- published: 06 Mar 2013
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- author: ABCActionNews
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- 30th century BC
- Abel Tasman
- Able seaman
- Abu Bakr (mansa)
- Abu Bakr II
- Acid rain
- Agatharchides
- Age of Discovery
- Age of sail
- Air pollution
- Air-cushion vehicle
- Aircraft carrier
- Aircraft cruiser
- Airship
- Ajuuraan State
- Aksumite Empire
- Alaska pollock
- America's Cup
- Ammunition ship
- Amplitude
- Anchor
- Anchoveta
- Anchovy
- Ancient Egypt
- Ancient Greece
- Ancient Rome
- Angling
- Antifouling
- Aquaculture
- Arabia
- Arabian Peninsula
- Argentina
- Armed yacht
- Armored cruiser
- Artificial fly
- Artificial reef
- Artisan fishing
- Asbestos
- Atakebune
- Atlantic
- Atlantic herring
- Attack submarine
- Attack transport
- Australia
- Autopilot
- Auxiliary ship
- Aviation
- Aviso
- Axum
- Balloon carrier
- Baltic Sea
- Bangladesh
- Banks dory
- Barawa
- Barca-longa
- Bardo Museum
- Barge
- Barley
- Barque
- Barquentine
- Barracks ship
- Bass boat
- Battle of Trafalgar
- Battlecruiser
- Battleship
- Bawley
- BBC News
- Beam (nautical)
- Berbera
- Bermuda rig
- Bermuda sloop
- Berthing
- Big-game fishing
- Bilander
- Bilge
- Biodiversity
- Bite indicator
- Black Sea
- Blue whiting
- Boat
- Boat builder
- Bokkura
- Bottom trawling
- Bow (ship)
- Bow thruster
- Bow wave
- Bowsprit
- Breastwork monitor
- Brig
- Brigantine
- Bugeye
- Bulbous bow
- Bulk carrier
- Buoyancy
- Buoyant
- Byzantine navy
- Cable layer
- Cable ship
- CAM ship
- Cancer
- Cape Ann dory
- Cape Islander
- Captain (nautical)
- Car float
- Caravel
- Cargo
- Cargo boom
- Cargo liner
- Cargo ship
- Carrack
- Carthage
- Caspian Sea
- Catamaran
- Catboat
- Catch and release
- Caïque
- Celestial navigation
- Central Africa
- Chasse-marée
- Chemical tanker
- China
- Chittagong
- Christopher Columbus
- Chub mackerel
- Circle
- Circumnavigated
- Clam
- Clipper
- Clipper route
- Cluster bomb
- Coast guard
- Coastal defence ship
- Coastal Motor Boat
- Coble
- Cog (ship)
- Cold War
- Collier (ship)
- Colombo Express
- Colonization
- Columbian Exchange
- Combat stores ship
- Command ship
- Commercial fishing
- Commercial vessel
- Compass
- Composite material
- Concrete ship
- Container ship
- Container ships
- Convoy rescue ship
- Coracle
- Corvette
- Couta
- Crab
- Crane (machine)
- Crane vessel
- Crete
- Cruise missiles
- Cruise ship
- Cruiseferry
- Cruiser
- Currach
- Cutter (boat)
- Cyperus papyrus
- Danlayer
- Deck (ship)
- Deck officer
- Density
- Depot ship
- Destroyer
- Destroyer escort
- Destroyer tender
- Det Norske Veritas
- Developed countries
- Dhoni
- Dhow
- Diesel engine
- Digital History
- Dinghy
- Diseases
- Dispatch boat
- Displacement (fluid)
- Diversity of fish
- Dock landing ship
- Dogger (boat)
- Dory
- Double-hulled tanker
- Draft (hull)
- Dreadnought
- Dredging
- Drillship
- Drydock
- Duarte Barbosa
- Ducted propeller
- Dugout (boat)
- Dutch clipper
- Dutch Republic
- Dynamic positioning
- E-boat
- East Indiaman
- Ecosystem
- Egypt
- Electric motor
- Engineer
- England
- Environmental law
- Environmentalism
- Erika (tanker)
- Escort carrier
- Eudoxus of Cyzicus
- Europe
- European Parliament
- European Union
- Exhaust gas
- Exponential function
- Factory ship
- Falkland Islands
- Falkuša
- Famous First Facts
- Farley Boats
- Fast attack craft
- Fast battleship
- Felucca
- Ferdinand Magellan
- Ferry
- Ferry boat
- Ferryboat
- Fifie
- Fireboat
- Fish farming
- Fish hook
- Fish market
- Fish marketing
- Fish pond
- Fish processing
- Fish products
- Fish trap
- Fisheries glossary
- Fisheries management
- Fisheries science
- Fisherman
- Fishery
- Fishfinder
- Fishing
- Fishing bait
- Fishing fleet
- Fishing industry
- Fishing line
- Fishing lure
- Fishing net
- Fishing rod
- Fishing sinker
- Fishing tackle
- Fishing techniques
- Fishing trap
- Fishing trawler
- Fishing vessel
- Fishing vessels
