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HD - Julius Caesar - The Roman Empire - Full Documentary - 720p
The Roman Empire - Ancient Superpower
The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It?: Crash Course World History #10
The Roman Military Machine
ROMAN FEAT. PLEMA - ZIVOT KAO BAJKA 2 (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
The Roman Legion at War
Roman Bath
Винтаж - Роман
Juan Roman Riquelme
Noi Invece No - Vsnr Feat. Roman (STREET VIDEO)
Roman's Revenge - Nicki Minaj & Eminem [With Lyrics]
The Roman Architecture

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Oh what a feeling baby, knowledge and brutality
Whose soul you stealing baby, lost your immortality
Another empty conquest, Venus set me free
Oh what a ritual father, father why you leaving me
They've found another martyr, rather it was him than me
They took away his language, then his memory
He said ";I'm never, never coming back again";
Oh what a battle master, what a noble enemy
We have to kill them bastards, then compose an elegy
I thought I saw their leader fallen on his knees
He said ";I'm never, never coming back again";
Oh what an ending baby, promise you'll remember me
I'm not pretending baby, your sweet and wicked treachery
Water all my orchids, save my dynasty
I said ";I'm never, never coming back again";

Oh what a feeling baby, knowledge and brutaltiy
Whose soul you stealing baby,lost your immortality
Another empty conquest, Venus set me free
Oh what a ritual father, father why you leaving me
They've found another martyr, rather it was him than me
They took away his language, then his memory
He said "I'm never, never coming back again
Oh what a battle master, what a noble enemy
We have to kill them bastards, then compose an elegy
I thought I saw their leader fallen on his knees
He said "I'm never, never coming back again
Oh what an ending baby, prominse you'll remember me
I'm not pretending baby, your sweet and wicked treachery
Water all my orchids, save my dynasty

Who knows what kind of reality the soul occupies,
and where it goes when the body ceases to function?
It has been my experience that all things follow patterns
miracles happen through the consistency of nature
I choose to believe that the same princi-
ple carries on beyond this reality that life
is unending, but ever changing…
I can feel you here, I can feel you here,

Who knows what kind of reality the soul occupies,
and where it goes when the body ceases to function?
It has been my experience that all things follow patterns
miracles happen through the consistency of nature
I choose to believe that the same princi-
ple carries on beyond this reality that life
is unending, but ever changing...
I can feel you here, I can feel you here,
I can feel you here inside

Questioned for the cause that lies unknown
Pressed firmly to the hot coals
Repent for the gift of the blissful blow
For no more pain
Joints torn apart in vengeful rage
Held within the iron cage
Another soul another pain
Septic lying in their own waste
Torn apart...
The helpless dead from the start
Lives to fuel the fire of the developing ways
The darkened days
Recreated they're now our spawn
Turn their face from the light
For they fear their turn
It is known where they hide
Satisfaction through split flesh is what we reap
Infatuation with the colour of life
Living real our fantasies
Taking pleasure from the bloodied frail
The application of pain our new religion
Pray...
Torn apart...
The helpless dead from the start
Lives to fuel the fire of the developing ways
The darkened days
Recreated they're now our spawn
Turn their face from the light
For they fear their turn
It is known where they hide
Satisfaction through split flesh is what we reap
Infatuation with the colour of life
Living real our fantasies
Taking pleasure from the bloodied frail
The application of pain our new religion
Pain finds every corner of the soul
Pain makes all our dreams possible
Without... suffering...

Rob de Nijs Roman
Liefde is niet voor mij
Als je weg wilt ga dan maar gauw
ik had gehoopt dat ik tot rust kwam bij jouw
maar misschien is het waar wat je zei
jij bent het niet voor mij
Jij had die warmte waar ik zo van hou
maar d'r is veel meer wat verloren ging met jou
'k wilde geloven en dat is voorbij
liefde is niet voor mij
liefde is niet voor mij
Ik ken mijzelf niet ik was altijd heel koel
nu zit ik zomaar met veel te veel gevoel
vergeet mijn zwakte en laat me weer vrij
jij was het niet voor mij
liefde was niet voor mij
niets gewonnen en niets kwijt
niets wat ik jouw verwijt
ik leef maar met de dag
ik heb jouw sporen uitgewist
je spullen in een kist
wie had dat ooit gedacht
ik hou mijn hart vast als ik jouw weer zie
ik hou mijn hart vast als ik jouw weer zie
s'avonds hoor ik nog jouw stem
geeft niet met wie ik ben
want ik ben nog steeds van jouw
maar jij die alles van me wist
weet niet hoe ik je mis
hoeveel 'k nog van je hou
ik hou mijn hart vast als ik jouw weer zie
ik hou mijn hart vast als ik jouw weer zie
ik hou mijn hart vast als ik jouw weer zie
Ik geloof in jou
't Spoor van de sleur is bekend
aan de eentonigheid raak je gewend
't is anders nu jij bij me bent oh ja
ik geloof in jou
ik reed het geluk steeds voorbij
maar jij trok aan de noodrem voor mij
ik sta daar met jou ik ben vrij oh ja
ik geloof in jou
ik dacht altijd dat het wel redelijk ging
maar werd ik wakker in het holst van de nacht
dan zag 'k mezelf in een lege coup
van een trein waarop geen sterveling wacht
ik reed het geluk steeds voorbij
maar jij trok aan de noodrem voor mij
ik sta daar met jou ik ben vrij oh ja
en ik geloof in jou
ik dacht altijd dat het wel redelijk ging
maar werd ik wakker in het holst van de nacht
dan zag 'k mezelf in een lege coup
van een trein waarop geen sterveling wacht
van een stil en vergeten station
voert een nevelig pad naar de zon
onzeker maar ik kijk niet meer om oh nee
want ik geloof in jou
Als je slaapt
als je slaapt kan ik uren naar je kijken
ik heb jouw dan zo ademloos lief
zo ver weg dat geen mens je kan bereiken
droom van mij alsjeblieft
nu zie ik met het maanlicht op ons beiden
schaduw daar waar de eenzaamheid wacht
woorden die 'k overdag niet goed kan vinden
fluister ik elke nacht
jouw hand even op de mijne
mijn stem als jij het niet meer weet
wij zijn vriendjes voor het leven
en daarna
maar voor nu wil ik nachtwacht over jouw zijn
voel ik zelfs iets voor eeuwige trouw
elke dag elke toekomst ieder einde
droom maar ik hou van jou
als je slaapt kan ik uren naar je kijken
ik heb jouw dan zo mateloos lief
zo dichtbij maar geen mens kan je bereiken
droom alsjeblieft van mij
droom alsjeblieft van mij
'N beetje meer
vriendin van mij lieve vriendin
ze begrijpen me nooit als ik zo begin
vriendin ik weet het ook niet goed
hoe je 'n vriend die 'n vrouw is nou noemen moet
en niemand gelooft me maar toch is het waar
we hebben nog nooit iets gehad met elkaar
vriendin van mij je bent altijd weer
alleen een vriendin met een beetje meer
ik was met een stel mensen in de stad
er was een dame bij waar ik wel trek in had
we zaten met z'n allen op een terras
ik vertelde haar net hoe leuk ze was
en toen sprong jij ineens op m'n schoot
de tafel ging om de verwarring was groot
jij begon me geweldig te zoenen
het bier zat iedereen in haren en schoenen
vriendin van mij daar was je weer
lieve vriendin met een beetje meer
ik zat onder jouw en onder het bier
die lekkere dame had geen plezier
'Hypocriet ! je had niets met haar
jullie zitten de hele tijd aan elkaar'
vriendin van mij je maakt het weer
je zei mij net dat beetje meer
maar jij was degene die wel iets deed
toen de rest mij mooi de straat op smeet
ik ging kapot 'k was zover heen
ze dachten die redt het wel alleen
natuurlijk iemand met zoveel verdriet
dat is zo leuk gezelschap niet
en dan heb ik ook nog te horen gekregen
stel je niet aan je kan er best tegen
je deed me in bad je deed me in bed
de ochtend daarna heb je koffie gezet
'k sliep in je armen die ene keer
toen was je net dat beetje meer
wat jullie niet snappen is natuurlijk weer
dat er vriendjes zijn en een beetje meer
vriendjes en soms een klein beetje meer
en soms een heel klein beetje meer
Voor 'n ander
liefde is wat je voelt voor een ander
die ineens zoveel meer is voor jouw
dat heel gewone ineens verlicht
je vindt je dromen in een gezicht
dat is misschien wat liefde is
liefde is wat je haast niet kunt noemen
als je weet dat je kwetsbaar mag zijn
niet langer eenzaam voorbij de schijn
en durven wennen aan samen zijn
dat is misschien wat liefde is
niet langer eenzaam voorbij de schijn
en durven wennen aan samen zijn
wie zal het zeggen
wie weet precies wat liefde is
Blijf je bij mij
ik werd vijftien jaar die zomer
dat mijn ouders gingen reizen
ik zou op het huis gaan passen
natuurlijk moest ik me bewijzen
en het was of het vanzelf ging
toen ik jouw heb meegenomen
in het westen werd de hemel
violet boven de duinen
en er viel een vreemde stilte
over dennenbos en tuinen
en ik zag iets in je ogen
dat me zo onzeker maakte
en we keken naar beneden
en jouw hand lag in de mijne
net als duizend jaar geleden en je vroeg
blijf je bij mij
wanneer het donker wordt
eerst was alles even prachtig
maar daar leer je gauw aan wennen
en jij bleef niet lang het meisje
dat ik graag had leren kennen
nu komt steeds meer koude argwaan
en meer afstand in je ogen
je gezicht verliest het zachte
en je mond verteerde bogen
en we hebben op een avond
voor het eerst gemeen geslagen
en daarna was het stilte
vol onuitgesproken vragen
blijf je bij mij
wanneer het donker wordt
misschien komt er eens een zomer
dat we over alles heen zijn
misschien voor ons beide samen
misschien zullen we alleen zijn
maar we zullen elkaar kennen
en ons weten aan te passen
ongelukkig of gelukkig hoe dan ook
als we weer onder de hemel staan
dan is het bij ons afscheid
of we blijven samen doorgaan
en dan is het ook voor altijd
maar we weten wat we deden
en jouw hand ligt in de mijne
net als duizend jaar geleden
blijf je bij mij
wanneer het donker wordt
Laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen toe vergeet de strijd
toe vergeet de nijd laat me niet alleen
en die domme tijd vol van misverstand
ach vergeten want het was verspilde tijd
hoe vaak hebben wij met een snijdend woord
ons geluk vermoord kom dat is voorbij
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen
lief ik zoek voor jou in 't stof van de wegen
de paarlen van regen de paarlen van dauw
ik zal heel m'n leven werken zonder rust
om jouw licht en lust goud en goed te geven
ik sticht een gebied waar de liefde droomt
waar de liefde loont waar jouw wil geschiedt
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen ik bedenk voor jou
woorden rood en blauw taal voor jouw alleen
en met warme mond zeggen wij elkaar
eens was er een paar
dat zichzelf weer vond
ook vertel ik jou van de koning die
stierf van nostalgie hunkerend naar jou
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen
want uit een vulkaan die was uitgeblust
breekt zich na wat rust toch het vuur weer aan
en op oude grond ziet men vaak het graan
heel wat hoger staan dan op verse grond
het wit mint het zwart zwakheid mint de kracht
dat licht mint de nacht mijn hart mint jou wacht
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen nee ik huil niet meer
nee ik spreek niet meer want ik wil alleen
horen hoe je praat kijken hoe je lacht
weten hoe je zacht door de kamer gaat
nee ik vraag niet meer ik wil je schaduw zijn
ik wil je voetstap zijn ik wil je adem zijn
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen
laat me niet alleen
ze zeggen dat jij eenzaam bent
h Bo
ik heb je nauwelijks gekend
je was nooit bang alleen te zijn
maar wat nu
ben je echt vergeten waar ik ben
ik was zo blij dat jij bestond
want jij
jij geloofde dat ik alles kon
je zei je maakt het zonder mij
naar de top
liever zat ik met jou aan de grond
(refrein:)
als ik van jou zing
dan is het toch met iets van ach misschien
h h Bo
ik mis je meer dan ooit
en wat er fout ging
we waren veel te jong om dat te zien
h h BO
ouder werd ik nooit
ik woon weer net als jij alleen
't was mooi
maar ook die nieuwe vlam verdween
ik was een dromer en een clown
volgens haar
Bo kom terug we horen bij elkaar
(refrein)
ik was een dromer en een clown
is dat waar
Bo kom terug we horen bij elkaar
Enz.
'N schaduw
ze weet dat hij
haar hart misbruikt
maar als hij gaat
dan slaapt ze met zijn hemd
omdat dat naar hem ruikt
soms blijft hij weg
wat zijn ze vrij
maar zij zit thuis
want uitgaan vindt ze niets
zonder hem erbij
en ze kijkt om zich heen
ze is veel meer dan alleen
ze is z'n schaduw en zijn helft
maar hij verdwijnt
en waar blijft zij dan zelf
ze voelt dat hij
haar zo vergeet
ze wacht en wacht
met opgestoken haar
omdat dat hem iets deed
nog vaak denkt zij
aan hoe het was
maar op een dag
gooit zij z'n foto weg
en pakt opeens haar tas
en het geeft niet waarheen
ze is veel liever alleen
ze is geen schaduw en geen helft
maar zo veel meer
verborgen in zichzelf
en het geeft niet waarheen
ze is veel liever alleen
ze is geen schaduw en geen helft
maar zo veel meer
verborgen in zichzelf
ze geeft weer om zichzelf
ze is geen schaduw en geen helft
maar zo veel meer
gevonden in zichzelf
ze houd weer van zichzelf
Na 't feest
op 't grasveld in de regen
liggen sporen van 't feest
lege flessen vuile tafels ach
het is te gek geweest
ik lig op iemands kussen
op een drank- en as-tapijt
want als er al een bed is hier
dan is het toch niet vrij
en ik denk meisje
meisje waar ben je naar toe
meisje zie je niet wat je me doet
wat zou je zeggen als ik na dit feest
bij je aanwip en je vraag
h hoe heet je
en wat doe je vandaag
de kaarsen en de lampion
zijn stuk en uit en nat
maar gisteravond wezen ze
de plek aan waar ze zat
en ik met al m'n praatjes
wist geen woorden meer voor haar
maar wat ik deed en waar ik keek
ik voelde zij is daar
en ik dacht meisje
meisje waar ga je naar toe
meisje zie je niet wat je me doet
wat zou je zeggen als ik heel erg diep
in je glaasje kijk en vraag
h hoe heet je
en wat doe je vandaag
en murengrijze ochtend
in dit uitgefeeste huis
er wacht geen mens op mij
en zij heeft zij wel iemand thuis
ik zoek mijn autosleutels
en ik trek mijn laarzen aan
vanochtend heb ik voor het eerst
een echte reden op te staan
wat zou je zeggen als ik bij 't ontbijt
uit je eitje kruip en vraag
h hoe heet je
en wat doe je vandaag
h hoe heet je
en wat doe je vandaag
L.A.T.
twee uur s'nachts
de deur sluit achter jou
ik blaas de kaarsen uit
het bed is nog warm
en ruikt naar man en vrouw
en onze plaat draait door
muziek voor twee
heeft plots'ling geen doel
en het speelt in de leegte
die ik voel
m'n hart schreeuwt om jou
ik wou dat je bleef
ik droom maar ik hou m'n mond dicht
ik wacht op jou
en speel dat ik leef
maar zet de klok stil tot jij komt
de tijd stil tot jij komt
en weet dat 't zo
niet langer kan
ik lig op de bank
en ik wacht op de dag
die zinloos naar jou komt
het eerste licht
valt op jouw lege glas
en doet me denken
aan je mond
ik zeg het je niet
zolang we samen zijn
maar jou vrije jongen
heeft n groot geheim
m'n hart schreeuwt om jou
ik wou dat je bleef
ik droom maar ik hou m'n mond dicht
ik wacht op jou
en speel dat ik leef
maar zet de klok stil tot jij komt
de tijd stil tot jij komt
en weet dat 't zo
niet langer kan
ik zet de klok stil tot jij komt
de tijd stil tot jij komt
en weet dat 't zo
niet langer kan
Voor Robbert
wat moet jij met wijze raad
in de lente van je leven
wie weet hoe het verder gaat
'k heb zoveel aan jou te geven
maar je slaapt nog en je droomt
van de hemel die jij kent
dus ik vraag zolang aan God
die weet wat jij voor mij betekent
spaar hem elke lange nacht
elke angst die ik gekend heb
zeg hem dat er iemand wacht
iemand die hem overeind helpt
neem hem nooit de dromen af
die ook ik als jongen had
en geef hem alles wat u gaf
telkens als ik daarom bad
en m'n dagen in de zon
al m'n zorgeloze zomers
toen ik elke kant op kon
en de regen nog moest komen
zijn voor m'n zoon net als de dag
waarop hij weet waarvoor hij leeft
en dat ondanks bitt're kou

