Part II
Battlefield 2 sniper training video showing graphic differances and sniper locations....
published: 02 May 2009
author: ryandpahl
Sniper School Part II
Battlefield 2 sniper training video showing graphic differances and sniper locations.
- published: 02 May 2009
- views: 171218
- author: ryandpahl
Vimeo results:
14:19
KILLZONE INTERCEPT - Live Action Fan Film
( Hope you enjoyed it. Please use the Tip Jar below to help us make more awesome videos! )...
published: 01 Jan 2013
author: Brian Curtin
KILLZONE INTERCEPT - Live Action Fan Film
( Hope you enjoyed it. Please use the Tip Jar below to help us make more awesome videos! )
Killzone Intercept occurs during the events of Killzone 3 as the ISA evacuate Helghan. A small scout squad is called upon to stall a large group of approaching Helghasts that plan to cut off the ISA convoy from reaching the extraction point. Outnumbered, the squad takes on the task with hopes of getting everyone off the planet alive.
Director's note:
"This is another film project that was 2yrs in the making and only possible with unbelievable amounts of work and support from friends and family. It amazes me what can happen when a group of talented people are passionate about a project. On previous projects, we have never had any form of support from the actual game creators. Luckily, Guerrilla Games was kind enough to give feedback and recognition for a fan film project fueled by our love for the games. Other developers should take notes. Now, enjoy the film!"
STAY UPDATED ON FACEBOOK:
http://www.facebook.com/infectiousdesigner
SEE MORE HERE:
http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=INFECTIOUSDESIGNER
THE CAST
Director: Brian Curtin
Writer's: Brian Curtin and Taylor Robinson
Executive Producer: Taylor Robinson
Producer: Lisa Harris
Director of Photography: Jason Wallis
Casting: Hannah Francis
Produced by: Six Foot Five Productions
MAIN CAST
William: Russ Hobbie
ISA Heavy: Gerhard Mathangani
ISA Sniper: Michael Walters
ISA Rifleman: Don Cano
Mother: Shannon Hoppe
Helghast Commander: Kevin Wayne
Young William: Finn Steward
Tortured ISA Soldier: Cris Morriss
Helghast Soldiers: Ryan Whaley, Logan Huggins, Ben Moon, Kenny Glover
Helghast Sniper/Capture Trooper: Walt Thomas
CREW
First A.C.: Bill Schweikert
Audio: Eric Chapman
Gaffer: Seth Newell and Jerry Kelly
Key Grip: Sean Kirby
Grip: Ned Boggan
Costume/Props: Gary Barth and Martin McDonald
Make-up: Kathryn Petras
PA/Craft Service: Jonathan Hoffman and Jackson Leach
Art Dept: Matt Hall, Mat Powell, Walt Thomas
Audio Mastering: Eric Chapman
Editor/Visual Effects: Brian Curtin
3D/Special Effects: Goran Zovkic and Michael Eves
Visual Artist: Daniel Enrique De Leon
Capture Trooper Suit Artist: Anthony Kitchens
Special Thanks to: Sloss, Wade Sand and Gravel, Kel Roberts, Ford and Karla Wiles, Guerrilla Games
Huge Thanks to Joy Gravel for keeping me alive during this project.
4:38
Mister Heavenly - Bronx Sniper
published: 04 Nov 2011
author: Ravenhouse LTD.
Mister Heavenly - Bronx Sniper
20:07
A Lifelong Dream
Amaury on the 2010 world tour.
www.amaurybodyboarding.com
www.myspace.com/mozir
www.focu...
published: 08 Jan 2011
author: FOCUSprod Reunion
A Lifelong Dream
Amaury on the 2010 world tour.
www.amaurybodyboarding.com
www.myspace.com/mozir
www.focusbodyboarding.com
www.sniperbodyboard.com
www.kanabeach.com
www.bepapareil.com
www.avis.fr
www.cool-shoe.com
www.ibaworldtour.com
www.surfingfrance.com
www.surfingreunion.com
2:14
The Power of Music
Jack Leroy Tueller, at age 90, recounts a remarkable experience he had in WWII....
published: 26 Feb 2010
author: Life File Videos
The Power of Music
Jack Leroy Tueller, at age 90, recounts a remarkable experience he had in WWII.
3:32
50 CAL SNIPER SLOW-MO!
SHARE: http://clicktotweet.com/_pdx2
My Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
T...
published: 24 Dec 2012
author: FPSRussia
50 CAL SNIPER SLOW-MO!
SHARE: http://clicktotweet.com/_pdx2
My Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
- published: 24 Dec 2012
- views: 2523455
- author: FPSRussia
3:15
BAD NEWS SNIPER!
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THE...
published: 30 Apr 2012
author: FPSRussia
BAD NEWS SNIPER!
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
WARNING: DO NOT TRY THIS AT HOME, ALL VIDEO IS FILMED UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS.
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 8462711
- author: FPSRussia
3:42
The SWAT Sniper
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/6NWej
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadsh...
published: 30 Apr 2012
author: FPSRussia
The SWAT Sniper
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/6NWej
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
Zombies: http://zombieindustries.com/
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 5019977
- author: FPSRussia
5:34
Guns & Explosives!
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THE...
published: 30 Apr 2012
author: FPSRussia
Guns & Explosives!
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
CLICK TO TWEET PLEASE:
- published: 30 Apr 2012
- views: 3450716
- author: FPSRussia
4:24
DESERT TACTICAL HTI 50BMG SNIPER!
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clickto...
published: 22 Jul 2012
author: FPSRussia
DESERT TACTICAL HTI 50BMG SNIPER!
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/d6pb3
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
Weapon Info: http://www.deserttacticalarms.com/guns/dta-hti-sniper-rifle-chassis.html
- published: 22 Jul 2012
- views: 4637470
- author: FPSRussia
10:57
Knights Armament's SR-25
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/94Pg3
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadsh...
published: 10 Aug 2012
author: FPSRussia
Knights Armament's SR-25
CLICK TO TWEET: http://clicktotweet.com/94Pg3
FPSRussia Shirts: http://fpsrussia.spreadshirt.com/-C94489
Twitter: http://twitter.com/THEFPSHOW
FaceBook: http://www.facebook.com/FPSRUSSIA
Category:
- published: 10 Aug 2012
- views: 520906
- author: FPSRussia
Vimeo results:
14:19
KILLZONE INTERCEPT - Live Action Fan Film
( Hope you enjoyed it. Please use the Tip Jar below to help us make more awesome videos! )...
published: 01 Jan 2013
author: Brian Curtin
KILLZONE INTERCEPT - Live Action Fan Film
( Hope you enjoyed it. Please use the Tip Jar below to help us make more awesome videos! )
Killzone Intercept occurs during the events of Killzone 3 as the ISA evacuate Helghan. A small scout squad is called upon to stall a large group of approaching Helghasts that plan to cut off the ISA convoy from reaching the extraction point. Outnumbered, the squad takes on the task with hopes of getting everyone off the planet alive.
Director's note:
"This is another film project that was 2yrs in the making and only possible with unbelievable amounts of work and support from friends and family. It amazes me what can happen when a group of talented people are passionate about a project. On previous projects, we have never had any form of support from the actual game creators. Luckily, Guerrilla Games was kind enough to give feedback and recognition for a fan film project fueled by our love for the games. Other developers should take notes. Now, enjoy the film!"
STAY UPDATED ON FACEBOOK:
http://www.facebook.com/infectiousdesigner
SEE MORE HERE:
http://www.youtube.com/subscription_center?add_user=INFECTIOUSDESIGNER
THE CAST
Director: Brian Curtin
Writer's: Brian Curtin and Taylor Robinson
Executive Producer: Taylor Robinson
Producer: Lisa Harris
Director of Photography: Jason Wallis
Casting: Hannah Francis
Produced by: Six Foot Five Productions
MAIN CAST
William: Russ Hobbie
ISA Heavy: Gerhard Mathangani
ISA Sniper: Michael Walters
ISA Rifleman: Don Cano
Mother: Shannon Hoppe
Helghast Commander: Kevin Wayne
Young William: Finn Steward
Tortured ISA Soldier: Cris Morriss
Helghast Soldiers: Ryan Whaley, Logan Huggins, Ben Moon, Kenny Glover
Helghast Sniper/Capture Trooper: Walt Thomas
CREW
First A.C.: Bill Schweikert
Audio: Eric Chapman
Gaffer: Seth Newell and Jerry Kelly
Key Grip: Sean Kirby
Grip: Ned Boggan
Costume/Props: Gary Barth and Martin McDonald
Make-up: Kathryn Petras
PA/Craft Service: Jonathan Hoffman and Jackson Leach
Art Dept: Matt Hall, Mat Powell, Walt Thomas
Audio Mastering: Eric Chapman
Editor/Visual Effects: Brian Curtin
3D/Special Effects: Goran Zovkic and Michael Eves
Visual Artist: Daniel Enrique De Leon
Capture Trooper Suit Artist: Anthony Kitchens
Special Thanks to: Sloss, Wade Sand and Gravel, Kel Roberts, Ford and Karla Wiles, Guerrilla Games
Huge Thanks to Joy Gravel for keeping me alive during this project.
4:38
Mister Heavenly - Bronx Sniper
published: 04 Nov 2011
author: Ravenhouse LTD.
Mister Heavenly - Bronx Sniper
20:07
A Lifelong Dream
Amaury on the 2010 world tour.
www.amaurybodyboarding.com
www.myspace.com/mozir
www.focu...
published: 08 Jan 2011
author: FOCUSprod Reunion
A Lifelong Dream
Amaury on the 2010 world tour.
www.amaurybodyboarding.com
www.myspace.com/mozir
www.focusbodyboarding.com
www.sniperbodyboard.com
www.kanabeach.com
www.bepapareil.com
www.avis.fr
www.cool-shoe.com
www.ibaworldtour.com
www.surfingfrance.com
www.surfingreunion.com
2:14
The Power of Music
Jack Leroy Tueller, at age 90, recounts a remarkable experience he had in WWII....
published: 26 Feb 2010
author: Life File Videos
The Power of Music
Jack Leroy Tueller, at age 90, recounts a remarkable experience he had in WWII.
13:20
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 1 ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 05 May 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 1 ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 40144
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
14:53
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 2 ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 05 May 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 2 ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 36635
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
10:31
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 3 [1/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 05 May 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 3 [1/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 18683
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
11:05
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 3 [2/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 05 May 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 3 [2/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 05 May 2012
- views: 13228
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
14:42
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 4 [1/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 08 May 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 4 [1/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 08 May 2012
- views: 18841
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
14:59
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 4 [2/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 08 May 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 4 [2/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 08 May 2012
- views: 19259
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
9:36
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 5 [1/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 12 May 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 5 [1/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 12 May 2012
- views: 12483
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
13:39
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 5 [2/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 16 May 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 5 [2/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 16 May 2012
- views: 11901
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
13:57
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 6 [1/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 16 May 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 6 [1/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 16 May 2012
- views: 11804
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
7:00
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 6 [2/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 16 May 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 6 [2/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 16 May 2012
- views: 10686
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
15:22
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 7 [1/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 01 Aug 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 7 [1/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 13122
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
11:48
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 7 [2/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' A...
published: 01 Aug 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 7 [2/2] ( Pc )
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 7318
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
14:44
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 8 [1/2] ( Pc )
Questa missione viene prima della 7 che ho già fatto scusate l'errore :'(
L'Agente segreto...
published: 01 Aug 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 8 [1/2] ( Pc )
Questa missione viene prima della 7 che ho già fatto scusate l'errore :'(
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 8849
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
12:08
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 8 [2/2] ( Pc )
Questa missione viene prima della 7 che ho già fatto scusate l'errore :'(
L'Agente segreto...
published: 01 Aug 2012
author: ConsigliaGiochi
Sniper Elite V2 Gameplay ita Missione 8 [2/2] ( Pc )
Questa missione viene prima della 7 che ho già fatto scusate l'errore :'(
L'Agente segreto Karl Fairburne è un infiltrato nella Berlino del 1945,un cecchino dell' Alleanza paracadutato dietro le linee nemiche durante la battaglia, negli ultimi giorni di Guerra. La nuova missione che Fairburne deve portare a termine, denominata Operation Paperclip, ha lo scopo di reclutare alcuni degli scienziati nazisti per metterli al servizio degli Stati Uniti. Attenzione, un proiettile potrebbe cambiare la storia.