- Fishing village
- Flag State
- Flagship
- Flight deck cruiser
- Fluyt
- Fly fishing
- Fore-and-aft rig
- Forecastle
- Formula
- Four-stroke engine
- France
- Frankincense
- Freeboard (nautical)
- Freeboard mark
- French Navy
- Freshwater
- Friendship Sloop
- Frigate
- Fruit
- Full rigged pinnace
- Full rigged ship
- Full-rigged ship
- Funnel
- Fusta
- Gaff rig
- Galeas
- Galiot
- Galleon
- Galley
- Galley (kitchen)
- Galway hooker
- Gas turbine engine
- Gdansk, Poland
- General cargo ship
- Genetics
- Geographer
- Germany
- Gillnet
- Globalization
- Gloucester dory
- Gold
- Gondola
- Grass
- Great Britain
- Great Lakes
- Great Storm of 1987
- Great Zimbabwe
- Greenpeace
- Gross tonnage
- Ground tackle
- Guard ship
- Guided missile
- Gunboat
- Gunpowder
- Gunter
- H. W. Wilson Company
- Han Dynasty
- Hand-line fishing
- Handline fishing
- Hanseatic League
- Hapag-Lloyd
- Hawsepipe
- Head (watercraft)
- Healthcare
- Heavy cruiser
- Heavy lift ship
- Helicopter carrier
- Hellenistic
- Herodotus
- Herring buss
- Historian
- History of fishing
- HMS Sandwich (1759)
- HMS Temeraire (1798)
- HMS Victory
- Hobyo
- Hopper barge
- Hormone
- Horse mackerel
- Horses
- Hospital ship
- Hovercraft
- Hoy (boat)
- Hull (ship)
- Hull (watercraft)
- Hull speed
- Iberian Peninsula
- Ibn Battuta
- Icebreaker
- Immune system
- Impeller
- India
- Indian Ocean
- Initial stability
- Intermodal container
- Iraq
- Islam
- Italy
- Ivory
- Jackass-barque
- Jail
- James Cook
- James Wharram
- Jangada
- Japan
- Jellyfish
- Jukung
- Junk (ship)
- Kaibokan
- Keel
- Kerala
- Ketch
- Ketch rig
- Khambhat
- Khufu ship
- Kilwa District
- Kilwa Kisiwani
- Knarr
- Koch (boat)
- Kolae boat
- Köln-Düsseldorfer
- Lake
- Lake Erie
- Lake freighter
- Lake Huron
- Lake Michigan
- Lake Superior
- Landing craft
- Landing Ship Heavy
- Landing Ship Medium
- Landing Ship Tank
- Landing Ship Vehicle
- Largehead hairtail
- Lifeboat (shipboard)
- Liferaft
- Light cruiser
- Lighter aboard ship
- List of boat types
- List of ships
- List of shipwrecks
- Livestock carrier
- LNG carrier
- Lobster
- Log canoe
- Long ton
- Long-line fishing
- Longline fishing
- Longship
- Lorries
- LPG LNG tanker
- Lugger
- Luzzu
- Mackinaw boat
- Magnetic compass
- Mali Empire
- Man-of-war
- Mansa Musa
- Mare Nostrum
- Marine electronics
- Marine engineer
- Marine habitats
- Marine industry
- Marine propulsion
- Marine vessel
- Maritime history
- Maritime law
- MAS (boat)
- Mast (sail)
- Mast aft rig
- Masula boat
- McKenzie River dory
- Meat
- Mediterranean
- Member of Parliament
- Merca
- Merchant raider
- Merchant ship
- Merchant submarine
- Mersey Flat
- Metric system
- Microorganisms
- Midget submarine
- Military
- Mine planter
- Minehunter
- Minelayer
- Minesweeper (ship)
- Ming Dynasty
- Minoan civilization
- Missile boat
- Mizzen
- Mnemiopsis leidyi
- Model (physical)
- Mogadishu
- Mohenjodaro
- Mombasa
- Monitor (warship)
- Monsoon
- Monterey clipper
- Mooring (watercraft)
- Motor Gun Boat
- Motor Launch
- Motor Torpedo Boat
- Motorship
- MS Polarfront
- Multihull
- Museum ship
- Museum ships
- Myrrh
- Narco submarine
- Narrowboat
- Nathaniel Bowditch
- Naval architect
- Naval architecture
- Naval drifter
- Naval ship
- Naval trawler
- Navigator
- Navy
- Needlegun scaler
- Neolithic Period
- Net laying ship
- Netherlands
- New York Harbor
- New York Times
- New Zealand
- Niagara River
- Nile River
- Nobby (boat)
- Nordland (boat)
- Norfolk punt
- Norfolk wherry
- North America
- NS Savannah
- Nubia
- Nuclear navy
- Nuclear weapon
- Ocean
- Ocean liner
- Ocean surface wave
- Oceania
- Oil spill
- Oil tanker
- Oiler (ship)
- Old Kingdom
- OPV (naval)
- Ottoman Navy
- Outboard motor
- Oyster schooners
- Pacific Ocean
- Paddle steamer
- Panama Canal
- Panamax
- Passenger ship
- Patache
- Pathogens
- Patrol boat
- Pausik
- Persia
- Personal injury
- Phil Bolger
- Phoenicia
- Pilot boat
- Pilot cutter
- Pink (ship)
