Milo Of Croton (Greek: Μίλων)
Milo of Croton by Joseph-Benoît Suvée (18th century, oil on canvas)
Born	6th century BC Croton
Died	6th century BC Croton
Occupation	Wrestler

Milo of Croton (Greek: Μίλων; gen.: Μίλωνος) was a 6th century BC wrestler from the Magna Graecian city of Croton in southern Italy who enjoyed a brilliant wrestling career and won many victories in the most important athletic festivals of ancient Greece.^[1][2][3] In addition to his athletic victories, Milo is credited by the ancient commentator Diodorus Siculus with leading his fellow citizens to military triumph over neighboring Sybaris in 510 BC.

Milo was said to be an associate of Pythagoras. One story tells of the wrestler saving the philosopher's life when a roof was about to collapse upon him and another that Milo may have married the philosopher's daughter Myia. Like other successful athletes of ancient Greece, Milo was the subject of fantastic tales of strength and power, some, perhaps, based upon misinterpretations of his statues. Among other tales, he was said to have carried a bull on his shoulders and to have burst a band about his brow by simply inflating the veins of his temples.

The date of Milo's death is unknown, but he reportedly was attempting to rend a tree asunder when his hands became trapped in the cleft of its trunk and a pack of wolves surprised and devoured him. Milo has been depicted in works of art by Pierre Puget, Étienne-Maurice Falconet and others. In literature, he has been referenced by Rabelais in Gargantua and Pantagruel and by Shakespeare in Troilus and Cressida.

Athletic career[link]

Milo was a six time Olympic victor. He won the boys' wrestling (probably in 540 BC),^[4] and thereafter five men's wrestling titles between 536 and 520 BCE.^[1][2][3] He also won seven crowns at the Pythian Games at Delphi (one as a boy), ten at the Isthmian Games, and nine at the Nemean Games.^[2] Milo was a five time Periodonikēs, a "grand slam" sort of title bestowed on the winner of all four festivals in the same cycle.^[3] Milo's career at the highest level of competition must have spanned 24 years.^[2]

Milo was defeated (or tied) in his attempt at a seventh Olympic title in 516 BCE by a young wrestler from Croton who practiced the technique of akrocheirismos—literally, 'highhandedness' or wrestling at arm's length—and by doing so, avoided Milo's crushing embrace. Simple fatigue took its toll on Milo.^[1][2][3]

Milo's hometown had a reputation for producing excellent athletes. In the Olympiad of 576 BC, for example, the first seven finishers in the stade – a 200 yards (180 m) sprint – were all men of Croton. After Milo's career, Croton apparently produced no other athletes of renown.^[3]

Military experience[link]

Heracles wearing a hero's wreath, a lion-skin, and carrying a club. Milon appeared in similar dress at the battle between Croton and Sybaris in 510 BC. Detail of Herakles from Side A of the vase, "Herakles and the gathering of the Argonauts (aka "Herakles in Marathon"), Attic red-figure calyx-krater, 460–50 BCE, Louvre.

About 510 BC, hostilities arose between Croton and nearby Sybaris when Telys, a Sybarite tyrant, banished the 500 wealthiest citizens of Sybaris after seizing their property. When the displaced Sybarites sought refuge at Croton and Telys demanded their return, an opportunity for the Crotoniates to destroy a powerful neighbor presented itself.^[5] In an account that appeared five hundred years after the event, Diodorus Siculus wrote that the philosopher Pythagoras, who spent much of his life at Croton, urged the Croton assembly to protect the banished citizens of Sybaris. When the decision to do so was made, the dispute between the two cities was aggravated, each took up arms, and Milo led the charge against Sybaris.^[3][6]

According to Diodorus:

"One hundred thousand men of Croton were stationed with three hundred thousand Sybarite troops ranged against them. Milo the athlete led them and through his tremendous physical strength first turned the troops lined up against him."