- published: 01 Aug 2012
- views: 6024
- author: ConsigliaGiochi
Vimeo results:
14:19
KILLZONE INTERCEPT - Live Action Fan Film
( Hope you enjoyed it. Please use the Tip Jar below to help us make more awesome videos! )...
published: 01 Jan 2013
author: Brian Curtin
KILLZONE INTERCEPT - Live Action Fan Film
( Hope you enjoyed it. Please use the Tip Jar below to help us make more awesome videos! )
Killzone Intercept occurs during the events of Killzone 3 as the ISA evacuate Helghan. A small scout squad is called upon to stall a large group of approaching Helghasts that plan to cut off the ISA convoy from reaching the extraction point. Outnumbered, the squad takes on the task with hopes of getting everyone off the planet alive.
Director's note:
"This is another film project that was 2yrs in the making and only possible with unbelievable amounts of work and support from friends and family. It amazes me what can happen when a group of talented people are passionate about a project. On previous projects, we have never had any form of support from the actual game creators. Luckily, Guerrilla Games was kind enough to give feedback and recognition for a fan film project fueled by our love for the games. Other developers should take notes. Now, enjoy the film!"
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THE CAST
Director: Brian Curtin
Writer's: Brian Curtin and Taylor Robinson
Executive Producer: Taylor Robinson
Producer: Lisa Harris
Director of Photography: Jason Wallis
Casting: Hannah Francis
Produced by: Six Foot Five Productions
MAIN CAST
William: Russ Hobbie
ISA Heavy: Gerhard Mathangani
ISA Sniper: Michael Walters
ISA Rifleman: Don Cano
Mother: Shannon Hoppe
Helghast Commander: Kevin Wayne
Young William: Finn Steward
Tortured ISA Soldier: Cris Morriss
Helghast Soldiers: Ryan Whaley, Logan Huggins, Ben Moon, Kenny Glover
Helghast Sniper/Capture Trooper: Walt Thomas
CREW
First A.C.: Bill Schweikert
Audio: Eric Chapman
Gaffer: Seth Newell and Jerry Kelly
Key Grip: Sean Kirby
Grip: Ned Boggan
Costume/Props: Gary Barth and Martin McDonald
Make-up: Kathryn Petras
PA/Craft Service: Jonathan Hoffman and Jackson Leach
Art Dept: Matt Hall, Mat Powell, Walt Thomas
Audio Mastering: Eric Chapman
Editor/Visual Effects: Brian Curtin
3D/Special Effects: Goran Zovkic and Michael Eves
Visual Artist: Daniel Enrique De Leon
Capture Trooper Suit Artist: Anthony Kitchens
Special Thanks to: Sloss, Wade Sand and Gravel, Kel Roberts, Ford and Karla Wiles, Guerrilla Games
Huge Thanks to Joy Gravel for keeping me alive during this project.
4:38
Mister Heavenly - Bronx Sniper
published: 04 Nov 2011
author: Ravenhouse LTD.
Mister Heavenly - Bronx Sniper
20:07
A Lifelong Dream
Amaury on the 2010 world tour.
www.amaurybodyboarding.com
www.myspace.com/mozir
www.focu...
published: 08 Jan 2011
author: FOCUSprod Reunion
A Lifelong Dream
Amaury on the 2010 world tour.
www.amaurybodyboarding.com
www.myspace.com/mozir
www.focusbodyboarding.com
www.sniperbodyboard.com
www.kanabeach.com
www.bepapareil.com
www.avis.fr
www.cool-shoe.com
www.ibaworldtour.com
www.surfingfrance.com
www.surfingreunion.com
2:14
The Power of Music
Jack Leroy Tueller, at age 90, recounts a remarkable experience he had in WWII....
published: 26 Feb 2010
author: Life File Videos
The Power of Music
Jack Leroy Tueller, at age 90, recounts a remarkable experience he had in WWII.
photo: AP / David Guttenfelder
07 Mar 2013
Posted. March 7, 2013. North Korea threatened a preemptive nuclear attack against the United States ahead of an upcoming vote on additional UN sanctions against Pyongyang. The country also accused the United States of performing military drills in South Korea as a launching pad for nuclear war. North Korea adds that it plans to scrap the armistice that ended Korean War hostilities ... The statement read. ... Category. Asia. Tags ... Posted ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
05 Mar 2013
Manila. Members of a major Philippine Muslim rebel force who were meant to have disarmed in the 1990s as part of a peace pact are involved in deadly battles in Malaysia, the group’s leader said on Tuesday. Nur Misuari, who founded the Moro National Liberation Front in the late 1960s, confirmed “freedom fighters” from his group were part of the militia sent by a self-proclaimed sultan to claim the Malaysian state of Sabah....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
07 Mar 2013
The conflict has wreaked political havoc for both Malaysia and the neighboring Philippines ... Ismail said at least 52 Filipinos have now been killed in the past week since hostilities in the Sabah security crisis escalated ... World news....(size: 1.3Kb)
photo: AP / Andrew Medichini
07 Mar 2013
Former Italian former prime minister Silvio Berlusconi has been sentenced to a year in prison over the publication of leaked transcripts from a police wiretap in one of his newspapers. Mr Berlusconi, who faces two more verdicts this month for tax fraud and having sex with an underage prostitute, can appeal the conviction and so doing suspend the sentence under Italian law ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
photo: AP / Ariel Schalit
07 Mar 2013
9.58 PM. The U.N. is demanding the immediate release of 21 peacekeepers seized by members of the Syrian opposition in the disputed Golan Heights area between Syria and Israel. Here's a statement from U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon. ... "The Secretary-General reminds all actors in Syria that UNDOF is mandated to monitor the Disengagement of Forces Agreement between Israel and Syria ... The U.N ... A U.N ... Here's more from The New York Times. ... U.N ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
noodls
08 Mar 2013
The exercise kicked off March 1 when elements of the scout and mortar platoons, medics and sniper section conducted an air insertion by CH-47 Chinook helicopter from Kansas City to Boonville ... As for the sniper section, they established a concealed position the night before a raid to overwatch a "high value target." The team lay motionless in the snow for about eight hours overnight in support of the operation....(size: 7.4Kb)
South China Morning Post
07 Mar 2013
Star Telegram
07 Mar 2013
ARLINGTON -- How big a figure former Navy SEAL Chris Kyle cut was on display again Thursday as about 100 police and Patriot Guard riders escorted a life-size sculpture of him to an Arlington foundry where, over the next 12 to 14 weeks, it will be cast in bronze. The 6-foot-3 clay replica of Kyle, who was fatally shot Feb ... 2 after hearing of Kyle's death ... Kyle wrote American Sniper. The Autobiography of the Most Lethal >Sniper in U.S. ...(size: 3.0Kb)
Skynews
07 Mar 2013
Snipers are now a bigger threat to troops serving in Helmand province than home-made bombs, according to the man who runs the morgue at Camp Bastion. Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) Stephen Smith, 43, from Co Antrim, said the nature of injuries had changed dramatically over the past two years. This was because of a huge improvement in the detection of improvised explosive devices (IEDs) ... A patrol base in Helmand ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)
The Examiner
07 Mar 2013
And there are reports that sniper teams have been deployed to combat the rodent scourge where some of the little beasts have grown larger than cats ... The National reported the same day that Tehran city officials have upped the number of sniper squads to deal with problem ... "We use chemical poisons to kill the rats during the day and the snipers at night."....(size: 6.5Kb)
U~T San Diego
07 Mar 2013
Best-Selling Books Week Ended February 24th. FICTION. 1. "Green Eggs and Ham" by Dr. Seuss (Random House Children's Books). 2. "One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish by Dr. Seuss (Random House Children's Books). 3. "Alex Cross, Run" by James Patterson (Little, Brown). 4. "Calculated in Death" by J.D ... 5 ... 6 ... "American Sniper" by Chris Kyle, Scott McEwen and Jim DeFelice (Harper) ... "American Sniper" by Chris Kyle, Scott McEwen and Jim DeFelice (Harper)....(size: 3.9Kb)
Tulsa World
07 Mar 2013
The Easter Bunny, a scientific lecture and mixed martial arts are all on the calendar this week. Just Between Friends. The annual Just Between Friends spring consignment sale continues through Saturday at the Exchange Center Building at the Expo Center, 4145 E. 21st St ... Hours are 9 a.m. to 7 p.m ... Friday ... Featured fighters on the fight card will include Andrew "The Sniper" Todhunter, an Army sniper, combat veteran and Purple Heart recipient....(size: 5.1Kb)
Lexington Herald-Leader
07 Mar 2013
March 12. God of War. Ascension (PS3, rated M), Sniper ... ....(size: 0.3Kb)
Star Tribune
07 Mar 2013
‘dead man down’ ... Victor’s boss is a crime-lord-on-edge named Alphonse (Terrence Howard) ... Beatrice figures it out soon enough, trailing Victor as he sets up his sniper’s rifle on a building roof ... ....(size: 1.1Kb)
MSNBC
07 Mar 2013
An ultimate tribute to an ultimate warrior has made it to North Texas. A more than six-and-a-half foot tall clay statue of former Navy SEAL sniper Chris Kyle arrived Thursday in the Metroplex from Florida, flanked by Patriot Guard Riders ... Marines when he learned of Kyle's murder ... “Now he's coming back even stronger ... Advertise . AdChoices. Advertise ... ....(size: 1.6Kb)
Khaleej Times
07 Mar 2013
Syrian warplanes bombarded the northeastern provincial capital of Raqqa for a second consecutive day on Wednesday, killing at least 39 people, opposition activists said ... Photographs taken by activists purportedly showed the education department building gutted by bombardment, and the body of a loyalist sniper they said was killed in a battle to take a military intelligence compound in the centre of the city ... ....(size: 1.9Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
07 Mar 2013
Sniper attacks are now a bigger threat to troops in Helmand province than home-made bombs, according to the man who runs the morgue at Camp Bastion. Regimental Sergeant Major (RSM) Stephen Smith, 43, from Co Antrim, said the nature of injuries had changed dramatically over the past two years. He said. "Our detection of IEDs (improvised explosive devices) is incredible ... "The mortuary is the most difficult definitely ... He said ... ....(size: 2.4Kb)
Lexington Herald-Leader
07 Mar 2013
It's a toss-up which of these perfectly crafted bits of patter in the unwitting gangland noir parody Dead Man Down takes the cake for over-the-top irrelevance. Do you want "Rabbits don't come in chartreuse"?. Or how about "Thank you for returning my Tupperware"? ... She gives him a shocking-green rabbit's foot for good luck ... Beatrice figures it out soon enough, trailing Victor as he sets up his sniper's rifle on a building roof ... 1.50 ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
For other uses, see Sniper (disambiguation).