- Pipe-laying ship
- Piracy
- Pirogue
- Pocket cruiser
- Polacca
- Polarfront
- Polynesia
- Port
- Portal Nautical
- Portside
- Portugal
- Poveiro (boat)
- Pram (ship)
- Pre-Columbian
- Prestige oil spill
- Prince William Sound
- Princeton University
- Proa
- Propeller
- Propulsion system
- Protected cruiser
- PT boat
- Pump-jet engine
- Pungy
- Pytheas of Massalia
- Q-ship
- Raft
- Rail transport
- Railway
- Razee
- Recreational fishing
- Recycling
- Red Sea
- Reed boat
- Reefer ship
- Renaissance
- Replenishment ship
- Republic of Genoa
- Republic of Venice
- Republics
- Rescue boat
- Research vessel
- Respiratory
- Rhine
- Rigging
- River
- Riverboat
- RMS Titanic
- Roll-on roll-off
- Roman Empire
- Rotorsail
- Royal Navy
- Rudder
- Rule of thumb
- Russia
- Sacrificial anode
- Saginaw, Michigan
- Sail
- Sailing
- Sailing hydrofoil
- Sailing ship
- Sailing yacht
- Sailor
- Sailplan
- Salmon
- Sampan
- San Francisco
- Sandblasting
- Santa María (ship)
- Schooner
- Scow
- Scrap
- Scuttling
- Sea
- Sea otters
- Sea swell
- Seabirds
- Seafood
- Seaplane tender
- Seawater
- Second World War
- Sediment
- Seine fishing
- Semi-submersible
- Sengoku era
- Sgoth Niseach
- Shad boat
- Sharpie (boat)
- Ship
- Ship breaking
- Ship burial
- Ship class
- Ship disposal
- Ship graveyard
- Ship grounding
- Ship model
- Ship model basin
- Ship of the line
- Ship replica
- Ship stability
- Ship transport
- Ship's tender
- Shipbreaker
- Shipbuilding
- Shipowner
- Shipping
- Shipwreck
- Shipyard
- Shitik
- Short ton
- Shrimp
- Sixareen
- Skipjack (boat)
- Skipjack tuna
- Slate Magazine
- Slave trade
- Sloop
- Sloop-of-war
- Smack (ship)
- Smokestack
- Snagboat
- Sneakbox
- Sneferu
- Snow (ship)
- Somali people
- Somalia
- Sonar
- Soo Locks
- Spacecraft
- Spanish Armada
- Spearfishing
- Spices
- Square rig
- Squid
- SS Edmund Fitzgerald
- Stabilizer (ship)
- Starboard
- Steam engine
- Steam Gun Boat
- Steamboat
- Steamship
- Stern
- Strap
- Style guides
- Submarine
- Submarine chaser
- Submarine tender
- Suez Canal
- Sultanates
- Supercarrier
- Superstructure
- Supertanker
- Survey vessel
- Survival suit
- Swahili culture
- Swahili people
- Swampscott dory
- Tall ship
- Tank container
- Tanker (ship)
- Tanzania
- Textile
- Thames sailing barge
- Tiller
- Ton (volume)
- Tonnage
- Tonne
- Torpedo boat
- Towboat
- Towboats
- Towpath
- Toxins
- Trachurus
- Trailer sailer
- Train ferry
- Training ship
- Transom (nautical)
- Trawl
- Trawling
- Treasure ship
- Treaty battleship
- Trimaran
- Trireme
- Troopship
- Tropical cyclone
- Tugboat
- Tumors
- Tunis
- Turbosail
- Turku
- Turtle ship
- Two-stroke engine
- U-boat
- United Kingdom
- United States
- United States Navy
- Unprotected cruiser
- Uru (boat)
- USA
- Vasco da Gama
- Vendée Globe
- Venetia (region)
- Venice
- Victoria (ship)
- Victoria, Seychelles
- Viking
- Vinta
- Warship
- Watercraft rowing
- Waterline
- Wave power ship
- Wax
- Weather
- Weather buoy
- Weather forecasting
- Weather ship
- Well smack
- Welland Canal
- West Africa
- Western Europe
- Whaler
- Whaling ship
- Wheat
- Wherry
- Wild fisheries
- Wind
- Windjammer
- Windsurfing
- Wingsail
- WordNet
- World war
- World War II
- Xebec
- Yacht
- Yawl
- Yellowfin tuna
- Yemen
- Yoal
- Z-drive
- Zanzibar
- Zeila
- Zheng He
- Zhou Dynasty
- Zooplankton
-
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīrat al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب Ǧazīrat al 'Arab) is a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula and covers 3,237,500 km2 (1,250,000 mi2). The area is an important part of the Asian continent and plays a critical geopolitical role of the Middle East and Arab World due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas. The peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56-23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west, the Persian Gulf to the northeast, and the Indian Ocean to the southeast.