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HD - Julius Caesar - The Roman Empire - Full Documentary - 720p
  • Order:
  • Duration: 45:58
  • Updated: 13 Mar 2012
This Video is Property of National Geographic Documentary is owned by National Geographic I do not claim rights to this video in any way... LEGAL DISCLAIMER: Regarding Copyright Law THIS VIDEO WAS UPLOADED OUTSIDE OF THE USA *DISCLAIMER* Video for educational purposes only... "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for fair use for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use." Any video from our channel may or may not at any time contain in full or in part, a series or multiple series of derivative works which are LEGAL under FAIR USE LAW. All videos have descriptions which indicate the real owners and source of the content, and any demand from the copyright holder to remove the content will result in the content being removed immediately. Videos are uploaded for educational purposes only and we do not profit from these such videos. The "Fair Use" Provisions outlined in Title 17, Chapter 01 Article 107 of the US Copyright Law states the following: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, INCLUDING SUCH USE BY REPRODUCTION IN COPIES or phonorecords or BY ANY OTHER MEANS specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is NOT an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: (1) the PURPOSE and CHARACTER of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for NON-PROFIT educational purposes; (2) the NATURE of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (4) THE EFFECT OF THE USE UPON THE POTENTIAL MARKET FOR OR VALUE OF THE COPYRIGHTED WORK. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. SYNOPSIS: DMCA Takedowns are HARASSMENT when initiated by a copyright holder for the purpose of using their copyright to infringe upon the Constitutional Rights of others (see also: Bill of Rights, US Constitution) by way of malicious attacks and are in direct violation of Fair Use Law. It makes clear that there are no laws against file sharing, uploading, downloading, redistribution, derivative works, etc and the list goes on. There are only laws against using said works in such a way that would do harm to the copyright holders character or profits; as more clearly outlined in the entirety of TITLE 17, CHAPTER 1 — SUBJECT MATTER AND SCOPE OF COPYRIGHT: Articles 101 through 122. If anything, these videos increase the validity, profit and audience retention for those whose content is displayed, and for those who own the copyright to the content that is displayed. THIS VIDEO DOES NOT INFRINGE UPON ANYONES COPYRIGHT!!! IF NOT TRUE, CONTACT US AND WE WILL REMOVE THE VIDEO!!! THIS VIDEO WAS UPLOADED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES!!! Sign Global Petition to END THE WAR ON DRUGS Sign Petition @ http://www.breakingthetaboo.info/
  • published: 13 Mar 2012
  • views: 331569
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/HD - Julius Caesar - The Roman Empire - Full Documentary - 720p
The Roman Empire - Ancient Superpower
  • Order:
  • Duration: 45:34
  • Updated: 15 Mar 2012
This Video is Property of National Geographic Documentary is owned by National Geographic I do not claim rights to this video in any way... LEGAL DISCLAIMER: Regarding Copyright Law THIS VIDEO WAS UPLOADED OUTSIDE OF THE USA *DISCLAIMER* Video for educational purposes only... "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for fair use for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use." Any video from our channel may or may not at any time contain in full or in part, a series or multiple series of derivative works which are LEGAL under FAIR USE LAW. All videos have descriptions which indicate the real owners and source of the content, and any demand from the copyright holder to remove the content will result in the content being removed immediately. Videos are uploaded for educational purposes only and we do not profit from these such videos. The "Fair Use" Provisions outlined in Title 17, Chapter 01 Article 107 of the US Copyright Law states the following: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, INCLUDING SUCH USE BY REPRODUCTION IN COPIES or phonorecords or BY ANY OTHER MEANS specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is NOT an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: (1) the PURPOSE and CHARACTER of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for NON-PROFIT educational purposes; (2) the NATURE of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (4) THE EFFECT OF THE USE UPON THE POTENTIAL MARKET FOR OR VALUE OF THE COPYRIGHTED WORK. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. SYNOPSIS: DMCA Takedowns are HARASSMENT when initiated by a copyright holder for the purpose of using their copyright to infringe upon the Constitutional Rights of others (see also: Bill of Rights, US Constitution) by way of malicious attacks and are in direct violation of Fair Use Law. It makes clear that there are no laws against file sharing, uploading, downloading, redistribution, derivative works, etc and the list goes on. There are only laws against using said works in such a way that would do harm to the copyright holders character or profits; as more clearly outlined in the entirety of TITLE 17, CHAPTER 1 — SUBJECT MATTER AND SCOPE OF COPYRIGHT: Articles 101 through 122. If anything, these videos increase the validity, profit and audience retention for those whose content is displayed, and for those who own the copyright to the content that is displayed. THIS VIDEO DOES NOT INFRINGE UPON ANYONES COPYRIGHT!!! IF NOT TRUE, CONTACT US AND WE WILL REMOVE THE VIDEO!!! THIS VIDEO WAS UPLOADED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES!!! Sign Global Petition to END THE WAR ON DRUGS Sign Petition @ http://www.breakingthetaboo.info/
  • published: 15 Mar 2012
  • views: 142604
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/The Roman Empire - Ancient Superpower
The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It?: Crash Course World History #10
  • Order:
  • Duration: 12:26
  • Updated: 29 Mar 2012
The Mongols Shirt is available for pre-order now! http://dft.ba/mongols In which John Green explores exactly when Rome went from being the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire. Here's a hint: it had something to do with Julius Caesar, but maybe less than you think. Find out how Caesar came to rule the empire, what led to him getting stabbed 23 times on the floor of the senate, and what happened in the scramble for power after his assassination. John covers Rome's transition from city-state to dominant force in the Mediterranean in less than 12 minutes. Well, Rome's expansion took hundreds of years, he just explains it in under 12 minutes. The senate, the people, Rome, the caesarian section, the Julian calendar and our old friend Pompey all make appearances, but NOT the Caesar Salad, as Julius had nothing to do with it. Follow us! @thecrashcourse @realjohngreen @raoulmeyer @crashcoursestan @saysdanica @thoughtbubbler
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  • published: 29 Mar 2012
  • views: 457426
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/The Roman Empire. Or Republic. Or...Which Was It?: Crash Course World History #10
The Roman Military Machine
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:57
  • Updated: 20 Apr 2009
Roman soldiers were fighting men, first and foremost. Constant and rigorous training kept them at peak conditions, and ready for action at any time. In the mid-Republic each Roman legion had an equivalent complement of allied infantry equipped and modeled after the legion and a three times larger complement of cavalry. The army of the Late Republic and Early to Mid-Empire consisted of legionaries and auxiliaries. The auxiliaries were named so after the earlier allied complement, but with structure and equipment differing from the legionaries. They were non-Roman citizens, recruited mostly from the Roman provinces with less pay than the legionaries, but at the end of their service they would be granted Roman citizenship. In the Late Roman army the distinction was between comitatenses, reserve troops and limitanei, border troops.
  • published: 20 Apr 2009
  • views: 396555
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/The Roman Military Machine
ROMAN FEAT. PLEMA - ZIVOT KAO BAJKA 2 (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:25
  • Updated: 17 Nov 2012
Zadnja pesma i zadnji spot sa albuma "ZIVOT KAO BAJKA 2" Download: http://www.sendspace.com/file/p81sv9 Find us on Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/xvisualspage Official web page: http://www.xvisuals.rs Production: xVisuals Directed by: David Mićić, Roman Mihailović Kamera: David Mićić Editing: David Mićić Post Production: Roman nije hteo :)
  • published: 17 Nov 2012
  • views: 114608
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/ROMAN FEAT. PLEMA - ZIVOT KAO BAJKA 2 (OFFICIAL VIDEO)
The Roman Legion at War
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:00
  • Updated: 11 Aug 2008
The mechanics of a "post-Marian reform" Roman legion at war.
  • published: 11 Aug 2008
  • views: 399132
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/The Roman Legion at War
Roman Bath
  • Order:
  • Duration: 54:54
  • Updated: 27 Mar 2009
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/lostempires/ - Tour the crumbling public baths of Rome to learn intimate details of what life was really like for ancient Roman citizens, and in the process, discover the engineering feats that made these baths such an impressive achievement.
  • published: 27 Mar 2009
  • views: 93459
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/Roman Bath
Винтаж - Роман
  • Order:
  • Duration: 3:59
  • Updated: 24 Oct 2010
Подпишись на новые клипы - http://bit.ly/Podpiska Плейлист Винтаж на ELLO - http://bit.ly/VintageELLO @ Google+ http://google.com/+ELLO @ ВКонтакте http://vk.com/ElloTV @ Facebook http://bit.ly/ElloFacebook @ Twitter http://www.twitter.com/ElloRU (c) 2011 Velvet Music (с) StarPro
  • published: 24 Oct 2010
  • views: 12673922
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/Винтаж - Роман
Juan Roman Riquelme
  • Order:
  • Duration: 5:50
  • Updated: 15 Aug 2012
Temporada 2011 - 2012 Gracias a Todos El buen Gusto del Futbol no se lo niega a Nadie http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UmLz8iajpn8 Nombre del Tema Las Pastillas del Abuelo - Que es Dios?
  • published: 15 Aug 2012
  • views: 314488
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/Juan Roman Riquelme "El Señor Futbol"
Noi Invece No - Vsnr Feat. Roman (STREET VIDEO)
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:47
  • Updated: 28 Aug 2012
SCARICA LA CANZONE GRATUITAMENTE SU: http://www.mediafire.com/?a7y9jn7h606ds7c PER UNA VISIONE OTTIMALE DEL VIDEO, GUARDALO IN HD: 720p Regia: Fabio Funky Montaggio: Andrea Cucchi Titolo brano: "Noi Invece No" Artisti: Vsnr crew & Roman La traccia è stata registrata, mixata e masterizzata da Roman al: "Voltaren Studio" (Cologno Monzese) CONTATTI: Facebook Vsnr: https://www.facebook.com/pages/Visionari-VSNR/112226615533878 Facebook Roman: https://www.facebook.com/Romanofficialpage Twitter Roman: https://twitter.com/RomanOfficialT Twitter Baco: https://twitter.com/BacoKrisi Twitter Peach: https://twitter.com/Peach_Vsnr ------------------------- TESTO ----------------------- PEACH: Taglio le basi in Quattro Con il flow katana classe 94 Come le montana Ti tengo sotto scacco Poi ti mangio come a dama Ho fatto passi avanti Gioco della campana Metto cuore nel progetto Per questo prende vita Stringo penne tra le dita Svuoto sogni dal cassetto Erba cattiva sono la cima Ogni testo è meglio di prima Parli di me sono una cima Parli di me sprechi saliva Se facessi teen rap Suonerei per coetanei Scrivo strofe bomba Sembrano scritte ad 8 mani passo la penna e scotta ti si forano le mani come buchi nei conti di monti ho speranze nel domani pedalo indietro come una fix odio la sveglia il lunedi trasparente come il gin la gente bisbiglia peach maudit sagrada familia come gaudi RIT: Qui tutto cambia, noi invece no, siamo gli stessi dall'alba del primo show, (del primo show) ed ogni volta che arrivi a chiederne un pò, i miei fratelli sono pronti a darti il flow, (a darti il flow) qui tutto cambia, noi invece no, il rap è morto bro chiama Poirot, qui tutto cambia, ma guarda un pò, chi son gli stessi dall'alba del primo show (del primo show). BACO KRISI: La gente si indigna se vede Saviano mentre affonda sul proprio divano Tutto il mio impegno sa proprio di-vano se non sapete guardare lontano, quindi sto con i pochi che vengono fuori dai vostri clichè. Dici "spacchiamo" e ti chiedi perchè detto le regole: Pinochet! Perchè sugli occhi avete le bende Io sto lontano dalle tue faccende. solo se dico cazzate la gente si accende quindi sta merda non rende, ma il concetto rende bene: tuo figlio ha "il vizio" e scopri che la droga vende bene dal servizio delle iene?! è assurdo! Prendo distanze dalle tue logiche, scrivo! Ma non comprendo il funzionamento dell'oggi-che vivo! Mentre passano le immagini di stronzetti contenti che alla festa dei 16 anni spendon ciò che guadagni in 20. Grazie a Dio che mi ha dato i miei frà! Non ho fogli colorati con la filigrana io continuo a colorare sta merda di città e prima o poi, chi lo sa?, qualcosa cambierà RIT ROMAN : Sono desolato, ma il tuo take al quanto di flow sai che è desolato, metto passione anche in un "punto e a capo". (tu) fai sta roba solo come hobby poi stai solo come Bobby pessimo risultato, STAI DA SOLO! 50 kili di rabbia e dolore sul viso, sono leggero ma ho il sonno pesante e suono pesante come il costo di evisu, odio che in Italia, per apparire bisogna apparire in video tutto questo mi fa ridere alla Bisio, ne vogliamo, sempre più di te, senza montarci la testa e metterci a fare i ré, dal primo show facciamo big bang con big bangher, mi incazzo se dici che non è rap! Dimmelo tu cose'è fratè, stò swag, c'avete rotto il cazzo come fragranze Chanel, giù con Vsnr, ti espoldiamo in faccia come 10 airbag. (Pow, Poo) RIT: TRAP: Il rap è morto giochiamo a Cluedo ma chi sia stato, resta un mistero qualcosa è cambiato, dici? non credo ma bella ghemon, io ancora ci spero se ora non tremo è perché il vero riconosce il vero fake non vi vedo, tipo tanga di Belen a San Remo cresciuto fra i lupi come Remo Tori seduti, piazze di spaccio fra volti cupi, che di emo avevano solo il laccio se non ti piaccio me ne sbatto al cazzo fra scusa! bombardo se caccio flow ah...Fallujah! In barricata ogni barra chiusa è serrata come il morso di un barracuda gonfio blunt maracuja di weeda importata dal cile o cuba proteggo lo stemma come Garuda Dammi una penna e divento Pablo Neruda lo stratagemma e vi lascio di sasso come Medusa Chi parla di zona "ghettusa" a noi pare tanto un coglione sei in Italia e vuoi fare gli Usa Ma non sei Carosone Io coi polmoni colore carbone segnato dal posto dove son nato non cambio mai, aficionado nel rispetto di quello che è stato. Un ringraziamento a tutta la gente che ha partecipato al video, sia per le comparse che per la realizzazione. One Love
  • published: 28 Aug 2012
  • views: 34338
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/Noi Invece No - Vsnr Feat. Roman (STREET VIDEO)
Roman's Revenge - Nicki Minaj & Eminem [With Lyrics]
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:39
  • Updated: 02 Nov 2010
Album - Pink Friday (Drops November 23) (C) Cash Money Records 100,000 views - 12/14/10 500,000 views - 1/22/11 750,000 views - 2/24/11 1,000,000 views!!!!!!!! - 3/17/11 1,500,000 views - 4/22/11 4,000,000!!!!!!!!! - 9/24/11 NO COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT INTENDED!! I DO NOT OWN THE SONG/LYRICS/ARTISTS IN THIS VIDEO!! Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
  • published: 02 Nov 2010
  • views: 7384022
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/Roman's Revenge - Nicki Minaj & Eminem [With Lyrics]
The Roman Architecture
  • Order:
  • Duration: 10:23
  • Updated: 20 Apr 2009
The Architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the external Greek architecture for their own purposes, which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new architectural style. The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture. This approach is considered reproductive, and sometimes it hinders scholars' understanding and ability to judge Roman buildings by Greek standards, particularly when relying solely on external appearances. The Romans absorbed Greek influence, apparent in many aspects closely related to architecture; for example, this can be seen in the introduction and use of the Triclinium in Roman villas as a place and manner of dining. The Romans, similarly, were indebted to their Etruscan neighbors and forefathers who supplied them with a wealth of knowledge essential for future architectural solutions, such as hydraulics and in the construction of arches. Social elements such as wealth and high population densities in cities forced the ancient Romans to discover new (architectural) solutions of their own. The use of vaults and arches together with a sound knowledge of building materials, for example, enabled them to achieve unprecedented successes in the construction of imposing structures for public use. Examples include the aqueducts of Rome, the Baths of Diocletian and the Baths of Caracalla, the basilicas and perhaps most famously of all, the Colosseum. They were reproduced at smaller scale in most important towns and cities in the Empire. Some surviving structures are almost complete, such as the town walls of Lugo in Hispania Tarraconensis, or northern Spain.
  • published: 20 Apr 2009
  • views: 97014
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/The Roman Architecture
The Roman Aqueducts
  • Order:
  • Duration: 4:07
  • Updated: 20 Apr 2009
Romans constructed numerous aqueducts to supply water to cities and industrial sites. These aqueducts were among the greatest engineering feats of the ancient world, and set a standard not equaled for over a thousand years after the fall of Rome. Many cities still maintain and use the ancient aqueducts even today, although open channels have usually been replaced by pipes.
  • published: 20 Apr 2009
  • views: 56721
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/The Roman Aqueducts
  • Order:
  • Duration: 6:40
  • Updated: 11 Feb 2013
"Peter the Roman" The Next Pope? Then The END? The Prophecy of the Popes, attributed to Saint Malachy, is a list of 112 short phrases in Latin. They purport to describe each of the Roman Catholic popes (along with a few anti-popes), beginning with Pope Celestine II (elected in 1143) and concluding with current pope Benedict XVI's successor, a pope described in the prophecy as "Peter the Roman", whose pontificate will end in the destruction of the city of Rome. The prophecy was first published in 1595 by Arnold de Wyon, a Benedictine historian, as part of his book Lignum Vitæ. Wyon attributed the list to Saint Malachy, the 12th‑century bishop of Armagh in Ireland. According to the traditional account, in 1139, Malachy was summoned to Rome by Pope Innocent II. While in Rome, Malachy purportedly experienced a vision of future popes, which he recorded as a sequence of cryptic phrases. This manuscript was then deposited in the Roman Archive, and thereafter forgotten about until its rediscovery in 1590. FBI -- WARNING -- Federal law allows citizens to reproduce, distribute or exhibit portions of copyright motion pictures, video tapes, or video disks under certain circumstances without authorization of the copyright holder. This infringement of copyright is called fair use and is allowed for purposes of criticism, news reporting, teaching and parody.
  • published: 11 Feb 2013
  • views: 31700
http://web.archive.org./web/20130324192635/http://wn.com/"Peter the Roman" The Next Pope? Then The END?
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This Video is Property of National Geographic Documentary is owned by National Geographic I do not claim rights to this video in any way... LEGAL DISCLAIMER: Regarding Copyright Law THIS VIDEO WAS UPLOADED OUTSIDE OF THE USA *DISCLAIMER* Video for educational purposes only... "Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for fair use for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use." Any video from our channel may or may not at any time contain in full or in part, a series or multiple series of derivative works which are LEGAL under FAIR USE LAW. All videos have descriptions which indicate the real owners and source of the content, and any demand from the copyright holder to remove the content will result in the content being removed immediately. Videos are uploaded for educational purposes only and we do not profit from these such videos. The "Fair Use" Provisions outlined in Title 17, Chapter 01 Article 107 of the US Copyright Law states the following: Notwithstanding the provisions of sections 106 and 106A, the fair use of a copyrighted work, INCLUDING SUCH USE BY REPRODUCTION IN COPIES or phonorecords or BY ANY OTHER MEANS specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is NOT an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: (1) the PURPOSE and CHARACTER of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for NON-PROFIT educational purposes; (2) the NATURE of the copyrighted work; (3) the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and (4) THE EFFECT OF THE USE UPON THE POTENTIAL MARKET FOR OR VALUE OF THE COPYRIGHTED WORK. The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors. SYNOPSIS: DMCA Takedowns are HARASSMENT when initiated by a copyright holder for the purpose of using their copyright to infringe upon the Constitutional Rights of others (see also: Bill of Rights, US Constitution) by way of malicious attacks and are in direct violation of Fair Use Law. It makes clear that there are no laws against file sharing, uploading, downloading, redistribution, derivative works, etc and the list goes on. There are only laws against using said works in such a way that would do harm to the copyright holders character or profits; as more clearly outlined in the entirety of TITLE 17, CHAPTER 1 — SUBJECT MATTER AND SCOPE OF COPYRIGHT: Articles 101 through 122. If anything, these videos increase the validity, profit and audience retention for those whose content is displayed, and for those who own the copyright to the content that is displayed. THIS VIDEO DOES NOT INFRINGE UPON ANYONES COPYRIGHT!!! IF NOT TRUE, CONTACT US AND WE WILL REMOVE THE VIDEO!!! THIS VIDEO WAS UPLOADED OUTSIDE OF THE UNITED STATES!!! Sign Global Petition to END THE WAR ON DRUGS Sign Petition @ http://www.breakingthetaboo.info/
  • published: 13 Mar 2012
  • views: 331569