 US Army sniper team shooting from within a room in Afghanistan with M24 SWS, 19 October 2006. |
|
| Occupation | |
|---|---|
| Names | Sniper |
| Activity sectors | use of high-precision rifles |
A sniper is a highly trained marksman who operates in one to two man teams which maintain close visual contact with the enemy and engages targets from concealed positions or physical distances exceeding the detection capabilities of the enemy personnel, without being detected. These sniper teams operate independently, with little combat asset support from their parent units. Snipers typically have highly selective and specialized training and possess high-precision rifles, optics and many times, sophisticated communication assets to feed valuable combat information back to their units.
In addition to marksmanship, military snipers are trained in camouflage, field craft, infiltration, reconnaissance and observation.[1] Snipers are especially effective when deployed within the terrain of urban warfare, or jungle warfare.
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The verb "to snipe" originated in the 1770s among soldiers in British India where a hunter skilled enough to kill the elusive snipe was dubbed a "sniper".[2] The term sniper was first attested in 1824 in the sense of the word "sharpshooter".[2]
During the American Civil War, the common term used in the United States was "sharpshooter", which is a reference to and a tribute to the Sharps rifles that were commonly used by Civil War "snipers", but the term "sharpshooter" does not originate with users of the Sharp's Rifle. The rifle was designed by Christian Sharps and made from 1850 onwards by the Sharps Rifle Manufacturing Company. They were renowned for long range and accuracy, and they were issued only to the best shooters. However, the term "sharp shooter" had been in use in British newspapers as early as 1801. In the Edinburgh Advertiser, 23 June 1801, can be found the following quote in a piece about the North British Militia; "This Regiment has several Field Pieces, and two companies of Sharp Shooters, which are very necessary in the modern Stile of War". The term appears even earlier, around 1781, in Europe.
Another common term used in the United States during the American Civil War was "skirmisher". Throughout history armies have used skirmishers to break up enemy formations and to thwart the enemy from flanking the main body of their attack force.[3] They were deployed individually on the extremes of the moving army primarily to scout for the possibility of an enemy ambush. Consequently, a "skirmish" denotes a clash of small scope between these forces.[4] In general, a skirmish was a limited combat, involving troops other than those of the main body.[3] The term "sniper" was not in widespread use in the United States until after the American Civil War.
Modern Warfare[link]
Different countries use different military doctrines regarding snipers in military units, settings, and tactics. Generally, a sniper's primary function in warfare is to provide detailed reconnaissance from a concealed position and, if necessary, to reduce the enemy's fighting ability by striking at high value targets (especially officers, communication and other personnel) and in the process pinning down and demoralizing the enemy.[5][6]
Soviet Russian and derived military doctrines include squad-level snipers. See the "Soviet sniper" article for further details.
Military snipers from the US, UK, and other countries that adopt their military doctrine are typically deployed in two-man sniper teams consisting of a shooter and spotter.[7] A common practice is for a shooter and a spotter to take turns in order to avoid eye fatigue.[6] In most recent combat operations occurring in large densely populated towns such as Fallujah, Iraq, two teams would be deployed together to increase their security and effectiveness in an urban environment. A sniper team would be armed with their long range weapon, and a shorter ranged weapon to engage and protect the team should enemies come in close contact. German doctrine of largely independent snipers and emphasis on concealment developed during the Second World War have been most influential on modern sniper tactics, currently used throughout Western militaries (examples are specialized camouflage clothing, concealment in terrain and emphasis on coup d'œil).[8][9][10]
Typical sniper missions include reconnaissance and surveillance, target marking for air-strikes, counter-sniper, killing enemy commanders, selecting targets of opportunity, and even destruction of military equipment, which tend to require use of rifles in the larger calibers such as the .50 BMG, like the Barrett M82, McMillan Tac-50, and Denel NTW-20.[6] Snipers have increasingly been demonstrated as being useful by US and UK forces in the recent Iraq campaign in a fire support role to cover the movement of infantry, especially in urban areas.[6]
History[link]
The American Revolution[link]
Sniping occurred on 19 September 1777 at the battle of Saratoga, better known as the Battle of Freeman's Farm, where the Colonists hid in the trees and used early model rifles to shoot British officers.
Second Boer War[link]
The first British sniper unit began life as Lovat Scouts, a Scottish Highland regiment that earned high praise during the Second Boer War (1899–1902).[6] The unit was formed by Lord Lovat and reported to an American, Major Frederick Russell Burnham, the British Army Chief of Scouts under Lord Roberts. Burnham fittingly described these scouts as "half wolf and half jackrabbit.".[11] Just like their Boer scout opponents, these scouts were well practised in the arts of marksmanship, field craft, and military tactics. They were the first known military unit to wear a ghillie suit.[12] They were skilled woodsmen and practitioners of discretion: "He who shoots and runs away, lives to shoot another day." After the war, this regiment went on to formally become the British Army's first sniper unit, then better known as sharpshooters.[11]
World War I and World War II[link]
World War I[link]
During World War I, snipers appeared as deadly sharpshooters in the trenches. At the start of the war, only Imperial Germany had troops that were issued scoped sniper rifles. Although sharpshooters existed on all sides, the Germans specially equipped some of their soldiers with scoped rifles that could pick off enemy soldiers showing their heads out of their trench.[8] At first the French and British believed such hits to be coincidental hits, until the German scoped rifles were discovered.[8] During World War I, the Germans received a reputation for the deadliness and efficiency of their snipers, partly because of the high-quality lenses the Germans could manufacture.[8]
Soon the British army began to train their own snipers in specialized sniper schools. Major Hesketh Hesketh-Prichard was given formal permission to begin sniper training in 1915, and founded the First Army School of Sniping, Observation, and Scouting at Linghem in France in 1916.[13] In 1920, he wrote his account of his war time activities in his book Sniping in France, which is still referenced by modern authors on the subject.[14][15][16] Hesketh-Prichard developed many techniques in sniping, including the use of spotting scopes and working in pairs, and using Kim's Game to train observational skills.[17] On the Eastern Front, Imperial Russia never introduced specialized sharpshooters or snipers, allowing the German snipers to pick off their targets without danger from counter-snipers.[8]
The British did use papier-mâché figures painted to resemble soldiers to draw sniper fire. Some were equipped with rubber surgical tubing so the dummy could "smoke" a cigarette and thus appear realistic. Holes punched in the dummy by enemy sniper bullets then could be used for triangulation purposes to determine the position of the enemy sniper, who could then be attacked with artillery fire.
Rifles used during World War I[link]
Some common sniper rifles used during the First World War include: the German Mauser Gewehr 98; the British Pattern 1914 Enfield[18] and Lee-Enfield SMLE Mk III, and the American M1903 Springfield, and the Russian M1891 Mosin–Nagant.
World War II[link]
European Theatre[link]
During the interbellum, most nations dropped their specialized sniper units, notably the Germans. Effectiveness and dangers of snipers once again came to the fore during the Spanish Civil War. The only nation that had specially trained sniper units during the 1930s was the Soviet Union. Soviet snipers were trained in their skills as marksmen, in using the terrain to hide themselves from the enemy and the ability to work alongside regular forces. This made the Soviet sniper training focus more on "normal" combat situations than those of other nations.
Snipers reappeared as important factors on the battlefield from the first campaign of World War II. During Germany's 1940 campaigns, it appeared that lone, well hidden French and British snipers could halt the German advance for a significant amount of time. For example during the pursuit to Dunkirk, British snipers were able to significantly delay German infantry's advance. This prompted the British to once again increase training of specialized sniper units. Apart from marksmanship British snipers were trained to blend in with the environment, often by using special camouflage clothing for concealment. However, because the British Army offered sniper training exclusively to officers and non-commissioned officers, the number of trained snipers in the combat units considerably reduced overall effectiveness.[9]
During the Winter War, Finnish snipers took a heavy toll of the invading Soviet army. Simo Häyhä is credited with 505 confirmed kills,[19][20] most with the Finnish version of the iron-sighted bolt action Mosin-Nagant.
One of the best known battles involving snipers, and the battle that made the Germans reinstate their specialized sniper training, was the Battle of Stalingrad. Their defensive position inside a city filled with rubble meant that Soviet snipers were able to inflict significant casualties on the Wehrmacht troops. Because of the nature of fighting in city rubble, snipers were very hard to spot and seriously dented the morale of the German attackers. The best known of these snipers was probably Vassili Zaitsev, immortalized in the novel War of the Rats and the subsequent film Enemy At The Gates.
German Scharfschützen were prepared before the war, equipped with Karabiner 98 and later Gewehr 43 rifles, but there were often not enough of these weapons available, and as such some were armed with captured scoped Mosin-Nagant 1891/30, SVT or Czech Mauser rifles. The Wehrmacht re-established its sniper training in 1942, drastically increasing the number of snipers per unit with the creation of an additional 31 sniper training companies by 1944. German snipers were as the only snipers in the world at the time issued with purpose manufactured sniping ammunition, known as the 'effect-firing' sS round.[21] The 'effect-firing' sS round featured an extra carefully measured propellant charge and seated a heavy 12.8 gram (198 gr) full metal jacketed boat tail projectile of match grade build quality, lacking usual features such as a seating ring to further improve the already high ballistic coefficient of .584 (G1).[22] For aiming optics German snipers used the Zeiss Zielvier 4x (ZF39) telescopic sight which had bullet drop compensation in 50 m increments for ranges from 100 m up to 800 m or in some variations from 100 m up to 1000 m or 1200 m. There were ZF42, Zielfernrohr 43 (ZF 4), Zeiss Zielsechs 6x and other telescopic sights by various manufacturers like the Ajack 4x, Hensoldt Dialytan 4x and Kahles Heliavier 4x with similar features employed on German sniper rifles. Several different mountings produced by various manufacturers were used for mounting aiming optics to the rifles. In February 1945 the Zielgerät 1229 active infrared aiming device was issued for night sniping with the StG 44 assault rifle.
During the Second World War the title of distinguished sniper was awarded to 261 Red Army snipers with over 50 confirmed kills.[citation needed] 428,335 individuals received Red Army sniper training, including Soviet and non-Soviet partisans, with 9,534 receiving sniping 'higher qualification'. The two six-month training courses in 1942 for women alone trained nearly 55,000 snipers.[23][verification needed] On average there was at least one sniper in an infantry platoon and one in every reconnaissance platoon, including in tank and even artillery units.[verification needed] Some used the PTRD anti-tank rifle with an adapted scope as an early example of an anti-materiel rifle.
In the United States Armed Forces, sniper training was only very elementary and focused on being able to hit targets over long distances. Snipers were required to be able to hit a body over 400 meters away, and a head over 200 meters away. There was almost no concern with the ability to blend into the environment. Sniper training varied from place to place, resulting in a wide range of qualities of snipers. The main reason the US did not extend their training beyond long-range shooting was the limited deployment of US soldiers until the Normandy Invasion. During the campaigns in North Africa and Italy, most fighting occurred in arid and mountainous regions where the potential for concealment was limited, in contrast to Western and Central Europe.
The U.S. Army's lack of familiarity with sniping tactics resulted in disastrous effects in Normandy and the campaign in Western Europe where they encountered well trained German snipers.[8] In Normandy, German snipers remained hidden in the dense vegetation and were able to encircle American units, firing at them from all sides. The American and British forces were surprised by how near the German snipers could safely come and attack them, as well as by their ability to hit targets at up to 1,000m. A notable mistake made by the green American soldiers was to lie down and wait when targeted by German snipers, thus allowing the snipers to pick them off one after another.[8] German snipers often infiltrated Allied lines and sometimes when the front-lines moved, they fought from their sniping positions, refusing to surrender until their rations and munitions were exhausted. After World War II, many elements of German sniper training and doctrine were copied by other countries.[8]
Pacific Theater[link]
In the Pacific War, the Empire of Japan trained snipers. In the jungles of Asia and the Pacific Islands, snipers posed a serious threat to the U.S, British, Canadian and Australian troops. Japanese snipers were specially trained to use the environment to conceal themselves. Japanese snipers used foliage on their uniforms and dug well-concealed hide-outs that were often connected with small trenches. There was no need for long range accuracy because most combat in the jungle took place within a few hundred meters. Japanese snipers were known for their patience and ability to remain hidden for long periods. They almost never left their carefully camouflaged hiding spots. This meant that whenever a sniper was in the area, the location of the sniper could be determined after the sniper had fired a few shots. The Allies used their own snipers in the Pacific, notably the U.S. Marines, who used M1903 Springfield rifles.