Diodorus indicates Milo led the charge against the Sybarites wearing his Olympic crowns, draped in a lionskin and brandishing a club in a manner similar to the mythic hero Heracles (see adjacent image).^[1][2][3]

Personal life[link]

Ancient commentators mention an association between Milo and the philosopher Pythagoras, who lived at or near Croton for many years.^[2] Commentators may have confused the philosopher with an athletic trainer, Pythagoras of Samos, but it is also possible the trainer and the philosopher were the same person.^[7]

It was said Milo saved Pythagoras's life when a pillar collapsed in a banquet hall and he supported the roof until Pythagoras could reach safety.^[2] He may have married Myia, a Pythagorean herself or possibly Pythagoras' daughter.^[2][3] Diogenes Laertius says Pythagoras died in a fire in Milo's house,^[2] but Dicaearchus says Pythagoras died in the temple of the Muses at Metapontum of self-imposed starvation. Porphyry says Milo's house at Croton was burned and the Pythagoreans within stoned.^[8]

Herodotus, who lived one hundred years after Milo's death, says the wrestler accepted a large sum of money from the distinguished physician Democedes for the privilege of marrying Milo's daughter. If Herodotus is indeed correct then Milo was probably not a member of Croton's nobility for such an arrangement with a wage-earning physician would have been beneath the dignity of a Greek noble.^[2] Democedes was a native of Croton and enjoyed a successful career as a physician at Croton, Aegina, Athens, and Samos. He was captured by Darius in the defeat of the Samian tyrant Polycrates and taken to the Persian capital of Susa as a slave. There, he carefully tended both the king and queen and was eventually permitted to revisit Croton but under guard. He escaped his Persian guards and made his way to Croton where he married Milo's daughter. The physician sent a message regarding his marriage to Darius who was an admirer of the wrestler and can only have learned of him through Democedes during his slavery at Susa.^[9]

Cultural representations[link]

Place of champions in Greek culture[link]

Like the tragic protagonists of Greek drama, the Greek athlete had a "larger than life" quality. At Olympia, for example, they were set apart from the general population for lengthy training periods and the observation of a complex series of prohibitions that included abstinence from intercourse. Once training was completed and the athletes were brought before their fellow citizens trim, fit, nude and shimmering with oil, they must have appeared semi-divine.^[10]

The reverential awe in which athletes were held in Greece led to exaggeration in the tales surrounding their lives. In Milo's case, Aristotle began the myth-making process with reports likening Milo unto Heracles in his enormous appetite, and Athenaeus continued the process with the story of Milo carrying a bull—a feat also associated with Heracles. It is Milo's sudden death which makes him most akin to the heroes: there is a hint of hubris in his attempt to rend the tree asunder, and striking contrast between his glorious athletic achievements and his sudden ignoble death.^[10]

Feats of strength[link]

Anecdotes about Milo's almost superhuman strength and lifestyle abound. His daily diet allegedly consisted of 20 lb of meat, 20 lb of bread, and eighteen pints of wine.^[3] Pliny the Elder and Solinus both attribute Milo's invincibility in competition to the wrestler's consumption of alectoriae, the gizzard stones of roosters.^[2][11] Legends say he carried his own bronze statue to its place at Olympia, and once carried a four-year-old bull on his shoulders before slaughtering, roasting, and devouring it in one day.^[2][3] He was said to have achieved the feat of lifting the bull by starting in childhood, lifting and carrying a newborn calf and repeating the feat daily as it grew to maturity.^[12][13]

One report says the wrestler was able to hold a pomegranate without damaging it while challengers tried to pry his fingers from it, and another report says he could burst a band fastened around his brow by inhaling air and causing the temple veins to swell. He was said to maintain his footing on an oiled discus while others tried to push him from it.^[2][3] These feats have been attributed to misinterpretations of statues depicting Milo with his head bound in victor's ribbons, his hand holding the apple of victory, and his feet positioned on a round disc that would have been fitted into a pedestal or base.^[3]

While one report says Milo held his arm outstretched and challengers were unable to bend his fingers, another anecdote recorded by Claudius Aelianus disputes Milo's reputation for enormous strength. Apparently, Milo challenged a peasant named Titormus to a trial of strength. Titormus proclaimed he had little strength, but lifted a boulder to his shoulders, carried it several meters and dropped it. Milo was unable to lift it.^[14]

Death[link]

The ancient Greeks typically attributed remarkable deaths to famous persons in keeping with their characters.^[2] The date of Milo's death is unknown, but according to Strabo and Pausanias, Milo was walking in a forest when he came upon a tree-trunk split with wedges. In what was probably intended as a display of strength, Milo inserted his hands into the cleft to rend the tree. The wedges fell from the cleft, and the tree closed upon his hands, trapping him. Unable to free himself, the wrestler was devoured by wolves.^[1][2][3] A modern historian has suggested it is more likely that Milo was traveling alone when attacked by wolves. Unable to escape, he was devoured and his remains found at the foot of a tree.^[3]