45:58
HD - Julius Cae­sar - The Roman Em­pire - Full Doc­u­men­tary - 720p
This Video is Prop­er­ty of Na­tion­al Ge­o­graph­ic Doc­u­men­tary is owned by Na­tion­al Ge­o­graph­ic ...
pub­lished: 13 Mar 2012
45:34
The Roman Em­pire - An­cient Su­per­pow­er
This Video is Prop­er­ty of Na­tion­al Ge­o­graph­ic Doc­u­men­tary is owned by Na­tion­al Ge­o­graph­ic ...
pub­lished: 15 Mar 2012
12:26
The Roman Em­pire. Or Re­pub­lic. Or...​Which Was It?: Crash Course World His­to­ry #10
The Mon­gols Shirt is avail­able for pre-or­der now! http://​dft.​ba/​mongols In which John Gre...
pub­lished: 29 Mar 2012
4:57
The Roman Mil­i­tary Ma­chine
Roman sol­diers were fight­ing men, first and fore­most. Con­stant and rig­or­ous train­ing kept ...
pub­lished: 20 Apr 2009
4:25
ROMAN FEAT. PLEMA - ZIVOT KAO BAJKA 2 (OF­FI­CIAL VIDEO)
Zad­n­ja pesma i zad­nji spot sa al­bu­ma "ZIVOT KAO BAJKA 2" Down­load: http://​www.​sendspace.c...
pub­lished: 17 Nov 2012
5:00
The Roman Le­gion at War
The me­chan­ics of a "post-Mar­i­an re­form" Roman le­gion at war....
pub­lished: 11 Aug 2008
54:54
Roman Bath
http://​www.​pbs.​org/​wgbh/​nova/​lostempires/​ - Tour the crum­bling pub­lic baths of Rome to lea...
pub­lished: 27 Mar 2009
3:59
Винтаж - Роман
Подпишись на новые клипы - http://​bit.​ly/​Podpiska Плейлист Винтаж на ELLO - http://​bit.​ly/...​
pub­lished: 24 Oct 2010
5:50
Juan Roman Riquelme "El Señor Fut­bol"
Tem­po­ra­da 2011 - 2012 Gra­cias a Todos El buen Gusto del Fut­bol no se lo niega a Nadie htt...
pub­lished: 15 Aug 2012
4:47
Noi In­vece No - Vsnr Feat. Roman (STREET VIDEO)
SCAR­I­CA LA CAN­ZONE GRA­TUITA­MENTE SU: http://​www.​mediafire.​com/?​a7y9jn7h606ds7c PER UNA VIS...
pub­lished: 28 Aug 2012
4:39
Roman's Re­venge - Nicki Minaj & Em­inem [With Lyrics]
Album - Pink Fri­day (Drops Novem­ber 23) (C) Cash Money Records 100,000 views - 12/14/...
pub­lished: 02 Nov 2010
10:23
The Roman Ar­chi­tec­ture
The Ar­chi­tec­ture of An­cient Rome adopt­ed the ex­ter­nal Greek ar­chi­tec­ture for their own pur...
pub­lished: 20 Apr 2009
4:07
The Roman Aque­ducts
Ro­mans con­struct­ed nu­mer­ous aque­ducts to sup­ply water to cities and in­dus­tri­al sites. Thes...
pub­lished: 20 Apr 2009
6:40
"Peter the Roman" The Next Pope? Then The END?
"Peter the Roman" The Next Pope? Then The END? The Prophe­cy of the Popes, at­tribut­ed to ...
pub­lished: 11 Feb 2013
Youtube results:
1:13
Roman Polak vs Kyle Clif­ford Mar 5, 2013
Roman Polak vs Kyle Clif­ford from the St. Louis Blues at Los An­ge­les Kings game on Mar 5, ...
pub­lished: 06 Mar 2013
12:44
Fall of The Roman Empire...​in the 15th Cen­tu­ry: Crash Course World His­to­ry #12
In which John Green teach­es you about the fall of the Roman Em­pire, which hap­pened con­side...
pub­lished: 13 Apr 2012
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Roman Lob - Stand­ing Still (Ger­many) 2012 Eu­ro­vi­sion Song Con­test
Pow­ered by: http://​www.​eurovision.​tv Roman Lob will rep­re­sent Ger­many at the 2012 Eu­ro­vis...
pub­lished: 29 Feb 2012
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El baile de la gam­be­ta, Juan Román Riquelme
Unite: https://​facebook.​com/​riquelmeelultimo10...​
pub­lished: 06 Apr 2012
photo: White House / Pete Souza
President Barack Obama talks alone with General Martin Dempsey, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff  after attending the Armed Forces Farewell Tribute in honor of Defense Secretary Leon Panetta at Joint Base Myer-Henderson in Arlington, Virginia, Feb. 8, 2013.
Al Jazeera
23 Mar 2013
Contrary to conventional wishful thinking in American policy circles, developments in the nuclear talks between Iran and the P5+1 and the Iran-related messages coming out of President Obama's trip to Israel strongly suggest that the risk of a US-initiated military confrontation with Tehran during Obama's second term are rising, not falling ... But a sober reading of the Istanbul meeting says otherwise ... 1101. Source.. Al Jazeera. Share ... Iraq ... ....(size: 10.7Kb)
photo: AP / Osservatore Romano
In this photo provided by the Vatican paper L'Osservatore Romano, Pope Francis meets Pope emeritus Benedict XVI in Castel Gandolfo Saturday, March 23, 2013.
Skynews
23 Mar 2013
Pope Francis has visited his predecessor Benedict XVI in what was an historic meeting between the two men. The Argentine pope was carried by helicopter from the Vatican to the papal residence of Castel Gandolfo, near Rome, where Benedict, the "pope emeritus", has been living since his resignation last month ... The two used a different kneeler in the pews and prayed together, side-by-side ... "Grazie, grazie." ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
photo: US Navy / hoto by Mass Communication Specialist 1st Class Peter Lewis
APRA HARBOR, Guam (Aug. 21, 2011) The aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76) enters Apra Harbor for a scheduled port visit.
The Guardian
21 Mar 2013
Kim Jong-un oversees mock drone strike as North Korea threatens military bases in Japan and on Guam. Link to video. North Korea threatens US airbases in Japan. North Korea has said it will attack US military bases on Japan and the Pacific island of Guam if provoked, a day after its leader, Kim Jong-un, oversaw a mock drone strike on South Korea ... Japan and US Pacific bases are in range of Pyongyang's medium-range missiles ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
photo: AP / Carolyn Kaster
President Barack Obama and Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu participate in a joint news conference, Wednesday, March 20, 2013, at the prime minister's residence in Jerusalem.
WorldNews.com
24 Mar 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. If a journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step, as the ancient Chinese philosopher Lao-Tzu believed, then surely a healing of a thousand hurts begins with a single apology ... The apology was in reference to the deaths of several of Turkey's citizens during a 2010 Gaza flotilla ... However, it is an effective mechanism for resolving disputes and avoiding war ... You shall apologize....(size: 3.2Kb)
photo: AP / Kamran Jebreili
Former Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf salutes journalists as he arrives in his office for a press briefing before leaving to Karachi in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Sunday, March 24, 2013.
The Los Angeles Times
24 Mar 2013
KARACHI, Pakistan—Former military ruler Pervez Musharraf ended four years of self-imposed exile and returned to Pakistan on Sunday, hoping to craft a political comeback in upcoming parliamentary elections despite pending criminal cases awaiting him and a legacy of authoritarian rule that most Pakistanis prefer to forget ... He also has been charged by Islamabad authorities in 2009 of illegally detaining 60 judges at their homes ... 0 ... ....(size: 5.6Kb)



The New York Times
24 Mar 2013
He ventured with a shovel into the local olive groves. There he dug through the sealed entrance to an abandoned Roman cave. Video Feature. Watching Syria's War ... Members of Ahmed Sheikh’s extended family live in a Roman-era cave in the town of Sarjah ... Explanations of the origins of these underground shelters, many of which are set among other Roman ruins, vary from squatter to squatter ... Mr ... Jammed in Roman Caves, Ducking Syria’s War ... ....(size: 7.3Kb)
The Observer
24 Mar 2013
... in Roman culture across all sectors of society –and crucially was on open access ... But locker-room humour cannot explain all Roman erotica – if indeed "Roman erotica" is a tenable category ... Funny this sculpture may be, but it also hits hard, urging Romans to think harder about what it means to be male and female ... We will never see what the Romans saw....(size: 9.7Kb)
noodls
24 Mar 2013
And this is a profoundly bold step in ecumenical relations between the Orthodox and the Roman Catholics, one that could have lasting significance. Prior to the sixth century, the election of a Roman bishop was a local affair ... During the sixth century, Byzantine armies conquered the Italian peninsula, returning the city of Rome to the imperial Roman government, now centered in Constantinople....(size: 5.8Kb)
The Daily Telegraph
24 Mar 2013
A BBC re-run of 'I, Claudius' was well-timed. Cross palms. Cypriots protest against the ratification of a tax on bank deposits in Nicosia on March 18  Photo. EPA. 5.59PM GMT 24 Mar 2013. Comments. SIR – It was an inspired decision by the BBC to start a re-run of the television series I, Claudius on BBC4 on the evening of March 20 ... And he shows no gratitude at all! ... Timothy Stroud. Salisbury, Wilts. Related Articles ...  . Letters ... ....(size: 5.3Kb)
BBC News
24 Mar 2013
The run-up to Easter is considered the most important week in the calendar of the Roman Catholic Church ... On Thursday, for example, he will visit a prison for young offenders in a Roman suburb where he will symbolically wash the feet of 12 young prisoners ... He has called for the Roman Catholic Church to be closer to ordinary people, especially the poor and disadvantaged....(size: 3.3Kb)
Boston Herald
24 Mar 2013
Roman Sweeney is testament to how vital it is for a just and civilized society not to judge, stereotype, or rush to establish limits on what people with disabilities can achieve ... America getting to know Roman Sweeney — it couldn’t have come at a better time ... Roman Sweeney....(size: 4.3Kb)
The Observer
24 Mar 2013
Boris Berezovsky addressing the media outside the high court, while he was in a legal battle with Roman Abramovich ... Berezovsky establishes himself as one Russia's leading oligarchs and acquires a stake in Russian television channel ORT Television, airline Aeroflot and the lucrative Sibneft oil company with Roman Abramovich....(size: 3.2Kb)
IMDb
24 Mar 2013
(Roman Polanski, 1979, BFI, 12). This adaptation of Thomas Hardy's tragic novel Tess of the d'Urbervilles, completed in 1891, was Roman Polanski's first movie after jumping bail ......(size: 1.0Kb)
The Columbus Dispatch
24 Mar 2013
A federal judge has dismissed a Roman Catholic school’s lawsuit over the federal mandate that most employers cover birth control on the grounds the government has addressed the school’s concerns....(size: 1.5Kb)
RTE
24 Mar 2013
Cardinals, many of them among the electors who on 13 March chose the Roman Catholic church's first Latin American pope, sat in rows for the ceremony held under hazy skies on a breezy day....(size: 1.0Kb)
Syracuse
24 Mar 2013
The front-page article of approximately 1,700 words and seven large color photos reveals the editorial staff’s liberal bias against the Roman Catholic Church. I would suggest that The Post-Standard give equal space and publish an article on Roman Catholicism whose teachings on ......(size: 1.5Kb)
Denver Post
24 Mar 2013
Nashville Predators forward Taylor Beck (56) is congratulated by Roman Josi (59), of Switzerland, and Victor Bartley (64) after Beck scored against the Columbus Blue Jackets in the first period of an NHL hockey game Saturday, March 23, 2013, in Nashville, Tenn ... Roman Josi added an empty-netter in the closing seconds for the Predators, while Martin Erat, Gabriel Bourque and Bobby Butler each had a pair of assists....(size: 3.8Kb)
MSNBC
24 Mar 2013
Today, his family and friends held a blood drive in his honor ... Advertise . AdChoices. Advertise . AdChoices. Advertise . AdChoices. Among the supporters attending today's event were Roman Fuentes and Demitra Rivera ... Roman said, "It's very heart warming for the both of us especially since we're going to be experiencing a child ourself, but until we have our child I probably won't fully comprehend what it means to her." ... ....(size: 2.0Kb)

Roman or Romans may refer to:

  • A thing or person of or from the city of Rome

Contents

History[link]

  • Ancient Rome (9th century BC – 5th century AD)
  • Byzantine Empire (330/476/629 to 1453), a Late Antiquity and medieval continuation of the Greek-speaking portion of the Roman Empire
    • Romaioi (Ρωμαίοι), Greek-speaking, Orthodox population of the Eastern Roman Empire dating to Late Antiquity (the term translates literally to "Roman")
    • Romioi (Ρωμιοί), Greek-speaking, Orthodox population of the Rum-milet in the Ottoman Empire, or Greek-speaking Orthodox people today (the term translates literally to "Roman")
    • Romanae or the Greco-Romans from Aetolia Acarnania that speak Romanesci
  • Holy Roman Empire (c. 900 to 1806), a medieval state in Central Europe

Geography[link]

Christianity[link]

Typography[link]

Literature[link]

Music[link]

Cinema[link]

Mythology[link]

People[link]

Family name[link]

Given name[link]

Science[link]

Other uses[link]

See also[link]

Note: the following entries are arranged in an etymological tree.


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Gaius Julius Caesar
Dictator of the Roman Republic

The "Tusculum portrait", possibly the only surviving bust of Caesar made during his lifetime
Reign October 49 BC –
15 March 44 BC (as dictator and/or consul)
Full name Gaius Julius Caesar
Born July 100 BC
Birthplace Subura, Rome
Died 15 March 44 BC (aged 55)
Place of death Curia of Pompey, Rome
Consort Cornelia Cinna minor 84 – 69 BC
Pompeia 68 – 63 BC
Calpurnia Pisonis 59 – 44 BC
Offspring Julia Caesaris c. 73 – 54 BC
Caesarion 47 – 30 BC
Augustus 63 BC – 14 AD (grand-nephew, posthumously adopted as Caesar's son in 44 BC)
Royal House Julio-Claudian
Father Gaius Julius Cæsar
Mother Aurelia Cotta[1]
Rmn-social-header-1-.svg
These articles cover the Ancient Roman Comitium of the Republican era
Structures- Rostra, Curia Hostilia, Curia Julia, Lapis Niger
Politicians- Cicero, Gaius Gracchus, Julius Caesar
Assemblies- Roman Senate, comitia curiata

Gaius Julius Caesar[2] (Classical Latin: [ˈɡaː.i.ʊs ˈjuː.lɪ.ʊs ˈkaj.sar],[3] July 100 BC[4] – 15 March 44 BC)[5] was a Roman general and statesman and a distinguished writer of Latin prose. He played a critical role in the gradual transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire.

In 60 BC, Caesar, Crassus and Pompey formed a political alliance that was to dominate Roman politics for several years. Their attempts to amass power through populist tactics were opposed by the conservative elite within the Roman Senate[citation needed], among them Cato the Younger with the frequent support of Cicero. Caesar's conquest of Gaul, completed by 51 BC, extended Rome's territory to the English Channel and the Rhine. Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both when he built a bridge across the Rhine and conducted the first invasion of Britain.

These achievements granted him unmatched military power and threatened to eclipse Pompey's standing. The balance of power was further upset by the death of Crassus in 53 BC. Political realignments in Rome finally led to a standoff between Caesar and Pompey, the latter having taken up the cause of the Senate. Ordered by the Senate to stand trial in Rome for various charges, Caesar marched on Rome with one legion—legio XIII—from Gaul to Italy, crossing the Rubicon in 49 BC.[6] This sparked a civil war from which he emerged as the unrivaled leader of the Roman world.

After assuming control of government, he began extensive reforms of Roman society and government. He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed "dictator in perpetuity". A group of senators, led by Marcus Junius Brutus, assassinated the dictator on the Ides of March (15 March) 44 BC, hoping to restore the constitutional government of the Republic. However, the result was a series of civil wars, which ultimately led to the establishment of the permanent Roman Empire by Caesar's adopted heir Octavius (later known as Augustus). Much of Caesar's life is known from his own accounts of his military campaigns, and other contemporary sources, mainly the letters and speeches of Cicero and the historical writings of Sallust. The later biographies of Caesar by Suetonius and Plutarch are also major sources.

Contents

Early life and career[link]

Bust of Caesar from the Naples National Archaeological Museum.

Caesar was born into a patrician family, the gens Julia, which claimed descent from Iulus, son of the legendary Trojan prince Aeneas, supposedly the son of the goddess Venus.[7] The cognomen "Caesar" originated, according to Pliny the Elder, with an ancestor who was born by caesarean section (from the Latin verb to cut, caedere, caes-).[8] The Historia Augusta suggests three alternative explanations: that the first Caesar had a thick head of hair (Latin caesaries); that he had bright grey eyes (Latin oculis caesiis); or that he killed an elephant (caesai in Moorish) in battle.[9]

Caesar issued coins featuring images of elephants, suggesting that he favored this interpretation of his name. Despite their ancient pedigree, the Julii Caesares were not especially politically influential. Caesar's father, also called Gaius Julius Caesar, governed the province of Asia,[10] while his mother, Aurelia Cotta, came from an influential family. Little is recorded of Caesar's childhood.[11]

Caesar's formative years were a time of turmoil. There were several wars from 91 BC to 82 BC, although from 82 BC to 80 BC, the dictator Lucius Cornelius Sulla was purging Rome of his political enemies. Domestically, Roman politics was bitterly divided. In 85 BC, Caesar's father died suddenly[12] so at sixteen Caesar was the head of the family. The following year he was nominated to be the new high priest of Jupiter.[13]

Since the holder of that position not only had to be a patrician but also be married to a patrician, he broke off his engagement to a plebeian girl he had been betrothed to since boyhood, and married Lucius Cinna's daughter Cornelia.[14] Meanwhile, having brought Mithridates to terms, Sulla returned to Rome and had himself appointed to the revived office of dictator.[15]

Sulla's proscriptions saw hundreds of his political enemies killed or exiled. Caesar, as the nephew of Marius and son-in-law of Cinna, was targeted. He was stripped of his inheritance, his wife's dowry and his priesthood, but he refused to divorce Cornelia and was forced to go into hiding. The threat against him was lifted by the intervention of his mother's family, which included supporters of Sulla, and the Vestal Virgins. Sulla gave in reluctantly, and is said to have declared that he saw many a Marius in Caesar.[11]

Caesar left Rome and joined the army, where he won the Civic Crown for his part in an important siege. On a mission to Bithynia to secure the assistance of King Nicomedes's fleet, he spent so long at his court that rumors of an affair with the king arose, which Caesar would vehemently deny for the rest of his life.[16] Ironically, the loss of his priesthood had allowed him to pursue a military career, as the high priest of Jupiter was not permitted to touch a horse, sleep three nights outside his own bed or one night outside Rome, or look upon an army.[17]

Hearing of Sulla's death in 78 BC, Caesar felt safe enough to return to Rome. Lacking means since his inheritance was confiscated, he acquired a modest house in a lower-class neighborhood of Rome.[18] Instead, he turned to legal advocacy. He became known for his exceptional oratory, accompanied by impassioned gestures and a high-pitched voice, and ruthless prosecution of former governors notorious for extortion and corruption.