Rifles used during World War II[link]
Some common sniper rifles used during the Second World War include: the Soviet M1891/30 Mosin Nagant and, to a lesser extent, the SVT-40; the German Mauser Karabiner 98k and Gewehr 43; the British Lee-Enfield No. 4 and Pattern 1914 Enfield; the Japanese Arisaka 97; the American M1903A4 Springfield and M1C Garand; to a lesser extent, the Italians trained few snipers and supplied them with a scoped Carcano Model 1891.
Range[link]
Longest recorded sniper kills[link]
Main article: Longest recorded sniper kills
The longest range recorded for a sniper kill currently stands at 2,475 m (2,707 yd) and was achieved by CoH Craig Harrison, a sniper from the Household Cavalry of the British Army. It was accomplished in an engagement in November 2009 in which two stationary Taliban machine gunners were killed south of Musa Qala in Helmand Province in Afghanistan with two consecutive shots by CoH Harrison using an Accuracy International L115A3 Long Range Rifle chambered in .338 Lapua Magnum.[24][25][26][27]
The QTU Lapua external ballistics software,[28] using continuous doppler drag coefficient (Cd) data provided by Lapua,[29] predicts that such shots traveling 2,475 m (2,707 yd) would likely have struck their targets after nearly 6.0 seconds of flight time, having lost 93% of their kinetic energy, retaining 255 m/s (840 ft/s) of their original 936 m/s (3,070 ft/s) velocity, and having dropped 121.39 m (4,779 in) or 2.8° from the original bore line. Due to the extreme distances and travel time involved, even a light cross-breeze of 2.7 m/s (6.0 mph) would have diverted such shots 9.2 m (360 in) off target, which would have required compensation. The calculation assumes a flat-fire scenario, utilizing British military custom high pressure .338 Lapua Magnum cartridges, loaded with 16.2 g (250 gr) Lapua LockBase B408 bullets, fired at 936 m/s (3,071 ft/s) muzzle velocity[30] under the following on-site (average) atmospheric conditions: barometric pressure: 1,019 hPa (30.1 inHg) at sea-level equivalent or 899 hPa (26.5 inHg) on-site, humidity: 25.9%, and temperature: 15 °C (59 °F) in the region for November 2009,[31] resulting in an air density ρ = 1.0854 kg/m3 at the 1,043 m (3,422 ft) elevation of Musa Qala.
CoH Craig Harrison mentions in reports that the environmental conditions were perfect for long range shooting, no wind, mild weather, clear visibility. Mr. Tom Irwin, a director of Accuracy International, the British manufacturer of the L115A3 rifle, said: "It is still fairly accurate beyond 1,500 m (1,640 yd), but at that distance luck plays as much of a part as anything."
Police[link]
Law enforcement snipers, commonly called police snipers, and military snipers differ in many ways, including their areas of operation and tactics. A police sharpshooter is part of a police operation and usually takes part in relatively short missions. Police forces typically deploy such sharpshooters in hostage scenarios. This differs from a military sniper, who operates as part of a larger army, engaged in warfare. Sometimes as part of a SWAT team, police snipers are deployed alongside negotiators and an assault team trained for close quarters combat. As policemen, they are trained to shoot only as a last resort, when there is a direct threat to life; the police sharpshooter has a well-known rule: "Be prepared to take a life to save a life."[32] Police snipers typically operate at much shorter ranges than military snipers, generally under 100 metres (109 yd) and sometimes even less than 50 metres (55 yd). Both types of snipers do make difficult shots under pressure, and often perform one-shot kills.
Police units that are unequipped for tactical operations may rely on a specialized SWAT team, which may have a dedicated sniper.[32] Some police sniper operations begin with military assistance.[33] Police snipers placed in vantage points, such as high buildings, can provide security for events.[34] In one high-profile incident, Mike Plumb, a SWAT sniper in Columbus, Ohio, prevented a suicide by shooting a revolver out of the individual's hand, leaving him unharmed.[35]
The need for specialized training for police sharpshooters was made apparent in 1972 during the Munich massacre when the German police could not deploy specialized personnel or equipment during the standoff at the airport in the closing phase of the crisis, and consequently all of the Israeli hostages were killed. The German police only had regular police who were selected if they did hunting as a hobby.[citation needed] While the German army did have snipers in 1972, the use of snipers of the German army in the scenario was impossible due to the German constitution's explicit prohibition of the use of the military in domestic matters. This situation was later addressed with the founding of the specialized police counter-terrorist unit GSG 9.
Training[link]
Military sniper training aims to teach a high degree of proficiency in camouflage and concealment, stalking, observation and map reading as well as precision marksmanship under various operational conditions. Trainees typically shoot thousands of rounds over a number of weeks, while learning these core skills.
Snipers are trained to squeeze the trigger straight back with the ball of their finger, to avoid jerking the gun sideways.[6] The most accurate position is prone, with a sandbag supporting the stock, and the stock's cheek-piece against the cheek.[6] In the field, a bipod can be used instead. Sometimes a sling is wrapped around the weak arm (or both) to reduce stock movement.[6] Some doctrines train a sniper to breathe deeply before shooting, then hold their lungs empty while they line up and take their shot.[6] Some go further, teaching their snipers to shoot between heartbeats to minimize barrel motion.[6]
Accuracy[link]
File:CSA-2006-10-17-093634.jpg
A sniper, using a MK.14 EBR uses two stakes as shooting sticks to help steady his aim while providing overwatch in Iraq.
The key to sniping is accuracy, which applies to both the weapon and the shooter. The weapon should be able to consistently place shots within tight tolerances.[6] The sniper in turn must utilize the weapon to accurately place shots under varying conditions.[6]
A sniper must have the ability to accurately estimate the various factors that influence a bullet's trajectory and point of impact such as: range to the target, wind direction, wind velocity, altitude and elevation of the sniper and the target and ambient temperature. Mistakes in estimation compound over distance and can decrease lethality or cause a shot to miss completely.[6]
Snipers zero their weapons at a target range or in the field. This is the process of adjusting the scope so that the bullet's points-of-impact is at the point-of-aim (centre of scope or scope's cross-hairs) for a specific distance.[6] A rifle and scope should retain its zero as long as possible under all conditions to reduce the need to re-zero during missions.[6]
A sandbag can serve as a useful platform for shooting a sniper rifle, although any soft surface such as a rucksack will steady a rifle and contribute to consistency.[6] In particular, bipods help when firing from a prone position, and enable the firing position to be sustained for an extended period of time. Many police and military sniper rifles come equipped with an adjustable bipod.[6] Makeshift bipods known as shooting sticks can be constructed from items such as tree branches or ski poles.[6]
Accuracy and range depend on the cartridge used:
| Cartridge | Maximum effective range[36] |
|---|---|
| 5.56x45mm NATO (.223 Remington) | 300–500 m |
| 7.62x51mm (.308 Winchester) | 800-1,000 m |
| 7.62x54mmR | 800-1,000 m |
| 7 mm Remington Magnum | 900-1,100 m |
| .300 Winchester Magnum | 900-1,200 m |
| .338 Lapua Magnum | 1,300-1,600 m |
| .50 BMG (12.7x99mm NATO) | 1,500-2,000 m |
| 12.7x108mm (Russian) | 1,500-2,000 m |
| 14.5x114mm (Russian) | 1,900-2,300 m |
U.S. military[link]
In today's military, there are very few snipers. For example, there are fewer than 300 snipers in the Marine Corps and fewer than 1000 in the US Army. [1]
Servicemen volunteer for the rigorous sniper training and are accepted on the basis of their aptitude, physical ability, marksmanship, patience and mental stability. Military snipers may be further trained as forward air controllers (FACs) to direct air strikes or forward observers (FOs) to direct artillery or mortar fire.[37]
Russian Army[link]
Starting in 2011, the Russian armed forces will establish newly developed sniper courses taking place in military district training centres. Instead of Soviet practice of mainly squad sharpshooters, which were often designated during initial training (and of whom only few become snipers per se), "new" Army snipers are to be trained intensively for 3 months (for conscripts) or longer (for contract soldiers); the program includes theory and practice of countersniper engagements, artillery spotting and coordination of air support. The first instructors are the graduates of the Solnechnogorsk sniper training centre.
The method of sniper deployment, according to Ministry of Defence, is likely to be one three-platoon company at the brigade level, with one of the platoons acting independently and the other two supporting the battalions as needed.[38]
Targeting[link]
The range to the target is measured or estimated as precisely as conditions permit and correct range estimation becomes absolutely critical at long ranges, because a bullet travels with a curved trajectory and the sniper must compensate for this by aiming higher at longer distances.[6] If the exact distance is not known the sniper may compensate incorrectly and the bullet path may be too high or low. As an example, for a typical military sniping cartridge such as 7.62x51mm NATO (.308 Winchester) M118 Special Ball round this difference (or “drop”) from 700 to 800 metres (770–870 yd) is 200 millimetres (7.9 in). This means that if the sniper incorrectly estimated the distance as 700 meters when the target was in fact 800 meters away, the bullet will be 200 millimeters lower than expected by the time it reaches the target.[6]
Laser rangefinders may be used, but are not preferred on the battlefield because a laser can be seen by both the sender and the receiver, especially after dark when using night vision equipment.[39] One useful method is comparing the height of the target (or nearby objects) to their size on the mil dot scope, or taking a known distance and using some sort of measure (utility poles, fence posts) to determine the additional distance. The average human head is 150 millimeters (5.9 in) in width, average human shoulders are 500 millimeters (20 in) apart and the average distance from a person's pelvis to the top of their head is 1,000 millimeters (39 in).
To determine the range to a target without a laser rangefinder, the sniper may use the mil dot reticle on a scope to accurately find the range. Mil dots are used like a slide rule to measure the height of a target, and if the height is known, the range can be as well. The height of the target (in yards) ×1000, divided by the height of the target (in mils), gives the range in yards. This is only in general, however, as both scope magnification (7×, 40×) and mil dot spacing change. The USMC standard is that 1 mil (that is, 1 milliradian) equals 3.438 MOA (minute of arc, or, equivalently, minute of angle), while the US Army standard is 3.6 MOA, chosen so as to give a diameter of 1 yard at a distance of 1000 yards (or equivalently, a diameter of 1 meter at a range of 1 kilometer.) Many commercial manufacturers use 3.5, splitting the difference, since it is easier to work with.[6]
Explanation: 1 MIL = 1 milli-radian. That is, 1 MIL = 1x10^-3 radian. But, 10^-3 rad x (360 deg/ (2 x Pi) radians) = 0.0573 degrees. Now, 1 MOA = 1/60 degree = 0.01667 degrees. Hence, there are 0.0573/0.01667 = 3.43775 MOA per MIL, where MIL is defined as a milli-radian. On the other hand, defining a mil-dot by the US Army way, to equate it to 1-yard (1 m) at 1,000 yards (1,000 m), means the Army's mil-dot is approximately 3.6 MOA.