The Arabian Peninsula is located in the Asia continent and bounded by (clockwise) the Persian Gulf on the northeast, the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman on the east, the Arabian Sea on the southeast and south, the Gulf of Aden on the south, the Bab-el-Mandeb strait on the southwest, and the Red Sea on the southwest and west. The northern portion of the peninsula merges with the Syrian Desert with no clear border line, although the northern boundary of the Arabian Peninsula is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
wn.com/Arabian_Peninsula -
Argentina
Argentina
i/ˌɑrdʒənˈtiːnə/, officially the Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]), is a country in South America, the continent's second largest by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires. It is the eighth-largest country in the world by land area and the largest among Spanish-speaking nations.
Argentina's continental area is between the Andes mountain range in the west and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. It borders Paraguay and Bolivia to the north, Brazil and Uruguay to the northeast, and Chile to the west and south. Argentine claims over Antarctica, as well as overlapping claims made by Chile and the United Kingdom, are suspended by the Antarctic Treaty of 1961. Argentina also claims the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which are administered by the United Kingdom as British Overseas Territories.
A recognised middle power, Argentina is Latin America's third-largest economy, with a "very high" rating on the Human development index. Within Latin America, Argentina has the fifth highest nominal GDP per capita and the highest in purchasing power terms. Analysts have argued that the country has a "foundation for future growth due to its market size, levels of foreign direct investment, and percentage of high-tech exports as share of total manufactured goods", and it is classed by investors as middle emerging economy. Argentina is a founding member of the United Nations, Mercosur, the Union of South American Nations, the Organization of Ibero-American States, the World Bank Group and the World Trade Organization, and is one of the G-15 and G-20 major economies.
wn.com/Argentina -
Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
wn.com/Australia -
Axum
Axum or Aksum is a city in northern Ethiopia which was the original capital of the eponymous kingdom of Axum. Population 56,500 (2010). Axum was a naval and trading power that ruled the region from ca. 400 BC into the 10th century. The kingdom was also arbitrarily identified as Abyssinia, Ethiopia, and India in medieval writings.
Located in the Mehakelegnaw Zone of the Tigray Region near the base of the Adwa mountains, Axum has an elevation of 2,131 meters. It is the administrative center of La'ilay Maychew woreda.
Aksum is served by an airport (ICAO code HAAX, IATA AXU).
Due to their historical value, in 1980 UNESCO added Aksum's archaeological sites to its list of World Heritage Sites.
Axum was the center of the marine trading power known as the Aksumite Kingdom, which predated the earliest mentions in Roman era writings. Around 356, its ruler was converted to Christianity by Frumentius. Later, under the reign of Kaleb, Axum was a quasi-ally of Byzantium against the Persian Empire. The historical record is unclear, primary sources limited mainly to ancient church records.
wn.com/Axum -
Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
wn.com/Bangladesh -
Barawa
Barawa or Brava (Somali: Baraawe, Arabic: مدينة ﺑﺮﺍﻭة) is a port town on the south-eastern coast of Somalia. The traditional inhabitants are the Tunni Somalis and the Bravanese people, who speak Bravanese, a Swahili dialect.
In the 16th century, Barawa, which was then part of the Ajuuraan Empire, was sacked by the Portuguese during the Battle of Barawa but quickly recovered from the attack. In 1840, soldiers of the Bardheere Jama'a took the city under siege while attempting to discover a more direct sea route, and inflicted much damage. The town's inhabitants pleaded with Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim of the Gobroon Dynasty for protection, with the Sultan's troops then invading Bardera and burned the city to the ground. Eventually, in 1889, Barawa was ceded to the control of the Italians when the Sultan of Zanzibar was forced to agree to the annexation of all the Banadir ports to the Italian Company already established in the Horn of Africa. The city, however, like the rest of the Benadir coast, was not under Zanzibari control but under Gobroon and Bimal rule, therefore making the Italian-Zanzibar agreement null and void. The Italians faced stiff resistance from many parts of the Benadir coast, and its inland regions and the slave trade of the Somali merchants would remain unchallenged for years to come.
wn.com/Barawa -
Battle of Trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar (21 October 1805) was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French Navy and Spanish Navy, during the War of the Third Coalition (August–December 1805) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815).