On the way across the Aegean Sea,[19] Caesar was kidnapped by pirates and held prisoner.[20] He maintained an attitude of superiority throughout his captivity. When the pirates thought to demand a ransom of twenty talents of silver, he insisted they ask for fifty.[21][22] After the ransom was paid, Caesar raised a fleet, pursued and captured the pirates, and imprisoned them. He had them crucified on his own authority, as he had promised while in captivity[23]—a promise the pirates had taken as a joke. As a sign of leniency, he first had their throats cut. He was soon called back into military action in Asia, raising a band of auxiliaries to repel an incursion from the east.[citation needed]

On his return to Rome, he was elected military tribune, a first step in a political career. He was elected quaestor for 69 BC,[24] and during that year he delivered the funeral oration for his aunt Julia. His wife, Cornelia, also died that year.[25] After her funeral, in the spring or early summer of 69 BC, Caesar went to serve his quaestorship in Spain.[26] While there he is said to have encountered a statue of Alexander the Great, and realized with dissatisfaction he was now at an age when Alexander had the world at his feet, while he had achieved comparatively little. On his return in 67 BC,[27] he married Pompeia, a granddaughter of Sulla, whom he later divorced.[28]

In 63 BC, he ran for election to the post of Pontifex Maximus, chief priest of the Roman state religion. He ran against two powerful senators. There were accusations of bribery by all sides. Caesar won comfortably, despite his opponents' greater experience and standing.[29] When Cicero, who was consul that year, exposed Catiline's conspiracy to seize control of the republic, several senators accused Caesar of involvement in the plot.[30]

After his praetorship, Caesar was appointed to govern Spain, but he was still in considerable debt and needed to satisfy his creditors before he could leave. He turned to Marcus Licinius Crassus, one of Rome's richest men. In return for political support in his opposition to the interests of Pompey, Crassus paid some of Caesar's debts and acted as guarantor for others. Even so, to avoid becoming a private citizen and thus be open to prosecution for his debts, Caesar left for his province before his praetorship had ended. In Spain, he conquered two local tribes and was hailed as imperator by his troops, reformed the law regarding debts, and completed his governorship in high esteem.[31]

As imperator, Caesar was entitled to a triumph. However, he also wanted to stand for consul, the most senior magistracy in the republic. If he were to celebrate a triumph, he would have to remain a soldier and stay outside the city until the ceremony, but to stand for election he would need to lay down his command and enter Rome as a private citizen. He could not do both in the time available. He asked the senate for permission to stand in absentia, but Cato blocked the proposal. Faced with the choice between a triumph and the consulship, Caesar chose the consulship.[32]

Consulship and military campaigns[link]

In 60 BC, Caesar sought election as consul for 59 BC, along with two other candidates. The election was sordid – even Cato, with his reputation for incorruptibility, is said to have resorted to bribery in favor of one of Caesar's opponents. Caesar won, along with conservative Marcus Bibulus.[33]

Bust of Pompey

Caesar was already in Crassus' political debt, but he also made overtures to Pompey. Pompey and Crassus had been at odds for a decade, so Caesar tried to reconcile them. The three of them had enough money and political influence to control public business. This informal alliance, known as the First Triumvirate ("rule of three men"), was cemented by the marriage of Pompey to Caesar's daughter Julia.[34] Caesar also married again, this time Calpurnia, who was the daughter of another powerful senator.[35]

Caesar proposed a law for the redistribution of public lands to the poor, a proposal supported by Pompey, by force of arms if need be, and by Crassus, making the triumvirate public. Pompey filled the city with soldiers, a move which intimidated the triumvirate's opponents. Bibulus attempted to declare the omens unfavorable and thus void the new law, but was driven from the forum by Caesar's armed supporters. His bodyguards had their ceremonial axes broken, two high magistrates accompanying him were wounded, and he had a bucket of excrement thrown over him. In fear of his life, he retired to his house for the rest of the year, issuing occasional proclamations of bad omens. These attempts to obstruct Caesar's legislation proved ineffective. Roman satirists ever after referred to the year as "the consulship of Julius and Caesar."[36]

When Caesar was first elected, the aristocracy tried to limit his future power by allotting the woods and pastures of Italy, rather than the governorship of a province, as his military command duty after his year in office was over.[37] With the help of political allies, Caesar later overturned this, and was instead appointed to govern Cisalpine Gaul (northern Italy) and Illyricum (southeastern Europe), with Transalpine Gaul (southern France) later added, giving him command of four legions. The term of his governorship, and thus his immunity from prosecution, was set at five years, rather than the usual one.[38] When his consulship ended, Caesar narrowly avoided prosecution for the irregularities of his year in office, and quickly left for his province.[39]

Conquest of Gaul[link]

Caesar was still deeply in debt, but there was money to be made as a governor, whether by extortion[40] or by military adventurism. Caesar had four legions under his command, two of his provinces bordered on unconquered territory, and parts of Gaul were known to be unstable. Some of Rome's Gallic allies had been defeated by their rivals, with the help of a contingent of Germanic tribes. The Romans feared these tribes were preparing to migrate south, closer to Italy, and that they had warlike intent. Caesar raised two new legions and defeated these tribes.[41]

In response to Caesar's earlier activities, the tribes in the north-east began to arm themselves. Caesar treated this as an aggressive move and, after an inconclusive engagement against the united tribes, he conquered the tribes piecemeal. Meanwhile, one of his legions began the conquest of the tribes in the far north (directly opposite Britain).[42] During the spring of 56 BC, the Triumvirate held a conference, as Rome was in turmoil and Caesar's political alliance was coming undone. The meeting renewed the Triumvirate and extended Caesar's governorship for another five years.[43] The conquest of the north was soon completed, while a few pockets of resistance remained.[44] Caesar now had a secure base from which to launch an invasion of Britain.

The extent of the Roman Republic in 40 BC after Caesar's conquests.

In 55 BC, Caesar repelled an incursion into Gaul by two Germanic tribes, and followed it up by building a bridge across the Rhine and making a show of force in Germanic territory, before returning and dismantling the bridge. Late that summer, having subdued two other tribes, he crossed into Britain, claiming that the Britons had aided one of his enemies the previous year possibly the Veneti of Brittany.[45] His intelligence information was poor, and although he gained a beachhead on the coast, he could not advance further, and returned to Gaul for the winter.[46] He returned the following year, better prepared and with a larger force, and achieved more. He advanced inland, and established a few alliances. However, poor harvests led to widespread revolt in Gaul, which forced Caesar to leave Britain for the last time.[47]

While Caesar was in Britain his daughter Julia, Pompey's wife, had died in childbirth. Caesar tried to re-secure Pompey's support by offering him his great-niece in marriage, but Pompey declined. In 53 BC Crassus was killed leading a failed invasion of the east. Rome was on the edge of civil war. Pompey was appointed sole consul as an emergency measure, and married the daughter of a political opponent of Caesar. The Triumvirate was dead.[48]

In 52 BC another, larger revolt erupted in Gaul, led by Vercingetorix. Vercingetorix managed to unite the Gallic tribes and proved an astute commander, defeating Caesar in several engagements, but Caesar's elaborate siege-works at the Battle of Alesia finally forced his surrender.[49] Despite scattered outbreaks of warfare the following year,[50] Gaul was effectively conquered. Plutarch claimed that the army had fought against three million men during the Gallic Wars, of whom one million died, and another million were enslaved. The Romans subjugated 300 tribes and destroyed 800 cities.[51] However, in view of the difficulty in finding accurate counts in the first place, Caesar's propagandistic purposes, and the common exaggeration of numbers in ancient texts, the stated totals of enemy combatants are likely to be too high.

Civil war[link]

In 50 BC, the Senate, led by Pompey, ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome because his term as governor had finished.[52] Caesar thought he would be prosecuted if he entered Rome without the immunity enjoyed by a magistrate. Pompey accused Caesar of insubordination and treason. In January 49 BC, Caesar crossed the Rubicon river (the frontier boundary of Italy) with only one legion and ignited civil war. Upon crossing the Rubicon, Caesar, according to Plutarch and Suetonius, is supposed to have quoted the Athenian playwright Menander, in Greek, "the die is cast".[53]

Erasmus, however, notes that the more accurate translation of the Greek imperative mood would be "alea icta esto" let the die be cast.[54] Pompey and much of the Senate fled to the south, having little confidence in his newly raised troops. Despite greatly outnumbering Caesar, who only had his Thirteenth Legion with him, Pompey did not intend to fight. Caesar pursued Pompey, hoping to capture him before his legions could escape.[55]

Pompey managed to escape before Caesar could capture him. Caesar decided to head for Spain, while leaving Italy under the control of Mark Antony. Caesar made an astonishing 27-day route-march to Spain, where he defeated Pompey's lieutenants. He then returned east, to challenge Pompey in Greece where in July 48 BC at Dyrrhachium Caesar barely avoided a catastrophic defeat. He decisively defeated Pompey at Pharsalus in an exceedingly short engagement later that year.[56]

A bust of Cleopatra VII.

In Rome, Caesar was appointed dictator,[57] with Mark Antony as his Master of the Horse (second in command); Caesar presided over his own election to a second consulship and then, after eleven days, resigned this dictatorship.[57][58] Caesar then pursued Pompey to Egypt, where Pompey was soon murdered.[59]

Caesar then became involved with an Egyptian civil war between the child pharaoh and his sister, wife, and co-regent queen, Cleopatra. Perhaps as a result of the pharaoh's role in Pompey's murder, Caesar sided with Cleopatra; he is reported to have wept at the sight of Pompey's head,[60] which was offered to him by the pharaoh as a gift. In any event, Caesar withstood the Siege of Alexandria and later he defeated the pharaoh's forces Battle of the Nile in 47 BC and installed Cleopatra as ruler. Caesar and Cleopatra celebrated their victory with a triumphant procession on the Nile in the spring of 47 BC. The royal barge was accompanied by 400 additional ships, and Caesar was introduced to the luxurious lifestyle of the Egyptian pharaohs.[61]

Caesar and Cleopatra never married, as Roman law recognized marriages only between two Roman citizens. Caesar continued his relationship with Cleopatra throughout his last marriage, which lasted fourteen years – in Roman eyes, this did not constitute adultery – and may have fathered a son called Caesarion. Cleopatra visited Rome on more than one occasion, residing in Caesar's villa just outside Rome across the Tiber.[62]

Late in 48 BC, Caesar was again appointed Dictator, with a term of one year.[58] After spending the first months of 47 BC in Egypt, Caesar went to the Middle East, where he annihilated the king of Pontus; his victory was so swift and complete that he mocked Pompey's previous victories over such poor enemies.[63] On his way to Pontus, Caesar visited from May 27 to 29, 47 BC, (May 25-27greg.) Tarsus, where he met enthusiastic support, but where, according to Cicero, Cassius was planning to kill him at this point.[64][65][66] Thence, he proceeded to Africa to deal with the remnants of Pompey's senatorial supporters. He quickly gained a significant victory in 46 BC over Cato, who then committed suicide.[67]

After this victory, he was appointed Dictator for ten years.[68] Nevertheless, Pompey's sons escaped to Spain; Caesar gave chase and defeated the last remnants of opposition in the Battle of Munda in March 45 BC.[69] During this time, Caesar was elected to his third and fourth terms as consul in 46 BC and 45 BC (this last time without a colleague).

Dictatorship and assassination[link]

While he was still campaigning in Spain, the Senate began bestowing honors on Caesar. Caesar had not proscribed his enemies, instead pardoning almost all, and there was no serious public opposition to him. Great games and celebrations were held in April to honor Caesar’s victory at Munda. Plutarch writes that many Romans found the triumph held following Caesar's victory to be in poor taste, as those defeated in the civil war had not been foreigners, but instead fellow Romans.[70] On Caesar's return to Italy in September 45 BC, he filed his will, naming his grandnephew Gaius Octavius (Octavian) as the heir to everything, including his name. Caesar also wrote that if Octavian died before Caesar did, Marcus Junius Brutus would be the next heir in succession.

During his early career, Caesar had seen how chaotic and dysfunctional the Roman Republic had become. The republican machinery had broken down under the weight of imperialism, the central government had become powerless, the provinces had been transformed into independent principalities under the absolute control of their governors, and the army had replaced the constitution as the means of accomplishing political goals. With a weak central government, political corruption had spiraled out of control, and the status quo had been maintained by a corrupt aristocracy, which saw no need to change a system that had made its members rich.[citation needed]

Between his crossing of the Rubicon River in 49 BC, and his assassination in 44 BC, Caesar established a new constitution, which was intended to accomplish three separate goals.[71] First, he wanted to suppress all armed resistance out in the provinces, and thus bring order back to the empire. Second, he wanted to create a strong central government in Rome. Finally, he wanted to knit together the entire empire into a single cohesive unit.[71]

The first goal was accomplished when Caesar defeated Pompey and his supporters.[71] To accomplish the other two goals, he needed to ensure that his control over the government was undisputed,[72] and so he assumed these powers by increasing his own authority, and by decreasing the authority of Rome's other political institutions. Finally, he enacted a series of reforms that were meant to address several long neglected issues, the most important of which was his reform of the calendar.[citation needed]

Dictatorship[link]

When Caesar returned to Rome, the Senate granted him triumphs for his victories, ostensibly over Gaul, Egypt, Pharnaces and Juba, rather than over his Roman opponents. Not everything went Caesar's way. When Arsinoe IV, Egypt's former queen, was paraded in chains, the spectators admired her dignified bearing and were moved to pity.[73] Triumphal games were held, with beast-hunts involving 400 lions, and gladiator contests. A naval battle was held on a flooded basin at the Field of Mars.[74] At the Circus Maximus, two armies of war captives, each of 2,000 people, 200 horse and 20 elephants, fought to the death. Again, some bystanders complained, this time at Caesar's wasteful extravagance. A riot broke out, and only stopped when Caesar had two rioters sacrificed by the priests on the Field of Mars.[74]

After the triumph, Caesar set forth to passing an unprecedented legislative agenda.[74][dubious ] He ordered a census be taken, which forced a reduction in the grain dole, and that jurors could only come from the Senate or the equestrian ranks. He passed a sumptuary law that restricted the purchase of certain luxuries. After this, he passed a law that rewarded families for having many children, to speed up the repopulation of Italy. Then he outlawed professional guilds, except those of ancient foundation, since many of these were subversive political clubs. He then passed a term limit law applicable to governors. He passed a debt restructuring law, which ultimately eliminated about a fourth of all debts owed.[74]

The Forum of Caesar, with its Temple of Venus Genetrix, was then built, among many other public works. Caesar also tightly regulated the purchase of state-subsidised grain and reduced the number of recipients to a fixed number, all of whom were entered into a special register.[75] From 47 to 44 BC he made plans for the distribution of land to about 15,000 of his veterans.[76]

The most important change, however, was his reform of the calendar. The calendar at the time was regulated by the movement of the moon, and this had resulted in a great deal of disorder. Caesar replaced this calendar with the Egyptian calendar, which was regulated by the sun. He set the length of the year to 365.25 days by adding an intercalary/leap day at the end of February every fourth year.[77]

To bring the calendar into alignment with the seasons, he decreed that three extra months be inserted into 46 BC (the ordinary intercalary month at the end of February, and two extra months after November). Thus, the Julian calendar opened on 1 January 45 BC.[74][77] This calendar is almost identical to the current Western calendar.

Shortly before his assassination, he passed a few more reforms.[74] He established a police force, appointed officials to carry out his land reforms, and ordered the rebuilding of Carthage and Corinth. He also extended Latin rights throughout the Roman world, and then abolished the tax system and reverted to the earlier version that allowed cities to collect tribute however they wanted, rather than needing Roman intermediaries. His assassination prevented further and larger schemes, which included the construction of an unprecedented temple to Mars, a huge theater, and a library on the scale of the Library of Alexandria.[74]

He also wanted to convert Ostia to a major port, and cut a canal through the Isthmus of Corinth. Militarily, he wanted to conquer the Dacians, Parthians, and avenge the loss at Carrhae. Thus, he instituted a massive mobilization. Shortly before his assassination, the Senate named him censor for life and Father of the Fatherland, and the month of Quintilis was renamed July in his honor.[74]

He was granted further honors, which were later used to justify his assassination as a would-be divine monarch; coins were issued bearing his image and his statue was placed next to those of the kings. He was granted a golden chair in the Senate, was allowed to wear triumphal dress whenever he chose, and was offered a form of semi-official or popular cult, with Mark Antony as his high priest.[74]

Political reforms[link]

The history of Caesar's political appointments is complex and uncertain. Caesar held both the dictatorship and the tribunate, but alternated between the consulship and the Proconsulship.[72] His powers within the state seem to have rested upon these magistracies.[72] He was first appointed dictator in 49 BC possibly to preside over elections, but resigned his dictatorship within eleven days. In 48 BC, he was re-appointed dictator, only this time for an indefinite period, and in 46 BC, he was appointed dictator for ten years.[78]

In February 44 BC, one month before his assassination, he was appointed dictator for life. Under Caesar, a significant amount of authority was vested in his lieutenants,[78] mostly because Caesar was frequently out of Italy.[78] In October 45 BC, Caesar resigned his position as sole consul, and facilitated the election of two successors for the remainder of the year which theoretically restored the ordinary consulship, since the constitution did not recognize a single consul without a colleague.[79]

In 48 BC, Caesar was given permanent tribunician powers,[80] which made his person sacrosanct and allowed him to veto the Senate,[80] although on at least one occasion, tribunes did attempt to obstruct him. The offending tribunes in this case were brought before the Senate and divested of their office.[80] This was not the first time that Caesar had violated a tribune's sacrosanctity. After he had first marched on Rome in 49 BC, he forcibly opened the treasury although a tribune had the seal placed on it. After the impeachment of the two obstructive tribunes, Caesar, perhaps unsurprisingly, faced no further opposition from other members of the Tribunician College.[80]

Denarius (42 BC) issued by Cassius Longinus and Lentulus Spinther, depicting the crowned head of Liberty and on the reverse a sacrificial jug and lituus, from the military mint in Smyrna.

In 46 BC, Caesar gave himself the title of "Prefect of the Morals", which was an office that was new only in name, as its powers were identical to those of the censors.[80] Thus, he could hold censorial powers, while technically not subjecting himself to the same checks that the ordinary censors were subject to, and he used these powers to fill the Senate with his own partisans. He also set the precedent, which his imperial successors followed, of requiring the Senate to bestow various titles and honors upon him. He was, for example, given the title of "Father of the Fatherland" and "imperator".[78]

Coins bore his likeness, and he was given the right to speak first during senate meetings.[78] Caesar then increased the number of magistrates who were elected each year, which created a large pool of experienced magistrates, and allowed Caesar to reward his supporters.[79]

Caesar even took steps to transform Italy into a province, and to link more tightly the other provinces of the empire into a single cohesive unit. This addressed the underlying problem that had caused the Social War decades earlier, where individuals outside Rome and Italy were not considered "Roman", and thus were not given full citizenship rights. This process, of fusing the entire Roman Empire into a single unit, rather than maintaining it as a network of unequal principalities, would ultimately be completed by Caesar's successor, the emperor Augustus.

When Caesar returned to Rome in 47 BC, the ranks of the Senate had been severely depleted, and so he used his censorial powers to appoint many new senators, which eventually raised the Senate's membership to 900.[79] All the appointments were of his own partisans, which robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige, and made the Senate increasingly subservient to him.[81] To minimize the risk that another general might attempt to challenge him,[78] Caesar passed a law that subjected governors to term limits.[78]

Near the end of his life, Caesar began to prepare for a war against the Parthian Empire. Since his absence from Rome might limit his ability to install his own consuls, he passed a law which allowed him to appoint all magistrates in 43 BC, and all consuls and tribunes in 42 BC.[79] This, in effect, transformed the magistrates from being representatives of the people to being representatives of the dictator.[79]

Assassination[link]

The senators encircle Caesar. A 19th century interpretation of the event by Carl Theodor von Piloty.

On the Ides of March (15 March; see Roman calendar) of 44 BC, Caesar was due to appear at a session of the Senate. Mark Antony, having vaguely learned of the plot the night before from a terrified Liberator named Servilius Casca, and fearing the worst, went to head Caesar off. The plotters, however, had anticipated this and, fearing that Antony would come to Caesar's aid, had arranged for Trebonius to intercept him just as he approached the portico of Theatre of Pompey, where the session was to be held, and detain him outside. (Plutarch, however, assigns this action to delay Antony to Brutus Albinus). When he heard the commotion from the senate chamber, Antony fled.[82]

According to Plutarch, as Caesar arrived at the Senate, Tillius Cimber presented him with a petition to recall his exiled brother.[83] The other conspirators crowded round to offer support. Both Plutarch and Suetonius say that Caesar waved him away, but Cimber grabbed his shoulders and pulled down Caesar's tunic. Caesar then cried to Cimber, "Why, this is violence!" ("Ista quidem vis est!").[84]

At the same time, Casca produced his dagger and made a glancing thrust at the dictator's neck. Caesar turned around quickly and caught Casca by the arm. According to Plutarch, he said in Latin, "Casca, you villain, what are you doing?"[85] Casca, frightened, shouted, "Help, brother!" in Greek ("ἀδελφέ, βοήθει", "adelphe, boethei"). Within moments, the entire group, including Brutus, was striking out at the dictator. Caesar attempted to get away, but, blinded by blood, he tripped and fell; the men continued stabbing him as he lay defenceless on the lower steps of the portico. According to Eutropius, around 60 or more men participated in the assassination. He was stabbed 23 times.[86]

According to Suetonius, a physician later established that only one wound, the second one to his chest, had been lethal.[87] The dictator's last words are not known with certainty, and are a contested subject among scholars and historians alike. Suetonius reports that others have said Caesar's last words were the Greek phrase "καὶ σύ, τέκνον;"[88] (transliterated as "Kai su, teknon?": "You too, child?" in English). However, for himself, Suetonius says Caesar said nothing.[89]

Plutarch also reports that Caesar said nothing, pulling his toga over his head when he saw Brutus among the conspirators.[90] The version best known in the English-speaking world is the Latin phrase "Et tu, Brute?" ("And you, Brutus?", commonly rendered as "You too, Brutus?");[91][92] this derives from Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, where it actually forms the first half of a macaronic line: "Et tu, Brute? Then fall, Caesar." It has no basis in historical fact and Shakespeare's use of Latin here is not from any assertion that Caesar would have been using the language, rather than the Greek reported by Suetonius, but because the phrase was already popular when the play was written.[93]

According to Plutarch, after the assassination, Brutus stepped forward as if to say something to his fellow senators; they, however, fled the building.[94] Brutus and his companions then marched to the Capitol while crying out to their beloved city: "People of Rome, we are once again free!" They were met with silence, as the citizens of Rome had locked themselves inside their houses as soon as the rumor of what had taken place had begun to spread. Caesar's dead body lay where it fell on the Senate floor for nearly three hours before other officials arrived to remove it.