It is important to note that angular mil (mil) is only an approximation of a milliradian and different organizations use different approximations.
At longer ranges, bullet drop plays a significant role in targeting.[6] The effect can be estimated from a chart which may be memorized or taped to the rifle, although some scopes come with Bullet Drop Compensator (BDC) systems that only require the range be dialed in. These are tuned to both a specific class of rifle and specific ammunition. Every bullet type and load will have different ballistics. .308 Federal 175 grain (11.3 g) BTHP match shoots at 2,600 ft/s (790 m/s). Zeroed at 100 yards (100 m), a 16.2 MOA adjustment would have to be made to hit a target at 600 yards (500 m). If the same bullet was shot with 168 grain (10.9 g), a 17.1 MOA adjustment would be necessary.[6]
Shooting uphill or downhill is confusing for many because gravity does not act perpendicular to the direction the bullet is traveling. Thus, gravity must be divided into its component vectors. Only the fraction of gravity equal to the cosine of the angle of fire with respect to the horizon affects the rate of fall of the bullet, with the remained adding or subtracting negligible velocity to the bullet along its trajectory. To find the correct zero, the sniper multiplies the actual distance to the range by this fraction and aims as if the target were that distance away. For example, a sniper who observes a target 500 meters away at a 45-degree angle downhill would multiply the range by the cosine of 45 degrees, which is 0.707. The resulting distance will be 353 meters. This number is equal to the horizontal distance to the target. All other values, such as windage, time-to-target, impact velocity, and energy will be calculated based on the actual range of 500 meters. Recently, a small device known as a cosine indicator has been developed.[6] This device is clamped to the tubular body of the telescopic sight, and gives an indicative readout in numerical form as the rifle is aimed up or down at the target.[6] This is translated into a figure used to compute the horizontal range to the target.
Windage which plays a significant role, the effect increasing with wind speed or the distance of the shot. The slant of visible convections near the ground can be used to estimate crosswinds, and correct the point of aim. All adjustments for range, wind, and elevation can be performed by aiming off the target, called "holding over" or Kentucky windage.[6] Alternatively, the scope can be adjusted so that the point of aim is changed to compensate for these factors, sometimes referred to as "dialing in". The shooter must remember to return the scope to zeroed position. Adjusting the scope allows for more accurate shots, because the cross-hairs can be aligned with the target more accurately, but the sniper must know exactly what differences the changes will have on the point-of-impact at each target range.[6]
For moving targets, the point-of-aim is ahead of the target in the direction of movement. Known as "leading" the target, the amount of "lead" depends on the speed and angle of the target's movement as well as the distance to the target. For this technique, holding over is the preferred method.[6] Anticipating the behavior of the target is necessary to accurately place the shot.[6]
Hide sites and hiding techniques[link]
The term "hide site" refers to a covered and concealed position from which a sniper and his team can conduct surveillance and/or fire at targets. A good hide conceals and camouflages the sniper effectively, provides cover from enemy fire and allows a wide view of the surrounding area.
The main purpose of ghillie suits and hide sites is to break up the outline of a person with a rifle.
Many snipers use ghillie suits to hide and stay hidden. Ghillie suits vary according to the terrain into which the sniper wishes to blend. For example, in dry, grassy wasteland the sniper will typically wear a ghillie suit covered in dead grass.
Tactics[link]
Shot placement[link]
Shot placement varies considerably with the type of sniper being discussed. Military snipers, who generally do not engage targets at less than 300 m (330 yd), usually attempt body shots, aiming at the chest. These shots depend on tissue damage, organ trauma, and blood loss to make the kill.
Police snipers who generally engage at much shorter distances may attempt more precise shot at particular parts of body or particular devices: in one event in 2007 in Marseille, a GIPN sniper took a shot from 80 m (87 yd) at the pistol of a policeman threatening to commit suicide, destroying the weapon and preventing him from killing himself.[40] Less lethal shots (at arms or legs) may be taken at criminals to sap their will to fight or reduce their mobility.
In a high-risk or instant-death hostage situation, police snipers may take head shots to ensure an instant kill. The snipers aim for the "apricot", or the medulla oblongata, located inside the head, a part of the brain that controls involuntary movement that lies at the base of the skull. Some ballistics and neurological researchers have argued that severing the spinal cord at an area near the second cervical vertebra is actually achieved,[citation needed] usually having the same effect of preventing voluntary motor activity, but the debate on the matter remains largely academic at present.
With moving targets it is necessary to lead the target to compensate for movement during the flight of the projectile.
Targets[link]
Snipers can target personnel or materiel, but most often they target the most important enemy personnel such as officers or specialists (e.g. communications operators) so as to cause maximum disruption to enemy operations. Other personnel they might target include those who pose an immediate threat to the sniper, like dog handlers, who are often employed in a search for snipers.
A sniper identifies officers by their appearance and behavior such as symbols of rank, talking to radio operators, sitting as a passenger in a car, having military servants, binoculars/map cases or talking and moving position more frequently. If possible, snipers shoot in descending order by rank, or if rank is unavailable, they shoot to disrupt communications.
Since most kills in modern warfare are by crew-served weapons, reconnaissance is one of the most effective uses of snipers. They use their aerobic conditioning, infiltration skills and excellent long-distance observation equipment and tactics to approach and observe the enemy. In this role, their rules of engagement let them engage only high value targets of opportunity.
Some rifles, such as the Denel NTW-20 and Vidhwansak are designed for a purely anti-materiel (AM) role, e.g. shooting turbine disks of parked aircraft, missile guidance packages, expensive optics, and the bearings, tubes or wave guides of radar sets. A sniper equipped with the correct rifle can target radar dishes, water containers, the engines of vehicles, and any number of other targets. Other rifles, such as the .50 caliber rifles produced by Barrett and McMillan are not designed exclusively as AM rifles, but are often employed in such a way, providing the range and power needed for AM applications in a lightweight package compared to most traditional AM rifles. Other calibers, such as the .408 Cheyenne Tactical and the .338 Lapua Magnum are designed to be capable of limited AM application, but are ideally suited as long range anti-personnel rounds.
Baiting[link]
Baiting is the utilization of dropped objects for potential targets to find and pick up. In the Iraq war, picking up weapons and munitions could be considered evidence of insurgency. Snipers would drop weapons and wait for targets to pick up the weapons so they could engage the target. According to court documents[41] quoted by the Washington Post, the U.S. military's Asymmetric Warfare Group encouraged snipers to drop items "such as detonation cords, plastic explosives and ammunition"[42] then kill Iraqis who handled the items.[42][41][43]
| “ | "Baiting is putting an object out there that we know they will use, with the intention of destroying the enemy...Basically, we would put an item out there and watch it. If someone found the item, picked it up and attempted to leave with the item, we would engage the individual as I saw this as a sign they would use the item against U.S. Forces." - Capt. Matthew P. Didier, the leader of an elite sniper scout platoon attached to the 1st Battalion of the 501st Infantry Regiment, in a sworn statement[42] | ” |
Relocating[link]
Often in situations with multiple targets, snipers use relocation. After firing a few shots from a certain position, snipers move unseen to another location before the enemy can determine where he or she is and mount a counter-attack. Snipers will frequently use this tactic to their advantage, creating an atmosphere of chaos and confusion. In other, rarer situations, relocation is used to eliminate the factor of wind.
Sound masking[link]
As sniper rifles are often extremely powerful and consequently loud, it is common for snipers to use a technique known as sound masking. When employed by a highly skilled marksman, this tactic can be used as a substitute for a noise suppressor. Very loud sounds in the environment, such as artillery shells air bursting or claps of thunder, can often mask the sound of the shot. This technique is frequently used in clandestine operations, infiltration tactics, and guerrilla warfare.
Psychological warfare[link]
Due to the unexpected aspect of sniper fire, high lethality of aimed shots and frustration at the inability to locate and attack snipers, sniper tactics have a significant effect on morale. Extensive use of sniper tactics can be used as a psychological strategy in order to induce constant stress in opposing forces.
One may note that by many aspects (constant threat, high "per event" lethality, inability to strike back), the psychological impact imposed by snipers is quite similar to those of landmines, booby-traps, and IEDs.
Historically, captured snipers are often summarily executed. This happened during World War I,[44] and during World War II.[45] As a result, if a sniper is in imminent danger of capture, he may discard any items which might indicate his status as a sniper. The risk of captured snipers being summarily executed is explicitly referred to in Chapter 6 of US Army doctrine document FM 3-060.11 entitled 'SNIPER AND COUNTERSNIPER TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES':
Historically, units that suffered heavy and continual casualties from urban sniper fire and were frustrated by their inability to strike back effectively often have become enraged. Such units may overreact and violate the laws of land warfare concerning the treatment of captured snipers. This tendency is magnified if the unit has been under the intense stress of urban combat for an extended time. It is vital that commanders and leaders at all levels understand the law of land warfare and understand the psychological pressures of urban warfare. It requires strong leadership and great moral strength to prevent soldiers from releasing their anger and frustration on captured snipers or civilians suspected of sniping at them.[46]
The negative reputation of snipers can be traced back to the American Revolution, when American "Marksmen" would intentionally target British officers, an act considered uncivilized by the British Army at the time (this reputation would be cemented during the Battle of Saratoga, when Benedict Arnold allegedly ordered his marksmen to target British General Simon Fraser, an act that would win the battle and French support).[7] The British side used specially selected sharpshooters as well, often German mercenaries.[7]
To demoralize enemy troops, snipers can follow predictable patterns. During the 26th of July Movement in the Cuban Revolution, the revolutionaries led by Fidel Castro always killed the foremost man in a group of President Batista's soldiers.[verification needed] Realizing this, none of Batista's men would walk first, as it was suicidal. This effectively decreased the army's willingness to search for rebel bases in the mountains. An alternative approach to this psychological process is to kill the second man in the row, leading to the psychological effect of nobody wanting to follow the "leader".
The phrase "one shot, one kill" has gained notoriety in popular culture as a glorification of the "sniper mystique". The phrase embodies the sniper's tactics and philosophy of stealth and efficiency. The term may mean that only a single round should be fired, as every shot fired assists the enemy in locating the sniper. As well, every shot should be accurately placed, in order to kill or severely wound the victim. Whether the phrase actually reflects reality is subject to debate, but it has been widely used in literature and movies.
Counter-sniper tactics[link]
Main article: Counter-sniper tactics
The occurrence of sniper warfare has led to the evolution of many counter-sniper tactics in modern military strategies. These aim to reduce the damage caused by a sniper to an army, which can often be harmful to both combat capabilities and morale.
The risk of damage to a chain of command can be reduced by removing or concealing features which would otherwise indicate an officer's rank. Modern armies tend to avoid saluting officers in the field, and eliminate rank insignia on battle dress uniforms (BDU). Officers can seek maximum cover before revealing themselves as good candidates for elimination through actions such as reading maps or using radios.
Friendly snipers can be used to hunt the enemy sniper. Besides direct observation, defending forces can use other techniques. These include calculating the trajectory of a bullet by triangulation. Traditionally, triangulation of a sniper's position was done manually, though radar-based technology has recently become available. Once located, the defenders can attempt to approach the sniper from cover and overwhelm him. The United States military is funding a project known as RedOwl (Robot Enhanced Detection Outpost With Lasers), which uses laser and acoustic sensors to determine the exact direction from which a sniper round has been fired.[47]
The more rounds fired by a sniper, the greater the number of chances a target has to locate him. Thus, attempts to draw fire are often made, sometimes by offering a helmet slightly out of concealment, a tactic successfully employed in the Winter War by the Finns known as "Kylmä-Kalle" (Cold Charlie).[48] They used a shop mannequin or other doll dressed as a tempting target, such as an officer. The doll was then presented as if it were a real man sloppily covering himself. Usually, Soviet snipers were unable to resist the temptation of an apparently easy kill. Once the angle where the bullet came from was determined, a large calibre gun, such as a Lahti L-39 "Norsupyssy" ("Elephant rifle") anti-tank rifle was fired at the sniper to kill him.