The battle was the most decisive British naval victory of the war. Twenty-seven British ships of the line led by Admiral Lord Nelson aboard HMS Victory defeated thirty-three French and Spanish ships of the line under French Admiral Pierre-Charles Villeneuve off the south-west coast of Spain, just west of Cape Trafalgar. The Franco-Spanish fleet lost twenty-two ships, without a single British vessel being lost.
The British victory spectacularly confirmed the naval supremacy that Britain had established during the previous century and was achieved in part through Nelson's departure from the prevailing naval tactical orthodoxy, which involved engaging an enemy fleet in a single line of battle parallel to the enemy to facilitate signalling in battle and disengagement, and to maximise fields of fire and target areas. Nelson instead divided his smaller force into two columns directed perpendicularly against the larger enemy fleet, with decisive results.
wn.com/Battle_of_Trafalgar -
Berbera
Berbera (Somali: Barbara, Arabic: بربرة) is a city and seat of Berbera District in Somaliland, a self-proclaimed Independent Republic with de facto control over its own territory, which is recognized by the international community and the Somali Government as a part of Somalia. It was for centuries the capital of the Somaliland region and also the colonial capital of British Somaliland from 1870 to 1941 when it was moved to Hargeisa. Located strategically on the oil route, Berbera has a deep sea port that was completed in 1962, and which is still the main commercial seaport for Somaliland.
Berbera preserves the ancient name of the coast along the southern shore of the Gulf of Aden. It is thought to be the city Malao described as 800 stadia beyond the city of the Avalites, described in the eighth chapter of the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, which was written by a Greek merchant in the first century CE. In the Periplus it is described as
an open roadstead, sheltered by a spit running out from the east. Here the natives are more peaceable. There are imported into this place the things already mentioned, and many tunics, cloaks from Arsinoe, dressed and dyed; drinking-cups, sheets of soft copper in small quantity, iron, and gold and silver coin, not much. There are exported from these places myrrh, a little frankincense, (that known as far-side), the harder cinnamon, duaca, Indian copal and macir, which are imported into Arabia; and slaves, but rarely.
wn.com/Berbera -
Carthage
Carthage (Latin: Carthago or Karthago, Ancient Greek: Καρχηδών Karkhēdōn, Arabic: قرطاج Qarṭāj, Berber: ⴽⴰⵔⵜⴰⵊⴻⵏ Kartajen, Etruscan: *Carθaza, Modern Hebrew: קרתגו Qartágo, from the Phoenician Qart-ḥadašt meaning New City (Aramaic: קרתא חדאתא, Qarta Ḥdatha), implying it was a 'new Tyre', is a major urban centre that has existed for nearly 3,000 years on the Gulf of Tunis, developing from a Phoenician colony of the 1st millennium BC. It is currently a suburb of Tunis, Tunisia, with a population of 20,715 (2004 Census).
The first civilization that developed within the city's sphere of influence is referred to as Punic (a form of the word "Phoenician") or Carthaginian. The city of Carthage is located on the eastern side of Lake Tunis across from the centre of Tunis. According to Greek historians it was founded by Canaanite-speaking Phoenician colonists from Tyre (in modern Lebanon) under the leadership of Elissa who was renamed (Queen Dido) in Virgil's Aeneid. It became a large and rich city and thus a major power in the Mediterranean. The resulting rivalry with Syracuse, Numidia, and Rome was accompanied by several wars with respective invasions of each other's homeland.
wn.com/Carthage -
China
China (i/ˈtʃaɪnə/; Chinese: 中国; pinyin: Zhōngguó; see also Names of China), officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is the world's most-populous country, with a population of over 1.3 billion. Covering approximately 9.6 million square kilometres, the East Asian state is the world's second-largest country by land area, and the third- or fourth-largest in total area, depending on the definition of total area.
The People's Republic of China is a single-party state governed by the Communist Party of China. It exercises jurisdiction over 22 provinces, five autonomous regions, four directly controlled municipalities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Chongqing), and two mostly self-governing special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau). Its capital city is Beijing. The PRC also claims Taiwan—which is controlled by the Republic of China (ROC), a separate political entity—as its 23rd province, a claim controversial due to the complex political status of Taiwan and the unresolved Chinese Civil War. The PRC government denies the legitimacy of the ROC.
wn.com/China -
Chittagong
Chittagong (Bengali: চট্টগ্রাম, Chôţţogram) is a commerce and industry hub, and a port city, in southeastern Bangladesh and the capital of an eponymous district and division. Built on the banks of the Karnaphuli River, the city is home to Bangladesh's busiest seaport and has a population of over 5.5 million, making it the second largest city in the country.