Caesar's body was cremated, and on the site of his cremation the Temple of Caesar was erected a few years later (at the east side of the main square of the Roman Forum). Nowadays, only its altar remains.[95][96] A lifesize wax statue of Caesar was later erected in the forum displaying the 23 stab wounds. A crowd who had gathered there started a fire, which badly damaged the forum and neighboring buildings. In the ensuing chaos Mark Antony, Octavian (later Augustus Caesar), and others fought a series of five civil wars, which would end in the formation of the Roman Empire.

Aftermath of the assassination[link]

Mark Antony, Caesar's cousin.

The result unforeseen by the assassins was that Caesar's death precipitated the end of the Roman Republic.[97] The Roman middle and lower classes, with whom Caesar was immensely popular and had been since before Gaul, became enraged that a small group of aristocrats had killed their champion. Antony, who had been drifting apart from Caesar, capitalised on the grief of the Roman mob and threatened to unleash them on the Optimates, perhaps with the intent of taking control of Rome himself. To his surprise and chagrin, Caesar had named his grandnephew Gaius Octavian his sole heir, bequeathing him the immensely potent Caesar name and making him one of the wealthiest citizens in the Republic.[98]

The crowd at the funeral boiled over, throwing dry branches, furniture and even clothing on to Caesar's funeral pyre, causing the flames to spin out of control, seriously damaging the Forum. The mob then attacked the houses of Brutus and Cassius, where they were repelled only with considerable difficulty, ultimately providing the spark for the Liberators' civil war, fulfilling at least in part Antony's threat against the aristocrats.[99] Antony did not foresee the ultimate outcome of the next series of civil wars, particularly with regard to Caesar's adopted heir. Octavian, aged only 18 when Caesar died, proved to have considerable political skills, and while Antony dealt with Decimus Brutus in the first round of the new civil wars, Octavian consolidated his tenuous position.

To combat Brutus and Cassius, who were massing an enormous army in Greece, Antony needed soldiers, the cash from Caesar's war chests, and the legitimacy that Caesar's name would provide for any action he took against them. With the passage of the lex Titia on 27 November 43 BC,[100] the Second Triumvirate was officially formed, composed of Antony, Octavian, and Caesar's loyal cavalry commander Lepidus.[101] It formally deified Caesar as Divus Iulius in 42 BC, and Caesar Octavian henceforth became Divi filius ("Son of a god").[102]

Because Caesar's clemency had resulted in his murder, the Second Triumvirate reinstated the practice of proscription, abandoned since Sulla.[103] It engaged in the legally-sanctioned murder of a large number of its opponents to secure funding for its forty-five legions in the second civil war against Brutus and Cassius.[104] Antony and Octavius defeated them at Philippi.[105]

Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, Caesar's adopted heir.

Afterward, Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar's lover, Cleopatra, intending to use the fabulously wealthy Egypt as a base to dominate Rome. A third civil war broke out between Octavian on one hand and Antony and Cleopatra on the other. This final civil war, culminating in the latter's defeat at Actium, resulted in the permanent ascendancy of Octavian, who became the first Roman emperor, under the name Caesar Augustus, a name that raised him to the status of a deity.[106]

Julius Caesar had been preparing to invade Parthia, the Caucasus and Scythia, and then march back to Germania through Eastern Europe. These plans were thwarted by his assassination.[107] His successors did attempt the conquests of Parthia and Germania, but without lasting results.

Julius Caesar was the first historical Roman to be officially deified. He was posthumously granted the title Divus Iulius or Divus Julius (the divine Julius or the deified Julius) by decree of the Roman Senate on 1 January 42 BC. Though his temple was not dedicated until after his death, he may have received divine honors during his lifetime:[108] and shortly before his assassination, Mark Antony had been appointed as his flamen (priest).[109] Both Octavian and Mark Antony promoted the cult of Divus Iulius. After the death of Antony, Octavian, as the adoptive son of Caesar, assumed the title of Divi Filius (son of a god).

Personal life[link]

Health and physical appearance[link]

Based on remarks by Plutarch,[110] Caesar is sometimes thought to have suffered from epilepsy. Modern scholarship is "sharply divided" on the subject, and some scholars believe that he was plagued by malaria, particularly during the Sullan proscriptions of the 80s.[111] Despite the commonly held belief that Caesar suffered from epilepsy, several specialists in headache medicine believe that a more accurate diagnosis would be migraine headache.[112]

Caesar had four documented episodes of what may have been complex partial seizures. He may additionally have had absence seizures in his youth. The earliest accounts of these seizures were made by the biographer Suetonius, who was born after Caesar died. The claim of epilepsy is countered among some medical historians by a claim of hypoglycemia, which can cause epileptoid seizures.[113][114][115]

In 2003, psychiatrist Harbour F. Hodder published what he termed as the "Caesar Complex" theory, arguing that Caesar was a sufferer of temporal lobe epilepsy and the debilitating symptoms of the condition were a factor in Caesar's conscious decision to forgo personal safety in the days leading up to his assassination.[116]

A line from Shakespeare has sometimes been taken to mean that he was deaf in one ear: Come on my right hand, for this ear is deaf.[117] No classical source mentions hearing impairment in connection with Caesar. The playwright may have been making metaphorical use of a passage in Plutarch that does not refer to deafness at all, but rather to a gesture Alexander of Macedon customarily made. By covering his ear, Alexander indicated that he had turned his attention from an accusation in order to hear the defense.[118]

The Roman historian Suetonius describes Caesar as "tall of stature with a fair complexion, shapely limbs, a somewhat full face, and keen black eyes."[119]

Name and family[link]

Using the Latin alphabet as it existed in the day of Caesar (i.e., without lower case letters, "J", or "U"), Caesar's name would be rendered "GAIVS IVLIVS CAESAR"; the form "CAIVS" is also attested, using the old Roman representation of G by C; it is an antique form of the more common "GAIVS". The standard abbreviation was, and this is not archaic, "C. IVLIVS CAESAR". (The letterform "Æ" is a ligature, which is often encountered in Latin inscriptions where it was used to save space, and is nothing more than the letters "ae".)

In Classical Latin, it was pronounced [ˈɡaːjus ˈjuːljus ˈkajsar]. In the days of the late Roman Republic, many historical writings were done in Greek, a language most educated Romans studied. Young wealthy Roman boys were often taught by Greek slaves and sometimes sent to Athens for advanced training, as was Caesar's principal assassin, Brutus. In Greek, during Caesar's time, his family name was written Καίσαρ, reflecting its contemporary pronunciation. Thus, his name is pronounced in a similar way to the pronunciation of the German Kaiser.

In Vulgar Latin, the plosive /k/ before front vowels began, due to palatalization, to be pronounced as an affricate – hence renderings like [ˈtʃeːsar] in Italian and [ˈtseːsar] in German regional pronunciations of Latin, as well as the title of Tsar. With the evolution of the Romance languages, the affricate [ts] became a fricative [s] (thus, [ˈseːsar]) in many regional pronunciations, including the French one, from which the modern English pronunciation is derived. The original /k/ is preserved in Norse mythology, where he is manifested as the legendary king Kjárr.[120]

Caesar's cognomen would itself become a title; it was greatly promulgated by the Bible, by the famous verse "Render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar's, and unto God the things that are God's". The title became the German Kaiser and Slavic Tsar/Czar. The last tsar in nominal power was Simeon II of Bulgaria whose reign ended in 1946; for two thousand years after Julius Caesar's assassination, there was at least one head of state bearing his name.

Julio-Claudian family tree

Parents[link]

Sisters[link]

Wives[link]

  • First marriage to Cornelia Cinnilla, from 83 BC until her death in childbirth in 69 or 68 BC
  • Second marriage to Pompeia, from 67 BC until he divorced her around 61 BC
  • Third marriage to Calpurnia Pisonis, from 59 BC until Caesar's death

Children[link]

Grandchildren[link]

  • Grandson from Julia and Pompey, dead at several days, unnamed.

Lovers[link]

Notable relatives[link]

Political rumors[link]

Roman society viewed the passive role during sexual activity, regardless of gender, to be a sign of submission or inferiority. Indeed, Suetonius says that in Caesar's Gallic triumph, his soldiers sang that, "Caesar may have conquered the Gauls, but Nicomedes conquered Caesar."[123] According to Cicero, Bibulus, Gaius Memmius, and others (mainly Caesar's enemies), he had an affair with Nicomedes IV of Bithynia early in his career. The tales were repeated, referring to Caesar as the Queen of Bithynia, by some Roman politicians as a way to humiliate him. It is very likely that the rumors were spread only as a form of character assassination; Caesar himself denied the accusations repeatedly throughout his lifetime, and according to Cassius Dio, even under oath on one occasion.[124] This form of slander was popular during this time in the Roman Republic to demean and discredit political opponents. A favorite tactic used by the opposition was to accuse a popular political rival as living a Hellenistic lifestyle based on Greek and Eastern culture, where homosexuality and a lavish lifestyle were more acceptable than in Roman tradition.[citation needed]

Catullus wrote two poems suggesting that Caesar and his engineer Mamurra were lovers,[125] but later apologised.[126]

Mark Antony charged that Octavian had earned his adoption by Caesar through sexual favors. Suetonius described Antony's accusation of an affair with Octavian as political slander. Octavian eventually became the first Roman Emperor.[127]

Literary works[link]

Caesar was considered during his lifetime to be one of the best orators and authors of prose in Rome—even Cicero spoke highly of Caesar's rhetoric and style.[128] Among his most famous works were his funeral oration for his paternal aunt Julia and his Anticato, a document written to defame Cato and respond to Cicero's Cato memorial. Poems by Caesar are also mentioned in ancient sources.[129] His works other than his war commentaries have been lost, although a few sentences are quoted by other authors.

Memoirs[link]

Commentarii de Bello Gallico, an account written by Julius Caesar about his nine years of war in Gaul.

Other works historically attributed to Caesar, but whose authorship is doubted, are:

These narratives were written and published annually during or just after the actual campaigns, as a sort of "dispatches from the front." Apparently simple and direct in style—to the point that Caesar's Commentarii are commonly studied by first and second year Latin students—they are in fact highly sophisticated tracts, aimed most particularly at the middle-brow readership of minor aristocrats[citation needed] in Rome, Italy, and the provinces.

Legend and legacy[link]

In the Middle Ages Caesar was created a member of the Nine Worthies, a group of heroes encapsulating all the ideal qualities of chivalry.

Chronology of his life[link]

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Depictions[link]

For the marble bust from Arles discovered in 2007–8 alleged to be Caesar's likeness, and the ensuing controversy, see Arles portrait bust.

See also[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ "Julius Caesar". Roman-colosseum.info. http://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-empire/julius-caesar.htm. Retrieved 8 January 2012. 
  2. ^ Fully, Caius Iulius Caii filius Caii nepos Caesar Imperator ("Gaius Julius Caesar, son of Gaius, grandson of Gaius, Imperator"). Official name after deification in 42 BC: Divus Iulius ("The Divine Julius").
  3. ^ Covington, Michael A. (31 March 2010). "Latin Pronunciation Demystified". University of Georgia. http://www.ai.uga.edu/mc/latinpro.pdf. Retrieved 6 January 2012. 
  4. ^ There is some dispute over the date of Caesar's birth. The day is sometimes stated to be 12 July when his feast-day was celebrated after deification, but this was because his true birthday clashed with the Ludi Apollinares. Some scholars, based on the dates he held certain magistracies, have made a case for 101 or 102 BC as the year of his birth, but scholarly consensus favors 100 BC. Goldsworthy, 30
  5. ^ After Caesar's death the leap years were not inserted according to his intent and there is uncertainty about when leap years were observed between 45 BC and AD 4 inclusive; the dates in this article between 45 BC and AD 4 inclusive are those observed in Rome and there is an uncertainty of about a day as to where those dates would be on the proleptic Julian calendar. See Blackburn, B and Holford-Strevens, L. (1999 corrected 2003). The Oxford Companion to the Year. Oxford University Press. p. 671. ISBN 978-0-19-214231-3
  6. ^ Keppie, Lawrence (1998). "The approach of civil war". The making of the Roman Army: from Republic to Empire. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 102. ISBN 978-0-8061-3014-9. 
  7. ^ Froude, James Anthony (1879). Life of Caesar. Project Gutenberg e-text. p. 67. http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext05/8cesr10.txt.  See also: Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars: Julius 6; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2.41; Virgil, Aeneid
  8. ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.7. The misconception that Julius Caesar himself was born by Caesarian section dates back at least to the 10th century (Suda kappa 1199). Julius wasn't the first to bear the name, and in his time the procedure was only performed on dead women, while Caesar's mother, Aurelia, lived long after he was born.
  9. ^ Historia Augusta: Aelius 2.
  10. ^ Suetonius, Julius 1; Plutarch, Caesar 1, Marius 6; Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.54; Inscriptiones Italiae, 13.3.51–52
  11. ^ a b Plutarch, Caesar 1; Suetonius, Julius 1
  12. ^ Suetonius, Julius 1; Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.54
  13. ^ Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2.22; Florus, Epitome of Roman History 2.9
  14. ^ Suetonius, Julius 1; Plutarch, Caesar 1; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2.41
  15. ^ Appian, Civil Wars 1.76–102; Plutarch, Sulla 24–33; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2.23–28; Eutropius, Abridgement of Roman History 5; Florus, Epitome of Roman History 2.9
  16. ^ Suetonius, Julius 2–3; Plutarch, Caesar 2–3; Cassius Dio, Roman History 43.20
  17. ^ William Smith, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities: Flamen
  18. ^ Suetonius, Julius 46
  19. ^ Again, according to Suetonius's chronology (Julius 4). Plutarch (Caesar 1.8–2) says this happened earlier, on his return from Nicomedes's court. Velleius Paterculus (Roman History 2:41.3–42) says merely that it happened when he was a young man.
  20. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 1–2
  21. ^ Thorne, James (2003). Julius Caesar: Conqueror and Dictator. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 15. 
  22. ^ Freeman, 39
  23. ^ Freeman, 40
  24. ^ Freeman, 51
  25. ^ Freeman, 52
  26. ^ Goldsworthy, 100
  27. ^ Goldsworthy, 101
  28. ^ Suetonius, Julius 5–8; Plutarch, Caesar 5; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2.43
  29. ^ Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2.43; Plutarch, Caesar 7; Suetonius, Julius 13
  30. ^ Sallust, Catiline War 49
  31. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 11–12; Suetonius, Julius 18.1
  32. ^ Plutarch, Julius 13; Suetonius, Julius 18.2
  33. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 13–14; Suetonius 19
  34. ^ Cicero, Letters to Atticus 2.1, 2.3, 2.17; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2.44; Plutarch, Caesar 13–14, Pompey 47, Crassus 14; Suetonius, Julius 19.2; Cassius Dio, Roman History 37.54–58
  35. ^ Suetonius, Julius 21
  36. ^ Cicero, Letters to Atticus 2.15, 2.16, 2.17, 2.18, 2.19, 2.20, 2.21; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 44.4; Plutarch, Caesar 14, Pompey 47–48, Cato the Younger 32–33; Cassius Dio, Roman History 38.1–8
  37. ^ Suetonius, Julius 19.2
  38. ^ Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 2:44.4; Plutarch, Caesar 14.10, Crassus 14.3, Pompey 48, Cato the Younger 33.3; Suetonius, Julius 22; Cassius Dio, Roman History 38:8.5
  39. ^ Suetonius, Julius 23
  40. ^ See Cicero's speeches against Verres for an example of a former provincial governor successfully prosecuted for illegally enriching himself at his province's expense.
  41. ^ Cicero, Letters to Atticus 1.19; Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 1; Appian, Gallic Wars Epit. 3; Cassius Dio, Roman History 38.31–50
  42. ^ Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 2; Appian, Gallic Wars Epit. 4; Cassius Dio, Roman History 39.1–5
  43. ^ Cicero, Letters to his brother Quintus 2.3; Suetonius, Julius 24; Plutarch, Caesar 21, Crassus 14–15, Pompey 51
  44. ^ Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 3; Cassius Dio, Roman History 39.40–46
  45. ^ Black, Jeremy (2003). A History of the British Isles. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 6. 
  46. ^ Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 4; Appian, Gallic Wars Epit. 4; Cassius Dio, Roman History 47–53
  47. ^ Cicero, Letters to friends 7.6, 7.7, 7.8, 7.10, 7.17; Letters to his brother Quintus 2.13, 2.15, 3.1; Letters to Atticus 4.15, 4.17, 4.18; Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 5–6; Cassius Dio, Roman History 40.1–11
  48. ^ Suetonius, Julius [1]; Plutarch, Caesar 23.5, Pompey 53–55, Crassus 16–33; Velleius Paterculus, Roman History 46–47
  49. ^ Julius Caesar, Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 7; Cassius Dio, Roman History 40.33–42
  50. ^ Aulus Hirtius, Commentaries on the Gallic War Book 8
  51. ^ "Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, by Plutarch (chapter48)". http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/p/plutarch/lives/chapter48.html. 
  52. ^ Suetonius, Julius 28
  53. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 32.8
  54. ^ Thomson, D. F. S.; Sperna Weiland, Jan (1988). "Erasmus and textual scholarship: Suetonius". In Weiland, J. S.. Erasmus of Rotterdam: the man and the scholar. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill. p. 161. ISBN 90-04-08920-9. 
  55. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 35.2
  56. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 42–45
  57. ^ a b Plutarch, Caesar 37.2
  58. ^ a b Martin Jehne, Der Staat des Dicators Caesar, Köln/Wien 1987, p. 15-38.
  59. ^ Plutarch, Pompey 77–79
  60. ^ Plutarch, Pompey 80.5
  61. ^ Salisbury, Joyce E (2001). "Cleopatra VII". Women in the ancient world. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 52. ISBN 1-57607-092-1. 
  62. ^ Salisbury, Joyce E (2001). "Cleopatra VII". Women in the ancient world. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 52. ISBN 1-57607-092-1. 
  63. ^ Suetonius, Julius 35.2
  64. ^ Caesar: a history of the art of war among the Romans down to the end of the Roman empire, with a detailed account of the campaigns of Caius Julius Caesar, page 791, Theodore Ayrault Dodge, Greenhill Books, 1995. ISBN 9781853672163
  65. ^ Paul: The Man and the Myth, page 15, Studies on personalities of the New Testament Personalities of the New Testament Series, Calvin J. Roetzel, Continuum International Publishing Group, 1999. ISBN 9780567086983
  66. ^ Julius Caesar, page 311, Philip Freeman, Simon and Schuster, 2008. ISBN 9780743289535
  67. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 52–54
  68. ^ Martin Jehne, Der Staat des Dicators Caesar, Köln/Wien 1987, p. 15-38. Technically, Caesar was not appointed Dictator with a term of ten years but he was appointed annual dictator for the next ten years in advance.
  69. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 56
  70. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 56.7–56.8
  71. ^ a b c Abbott, 133
  72. ^ a b c Abbott, 134
  73. ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History 43.19.2–3; Appian, Civil Wars 2.101.420
  74. ^ a b c d e f g h i J.F.C. Fuller, Julius Caesar, Man, Soldier, Tyrant", Chapter 13
  75. ^ Mackay, Christopher S. (2004). Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History. Cambridge University Press. p. 254. 
  76. ^ Campbell, J. B. (1994). The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337. Routledge. p. 10. 
  77. ^ a b Suetonius, Julius 40
  78. ^ a b c d e f g Abbott, 136
  79. ^ a b c d e Abbott, 137
  80. ^ a b c d e Abbott, 135
  81. ^ Abbott, 138
  82. ^ Huzar, Eleanor Goltz (1978). Mark Antony, a biography By Eleanor Goltz Huzar. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-0-8166-0863-8. 
  83. ^ "Plutarch – Life of Brutus". Classics.mit.edu. http://classics.mit.edu/Plutarch/m_brutus.html. Retrieved 28 April 2010. 
  84. ^ "Suetonius, ',Life of the Caesars, Julius', trans. J C Rolfe". Fordham.edu. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/suetonius-julius.html. Retrieved 28 April 2010. 
  85. ^ Plutarch, Life of Caesar, ch. 66: "ὁ μεν πληγείς, Ῥωμαιστί· 'Μιαρώτατε Κάσκα, τί ποιεῖς;'"
  86. ^ Woolf Greg (2006), Et Tu Brute? – The Murder of Caesar and Political Assassination, 199 pages – ISBN 1-86197-741-7
  87. ^ Suetonius, Julius, c. 82.
  88. ^ Suetonius, Julius 82.2
  89. ^ From the J. C. Rolfe translation of 1914: "...he was stabbed with three and twenty wounds, uttering not a word, but merely a groan at the first stroke, though some have written that when Marcus Brutus rushed at him, he said in Greek, 'You too, my child?".
  90. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 66.9
  91. ^ Stone, Jon R. (2005). The Routledge Dictionary of Latin Quotations. London: Routledge. p. 250. ISBN 0-415-96909-3. 
  92. ^ Morwood, James (1994). The Pocket Oxford Latin Dictionary (Latin-English). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-860283-9. 
  93. ^ It appears, for example, in Richard Edes's Latin play Caesar Interfectus of 1582 and The True Tragedie of Richarde Duke of Yorke &tc of 1595, Shakespeare's source work for other plays. Dyce, Alexander; (quoting Malone) (1866). The Works of William Shakespeare. London: Chapman and Hall. p. 648. 
  94. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 67
  95. ^ "Temple of Caesar". Anamericaninrome.com. http://anamericaninrome.com/wp/2011/07/caesars-grave/. Retrieved 8 January 2012. 
  96. ^ "Temple of Caesar". Findagrave.com. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=7181. Retrieved 8 January 2012. 
  97. ^ Florus, Epitome 2.7.1
  98. ^ Suetonius, Julius 83.2
  99. ^ "Suetonius, Life of Caesar, Chapters LXXXIII, LXXXIV, LXXXV". Ancienthistory.about.com. 29 October 2009. http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_text_suetcaesar.htm. Retrieved 28 April 2010. 
  100. ^ Osgood, Josiah (2006). Caesar's Legacy: Civil War and the Emergence of the Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press. p. 60. 
  101. ^ Suetonius, Augustus 13.1; Florus, Epitome 2.6
  102. ^ Warrior, Valerie M. (2006). Roman Religion. Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 0-521-82511-3. 
  103. ^ Florus, Epitome 2.6.3
  104. ^ Zoch, Paul A. (200). Ancient Rome: An Introductory History. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 217–218. ISBN 0-8061-3287-6. 
  105. ^ Florus, Epitome 2.7.11–14; Appian, The Civil Wars 5.3
  106. ^ Florus, Epitome 2.34.66
  107. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 58.6
  108. ^ Cicero, Phillipic ii.110: Cicero refers to the divine honours of : "...couch, image, pediment, priest" given to Caesar in the months before his assassination.
  109. ^ According to Dio Cassius, 44.6.4.
  110. ^ Plutarch, Caesar 17, 45, 60; see also Suetonius, Julius 45.
  111. ^ Ronald T. Ridley, "The Dictator's Mistake: Caesar's Escape from Sulla," Historia 49 (2000), pp. 225–226, citing doubters of epilepsy: F. Kanngiesser, "Notes on the Pathology of the Julian Dynasty," Glasgow Medical Journal 77 (1912) 428–432; T. Cawthorne, "Julius Caesar and the Falling Sickness,” Proceedings of Royal Society of Medicine 51 (1957) 27–30, who prefers Ménière's disease; and O. Temkin, The Falling Sickness: A History of Epilepsy from the Greeks to the Beginnings of Modern Neurology (Baltimore 1971), p 162.
  112. ^ Seymour Diamond and Mary Franklin, Conquering Your Migraine: The Essential Guide to Understanding and Treating Migraines for all Sufferers and Their Families, (New York: Fireside, 2001), 19.
  113. ^ Hughes J; Atanassova, E; Boev, K (2004). "Dictator Perpetuus: Julius Caesar—did he have seizures? If so, what was the etiology?". Epilepsy Behav 5 (5): 756–64. DOI:10.1016/j.yebeh.2004.05.006. PMID 15380131. 
  114. ^ Gomez J, Kotler J, Long J (1995). "Was Julius Caesar's epilepsy due to a brain tumor?". The Journal of the Florida Medical Association 82 (3): 199–201. PMID 7738524. 
  115. ^ H. Schneble (1 January 2003). "Gaius Julius Caesar". German Epilepsy Museum. http://www.epilepsiemuseum.de/alt/caesaren.html. Retrieved 28 August 2008. 
  116. ^ Hodder, Harbour Fraser (September 2003). "Epilepsy and Empire, Caveat Caesar". Accredited Psychiatry & Medicine (Harvard, Boston: Harvard University) 106 (1): 19. http://www.forensic-psych.com/articles/artHarvardMagCaesar.php. 
  117. ^ William Shakespeare, Julius Caesar I.ii.209.
  118. ^ Plutarch, Alexander 42; Jeremy Paterson discussing Caesar's health in general in "Caesar the Man," A Companion to Julius Caesar (Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), p. 130 online.
  119. ^ Suetonius, Life of Caesar 45: excelsa statura, colore candido, teretibus membris, ore paulo pleniore, nigris vegetisque oculis.
  120. ^ Anderson, Carl Edlund. (1999). Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, Department of Anglo-Saxon, Norse & Celtic (Faculty of English). p. 44.PDF (308 KB)
  121. ^ Plutarch, Brutus 5
  122. ^ Tacitus, Histories 4.55
  123. ^ Suetonius, Julius 49
  124. ^ Suetonius, Julius 49; Cassius Dio, Roman History 43.20
  125. ^ Catullus, Carmina 29, 57
  126. ^ Suetonius, Julius 73
  127. ^ Suetonius, Augustus 68, 71
  128. ^ Cicero, Brutus, 252.
  129. ^ Edward Courtney, The Fragmentary Latin Poets (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993), pp. 153–155 and 187–188. See also Poems by Julius Caesar.