Other tactics include directing artillery or mortar fire onto suspected sniper positions, the use of smoke screens, placing tripwire-operated munitions, mines, or other booby-traps near suspected sniper positions. Even dummy trip-wires can be placed to hamper sniper movement. If anti-personnel mines are unavailable, it is possible to improvise booby-traps by connecting trip-wires to hand grenades, smoke grenades or flares. Though these may not kill the sniper, they will reveal the location of the sniper(s). Booby-trap devices can be placed near likely sniper hides, or along the probable routes to and from the positions. Knowledge of sniper field-craft will assist in this task.
One very old counter-sniper tactic is to tie rags onto bushes or similar items in suspected sniper hides. These rags flutter in the breeze creating random movements in the corner of the sniper's eye, which he/she will often find distracting. The greatest virtue of this tactic is its simplicity and ease of implementation; however, it is unlikely to prevent a skilled sniper from selecting targets, and may in fact provide a sniper with additional information about the wind near the target.
The use of canine units was very successful, especially during the Vietnam War. A trained dog can easily determine direction from the sound of the bullet, and will lie down with its head pointed at the origin of the gunshot.
Irregular and asymmetric warfare[link]
Main article: Asymmetric warfare
The use of sniping (in the sense of shooting at relatively long range from a concealed position) to murder came to public attention in a number of sensational U.S. cases, including the Austin sniper incident of 1966, the John F. Kennedy assassination, and the Beltway sniper attacks of late 2002. However, these incidents usually do not involve the range or skill of military snipers; in all three cases the perpetrators had U.S. military training, but in other specialties. News reports will often (inaccurately) use the term sniper to describe anyone shooting with a rifle at another person.[citation needed]
Sniping has been used in asymmetric warfare situations, for example in the Northern Ireland Troubles, where in 1972, the bloodiest year of the conflict, the majority of the soldiers killed were shot by concealed IRA riflemen.[49] There were some instances in the early 1990s of British soldiers and RUC personnel being shot with .50 caliber Barrett rifles by sniper teams collectively known as the South Armagh sniper.[50] In Northern Ireland, in addition to the uses listed above, a sniper was quite often a form of bait called a "come-on", whereby the sniper's position would be made obvious to a British patrol so as to draw them into an ambush in their attempt to close with the sniper.[citation needed]
The sniper is particularly suited to combat environments where one side is at a disadvantage.[citation needed] A careful sniping strategy can use a few individuals and resources to thwart the movement or other progress of a much better equipped or larger force. Because of this perceived difference in force size, the sniping attacks may be viewed as the act of a few persons to terrorize (earning the moniker 'terrorists') a much larger, regular force — regardless of the size of the force the snipers are attached to. These perceptions stem from the precept that sniping, while effective in specific instances, is much more effective as a broadly deployed psychological attack (see elsewhere in article).
Snipers are less likely to be treated mercifully if captured by the enemy.[45] The rationale for this is that ordinary soldiers shoot at each other at 'equal opportunity' whilst snipers take their time in tracking and killing individual targets in a methodical fashion with a relatively low risk of retaliation.
War in Iraq[link]
Main article: Iraq War
In 2003, the U.S.-led multinational coalition composed of primarily U.S. and U.K. troops occupied Iraq and attempted to establish a new government in the country. However, shortly after the initial invasion, violence against coalition forces and among various sectarian groups led to asymmetric warfare with the Iraqi insurgency and civil war between many Sunni and Shia Iraqis.
Through November 2005, when the Pentagon had last reported a sniper fatality, the Army had attributed 28 of 2,100 U.S. deaths to enemy snipers.[51] More recently, since 2006, insurgent snipers such as "Juba" have caused problems for American troops. Claims have been made that Juba have shot up to 37 American soldiers in Iraq as of October 2006.[52]
In 2006, training materials obtained by U.S. intelligence showed that snipers fighting in Iraq were urged to single out and attack engineers, medics, and chaplains on the theory that those casualties would demoralize entire enemy units.[53] Among the training materials, there included an insurgent sniper training manual that was posted on the Internet. Among its tips for shooting U.S. troops, there read: "Killing doctors and chaplains is suggested as a means of psychological warfare."[51]
Afghanistan[link]
Some sniper teams in Afghanistan have killed large numbers of Taliban in quite short periods of time. For example, whilst in Helmand Province, two British snipers (part of the Welsh Guards Battle group) shot dead a total of 75 Taliban in only 40 days during the summer of 2009. In one session of duty, lasting just two hours, they shot and killed eight Taliban. On another occasion, the same team scored a "Quigley" (i.e., killing two Taliban with a single bullet) at a range of 196 metres.[54]
Taliban snipers have themselves caused problems for coalition forces. For example, over a four-month period in early 2011, two Taliban snipers have shot dead two British soldiers and wounded six others at an outpost in Qadrat, Helmand province.[55]
Arab spring[link]
Sniper activity has been reported during the Arab spring civil unrest in Libya in 2011, both from anti-governmental[56] and pro-governmental[57] supporters, and in Syria at least from pro-government[58][59] forces.
Notable individuals[link]
Even before firearms were available, soldiers such as archers were specially trained as elite marksmen.
Pre–20th century[link]
- Ninja or Shinobi (16th century Japan) – supposedly trained to cover retreating armies, targeting officers from concealed positions with poisoned blow guns.[citation needed] One of Japan's most notable warlords, Takeda Shingen, was possibly fatally wounded by a sniper.[60]
- Lord Brooke, who represented the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War, was the first recorded British sniper victim, killed by a Royalist soldier hiding in a bell tower in Lichfield.
- Timothy Murphy (American Revolutionary War) – killed British General Simon Fraser during the pivotal Battle of Saratoga, hampering the British advance and causing them to lose the battle.[7]
- Patrick Ferguson (American Revolutionary War) - developer of the world's first breech-loaded military rifle (which advanced sniping and sharpshooting tactics), fought with his Corps of Riflemen (recruited from the 6th and 14th Foot) at the Battle of Brandywine, where he may have passed up a chance to shoot George Washington.[61]
- Napoleonic Wars – Use of Marine sharpshooters in the mast tops was common usage in navies of the period, and Admiral Nelson's death at Trafalgar is attributed to the actions of French Sharpshooters. The British Army developed the concept of directed fire (as opposed to massive unaimed volleys) and formed Rifle regiments, notably the 95th and the 60th who wore green jackets instead of the usual redcoats.[citation needed] Fighting as Skirmishers, usually in pairs and trusted to choose their own targets, they wrought havoc amongst the French during the peninsular war against Napoleon's Forces.
- British Rifleman Thomas Plunkett (Peninsular war) – shot French General Colbert and one of his aides at a range of between 200 metres (219 yd) and 600 metres (656 yd) using a Baker rifle.[62]
- Colonel Hiram Berdan (American Civil War) – commanded 1st and 2nd US Sharpshooters, who were trained and equipped Union marksmen with the .52 caliber Sharps Rifle. It has been claimed that Berdan's units killed more enemies than any other in the Union Army.[7]
- Jack Hinson (American Civil War) recorded 36 "kills" on his custom made .50 caliber Kentucky long rifle with iron sights.
- Sgt. Ben Powell (American Civil War) – sniped Major General John Sedgwick during the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House with a British Whitworth target rifle at the then-incredible distance of 730 metres (798 yd).[citation needed] This caused administrative delays in the Union's attack and lead to Confederate victory. Sedgwick ignored advice to take cover, his last words according to urban legend being, "They couldn't hit an elephant at this dist-" upon which he was shot. In reality, he was shot a few minutes later.[7]
- Major Frederick Russell Burnham - assassinated Mlimo, the Ndebele religious leader, in his cave in Matobo Hills, Rhodesia, effectively ending the Second Matabele War (1896).[63] Burnham started as a cowboy and Indian tracker in the American Old West, but he left the United States to scout in Africa and went on to command the British Army Scouts in the Second Boer War. For his ability to track, even at night, the Africans dubbed him, He-who-sees-in-the-dark,[64] but in the press he became more widely known as England's American Scout.[65]
20th century[link]
- Billy Sing (World War I) – Australian sniper with at least 150 confirmed kills during the Gallipoli Campaign; he may have had close to 300 kills in total at Gallipoli,[66] and went on to fight at the Western Front.
- Francis Pegahmagabow (World War I) - Native Canadian sniper credited with 378 kills, and an unknown number of unconfirmed kills. He only took credit for kills when they were verified by an officer.[citation needed]
- Finnish Lance Corporal Simo Häyhä, aka "Valkoinen Kuolema" (White Death) was a sniper during the Winter War and is regarded by many as the most effective sniper in the history of warfare, being credited with killing up to 505 Soviet soldiers using a White Guard M/28 "Pystykorva" or "Spitz", variant of the Russian Mosin-Nagant rifle, and iron sights. Besides his sniper kills he was credited with 200 from a Suomi KP/31 Submachine gun, topping off his total confirmed kills at 705.[67]
- Lieutenant Lyudmila Pavlichenko (World War II) – female Soviet sniper with 309 confirmed kills, making her the most successful female sniper in history.[68]
- Junior Lieutenant Vassili Zaitsev (World War II) – credited with killing about 200 German soldiers during the Battle of Stalingrad,[69] he is portrayed in the film Enemy at the Gates and in the book War of the Rats; both however are fictionalized accounts.
- Mihail Ilyich Surkov has been said to have killed 702 enemy troops.[70]
- Semen Nomokonov killed 367 persons, including a general.[70]
- Gefreiter (Private) Matthäus Hetzenauer (World War II) - Austrian sniper who was credited with 345 confirmed kills[citation needed] on the Eastern Front, the most successful in the Wehrmacht. Unofficially, he killed about 500 Russian soldiers[citation needed] (there are some unverified kills by officers).
- Obergefreiter (Private First Class) Josef 'Sepp' Allerberger (World War II) - Austrian sniper credited with 257 confirmed kills on the Eastern Front.[citation needed] Unofficially, he killed more than 1400 Russian soldiers[citation needed] (the same situation as has Hetzenauer - German officers seldom confirmed kills).
- Helmuth Wirnsberger - German sniper, who has served in 3. Gebirgsjaegerdivision during WW II and credited 64 confirmed kills.[citation needed] Unofficially, he killed more than 200 Russians.[citation needed]
- Chinese Sergeant Tung Chih Yeh claimed to have shot and killed over 100 Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) soldiers using a Chiang Kai-Shek rifle with and without a scope in the Yangtze area during the Second Sino-Japanese War. [71]
- Zhang Taofang (Chinese: 张桃芳; Traditional Chinese: 張桃芳; Wade-Giles: Zhang Tao-fang) was a Chinese soldier during the Korean War. He is credited with 214 confirmed kills in 32 days without using a sniper magnifying scope, but this is an improbable accreditation.[72]
- Clive Hulme was a New Zealand recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He is credited with stalking and killing 33 German snipers in the Battle of Crete.[citation needed]
- Ian Robertson served as a sniper with Australia's 3RAR post World War 2. He became one of the most effective snipers during the Korean War where in one instance he killed 30 in a single morning..[73]
- Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock (Vietnam war) – achieved 93 confirmed kills but believed to have over 200 unconfirmed kills. With a telescopic scoped .50 caliber M2 Browning heavy machine gun, he set a world record for the longest recorded sniper kill at 2,286 m (2,500 yd) which stood for 35 years until 2002.[74][75][76]
- Chuck Mawhinney (Vietnam war) – 103 confirmed and 216 probable kills.[citation needed]
- Adelbert F. Waldron (Vietnam war) – achieved 109 confirmed kills.[citation needed]
- Master Sgt. Gary Gordon and Sgt. First Class Randy Shughart (Somalia: Operation Gothic Serpent) - were Delta Force snipers who were awarded the Medal of Honor for their fatal attempt to protect the injured crew of a downed helicopter during the Battle of Mogadishu. This action was later dramatized in the film Black Hawk Down.