A trading post since the 9th century, Chittagong has a multicultural heritage of Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist traditions, as the result of different waves of settlements throughout the Middle Ages and well into the start of the British Raj. A few parts of Chittagong were developed in the early 20th century under the British to accommodate a railway hub. The city also became a focal point for revolutionary activities against the British, notably the armed uprising led by Surya Sen in 1930. It was also an important military base and supply point for Allied forces during the Burma Campaign in World War II. After the partition of India in 1947, Chittagong became part of East Pakistan. It was then that several key outlying areas were included into the city of Chittagong, including Agrabad, a modern commercial centre today. Chittagong regained prominence as an important investment destination and sea port in the eastern part of a newly independent country. In 1971, as East Pakistanis rebelled against West Pakistan’s refusal to accept results of the 1970 Pakistan General Election, the declaration of East Pakistan's secession into Bangladesh was announced in Chittagong. The city went onto witness atrocities and naval blockades during the liberation war that followed. Chittagong's development has been heavily affected by neglectfulness by the government, and centralization of the capital has taken toll to the cities development and growth.
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Crete
Crete (Greek: Κρήτη; [kriti]) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the fifth-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, and one of the thirteen administrative regions of Greece. It forms a significant part of the economy and cultural heritage of Greece while retaining its own local cultural traits (such as its own dialect, poetry, and music). Crete was the centre of the Minoan civilization (c. 2700–1420 BC), the earliest civilization in Europe, comprising the first palaces in Europe.
The island is first referred to as Kaptara in texts from the Syrian city of Mari dating from the 18th century BC, repeated later in Neo-Assyrian records and the Bible (Caphtor). It was also known in ancient Egyptian as Keftiu, strongly suggesting some form similar to both was the Minoan name for the island.
The Mycenaean Greek name for Crete is unknown; it is not mentioned in extant Linear B texts. The name Crete (Κρήτη) first appears in Homer's Odyssey. Its etymology is unknown. One speculative proposal derives it from a hypothetical Luvian word *kursatta (cf. kursawar "island", kursattar "cutting, sliver"). In Latin, it became Creta.
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Det Norske Veritas
Stiftelsen Det Norske Veritas (DNV) is a classification society organized as a foundation, with the objective of "Safeguarding life, property, and the environment". The organization's history goes back to 1864, when the foundation was established in Norway to inspect and evaluate the technical condition of Norwegian merchant vessels.
DNV describes itself as a provider of services for managing risk.
Together with Lloyd's Register and American Bureau of Shipping, DNV is one of the three major companies in the classification society business. DNV has its headquarters in Høvik, Bærum, just outside Oslo, Norway. It has 300 offices in 100 countries, and over 10,000 employees. Important industries where the company operates include ship transport, energy (including wind and solar), aviation, automotive, finance, food, health care and information technology. It also conducts research in several fields where it operates.
DNV was retained by the United States to investigate the cause of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.
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Dutch Republic
The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën) — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands and ultimately the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands. Alternative names include the United Provinces, Foederatae Belgii Provinciae (Federated Belgic Provinces), and Belgica Foederata (Belgic Federation).
Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – roughly now corresponding to Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties and bishoprics, most of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire.
Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Netherlands, led by William I of Orange, revolted against Philip II because of high taxes, persecution of Protestants by the government, and Philip's efforts to modernize and centralize the devolved-medieval government structures of the provinces. This was the start of the Eighty Years' War.
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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England
Englandi/ˈɪŋɡlənd/ is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, while the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separate it from continental Europe. Most of England comprises the central and southern part of the island of Great Britain in the North Atlantic. The country also includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.
The area now called England was first inhabited by modern humans during the Upper Palaeolithic period, but it takes its name from the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes who settled during the 5th and 6th centuries. England became a unified state in AD 927, and since the Age of Discovery, which began during the 15th century, has had a significant cultural and legal impact on the wider world. The English language, the Anglican Church, and English law—the basis for the common law legal systems of many other countries around the world—developed in England, and the country's parliamentary system of government has been widely adopted by other nations. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the world's first industrialised nation. England's Royal Society laid the foundations of modern experimental science.
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European Parliament
The European Parliament (abbreviated as Europarl or the EP) is the directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU). Together with the Council of the European Union (the Council) and the European Commission, it exercises the legislative function of the EU and it has been described as one of the most powerful legislatures in the world. The Parliament is currently composed of 754 Members of the European Parliament, who represent the second largest democratic electorate in the world (after the Parliament of India) and the largest trans-national democratic electorate in the world (375 million eligible voters in 2009).
It has been directly elected every five years by universal suffrage since 1979. However, turnout at European Parliament elections has fallen consecutively at each election since that date, and has been under 50% since 1999. Turnout in 2009 stood at 43% of all European voters, ranging from 90% in Luxembourg and Belgium (where compulsory voting is used) to 20% in Slovakia. Turnout was under 50% in 18 out of 27 member states.