Primary sources[link]

Own writings[link]

Ancient historians' writings[link]

Secondary sources[link]

External links[link]

Listen to this article (3 parts) · (info)
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This audio file was created from a revision of the "Julius Caesar" article dated 10 January 2007, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)

Related information[link]

Succession table[link]

Political offices
Preceded by
Lucius Afranius and
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer
Consul of the Roman Republic
with Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus
59 BC
Succeeded by
Lucius Calpurnius Piso Caesoninus and Aulus Gabinius
Preceded by
none
office last held by Sulla in 81 BC
Dictator
49 BC
(eleven days)
Succeeded by
none
office next held by himself in 48 BC
Preceded by
Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus and
Gaius Claudius Marcellus Maior
Consul of the Roman Republic
with Publius Servilius Vatia Isauricus
48 BC
Succeeded by
Quintus Fufius Calenus and
Publius Vatinius
Preceded by
none
office last held by himself in 49 BC
Dictator
48 – 47 BC
Succeeded by
none
office next held by himself in 46 BC
Preceded by
Quintus Fufius Calenus and
Publius Vatinius
Consul of the Roman Republic
with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
46 BC
Succeeded by
Gaius Julius Caesar
alone without colleague
Preceded by
none
office last held by himself in 47 BC
Dictator for ten years
46–44 BC
Succeeded by
himself
as Dictator in perpetuity
Preceded by
Gaius Julius Caesar and
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus
Consul of the Roman Republic
alone without colleague
45 BC
Succeeded by
Gaius Julius Caesar and
Marcus Antonius
Preceded by
Gaius Julius Caesar
alone without colleague
Consul of the Roman Republic
with Marcus Antonius
44 BC
Succeeded by
Publius Cornelius Dolabella
(with Marcus Antonius)
Preceded by
himself
as Dictator for ten years
Dictator in perpetuity and consul for ten years
44 BC
Succeeded by
none, office abolished
Religious titles
Preceded by
Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius
Pontifex Maximus
63–44 BC
Succeeded by
Marcus Aemilius Lepidus

Caesar was acclaimed Imperator in 60 and 45 BC. In the Roman Republic, this was an honorary title assumed by certain military commanders. After an especially great victory, an army's troops in the field would proclaim their commander imperator, an acclamation necessary for a general to apply to the Senate for a triumph. After being acclaimed imperator, the victorious general had a right to use the title after his name until the time of his triumph, where he would relinquish the title as well as his imperium.

Other related Information[link]

http://wn.com/Julius_Caesar

Related pages:

http://de.wn.com/Gaius Iulius Caesar

http://es.wn.com/Julio César

http://ru.wn.com/Гай Юлий Цезарь

http://cs.wn.com/Julius Caesar

http://pt.wn.com/Júlio César

http://pl.wn.com/Gajusz Juliusz Cezar

http://hi.wn.com/जुलियस सीसर

http://it.wn.com/Gaio Giulio Cesare

http://id.wn.com/Julius Caesar

http://nl.wn.com/Julius Caesar

http://fr.wn.com/Jules César




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Nicki Minaj

Minaj at 2010 MTV Music Awards
Background information
Birth name Onika Tanya Maraj
Born (1982-12-08) December 8, 1982 (age 29)[1]
Saint James, Trinidad and Tobago
Origin South Jamaica, Queens, New York, U.S.
Genres Hip hop, R&B, pop
Occupations Rapper, singer-songwriter
Years active 2002–present
Labels Cash Money Records, Young Money Entertainment, Universal Republic Records, Universal Motown
Associated acts Young Money
Website mypinkfriday.com

Onika Tanya Maraj (born December 8, 1982), known by her stage name Nicki Minaj (play /mɪˈnɑːʒ/), is a Trinidadian-born American rapper and singer-songwriter. She was born in Saint James, Trinidad and Tobago and when she was 5 years of age she moved to the New York City borough of Queens, where she grew up.

After releasing three mixtapes between 2007 and 2009 and being signed to Young Money Entertainment in August 2009, Minaj released her debut album, Pink Friday, in November 2010. It quickly became a commercial success, peaking at number one on the U.S. Billboard 200 and being certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) a month after its release.[2][3] She became the first female solo artist to have seven singles on the Billboard Hot 100 at the same time.[4] Her second single, "Your Love", reached number 1 on the Billboard Hot Rap Songs chart, making Minaj the first female artist to top the chart unaccompanied since 2002.[5] She also became the first female artist to be included on MTV's Annual Hottest MC List.[6] Minaj was named the 2011 Rising Star by Billboard.[7] Her second studio album, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded was released on April 3, 2012.

Contents

Early life[link]

Maraj was born in 1982[1][note 1] in Saint James, a suburb of Trinidad and Tobago's capital city Port of Spain.[8][9][10] Her parents are of mixed Indian and Afro-Trinidadian ancestry[11][12] and she lived in Saint James with her grandmother until age five, because her parents were looking for a place to live in the Queens borough of New York City at the time. Her mother would occasionally visit, and one day, when Minaj was five, her mother picked her up to move to Queens.[13] According to Minaj, her father drank heavily, took drugs, and once tried to kill her mother by setting the house on fire.[14]

She attended Elizabeth Blackwell Middle School 210, where she played the clarinet.[13] She graduated from LaGuardia High School.[15][16] At LaGuardia, a school specializing in music and the visual and performing arts, Minaj participated in the drama program.[15] She had initially planned to sing at LaGuardia but lost her voice on the day of the audition.[15]

Career[link]

2007–09: Mixtapes and Young Money[link]

Minaj released her first mixtape in 2007 after releasing Playtime Is Over with Dirty Money Records. She released another mixtape on July 7, 2008, titled Sucka Free, under the label Be. On April 18, 2009, Minaj released a third mixtape and appeared in XXL magazine.[17] She won the Female Artist of the Year award at the 2008 Underground Music Awards.[18] Minaj released Beam Me Up Scotty, another mixtape, in April 2009 under the label of Trapaholics Records; it received positive coverage on both BET and MTV.[19][20]

In August 2009, Minaj signed a record deal with Young Money Entertainment, with distribution from Universal Motown Records, after fellow American rapper Lil Wayne discovered her and secured the record deal.[17][21] She then had a solo rap verse in their single "BedRock," which became a commercial success, reaching number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100. Minaj also appeared on "Roger That", which charted at number 56. The song, and in particular Minaj, received positive reviews from critics.[22] Both songs were included in Young Money Entertainment's debut collaborative studio album We Are Young Money, which was released in December 2009. The album charted in the top ten on the Billboard 200, reaching number 9 and later receiving a Gold Certification by the RIAA. She was then chosen by Mariah Carey to be featured on her single and music video for "Up Out My Face". Critics praised her collaboration for helping to maintain Carey's feminine image and providing a polite track for the female R&B singer.[23]

[edit] 2010–11: Pink Friday

Britney Spears and Minaj performing the Femme Fatale Remix of "Till the World Ends" in the Femme Fatale Tour.

After a major record label bidding war, Young Money Entertainment announced on August 31, 2009 that Minaj had been released from a 360 deal with the label in which she retains and owns all of her 360 rights – including merchandising, sponsorships, endorsements, touring and publishing.[24] In an interview with 95.8 Capital FM, Rihanna stated that after the two collaborated on "Raining Men" from her album Loud that the duo would be teaming up together for a possible second collaboration on Minaj's Pink Friday.[25] Hip-hop rap artist and producer Kanye West was also confirmed for the album.[26] On August 3, 2010 Minaj revealed on a Ustream.tv channel that the album's name would be Pink Friday, in reference to Black Friday.[27]

Pink Friday was released on November 19, 2010 in both standard and deluxe versions.[28][29] A buzz single, "Massive Attack", was released in April.[30] In August, Minaj released "Your Love" as the first official single from her debut album. The single peaked at 14 on the Billboard Hot 100, 7 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart and topped the Rap Songs chart. Minaj became the first female artist to be included on MTV's Annual Hottest MC List[6] and the first female artist to top the chart unaccompanied since 2002.[31] In October 2010, Minaj became the first artist to have seven songs on the Billboard Hot 100 chart simultaneously.[4] Minaj released a joint single with The Black Eyed Peas front man, will.i.am titled, "Check It Out", which is Minaj's most successful single to date in Europe. "Right thru Me" was released September 24, 2010; the music video was released in late October. "Moment 4 Life" was released as the fourth single. The track featured Canadian rapper Drake and was released on December 7, 2010, becoming a success on the Billboard Hot 100. The single peaked at number 5 on the Hot Rap Songs.[32] The album gained a Platinum certification in the United States a month after the release.[3]

On January 29, 2011, Minaj appeared on Saturday Night Live as the musical guest, performing "Right Thru Me" and "Moment 4 Life". On February 9, 2011, it was announced that Pink Friday had reached number one on the Billboard 200 in its eleventh week on the chart.[33] It was hinted by Simon Cowell that Minaj would join the judging panel of the American version of the The X Factor.[34] Starting in June 2011, Minaj will be supporting Pink Friday by serving as an opening act along with Jessie and the Toy Boys and Nervo on Britney Spears' sixth concert tour, the Femme Fatale Tour, in support of her seventh studio album, Femme Fatale.[35] She also was featured on the official remix of Spears' track "Till the World Ends" along with Spears and singer Kesha, which charted at number 3 in the US in April 2011.[36] "Super Bass" was released from Pink Friday in May 2011, the single charted within the top 10 in many countries including; United Kingdom, United States, Australia, Canada and more.[37] The song gained positive reviews from critics.[38][39] Minaj will voice a character in the 3D animated film, Ice Age: Continental Drift, as an unknown character.[40][41] Minaj is also featured on French DJ David Guetta's 2011 album, Nothing but the Beat on "Where Them Girls At" and "Turn Me On".

[edit] 2011–present: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded

Minaj's second studio album, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded, was first announced through Twitter in November 2011 and was released on April 2, 2012 in the United Kingdom and April 3, 2012 in the United States. The album features collaborations with producers Hit-Boy, Dr. Luke, Rico Beats, Kenoe, RedOne and Oak. Cash Money A&R Joshua Berkman told HitQuarters that Minaj was extremely particular about the beats and music she used saying: "She wouldn't just rap or sing on anything – I could give her a thousand tracks and she may only like one or two."[42] Preceding the album's release, three promotional singles were released: Roman in Moscow (which didn't make the final cut of the album), "Stupid Hoe," and "Roman Reloaded." The album's first single, "Starships", was released on February 14.[43] "Starships" became Minaj's best-peaking single in the United Kingdom, when it reached a peak of 2. It has also peaked at number 5 on the US Billboard Hot 100, making it her second top 10 arrival following, "Super Bass" in 2011. The music video was released on April 26th, 2012.[44]

On February 12, 2012, Minaj debuted her song "Roman Holiday" at the 54th Grammy Awards. It was the first song ever performed on the Grammy stage by a solo female rapper.[45] The exorcism-themed performance drew a mixed response online.[46][47]

She was featured on Madonna's twelfth studio album, titled MDNA, alongside M.I.A. on its lead single "Give Me All Your Luvin'", for which a music video has been directed by Megaforce.[48] The trio performed the song for the Super Bowl XLVI halftime show.[49] She was also featured on a song called "I Don't Give A", another track from the album.