- South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997) killed 9 British soldiers.
21st century[link]
- British Army CoH Craig Harrison of the Household Cavalry successfully engaged two Taliban machine gunners south of Musa Qala in Helmand Province in Afghanistan in November 2009 at a range of 2,475 m (2,707 yd), using a L115A3 Long Range Rifle rifle chambered in .338 Lapua Magnum. These are the longest recorded and confirmed sniper kills in history.[24][25][26][27]
- Canadian Corporal Rob Furlong, formerly of the PPCLI (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) - achieved a recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,430 m (2,657 yd) in 2002 using a .50 caliber (12.7 mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle.[77]
- Canadian Master Corporal Arron Perry, formerly of the PPCLI (Operation Anaconda, Afghanistan) - briefly held the record for the longest-ever recorded and confirmed sniper kill at 2,310 m (2,526 yd) in 2002 after eclipsing US Marine Gunnery Sergeant Carlos Hathcock's previous record established in 1967. Perry used a .50 caliber (12.7 mm) McMillan TAC-50 rifle.[77]
- Canadian Master Corporal Graham Ragsdale using a .308 registered 20 confirmed kills over ten days during Operation Anaconda.
- U.S. Navy Chief Chris Kyle of SEAL Team Three has 255 kills, 160 of which are officially confirmed by the Pentagon, during four deployments to Iraq between 2003 and 2009. Kyle, now retired, is the deadliest marksman in US military history. During the Second Battle of Fallujah alone, when US Marines fought running battles in the streets with several thousand insurgents, he killed 40 people. For his deadly track record as a marksman during his deployment to Ramadi, the insurgents named him 'Al-Shaitan Ramad' - the Devil of Rahmadi - and put a $20,000 bounty on his head. His most legendary shot came outside Sadr City in 2008 when he shot an insurgent with a rocket launcher near an Army convoy with his .338 Lapua Magnum rifle at 1,920 m (2,100 yd).[78]
- British Army Corporal Christopher Reynolds of the 3d. battalion the Royal Regiment of Scotland, the Black Watch, shot and killed a Taliban commander at a range of 1,853 m (2,026 yd) using a .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6 mm) L115A3 rifle.[79]
- U.S. Marine Corps Staff Sergeant Steve Reichert - Killed an Iraqi insurgent and possibly injuring two more hiding behind a brick wall with a shot from 1 mile in Lutayfiyah, Iraq on April 9, 2004. Reichert was using a Barrett M82A3 .50BMG rifle loaded with Raufoss Mk 211 multipurpose rounds. During the same engagement Reichert eliminated an Iraqi machine gunner pinning down a squad of Marines from a distance of 1,614 m (1,765 yd).[80]
- U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Jim Gilliland - Previously held the record for the longest recorded confirmed kill with a 7.62×51mm NATO rifle at 1,250 m (1,367 yd) with a M24, while engaging an Iraqi insurgent sniper in Ramadi, Iraq on September 27, 2005.[81]
- U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Timothy L. Kellner - regarded as one of the top snipers still active in the U.S. Army with 78 confirmed kills during Operation Iraqi Freedom and 3 in Haiti.[82]
- Sri Lankan Army Sniper, Corporal I.R. Premasiri alias ‘Nero’, of the 5th Battalion in the Gajaba Regiment has 180 confirmed L.T.T.E. terrorist kills.[83]
- Iraqi insurgent Juba, a sniper who features in several propaganda videos. Juba has allegedly shot 37 American soldiers, although whether Juba is a real individual is unknown. He may be a constructed composite of a number of insurgent snipers.[84]
- Corporal Ben Roberts-Smith VC MG of the Australian Special Air Service Regiment was awarded the Medal of Gallantry for his actions in 2006 during Operation Perth in the Chora Valley of Oruzgan Province, Afghanistan. In that action, patrol sniper Roberts-Smith prevented an outnumbered patrol from being overrun by Anti-Coalition Militia with sniper fire.[85] In early 2011, he became the second Australian to be awarded the Victoria Cross for Australia on Operation Slipper in Afghanistan for air assaulting into a firefight and subsequently eliminating machine gun positions after providing sniper over-watch from a helicopter with a M14 EBR rifle during the Shah Wali Kot Offensive in June 2010.[86]
- U.S. Army Staff Sergeant Justin Morales - As part of the U.S. Army CIST (Counter Insurgent Sniper Team) in Iraq, he recorded 27 confirmed kills with a M24 7.62×51mm NATO rifle. From 2005 to 2006, Morales and his team in Balad, Iraq was tasked with seeking out insurgents placing IEDs along Main Supply Routes and Alternate Supply Routes..[87]
- John Allen Muhammad and Lee Boyd Malvo carried out the 2002 Beltway sniper attacks, killing 10 people and injuring 3 in Washington, D.C., Maryland and Virginia. They used a Bushmaster XM-15 semiautomatic .223 caliber rifle equipped with a reflex sight at ranges of between 50 and over 100 yards, from the trunk of the car through a small hole created for that purpose.[88]
See also[link]
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sniper |
- Related military roles
- Related military operations
- AmericanSnipers.org
- Jäger (military)
- Operation Foxley - plan to kill Adolf Hitler using a sniper
- Sniper Alley
- Snipers of the Soviet Union
- Special forces
- Related military weapons
Bibliography[link]
- Notes
- ^ Valdes, Robert. "How Military Snipers Work — What Does a Sniper Really Do?". Howstuffworks. http://science.howstuffworks.com/sniper1.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ a b "Snipe". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=snipe. Retrieved 2011-04-01.
- ^ a b "Definitions of Civil War Terms". January 4, 2007. http://www.civilwarhome.com/terms.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ "Definition of 'skirmisher'". Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. 2003. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/skirmisher. Retrieved 2008-03-24.
- ^ Plaster 2007
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Plaster 1993
- ^ a b c d e f Senich 1988
- ^ a b c d e f g h Senich 1982
- ^ a b Shore 1988, p. 316
- ^ Freigegeben ab 12 Jahren (January 2, 2008) (in German). "Snipers during the First and Second World Wars": info taken from: Zeitgeschichte - Spezialeinheiten im Zweiten Weltkrieg: Scharfschützen (Documentary film). EMS GmbH. Event occurs at 57mins. EAN: 4020974153959.
- ^ a b Plaster 2007, p. 5
- ^ Pegler 2006
- ^ Parker 1924, pp. 211–212
- ^ Sniping in France by Major H. Hesketh-Prichard (1920)
- ^ Gilbert 1996, p. 45
- ^ Brookesmith 2007, p. 77
- ^ Prichard & Vernon 2004, pp. 10,19
- ^ Sniping in France by Major H. Hesketh-Prichard (1920) p. 239
- ^ "The Sniper Log Book—World War II". Snipercentral.com. http://www.snipercentral.com/snipers.htm#WWII. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ Rayment, Sean (2006-04-30). "The long view". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1517044/The-long-view.html. Retrieved 30 March 2009.
- ^ Peter R. Senich: German Sniper 1914-45, Page 91
- ^ http://home.scarlet.be/p.colmant/polte.htg/p41.jpg
- ^ "Снайперское движение в РККА | История снайперского искусства". Shotgun.com.ua. http://www.shotgun.com.ua/class/sniping/snip_hist_12.html. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ a b Smith 2010
- ^ a b Chandler 2010
- ^ a b Alpert 2010
- ^ a b Drury 2010
- ^ QuickTarget Unlimited Lapua Edition exterior ballistics software
- ^ Lapua: Downloads: Lapua Bullets CD Data[dead link]
- ^ "L96 Sniper Rifle and L115A3 Long Range Rifle". Mod.uk. 2007-02-20. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/L96SniperRifleAndL115a3LongRangeRifle.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ "Weather Underground History for Kandahar, Afghanistan - Month of November 2009". Wunderground.com. 2011-05-21. http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/OAKN/2009/11/1/MonthlyHistory.html. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ a b "The Sniper, SWAT Teams Grow In Number". CBS News. January 25, 2001. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2001/01/25/60II/main267184.shtml. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ "Gastonia Police Department - Sniper School". http://www.cityofgastonia.com/city_serv/police/teams/SniperPage.cfm. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ "Police sniper watches from roof, Sydney". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. September 6, 2007. http://www.abc.net.au/news/photos/2007/09/06/2025679.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-04.
- ^ Scanlon, James J. (2010). "The Columbus Ohio Police". The Columbus Ohio Police. http://www.nasta.ws/New_Folder/Tactical%20Edge%20Article.doc. Retrieved May 7, 2010. - News footage of sniper shooting gun out of a persons hand
- ^ "ATK.com". ATK.com. Archived from the original on 2007-08-24. http://web.archive.org/web/20070824081519/http://www.atk.com/ammo_PDFs/smallcaliber.pdf. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ Gaijinass (May 6, 2010). "The way of the Gun: USMC S/S". Gaijinass. http://gaijinass.wordpress.com/2010/05/06/1655/. Retrieved May 6, 2010.
- ^ Gavrilov, Yuri "Take a bead: Army gets sniper schools" Rossiiskaya gazeta 19 October 2011.
- ^ Plaster 2006, p. 346
- ^ Pardini, Sèverine (August 2, 2007). "J'ai fait mouche sur son arme à 80 mètres pour le sauver (ENG:I hit his weapon at 80 meters to save him)". laprovence.com. http://www.laprovence.com/article/region/jai-fait-mouche-sur-son-arme-a-80-metres-pour-le-sauver. Retrieved May 14, 2010.
- ^ a b U.S. Army Snipers Accused of 'Baiting' Iraqi Insurgents, Fox News September 25, 2007 "sworn statements and testimony in the cases of two other accused Ranger snipers indicate that the Army has a classified program that encourages snipers to "bait" potential targets and then kill whoever takes the bait", "The transcript of a court hearing for two of the three accused snipers makes several references to the existence of a classified "baiting" program"
- ^ a b c U.S. Aims To Lure Insurgents With 'Bait', Washington Post
- ^ U.S. Snipers Accused of 'Baiting' Iraqis, Pauline Jelinek and Robert Burns, The Associated Press, Tuesday, September 25, 2007
- ^ Duffy, Michael (August 22, 2009). "Encyclopedia - Snipers". firstworldwar.com. http://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/snipers.htm. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ a b Page, Lewis (November 28, 2008). "Snipers - Cowardly assassins, or surgical soldiers?". The Register. http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/11/28/sniper_feature/page2.html. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ GlobalSecurity.org (April 27, 2005). "Sniper and countersniper tactics, techniques, and procedures". GlobalSecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/3-06-11/ch6.htm. Retrieved May 10, 2010.
- ^ Bray, Hiawatha (October 4, 2005). "Robotic-vacuum maker, BU team up on anti-sniper device". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2005/10/04/robotic_vacuum_maker_bu_team_up_on_antisniper_device/.