Modern art and literature[link]

Milo's legendary strength and death have become the subjects of modern art and literature. His death was a popular subject in 18th century art. In many images of this period his killer is portrayed as a lion rather than wolves. In Pierre Puget's Milo of Croton (1682), the work's themes are the loss of strength with age, and the ephemerality of glory as symbolized by an Olympic trophy lying in the dust.^[15]

Étienne-Maurice Falconet's marble Milo of Croton (1754) secured his admission to the Académie des beaux-arts, but was later criticized for lack of nobility. The work clashed with the classical ideal requiring a dying hero to express stoic restraint.^[16]

Milo was the subject of a bronze by Alessandro Vittoria circa 1590, and another bronze now standing in Holland Park, London by an unknown nineteenth century artist. A sculpture was made by John Graham Lough and exhibited at the Royal Academy. It was depicted by Ralph Hedley in a painting of the artist in his studio,^[17] and a bronze cast of it stands in the grounds of Blagdon Hall, Northumberland.

His death is also depicted in paintings. It is the subject of an eighteenth-century oil on canvas by Joseph-Benoît Suvée and a work by the eighteenth century Irish painter James Barry.

In literature, François Rabelais compares Gargantua's strength to that of Milo's in Gargantua and Pantagruel, and Shakespeare refers anachronistically to "bull-bearing Milo" in Act 2 of Troilus and Cressida. In Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights, character Catherine Earnshaw refers to the circumstances of Milo's demise when she says, "Who is to separate us, pray? They'll meet the fate of Milo!" In Johann Wyss' novel Swiss Family Robinson, the youngest son Franz is entrusted with a bull buffalo to raise, and from which gains comparison to Milo.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Web Gallery of Art Depictions of Milo of Croton by Vittoria, Puget, Falconet, and Suvée

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Hannah Twynnoy's gravestone

Hannah Twynnoy (died 1703) is reputedly the first person on record to have been killed by a tiger in Britain.

Hannah Twynnoy was an early 18th-century barmaid working in a pub in the centre of the English market town of Malmesbury in Wiltshire. All that remains of the story of her death is her gravestone, in a corner of the churchyard of Malmesbury Abbey. Her tombstone records her name and death at the age of 33 as occurring on October 23, 1703, with a gravestone poem which reads:

"In bloom of life / She's snatched from hence / She had no room / To make defence / For tyger fierce / Took life away / And here she lies in a bed of clay / Until the Resurrection Day."

Although this poem is all that exists as a source for her death, recent research by historian John Bowen has discovered that a more detailed account of the death was placed on a plaque on the wall of the parish church in Hullavington, a village five miles from Malmesbury. The plaque, which was almost certainly installed soon after her death in the first years of the 18th century, has since been lost, but was recorded in Victorian times by a local historian.

It said that Hannah Twynnoy was a barmaid working at a pub called the White Lion in Malmesbury (number 8 Gloucester Road – now a private house) in 1703 when a travelling circus arrived to set up in the pub's large rear yard. The circus contained a menagerie of animals including a tiger, which Hannah was warned against upsetting. She liked bothering the animal until one day it got tired of it and mauled her. Hannah did not survive.

Unsolved aspects of the tale[link]

While Twynnoy was killed by a tiger on October 23, 1703,^[1] many aspects of the tale remain a mystery. Poetic epitaphs on gravestones were popular at the turn of the 18th century, but generally only for the wealthy and celebrated. A gravestone and a plot in the churchyard of Malmesbury Abbey would not have been cheap, even without engaging the services of a poet. One mystery is who paid for her tombstone and interment.

The phrase in bloom of life also indicates she may have been pregnant at the time of her death, as 33 would not have been considered the flush of youth in 1703.

Her connection with the village of Hullavington is also unproved. Although no records have been found which link her to the village, it is probable that is where she originally came from.

The Parish Registers and Bishops Transcripts for Malmesbury contain no entry, between 1635 and 1700, for anyone named Twynnoy.

Modern folklore[link]

In 2003, on the 300th anniversary of the death, a simple ceremony was carried out at the grave. Every schoolgirl under 11 named Hannah in the town placed a flower on the grave. A road on a new development in Malmesbury was named 'Twynnoy Close' in 1993.

References[link]