She released her second single, "Right by My Side", which features Chris Brown, on March 27, 2012, after premiering on Minaj's website on March 20, 2012.[50] Following the album's release, it peaked at number 24 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart. It also peaked in the lower regions of the UK singles chart, at position #101. The third single, "Beez in the Trap", which features 2 Chainz was released to U.S. Urban radio on April 24, 2012. It was premiered on DJ Flex's radio show at Hot 97 on March 20, 2012. It has peaked at number 24 on the US Billboard Rap Songs Chart.[51] The video was premiered on April 6, 2012 on Minaj's official VEVO account.[52]

Artistry[link]

Minaj in 2011 during Femme Fatale Tour

Image[link]

Minaj has been noted by the media for her curvaceous figure.[53][54][55][56] In an interview with Vibe Minaj discussed her sexual image stating, "[w]hen I grew up I saw females doing certain things, and I thought I had to do that exactly. The female rappers of my day spoke about sex a lot... and I thought that to have the success they got, I would have to represent the same thing. When in fact I didn’t have to represent the same thing."[57] In an interview with Interview, Minaj commented on her sexual image again stating, "I made a conscious decision to try to tone down the sexiness, I want people—especially young girls—to know that in life, nothing is going to be based on sex appeal. You’ve got to have something else to go with that.”[58] Minaj has a tattoo in Chinese characters that reads "" (shàngdì yǔ nǐ cháng zài)[59] on her left arm, meaning, "God is always with you."[60]

Alter egos[link]

While growing up, Minaj's home life was often chaotic, with her parents constantly fighting.[61] As a means of escape, she would create characters and live her life through them.[61] In an interview with New York she stated, "To get away from all their fighting, I would imagine being a new person. 'Cookie' was my first identity – that stayed with me for a while. I went on to 'Harajuku Barbie,' then 'Nicki Minaj'. Fantasy was my reality."[61]

On November 18, 2010, Minaj assumed a different alter-ego named "Nicki Teresa".[62] Wearing a colorful scarf around her head, she went around as the "healer to her fans" as she visited them at The Garden of Dreams Foundation at Fuse studios in New York City.[62] Minaj made an appearance on Lopez Tonight on December 6, 2010 and presented a different alter-ego for the Spanish-inspired occasion, named "Rosa" (pronounced Rrrrrosa).[63]

In April 2012, Minaj was asked if Roman, Martha and Rosa come out in the bedroom saying “No, they don’t come out in the bedroom, but other people come out in the bedroom,” she told Big Boy during his “Backstage Breakfast,” adding, “And there’s only one person that would know who that personality is". Minaj did not name her alter-ego.[64]

For her debut album, Minaj created another alter-ego named "Roman Zolanski".[65] She stated that in songs like "Bottoms Up" with Trey Songz it is not Minaj rapping, but instead Roman Zolanski, and claims that Roman is her "twin brother". She claims that he was born inside her, out of rage, and becomes him when she is angry. She has also said 'He is a demon inside her'. Roman has been compared to Eminem's alter ego Slim Shady, and on the song "Roman's Revenge" from Pink Friday, Minaj and Eminem collaborate, using these alter egos.[66] On the collaboration, she said "The new album is going to have a lot of Roman on it ... And if you're not familiar with Roman, then you will be familiar with him very soon. He’s the boy that lives inside of me. He's a lunatic and he's gay and he'll be on there a lot."[67] Roman also has a "mother" called "Martha Zolanski",[68] who also appeared on the song "Roman's Revenge", with a British accent,[69] and on "Roman Holiday", singing for the first time.[70][71] Martha appears in the video for "Moment 4 Life" where she appears to be Minaj's magical Godmother. In songs such as "All I Do Is Win (Remix)" it is Minaj rapping.[65] Minaj stated that on her debut album, fans will get to "meet" Nicki, Roman and Onika.[65]

Influences[link]

Minaj has stated that artists who have influenced her musical style include Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes, Lil Wayne, Lauryn Hill, Jadakiss, Natasha Bedingfield, Foxy Brown, Lil' Kim and Missy Elliott.[72][73] She was also inspired by Janet Jackson,[74] Madonna, Britney Spears, Marilyn Monroe, Grace Jones,[75] M.I.A. and Cyndi Lauper.[76][77][78]

Product and endorsements[link]

During her career, Minaj has signed contracts with a variety of corporate interests. Companies she contracted with include soft drink manufacturer Pepsi;[79] Mattel, which produced a custom a Nicki Minaj-themed Barbie;[80] and MAC Cosmetics, as part of an AIDS-awareness campaign in Latin America.[81]

Personal life[link]

Minaj is a Christian, and on Christmas Day in 2011, she indicated her faith in Jesus by tweeting John 3:16.[82][83] In addition, she states that after her father went to rehab and started attending church, "he got saved and started changing his life."[84] Minaj states that her heroes are "God. And my mother."[85][86]

While some songs and interviews have implied that Minaj is bisexual,[87][88] she has said that she does not date nor have sex with women,[15] but added in an interview with Out magazine, "I don’t date men either."[89] In an interview with Vibe she commented, "I just embrace all people of all lifestyles and I don’t tell them they are bad people. And I say girls are beautiful and girls are sexy and they need to be told that, and if they don’t have anyone to tell them that and mean it, I’m gonna tell them that. But I feel like people always wanna define me and I don’t wanna be defined."[90] She reiterated her dislike of being labeled in an interview with Out, saying: "The point is, everyone is not black and white. There are so many shades in the middle, and you’ve got to let people feel comfortable with saying what they want to say when they want to say it."[89]

During an interview in the May 2010 issue of Details, Minaj was asked if she felt hip-hop was becoming more gay-friendly. She responded, "I think the world is getting more gay-friendly, so hip-hop is too. But it's harder to imagine an openly gay male rapper being embraced, people view gay men as having no street credibility. But I think we'll see one in my lifetime."[88]

In July 2011, Minaj's cousin Nicholas Telemaque was murdered near his home in Brooklyn, New York City.[91] Telemaque was referenced in Minaj's song "Champion" in her second studio album.[92]

Discography[link]

Touring[link]

See also[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ a b "Police Report: Nicki's Asst. Struck Minaj w/ Suitcase". TMZ.Com. http://www.tmz.com/2011/07/13/nicki-minaj-police-report-dallas-hotel-cut-lip-struck-face/. Retrieved May 19, 2012. 
  2. ^ "Nicki Minaj Chart History at Billboard". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/artist/nicki-minaj/chart-history/998160?f=305&g=Albums#/artist/nicki-minaj/chart-history/998160?f=305&g=Albums. Retrieved February 16, 2011. 
  3. ^ a b "RIAA Gold & Platinum". Recording Industry Association of America. http://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?table=SEARCH_RESULTS&artist=Minaj&format=&go=Search&perPage=50. Retrieved January 4, 2011. 
  4. ^ a b "Nicki Minaj Makes History With Seven Billboard Hot 100 Songs". MTV News. October 8, 2010. http://rapfix.mtv.com/2010/10/08/nicki-minaj-makes-history-with-seven-billboard-hot-100-songs/. Retrieved October 29, 2010. 
  5. ^ Trust, Gary (June 30, 2010). "Chart Beat Wednesday: Train, Dirty Heads, Nicki Minaj". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/chart-beat-wednesday-train-dirty-heads-nicki-1004101492.story. Retrieved October 29, 2010. 
  6. ^ a b "MTV's Hottest MC List". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/specials/hottest/mc/index.jhtml. Retrieved February 16, 2011. 
  7. ^ Nicki Minaj Named Billboard's 'Rising Star' for 2011 | Billboard.com
  8. ^ Telesford, Nigel (November 1, 2010). "Minaj magic". Trinidad Express. http://www.trinidadexpress.com/news/Minaj_magic-106430523.html. Retrieved February 16, 2011. 
  9. ^ Pink Friday (CD liner). Nicki Minaj. Young Money Entertainment/Cash Money Records/Universal Motown. 2010. 0015133-02.  "TRINIDAD!!! WE DID IT!!! Thank you so very much for all the love and support. I am truly honored to have been born on the most beautiful island in the world!"
  10. ^ Concepcion, Mariel (September 22, 2010). "Nicki Minaj Fans Scammed, Rapper To Perform In Trinidad". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/column/the-juice/nicki-minaj-fans-scammed-rapper-to-perform-1004115889.story. Retrieved October 21, 2010. 
  11. ^ McGarry, Kevin (2009) "The New Queen Bee | Meet Nicki Minaj", New York Times, June 4, 2009
  12. ^ "Girls". Complex Magazine. 2009. http://www.complex.com/girls//08/worlwide-wednesday-the-10-hottest-multiracial-women?page=3. Retrieved February 16, 2011. [dead link]
  13. ^ a b O'Connor, Siobhan (June 23, 2010). "Character Study: Just How Real Is Nicki Minaj? (Pg 3)". Vibe. http://www.vibe.com/content/character-study-just-how-real-nicki-minaj-pg-3. Retrieved October 26, 2010. "...Nicki was a little girl in Trinidad who missed her mom. Born in 1984, Onika Tanya Maraj spent her first five years in a clown-car of a house, full of cousins and friends and animals. Like lots of people awaiting entry to the United States, Nicki idealized what her life would be like once she got to New York. "
  14. ^ "Nicki Minaj: Hip-Hop's Hottest Sidekick Goes Solo". Details. May 2010. Archived from the original on April 19, 2010. http://www.rap-up.com/2010/04/19/nicki-minajs-naughty-gift-for-lil-wayne/. Retrieved July 19, 2010. 
  15. ^ a b c d O'Connor, Siobhan (June 23, 2010). "Character Study: Just How Real Is Nicki Minaj?". Vibe. http://www.vibe.com/content/character-study-just-how-real-nicki-minaj-cover-story. Retrieved August 28, 2010. 
  16. ^ Jeffries, David. "Nicki Minaj > Biography". allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p1049866/biography. Retrieved July 31, 2010. 
  17. ^ a b "FEATURE: Nicki Minaj:Climax", XXL, November 24, 2008
  18. ^ "Nicki Minaj – Beware Sucka MCs", HipHopRuckus, August 28, 2008
  19. ^ Reid, Shaheem (2009) "Lil Wayne Introduces Nicki Minaj", MTV, May 4, 2009
  20. ^ "SoundOff TV: One On One With LowKey & Nicki Minaj[dead link]", BET, May 1, 2009
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  22. ^ "Nicki Minaj steals spotlight from fellow Young Money band". Xxlmag.com. http://www.xxlmag.com/online/?p=66266. Retrieved 2011-08-18. 
  23. ^ Stewart, Allison (2010-01-12). "Reviews of singles from Justin Vernon, Mariah Carey, Maino, Quasi and Tony Yayo". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/01/11/AR2010011103195.html. Retrieved 2010-02-07. 
  24. ^ Reid, Shaheem (October 15, 2009). "Nicki Minaj Says Her Debut Single Will Drop Next Month". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1623931/20091015/minaj__nicki.jhtml. Retrieved August 5, 2010. 
  25. ^ Rihanna launches 'Loud' in London. Capital FM. Retrieved on December 24, 2010.
  26. ^ "Nicki Minaj Looks to Kanye West, Swizz Beatz for Debut Album". Rap-Up.com. http://www.rap-up.com/2010/03/03/nicki-minaj-looks-to-kanye-west-swizz-beatz-for-debut-album/. Retrieved August 5, 2010. 
  27. ^ "Nicki Minaj Announces Album Title". Rap-Up.com. http://www.rap-up.com/2010/08/03/nicki-minaj-announces-album-title/. Retrieved August 5, 2010. 
  28. ^ "Pink Friday" (in German). Amazon.de. http://www.amazon.de/dp/B0042RUMEQ/. Retrieved November 2, 2010. 
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  30. ^ "New Music: Nicki Minaj f/ Sean Garrett – 'Massive Attack'". Rap-Up. March 29, 2010. http://www.rap-up.com/2010/03/29/new-music-nicki-minaj-f-sean-garrett-massive-attack/. Retrieved July 19, 2010. 
  31. ^ "New Song: Nicki Minaj – 'Your Love' (2nd Single)". NW Mass Media. May 10, 2010. http://nwmasssmedia.com/2010/05/new-song-nicki-minaj-%E2%80%93-%E2%80%98your-love%E2%80%99-2nd-single/. Retrieved July 19, 2010. 
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  34. ^ Dinh, James (March 25, 2011). "Simon Cowell Addresses Nicki Minaj 'X Factor' Judging Rumors". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1660668/simon-cowell-nicki-minaj-x-factor.jhtml. Retrieved May 7, 2011. 
  35. ^ Vena, Jocelyn (April 12, 2011). "Britney Spears To Tour With Nicki Minaj". MTV. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1661786/britney-spears-nicki-minaj-femme-fatale-tour.jhtml. Retrieved May 7, 2011. 
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  44. ^ "Video: Nicki Minaj – ‘Starships’". Rap-Up.com. 2012-04-26. http://www.rap-up.com/2012/04/26/video-nicki-minaj-starships/. Retrieved 2012-05-27. 
  45. ^ Patterson, Joseph (2012-02-20). "RICK ROSS IS MTV’S HOTTEST MC IN THE GAME". http://www.mtv.co.uk/music/urban/4224-rick-ross-tops-mtv-s-hottest-mcs-in-the-game-list. Retrieved 2012-04-13. 
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  48. ^ "Fresh News From The Madonna Team". Icon: Official Madonna website. Madonna.com. 2011-12-07. http://www.madonna.com/news/title/fresh-news-from-the-madonna-team. Retrieved 2011-12-08. 
  49. ^ "Super Bowl: Madonna gives 'shot of brass'". 6 February 2012. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-16904511. Retrieved 6 February 2012. 
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  53. ^ Ormerod, Katherine (April 30, 2012). "The Rise of the Super Bum: Kim Kardashian, Nicki Minaj & Jennifer Lopez Show How to Dress Your Booty". Grazia Daily. Bauer Consumer Media. http://www.graziadaily.co.uk/fashion/archive/2012/04/30/the-rise-of-the-super-bum--kim-kardashian--nikki-minaj---jlo-show-how-to-dress-y.htm. Retrieved 2012-05-19. 
  54. ^ Dadds, Kimberley (April 27, 2012). "Nicki Minaj Starships video: Singer shows off her hourglass figure in swimsuit". Mail Online. Associated Newspapers. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-2136038/Nicki-Minaj-Starships-video-Singer-shows-hourglass-figure-swimsuit.html. Retrieved 2012-05-19. 
  55. ^ Spence, Ben. "Nicki Minaj reveals vid for Starships". gaytimes.co.uk. Millivres Prowler. http://www.gaytimes.co.uk/Interact/Blogs-articleid-8997-sectionid-760.html. Retrieved 2012-05-18. 
  56. ^ Medina, Portia (April 27, 2012). "Nicki Minaj Premieres Sexy 'Starships' Clip (Video)". thr.com. Prometheus Global Media. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/nicki-minaj-starships-video-hawaii-317581. Retrieved 2012-05-19. 
  57. ^ "Nicki Minaj & Friends Cover". VIBE. June 2, 2010. http://www.vibe.com/posts/nicki-minaj-friends-cover-vibe-magazine. Retrieved July 19, 2010. 
  58. ^ Rachel, T. Cole (April 2010). "Nicki Minaj". Interview Magazine. http://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/nicki-minaj/. Retrieved July 19, 2010. 
  59. ^ "God's with Nicki Minaj". maydaily.com. http://maydaily.com/2011/01/29/god%E2%80%99s-with-nicki-minaj/. Retrieved 2011. 
  60. ^ "Tattoos". newnickiminaj.com. http://newnickiminaj.com/info/tattoos/. Retrieved 2011. 
  61. ^ a b c Lizzy Goodman (June 20, 2010). "Nicki Minaj, the Rapper With a Crush on Meryl Streep". New York (magazine). http://nymag.com/guides/summer/2010/66786/. Retrieved July 22, 2010. 
  62. ^ a b "Nicki Minaj Has Healing Powers". Rap-Up.com. November 18, 2010. http://www.rap-up.com/2010/11/18/nicki-minaj-has-healing-powers/. Retrieved February 16, 2011. 
  63. ^ "Nicki Minaj Introduces New Alter Ego". Rap-Up.com. December 6, 2010. http://www.rap-up.com/2010/12/06/nicki-minaj-introduces-new-alter-ego/. Retrieved February 16, 2011. 
  64. ^ "Nicki Minaj Dishes on Bedroom Alter Ego, Single Status". Rap-Up.com. 2012-04-19. http://www.rap-up.com/2012/04/19/nicki-minaj-dishes-on-bedroom-alter-ego-single-status/#more-121075. Retrieved 2012-05-27. 
  65. ^ a b c Sandra Rose (July 14, 2010). "Was That Nicki Minaj's Alter Ego in the Now Classic "Ate the Box" Video?". http://sandrarose.com/2010/07/was-that-nicki-minajs-alter-ego-in-the-now-classic-ate-the-box-video/. Retrieved July 22, 2010. 
  66. ^ Dawson, Imani A.. "Nicki Minaj Gets 'Revenge' With Eminem". Rap-Up.com. Vibe Media Group. http://www.rap-up.com/2010/10/28/nicki-minaj-gets-revenge-with-eminem/. Retrieved November 4, 2010. 
  67. ^ Vena, Jocelyn (2012-02-13). "Nicki Minaj's Alter Ego Roman Zolanski Makes Grammy Debut - Music, Celebrity, Artist News". MTV.com. http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1679156/nicki-minaj-roman-zolanski-grammys.jhtml. Retrieved 2012-05-27. 
  68. ^ "Nicki Minaj Turns Heads In London". Blogstodiefor.com. January 20, 2011. http://blogstodiefor.com/2011/01/nicki-minaj-turns-heads-in-london/. Retrieved February 16, 2011. 
  69. ^ rosa[dead link]
  70. ^ Farber, Jim (2012-04-03). "Nicki Minaj, 'Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded". NY Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music-arts/nicki-minaj-hip-hop-radical-dance-pop-queen-article-1.1054504. Retrieved 2012-04-14. 
  71. ^ by User (2012-03-22). "Now You're In The Parade". http://www.marissabregman.com. Retrieved 2012-05-05. 
  72. ^ "Nicki Minaj Interview With Vibe (Speaks On Wayne As An Influence)". New Lil Wayne. June 28, 2009. http://www.newlilwayne.com/2009/06/nicki-minaj-interview-with-vibe-speaks-on-wayne-as-an-influence/. Retrieved July 19, 2010. 
  73. ^ "Nicki Minaj Says Her Album Drops First Quarter Next Year; Can Her Looks Carry Her To Platinum Status?". DimeWars. http://dimewars.com/Video/Nicki-Minaj-Says-Her-Album-Drops-First-Quarter-Next-Year--Can-Her-Looks-Carry-Her-To-Platinum-Status-.aspx?bcmediaid=83fc42ba-e312-4c73-91e8-d326c80e720c. Retrieved July 19, 2010. 
  74. ^ Jessica Herndon (2010-12-06), "Nicki Minaj's Top 5 Style Idols", People 74 (21): 58, ISSN 00937673 
  75. ^ "Nicki Minaj/The Musical/Guy Ritchie/Stefano Gabbana". Madonnarama.com. 2010-12-12. http://www.madonnarama.com/posts-en/2010/12/12/nicki-minaj-the-musical-guy-ritchie-stefano-gabbana/. Retrieved 2011-08-18. 
  76. ^ [Nicki Minaj Talks about Her Perfume, Praises Cyndi Lauper and Pisses of Her Nail Lady]
  77. ^ Ganz, Caryn (2011-11-28). "M.I.A. Confirms She's Working With Madonna and Nicki Minaj". Spin. http://www.spin.com/articles/mia-confirms-shes-working-madonna-and-nicki-minaj. Retrieved 2011-12-17. 
  78. ^ Ganz, Caryn (2011-11-23). "Nicki Minaj’s M.I.A. Love Affair Continues With Killer Bonus Track". Yahoo. http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/amplifier/nicki-minajs-mia-love-affair-continues-with-killer-bonus-track.html. Retrieved 2011-12-17. 
  79. ^ Ladwa, Asha (May 24, 2012). "Nicki Minaj: 'Beyonce Gave Me Inspiration To Do Pepsi Advert'". TaleTela. http://www.taletela.com/news/16102/nicki-minaj-beyonce-gave-me-inspiration-to-do-pepsi-advert. Retrieved May 27, 2012. 
  80. ^ Schneider, Marc (December 2, 2011). "Nicki Minaj: Barbie Doll a 'Very Major Moment' for Me". Billboard. http://www.billboard.com/news/nicki-minaj-barbie-doll-a-very-major-moment-1005603722.story#/news/nicki-minaj-barbie-doll-a-very-major-moment-1005603722.story. Retrieved May 27, 2012. 
  81. ^ "Nicki Minaj And Ricky Martin Promote MAC Viva Glam, Bring HIV/AIDS Awareness To Latin America". Huffington Post. February 6, 2012. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/16/nicki-minaj-and-ricky-martin-promote-mac-new-campaign-hiv-aids-awareness-latin-america_n_1282031.html. Retrieved May 27, 2012. 
  82. ^ Christine Thomasos (29 April 2012). "Nicki Minaj Says 'Church' Saved Her Family, Calls 'God' Her Hero". The Christian Post. http://www.christianpost.com/news/nicki-minaj-says-church-saved-her-family-calls-god-her-hero-74062/. Retrieved 30 April 2012. "However, Minaj has previously given an indication of her faith, tweeting about Jesus Christ last Christmas. The entertainer tweeted John 3:16 to close to 8 million followers over Christmas 2011. "For God so loved the world, he gave his only begotten son; that whosoever believeth in him, shall not perish, but have everlasting life," Minaj tweeted." 
  83. ^ Christine Thomasos (29 April 2012). "Nicki Minaj Tweets About Jesus Christ on Christmas". The Christian Post. http://www.christianpost.com/news/nicki-minaj-tweets-about-jesus-christ-on-christmas-65748/. Retrieved 30 April 2012. "The entertainer tweeted the John 3:16 scripture to close to eight million followers on Christmas. "For God so loved the world, he gave his only begotten son; that whosoever believeth in him, shall not perish, but have everlasting life," Minaj tweeted. "Merry Christmas & God bless you all!"" 
  84. ^ Simon Hattenstone (27 April 2012). "Nicki Minaj: 'I have bigger balls than the boys'". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2012/apr/27/nicki-minaj-bigger-balls-than-the-boys. Retrieved 30 April 2012. "How old was she when her parents separated? She looks at me, surprised. "He's still with my mother. He went to rehab and cleaned himself up. Eventually they started going to church a lot, and he got saved and started changing his life. He's away from drugs now. He doesn't instil fear in people any more."" 
  85. ^ Simon Hattenstone (27 April 2012). "Nicki Minaj: 'I have bigger balls than the boys'". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2012/apr/27/nicki-minaj-bigger-balls-than-the-boys. Retrieved 30 April 2012. "And her heroes? "God. And my mother."" 
  86. ^ Christine Thomasos (29 April 2012). "Nicki Minaj Says 'Church' Saved Her Family, Calls 'God' Her Hero". The Christian Post. http://www.christianpost.com/news/nicki-minaj-says-church-saved-her-family-calls-god-her-hero-74062/. Retrieved 30 April 2012. "Minaj also told the publication who her heroes were: "God. And my mother."" 
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  90. ^ "EXTRA, EXTRA: Lost Nicki Minaj Quotes". VIBE. July 6, 2010. http://vibe.com/content/extra-extra-lost-nicki-minaj-quotes-pg-2. 
  91. ^ Sulla-Heffinger, Anthony (2011-07-05). "Rap star Nicki Minaj's cousin shot dead in Brooklyn". New York Post. Carlucci, Paul. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/brooklyn/rap_star_nicki_minaj_cousin_shot_vDse0S8oxJesPOQdHT6MdJ. Retrieved 2012-02-20. 
  92. ^ Maraj, Onika, Tyler Williams, Nikhil Seetharam, Aubrey Graham, and Jay Jenkins, Jones, Nasir. Champion. 2012. N.p.: Young Money, Cash Money, Universal Republic, 2012. Print.