- ^ Petri Sarjanen (1998). Valkoinen kuolema: Talvisodan legendaarisen tarkka-ampujan Simo Häyhän tarina. ISBN 952-5170-05-5
- ^ Taylor 1997, p. 132 - "In 1971, the Provisional IRA shot dead forty-two British soldiers. In 1972, this figure rose to sixty-four, most of them killed by snipers."
- ^ Jackson, Mike (2006). Operation Banner: An Analysis of Military Operations in Northern Ireland. MoD, Army Code 71842
- ^ a b Diamond, John (July 27, 2006). "Insurgent snipers sent after troops". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/washington/2006-07-27-insurgent-sniper_x.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
- ^ Holmes, Paul (October 29, 2006). "U.S. military probes sniper threat in Baghdad". Reuters news service. Archived from the original on 2009-03-13. http://web.archive.org/web/20090313004721/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/PAR929648.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
- ^ Ponder, Jon (October 25, 2006). "Iraqi Insurgent Snipers Target U.S. Medics, Engineers and Chaplains". Pensito Review. http://www.pensitoreview.com/2006/10/25/iraqi-insurgent-snipers-target-us-medics-engineers-and-chaplains/. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
- ^ Pickup, Oliver (March 15, 2011). "British sniper takes out TWO Taliban with a single bullet: Extraordinary images show how crack shot killed insurgents". Daily Mail (London). http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1366154/British-sniper-kills-Taliban-bullet-new-book-reveals.html.
- ^ "Bravest of the brave: Soldiers volunteer as targets to flush out sniper who is shooting colleagues". Daily Mail (London). March 14, 2011. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1366019/Bravest-brave-Soldiers-Helmand-offer-targets-flush-Taliban-sniper.html.
- ^ "Rebels share firepower as snipers menace Tripoli". Reuters. August 24, 2011. http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/24/us-libya-tripoli-weapons-idUSTRE77N6A820110824.
- ^ http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=13191116#.Tyclmfne7lY
- ^ http://www.france24.com/en/20120103-2012-01-04-2049-wb-en-webnews
- ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ihNabl0aFgeHA3rReXvnoPepg2Xw?docId=CNG.3805822e112de64f854324c7c664eed4.331
- ^ "Takeda Shingen (1521 - 1573) - The Takeda expand". The Samurai Archives. August 16, 2004. http://www.samurai-archives.com/shingen.html. Retrieved 2008-04-03. "Shingen was either wounded by a sniper or fell sick (possibly with TB); a point modern scholars are divided on."
- ^ Plaster 2007, pp. 39–45, 53–55.
- ^ Stuart Hadaway Rifleman Thomas Plunkett: 'A Pattern for the Battalion.'
- ^ "Killed the Matabele God: Burnham, the American scout, may end uprising". New York Times. June 25, 1896. ISSN 0093-1179.
- ^ West, James E.; Peter O. Lamb; illustrated by Lord Baden-Powell (1932). He-who-sees-in-the-dark; the boys' story of Frederick Burnham, the American scout. Brewer, Warren and Putnam.
- ^ "England's American Scout". New York Times (London Chronicle). May 5, 1901. ISSN 0362-4331.
- ^ Hamilton, J. C. M. (2008): Gallipoli Sniper: The life of Billy Sing. Sydney: Pan Macmillan Australia. (ISBN 978-1-4050-3865-2)
- ^ by joetravolta. "Top 10 Snipers in History". Listverse.com. http://listverse.com/2009/11/13/top-10-snipers-in-history/. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ Sakaida & Hook 2003, pp. 31–32
- ^ (Russian)Biography at the website on Heroes of the Soviet Union and Russia
- ^ a b "top WWII snipers". http://wio.ru/galgrnd/sniper/sniper.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
- ^ Osprey Men-at-Arms 424 : The Chinese Army 1937-1949 : World War II and Civil War
- ^ Pegler 2006, p. 265
- ^ "A sniper's tale". The Sydney Morning Herald. April 26, 2004. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/04/26/1082831474340.html.
- ^ Lance Cpl. George J. Papastrat (March 29, 2007). "Range complex named after famous Vietnam sniper". Marine Corps News. http://www.marines.mil/marinelink/mcn2000.nsf/lookupstoryref/2007329115513. Retrieved 2008-03-24. "...famous Hathcock shot that killed an enemy from more than 2,500 yards (2,300 m) away..." [dead link]
- ^ "Sniper Rifles". GlobalSecurity. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/sniper.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-24. "When a 24-year old Marine sharpshooter named Carlos Norman Hathcock II chalked up the farthest recorded kill in the history of sniping - 2,500 yards (1.42 miles, a distance greater than 22 football fields) in February 1967 he fired a Browning M2 .50 Cal. Machine Gun."
- ^ Sgt. Grit (2006). "Marine Corps Sniper Carlos N. Hathcock II". http://www.grunt.com/corps/scuttlebutt/marine-corps-stories/marine-corps-sniper-carlos-hathcock/. Retrieved 2008-03-24. "Viet Cong shot dead by a round fired from a scope-mounted Browning M-2 .50 caliber machine gun at the unbelievable range of 2,500 yards (2,300 m)."
- ^ a b Friscolanti, Michael (May 15, 2006). "We were abandoned". Maclean's. http://www.macleans.ca/canada/national/article.jsp?content=20060515_126689_126689. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- ^ 255 confirmed kills: Meet Navy SEAL Chris Kyle... the deadliest sniper in US history Retrieved 2012-03-01.
- ^ British sniper describes moment he shot Taliban commander... from two kilometres away. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
- ^ "Marine Sniper Receives Bronze Star Medal for Valor". Defense.gov. http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=25833. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ The Washington Times, U.S. Army sniper nails record shot, 11:16 p.m., Sunday, January 15, 2006
- ^ "The Sniper Log Book". snipercentral.com. 2010. http://www.snipercentral.com/snipers.htm#IRAQI. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
- ^ Army told no heavy weapons, not Prabha By Tissa Ravindra Perera. Retrieved 2010-02-09.
- ^ Reuters (October 29, 2006). "U.S. military probes sniper threat in Baghdad". alertnet.org. Reuters. http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/PAR929648.htm. Retrieved May 9, 2010.
- ^ Nicholson, Brendan (23 April 2011). "You think I'm brave? Meet my mates: Ben Roberts-Smith". theaustralian.com.au (The Australian). http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/you-think-im-brave-meet-my-mates-ben-roberts-smith/story-fn59niix-1226043546948. Retrieved 11 February 2012. "The Taliban clearly aimed to surround or overrun the patrol. Armed with a sniper rifle with telescopic sight, Roberts-Smith moved out about 50m from the position to protect a flank. Under fire from two groups coming from different directions, he crouched behind a rock and remembers seeing splinters flying as bullets hammered it. "The guys on my right were shooting at me and we were having a bit of a three-way gunfight," he says. "Then Matt got on to them and gave them stick from above. That took the emphasis off me. It broke up their formation. "I felt that Matt had probably saved my life during that contact because he put himself up in that position and he was able to suppress the enemy that was engaging me from the flank that I couldn't see. He took a lot of the heat off me. "If he hadn't done that, they would have taken all day to work out a pretty effective shot." Roberts-Smith fired single shots at the insurgents moving up the hill to break up their attack but he was concerned he would run out of ammunition. "One well-aimed shot is just as effective as a burst of machinegun fire - especially if it hits them," he says. "If you're running forward and you see a round hit the ground right in front of you, you look for cover and that stops your advance.""
- ^ Nicholson, Brendan (24 January 2011). "Battlefield mateship worthy of VC". theaustralian.com.au (The Australian). http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/features/battlefield-mateship-worthy-of-vc/story-e6frg6z6-1225993252369. Retrieved 11 February 2012. "Roberts-Smith and three other soldiers, all crack shots trained as snipers, were aboard another helicopter covering the landing from above. "We were circling around the assault force trying to provide them with sniper fire to cover them, engaging the machineguns," he says."
- ^ John Pike. "Sniper Rifles". Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ground/sniper.htm. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
- ^ http://www.fbi.gov/page2/oct07/snipers102207.html
- References
- Alpert, Lukas (May 2, 2010). "Sniper kills Qaeda-from 1½ mi. away". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/international/sniper_kills_qaeda_from_mi_away_sTm0xFUmJNal3HgWlmEgRL. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- Bartlett, Derrick (April 12, 2005). "Sniper Tactics: Going for the Gun". http://www.policeone.com/suicide-by-cop/articles/98620/. Retrieved January 26, 2006.
- Brookesmith, Peter (2007). Sniper: training, techniques and weapons (2007 ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-36290-4. - Total pages: 192
- Chandler, Neil (May 2, 2010). "Sniper's Taliban shots earn him place in military record books". The Daily Star. http://www.dailystar.co.uk/news/view/133379/Sniper-s-Taliban-shots-earn-him-place-in-military-record-books/. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- Drury, Ian (May 2, 2010). "The super sniper: Hero picks off two Taliban from a mile and a half away". London: Daily Mail. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1270414/British-sniper-sets-new-sharpshooting-record-1-54-mile-double-Taliban-kill.html. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- Gilbert, Adrian (1996). Sniper: The Skills, the Weapons, and the Experiences (1996 ed.). St. Martin's Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-312-95766-7. - Total pages: 352
- Law, Clive M. (2005). Without Warning: Canadian Sniper Equipment of the 20th Century. Service Publications. ISBN 1-894581-16-4.
- Pegler, Martin (2006). Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper (2006 ed.). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-140-3. - Total pages: 352
- Parker, Eric (1924). Hesketh Prichard, D.S.O., M.C.: hunter: explorer: naturalist: cricketer: author: soldier; a memoir (1924 ed.). T. F. Unwin ltd.. - Total pages: 261
- Plaster, Maj. John L. (1993). The ultimate sniper: an advanced training manual for military & police snipers (1993 ed.). Paladin Press. ISBN 978-0-87364-704-5. - Total pages: 453
- Plaster, Maj. John L. (2006). The ultimate sniper: an advanced training manual for military & police snipers (2006 ed.). Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-494-8. - Total pages: 584
- Plaster, Maj. John L. (2007). The History of Sniping and Sharpshooting (2007 ed.). Paladin Press. ISBN 978-1-58160-632-4. - Total pages: 704
- Prichard, Hesketh; Vernon, Hesketh (2004). Sniping in France 1914-18: With Notes on the Scientific Training of Scouts, Observers, and Snipers (2004 ed.). Helion & Company Limited. ISBN 978-1-874622-47-5. - Total pages: 143
- Sakaida, Henry; Hook, Christa (2003). Heroines of the Soviet Union 1941-45 (2003 ed.). Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84176-598-3. - Total pages: 64
- Senich, Peter R. (1982). The German sniper, 1914-1945 (1982 ed.). Paladin Press. ISBN 978-0-87364-223-1. - Total pages: 445
- Senich, Peter R. (1988). The Complete Book of U.S. Sniping (1988 ed.). Paladin Press. ISBN 978-0-87364-460-0. - Total pages: 280
- Shore, C. (1988). With British Snipers to the Reich (1988 ed.). Desert Pubns. ISBN 978-0-87947-122-4. - Total pages: 351
- Smith, Michael (May 2, 2010). "Hotshot sniper in one-and-a-half mile double kill". London: The Sunday Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/afghanistan/article7113916.ece. Retrieved May 3, 2010.
- Taylor, Peter (1997). Behind the mask: the IRA and Sinn Fein (1997 ed.). TV Books. ISBN 978-1-57500-061-9. - Total pages: 431
External links[link]
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Look up sniper in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Sniper History during World War II
- Russian Snipers of the Great Patriotic War Including High Score lists by Christopher Eger, military historian
- Sniping in France, by Major H. Hesketh-Prichard
- World War II - German sniper training film
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