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Falkland Islands
The Falkland Islands (English pronunciation: /ˈfɒlklənd/ or English pronunciation: /ˈfɔːlklənd/; Spanish: Islas Malvinas) are an archipelago in the South Atlantic Ocean, located more than 250 nautical miles (460 km; 290 mi) east of the coast of mainland South America. The archipelago comprises East Falkland, West Falkland, and 776 lesser islands. Stanley, the capital and only city, is on East Falkland. The islands are a self-governing British Overseas Territory, with the United Kingdom responsible for their defence and foreign affairs.
Controversy exists over the Falklands' original discovery and subsequent colonisation by Europeans. At various times there have been French, British, Spanish, and Argentine settlements. Britain re-established its rule in 1833, yet the islands continue to be claimed by Argentina. In 1982, following Argentina's invasion of the islands, the two-month-long undeclared Falklands War between both countries resulted in the withdrawal of all Argentine forces. Despite its defeat, Argentina still pursues its claim; however, UK policy supports the islanders' self-determination to remain British citizens.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] (
listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain (Welsh: Prydain Fawr, Scottish Gaelic: Breatainn Mhòr, Cornish: Breten Veur) is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, the largest European island, and the largest of the British Isles. With a population of about 60.0 million people in mid-2009, it is the third most populous island in the world, after Java and Honshū. Great Britain is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The island of Ireland lies to its west. Politically, Great Britain may also refer to the island itself together with a number of surrounding islands which comprise the territory of England, Scotland and Wales.
All of the island is territory of the sovereign state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and most of the United Kingdom's territory is in Great Britain. Most of England, Scotland, and Wales are on the island of Great Britain, as are their respective capital cities: London, Edinburgh, and Cardiff.
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Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada–United States border which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes Waterway. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth comprising 21% of the world's surface fresh water. The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3). The lakes are sometimes referred to as the North Coast or "Third Coast" by some citizens of the United States.
The lakes have been a major source of trade through this area, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade in the area, and some threaten the biodiversity of the area.
Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water. The lakes form a chain connecting the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the St. Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Michigan-Huron (in the hydrological sense, a single body of water), southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. The Great Lakes region contains not only the five themselves but also many thousands of smaller lakes, often called inland lakes. Of the five lakes, Lake Michigan is the only one that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water border between the United States and Canada.
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Great Zimbabwe
Coordinates: 20°16′23″S 30°56′04″E / 20.273063°S 30.934344°E / -20.273063; 30.934344
Great Zimbabwe is a ruined city that was once the capital of the Kingdom of Zimbabwe, which existed from approximately 1100 to 1400 during the country’s Late Iron Age. The monument, which first began to be constructed in the 11th century and which continued to be built until the 14th century, spanned an area of 722 hectares (1,784 acres) and at its peak could have housed up to 18,000 people. Great Zimbabwe acted as a royal palace for the Zimbabwean monarch and would have been used as the seat of their political power. One of its most prominent features were its walls, some of which were over five metres high and which were constructed without mortar. Eventually the city was largely abandoned and fell into ruin.
The ruins were first encountered by Europeans in the late 19th century with investigation of the site starting in 1871. The monument caused great controversy amongst the archaeological world, with political pressure being put upon archaeologists by the government of Rhodesia to deny its construction by black people. Great Zimbabwe has since been adopted as a national monument by the Zimbabwean government, with the modern state being named after it. The word "Great" distinguishes the site from the many hundreds of small ruins, known as Zimbabwes, spread across the Zimbabwe Highveld. There are 200 such sites in southern Africa, such as Bumbusi in Zimbabwe and Manyikeni in Mozambique, with monumental, mortarless walls and Great Zimbabwe is the largest.
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Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (simplified Chinese: 汉朝; traditional Chinese: 漢朝; pinyin: Hàn Cháo; Wade–Giles: Han Ch'ao; IPA: [xân tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]) (206 BCE – 220 CE) was an imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty (221–207 BCE) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms (220–280 CE). It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty (9–23 CE) of the former regent Wang Mang. This interregnum separates the Han into two periods: the Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE) and Eastern Han (25–220 CE). Spanning over four centuries, the period of the Han Dynasty is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to itself as the "Han people" and Chinese characters are referred to as "Han characters".
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Hanseatic League
The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hanse or Hansa; Low German: Hanse, Dudesche Hanse, Latin: Hansa, Hansa Teutonica or Liga Hanseatica) was an economic alliance of trading cities and their merchant guilds that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe. It stretched from the Baltic to the North Sea and inland during the Late Middle Ages and early modern period (c. 13th–17th centuries).
The League was created to protect commercial interests and privileges granted by foreign rulers in cities and countries the merchants visited. The Hanseatic cities had their own legal system and furnished their own protection and mutual aid. Despite this, the organization was not a city-state, nor can it be called a confederation of city-states; only a very small number of the cities within the league enjoyed autonomy and liberties comparable to those of a free imperial city.
The legacy of the Hansa is remembered today in several names, for example the German airline Lufthansa (i.e., 'Air Hansa'), F.C. Hansa Rostock, the Hanze University of Applied Sciences, Groningen, in the Netherlands, and the Hansa Brewery in Bergen.