Notes[link]

  1. ^ Minaj's birthyear has been reported in various media outlets as being 1984. The most definitive source, however, is the official Dallas Police Report from July 2011 which states her birthdate is 12/08/1982.

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Nicki_Minaj

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Nicki Minaj

http://cs.wn.com/Nicki Minaj

http://id.wn.com/Nicki Minaj

http://es.wn.com/Nicki Minaj

http://ru.wn.com/Ники Минаж

http://nl.wn.com/Nicki Minaj

http://pt.wn.com/Nicki Minaj

http://pl.wn.com/Nicki Minaj

http://fr.wn.com/Nicki Minaj

http://de.wn.com/Nicki Minaj

http://hi.wn.com/निकी मिनाज




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki_Minaj

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Kyle Clifford
Born (1991-01-13) January 13, 1991 (age 21)
Ayr, ON, CAN
Height 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m)
Weight 207 lb (94 kg; 14 st 11 lb)
Position Left Wing
Shoots Left
NHL team Los Angeles Kings
NHL Draft 35th overall, 2009
Los Angeles Kings
Playing career 2009–present

Kyle Clifford (born January 13, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey left winger currently playing for the Los Angeles Kings in the National Hockey League. He was selected by the Los Angeles Kings in the 2nd round (35th overall) of the 2009 NHL Entry Draft.

Playing career[link]

Clifford played junior hockey with the Barrie Colts of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He spent three seasons with the Colts, amassing 45 goals and 100 points in 184 games, also totaling 327 penalty minutes. After the 2009-10 season, Clifford joined the Manchester Monarchs of the American Hockey League (AHL) for the postseason.

In 2010-11, he earned a roster spot with the Los Angeles Kings out of training camp. He scored his first NHL goal on December 9, 2010 against Miikka Kiprusoff of the Calgary Flames.[citation needed]

Career statistics[link]

Regular season Playoffs
Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM
2007–08 Barrie Colts OHL 66 1 14 15 83 9 0 1 1 4
2008–09 Barrie Colts OHL 60 16 12 28 133 5 0 0 13 10
2009–10 Barrie Colts OHL 58 28 29 57 111 17 5 9 14 28
2009–10 Manchester Monarchs AHL 7 0 2 2 12
2010–11 Los Angeles Kings NHL 76 7 7 14 141 6 3 2 5 7
OHL totals 194 45 55 100 327 31 5 10 15 54
NHL totals 76 7 7 14 141 6 3 2 5 7

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Kyle_Clifford

Related pages:

http://fr.wn.com/Kyle Clifford

http://de.wn.com/Kyle Clifford




This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Clifford

This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.


Juan Román Riquelme
Riquelme 2009.jpg
Riquelme in training with Boca
Personal information
Full name Juan Román Riquelme
Date of birth (1978-06-24) June 24, 1978 (age 34)
Place of birth San Fernando, Argentina
Height 1.82 m (5 ft 11 12 in)
Playing position Attacking midfielder
Club information
Current club Boca Juniors
Number 10
Youth career
Argentinos Juniors
1995–2000 Boca Juniors
Senior career*
Years Team Apps (Gls)
1996–2002 Boca Juniors 151 (38)
2002–2005 Barcelona 30 (3)
2003–2005 Villarreal (loan) 68 (23)
2005–2008 Villarreal 127 (61)
2007–2008 Boca Juniors (loan) 26 (10)
2008– Boca Juniors 153 (29)
National team
1996–2008 Argentina U23
1997 Argentina U20 7 (4)
1997–2008 Argentina 51 (17)
* Senior club appearances and goals counted for the domestic league only and correct as of 15:11, 25 June 2011 (UTC).
† Appearances (Goals).

Juan Román Riquelme (born 24 June 1978) is an Argentine footballer who plays for Boca Juniors as an attacking midfielder.

A playmaker, he combines passing, vision and skills with goalscoring ability from midfield. He spent most of his career with Boca Juniors, but also had a significant spell in Spain with Villarreal. He was named the Argentine Footballer of the Year four times.[1]

A longtime Argentine international, Riquelme represented the nation at the 2006 World Cup and two Copa América tournaments.

Contents

Club career[link]

Early years / Boca Juniors[link]

Born in San Fernando, Buenos Aires, Riquelme was born into a family of ten in poverty, and grew up in Don Torcuato. Boca Juniors and Club Atlético River Plate spotted him when he was a youth player for Argentinos Juniors, and he chose to move to the former in 1995 for US$800,000, as he had been a fan of the club since childhood.

On 10 November 1996, aged 18, Riquelme made his Primera División debut, in a 2–0 win against Unión de Santa Fe. Two weeks later, he scored his first senior goal, in a 6–0 triumph over Club Atlético Huracán.

Barcelona[link]

In late November 2002, after seven successful seasons with Boca Juniors which brought him and the club six major titles, including the Intercontinental Cup and the Copa Libertadores in 2000, Riquelme was transferred to FC Barcelona in Spain, for a reported 11 million.[2] Shortly before his departure, his brother, Cristian, was kidnapped: Riquelme negotiated for his brother's release and eventually paid the ransom, later stating this was one of the reasons why he chose to leave Boca.

Manager Louis van Gaal described Riquelme as a "political signing"[3] and treated him with indifference. When the Dutch did play him, he did so rarely, deploying him as a winger; thus, the player was unable to find his form during a period of largely substitute appearances, losing his place in the first team. He played mainly - as a starter - in the Spanish Cup, and netted the game's only goal in a rare UEFA Champions League first XI opportunity, at Club Brugge K.V. in the group stage.

Villarreal[link]

When Barcelona signed Ronaldinho, the club exceeded the maximum foreign players that Spanish teams were allowed and so, Riquelme was loaned to fellow La Liga side Villarreal CF for the following two years. There, he played alongside four compatriots, including Rodolfo Arruabarrena and Juan Pablo Sorín.

At the end of 2004–05, Spanish sports newspaper Marca awarded Riquelme with the title of Most Artistic Player, and he also earned a nomination for the 2005 FIFA World Player of the Year award, after scoring a career-best 15 goals in 35 games as the Valencian finished in a best-ever third position. In an effort to keep hold of him, Villarreal bought up 75% of his rights from Barcelona for up to €8 million, depending on Villarreal performance in the next two seasons, and gave the player a four-year contract;[4] a 25% transfer fee would also given to Barça if Villarreal resold him.

A peculiar contract situation arose when, on 7 December 2005, Villarreal beat French club Lille OSC 1–0 to win its Champions League group, knocking out English giants Manchester United and advancing to the knockout stages in the club's debut season in the main continental competition: because of a clause in the transfer contract with Barcelona, Villarreal had to pay €1 million to the Catalan club; additionally, the contract included another two €1 million clauses; one if Villarreal finished in one of the top four league positions in 2005–06, and an identical clause for the following season.

On 25 April 2006, as Villarreal reached the last-four in the Champions League, in the second leg against Arsenal, Jens Lehmann saved a Riquelme penalty that would have taken the match to extra time. The game ended 0–0 at El Madrigal.[5]

Boca return[link]

Following a tense situation between player, board of directors and manager Manuel Pellegrini, Riquelme accepted a five-month loan back to Boca Juniors, in February 2007.[6][7] He went on to play a monumental part in Boca's success in the 2007 Libertadores run, scoring against Club Atlético Vélez Sársfield in the round-of-16, Club Libertad in the quarterfinals and Cúcuta Deportivo in the last-four, earning Boca a place in the finals: in the first leg of the final against Grêmio Foot-Ball Porto Alegrense, he netted once, adding two more in the return in an eventual 5–0 aggregate win - he also won the competition's Most Valuable Player award.

In August 2007, it was reported that Boca had given up hope of re-signing Riquelme. However, a few days later the situation changed, as the team's director Juan Carlos Crespi expressed confidence in the player's return "within 10 days". The negotiations stalled when Villarreal's offer to give up Riquelme in exchange for €4 million, Rodrigo Palacio and half the rights to either Mauro Boselli or Jonathan Maidana was rejected by Boca; it was announced on the 30th that he had been signed by Atlético Madrid for a fee of €8 million - this transfer, however, fell through at the last minute, and Riquelme remained a Villareal player, being awarded the 16 shirt.

On 26 November 2007, Riquelme reached an agreement with the Spaniards and was allowed to re-join Boca Juniors after the transfer window re-opened in January 2008.[8] He had managed no official appearances for the Yellow Submarine during the first half of 2007–08.

Upon his official return to the club, Riquelme played in the 2008 Clausura and the 2008 Libertadores, with Boca reaching the semi-finals of the latter tournament: in the last group stage game against Venezuela's Maracaibo, he assisted Gabriel Paletta and scored one himself in a 3–0 home win - he netted four times during the competition.

International career[link]

In 1997 Riquelme won the South American Youth Championship and captained the under-20 team to the FIFA U-20 World Cup, on both occasions under coach José Pekerman. He played regularly for the full squad during 1999, but would not be selected for the 2002 FIFA World Cup.

Riquelme at the 2006 World Cup

In the 2006 World Cup in Germany, Riquelme played all the games as Argentina were defeated in the quarter-finals by the hosts on penalties after a 1–1 draw after extra-time. He delivered the corner from which Roberto Ayala scored the Albiceleste goal.

Following Pekerman's resignation as head coach, Riquelme was tipped by many to take over the reins of captain, in place of the outgoing Sorín. However, after taking that role in the first match under new coach Alfio Basile, he announced on 13 September 2006 his decision to retire from the Selección, claiming that the frequent critics from sectors of the press and public had negatively affected his mother's health, who was hospitalized twice in two months after the 2006 World Cup;[9][10] at that point, he had played 37 international matches, scoring eight goals.

On 26 June 2007, Riquelme was recalled to the national team by Basile as part of the 23-man squad to represent Argentina in the 2007 Copa América.[11] He scored twice in the second group stage game, against Colombia (4–2 win), adding another brace in the quarter-finals against Peru and assisting Lionel Messi on another (4–0); his fifth came in the semi-finals clash against Mexico (3–0), as the national team went on to lose in the final to Brazil.

On 14 October 2007, Riquelme emerged from three months of inactivity at Villarreal to score two free kicks in a 2–0 win against Chile to get his team off to a winning start in the 2010 World Cup qualifiers. On 17 November, he netted twice again in Argentina's 3–0 victory over Bolivia; in March 2009, however, he decided to retire from the national team after a disagreement with coach Diego Maradona.[12]

Argentina included Riquelme as one of the three permitted overage players in the squad for the 2008 Summer Olympics football tournament in Beijing.[13] He captained the team to the gold medal scoring once, against Brazil in the semi-final.[14]

Former manager Sergio Batista stated he would have liked for Riquelme to return to international play, hinting at the possibility of the player appearing in a friendly with Spain in August 2010,[15] which eventually did not happen.

International goals[link]

# Date Venue Opponent Score Result Competition
1. 30 April 2003 Tripoli, Libya  Libya 3–1 Win Friendly
2. 17 November 2004 Buenos Aires, Argentina  Venezuela 3–2 Win 2006 World Cup qualification
3. 8 June 2005 Buenos Aires, Argentina  Brazil 3–1 Win 2006 World Cup qualification
4. 15 June 2005 Cologne, Germany  Tunisia 2–1 Win 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup
5. 18 June 2005 Nuremberg, Germany  Australia 4–2 Win 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup
6. 21 June 2005 Nuremberg, Germany  Germany 2–2 Draw 2005 FIFA Confederations Cup
7. 9 October 2005 Buenos Aires, Argentina  Peru 2–0 Win 2006 World Cup qualification
8. 16 November 2005 Doha, Qatar  Qatar 3–0 Win Friendly
9. 2 July 2007 Maracaibo, Venezuela  Colombia 4–2 Win 2007 Copa América
10. 2 July 2007 Maracaibo, Venezuela  Colombia 4–2 Win 2007 Copa América
11. 8 July 2007 Barquisimeto, Venezuela  Peru 4–0 Win 2007 Copa América
12. 8 July 2007 Barquisimeto, Venezuela  Peru 4–0 Win 2007 Copa América
13. 11 July 2007 Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela  Mexico 3–0 Win 2007 Copa América
14. 13 October 2007 Buenos Aires, Argentina  Chile 2–0 Win 2010 World Cup qualification
15. 13 October 2007 Buenos Aires, Argentina  Chile 2–0 Win 2010 World Cup qualification
16. 17 November 2007 Buenos Aires, Argentina  Bolivia 3–0 Win 2010 World Cup qualification
17. 17 November 2007 Buenos Aires, Argentina  Bolivia 3–0 Win 2010 World Cup qualification

Statistics[link]

Club[link]

[16]

Club performance League Cup Continental Total
Season Club League Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals Apps Goals
Argentina League Cup South America Total
1996–97 Boca Juniors Primera División 22 4 22 4
1997–98 19 0 2 0 21 0
1998–99 37 10 5 0 42 10
1999–2000 24 4 16 3 40 7
2000–01 27 10 14 3 41 13
2001–02 22 10 6 0 28 10
Subtotal 151 38 43 6 194 44
Spain League Copa del Rey Europe Total
2002–03 Barcelona La Liga 30 3 1 1 11 2 42 6
2003–04 Villarreal La Liga 33 8 3 1 12 4 48 13
2004–05 35 15 0 0 11 2 46 17
2005–06 25 12 1 0 12 2 38 14
2006–07 13 1 0 0 - - 13 1
Subtotal 136 39 5 2 46 10 187 51
Argentina League Cup South America Total
2007 Boca Juniors Primera División 15 2 11 8 26 10
2007–08 10 1 10 4 20 5
2008–09 28 5 7 4 35 9
2009–10 24 3 2 0 26 3
2010–11 13 4 13 4
2011–12 20 4 1 0 9 3 30 7
Subtotal 110 19 1 0 39 19 150 38
Country Argentina 261 57 1 0 82 25 344 82
Spain 136 39 5 2 46 10 187 51
Total 397 96 6 2 128 35 531 133

International[link]

Argentina national team
Year Apps Goals
1997 1 0
1998 0 0
1999 5 0
2000 0 0
2001 0 0
2002 1 0
2003 3 1
2004 6 1
2005 13 6
2006 8 0
2007 9 9
2008 5 0
Total 51 17

Honours[link]

Club[link]

Boca Juniors
Villarreal

National team[link]

Argentina U-20
Argentina U-23
Argentina

Individual[link]

References[link]

  1. ^ "Riquelme: Football has given me everything". FIFA.com. 19 December 2011. http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1559986.html. Retrieved 19 December 2011. 
  2. ^ "Barça take up Riquelme option". UEFA.com. 26 November 2002. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=44002.html. 
  3. ^ Cowley, Jason (18 June 2006). "Lonesome Riquelme is the go-to man". The Guardian. http://football.guardian.co.uk/worldcup2006/story/0,,1800201,00.html. Retrieved 12 August 2006. 
  4. ^ "Riquelme leaves Barça for good". UEFA.com. 21 June 2005. http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=308912.html. 
  5. ^ "Villarreal 0-0 Arsenal (agg 0-1)". BBC Sport. 25 April 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/4936390.stm. Retrieved 19 December 2011. 
  6. ^ The end is nigh for a player unable to cross great divide; The Guardian, 22 January 2007
  7. ^ Román dio el sí (Román said yes); Olé, 7 February 2007 (Spanish)
  8. ^ "Riquelme set to return home". UEFA.com. 26 November 2007. http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/news/newsid=626379.html. 
  9. ^ Homewood, Brian (13 September 2006). "Riquelme says he is quitting Argentina". Yahoo! Sports. http://sports.yahoo.com/sow/news?slug=reu-riquelme&prov=reuters&type=lgns. Retrieved 14 September 2006. 
  10. ^ "Riquelme renunció a la Selección: "Antes que nada está mi familia" [Riquelme quit national team: "My family comes first and always first"]" (in Spanish). Clarín. 13 September 2006. http://www.clarin.com/diario/2006/09/13/um/m-01270823.htm. Retrieved 13 September 2006. 
  11. ^ Riquelme quiere sumarse a selección argentina (Riquelme wants to join Argentine squad) (Spanish)
  12. ^ Crooke, Perry (11 March 2009). "Juan Roman Riquelme quits Argentina after Maradona row". London: The Daily Telegraph. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/international/4973953/Juan-Roman-Riquelme-quits-Argentina-after-Maradona-row.html. Retrieved 5 September 2009. 
  13. ^ "Messi, Agüero, Riquelme named to Argentine Olympic team". Sports Illustrated. 3 July 2008. http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/soccer/07/03/argentina.olympic/index.html. Retrieved 10 October 2008. 
  14. ^ "Angel delivers Argentina gold". FIFA.com. 23 August 2008. http://www.fifa.com/mensolympic/matches/round=250025/match=300051812/summary.html. Retrieved 10 October 2008. 
  15. ^ Tynan, Gordon (17 August 2010). "Riquelme set for return to national service against Spain". London: The Independent. http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/riquelme-set-for-return-to-national-service-against-spain-2054329.html. Retrieved 2011. 
  16. ^ Juan Román Riquelme at National-Football-Teams.com

External links[link]

http://wn.com/Juan_Román_Riquelme

Related pages:

http://it.wn.com/Juan Román Riquelme

http://id.wn.com/Juan Román Riquelme

http://es.wn.com/Juan Román Riquelme

http://ru.wn.com/Рикельме, Хуан Роман

http://nl.wn.com/Juan Román Riquelme

http://pt.wn.com/Juan Román Riquelme

http://pl.wn.com/Juan Román Riquelme

http://fr.wn.com/Juan Román Riquelme

http://de.wn.com/Juan Román Riquelme




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