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Hobyo
Hobyo (also spelled Obbia and Hobyaa) is an ancient harbor city in the Mudug region of Somalia. Hobyo literally means "here, water", and the plentiful fresh water to be had from the wells in and around the town (a rarity in this part of the world) has been the driving force behind Hobyo's ancient status as a favorite port-of-call for sailors.
Hobyo's history began as a place for sailors and caravans to get fresh water, thus its name. It only became a town of importance when the Muslim pilgrims departing for Mecca on their Hajj and the sea captains who would take them there began favoring the town as a point of departure because of its fresh water. This sea and land traffic soon led to Hobyo becoming something of a commercial center. Opone, the once-great entrepot, which had been the center of commerce, began its decline into obscurity.
The increasing importance and rapid settlement of more southernly cities such as Mogadishu further boosted the prosperity of Hobyo, as more and more ships made their way down the Somali coast and stopped in Hobyo to trade and replenish their water.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (Asturian, Galician, Leonese, Mirandese, Portuguese and Spanish: Península Ibérica, Catalan: Península Ibèrica, Aragonese and Occitan: Peninsula Iberica, French: Péninsule Ibérique, Basque: Iberiar Penintsula), sometimes called Iberia, is a peninsula located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar. It is the westernmost of the three major southern European peninsulas—the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. It is bordered on the southeast and east by the Mediterranean Sea, and on the north, west and southwest by the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees form the northeast edge of the peninsula, separating it from the rest of Europe. In the south, it approaches the northern coast of Africa. It is the second-largest peninsula in Europe, with an area of approximately 582,000 km2 (225,000 sq mi).
The English word Iberia was adapted from the use of the Ancient Greek word Ιβηρία (Ibēría) by the Greek geographers under the Roman Empire to refer to what is known today in English as the Iberian Peninsula. At that time the name did not describe a single political entity or a distinct population of people. Strabo's Iberia was delineated from Keltikē by the Pyrenees and included the entire land mass south-west (he named it "west") of there.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface. It is bounded on the north by the Indian Subcontinent and Arabian Peninsula (or, more generally, by southern and western Asia); on the west by eastern Africa; on the east by Indochina, the Sunda Islands, and Australia; and on the south by the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, by Antarctica). The ocean is named after the geographic location of India.
As one component of the interconnected global ocean, the Indian Ocean is delineated from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20° east meridian running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific by the meridian of 146°55' east. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30° north in the Persian Gulf. This ocean is nearly 10,000 kilometres (6,200 mi) wide at the southern tips of Africa and Australia; its area is 73,556,000 square kilometres (28,350,000 sq mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf.
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Iraq
Iraq (/ɪˈræk/ or
i/ɪˈrɑːk/; Arabic: العراق al-‘Irāq); officially the Republic of Iraq (Arabic: 
جمهورية العراق (help·info) Jumhūriyyat al-‘Irāq), is a country in Western Asia spanning most of the northwestern end of the Zagros mountain range, the eastern part of the Syrian Desert and the northern part of the Arabian Desert.
Iraq borders Syria to the northwest, Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, Jordan to the southwest and Kuwait and Saudi Arabia to the south. Iraq has a narrow section of coastline measuring 58 km (36 mi) on the northern Persian Gulf. The capital city, Baghdad is in the center-east of the country.
Two major rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates, run through the center of Iraq, flowing from northwest to southeast. These provide Iraq with agriculturally capable land and contrast with the steppe and desert landscape that covers most of Western Asia.
Historically, Iraq was the center of the Abbasid Arabic Islamic Empire. Iraq has been known to the west by the Greek toponym 'Mesopotamia' (Land between the rivers) and has been home to continuous successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers is often referred to as the cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing, law and the wheel. At different periods in its history, Iraq was the center of the indigenous Akkadian, Sumerian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Abbasid empires. It was also part of the Achaemenid, Hellenistic, Parthian, Sassanid, Roman, Rashidun, Umayyad, Mongol, Safavid, Afsharid, and Ottoman empires, and under British control as a League of Nations mandate.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Japan
Japani/dʒəˈpæn/ (Japanese: 日本 Nihon or Nippon; formally 日本国 Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku, literally the State of Japan) is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south. The characters that make up Japan's name mean "sun-origin", which is why Japan is sometimes referred to as the "Land of the Rising Sun".
Japan is an archipelago of 6,852 islands. The four largest islands are Honshū, Hokkaidō, Kyūshū and Shikoku, together accounting for ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area. Japan has the world's tenth-largest population, with over 127 million people. The Greater Tokyo Area, which includes the de facto capital city of Tokyo and several surrounding prefectures, is the largest metropolitan area in the world, with over 30 million residents.
Archaeological research indicates that people lived in Japan as early as the Upper Paleolithic period. The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD. Influence from other nations followed by long periods of isolation has characterized Japan's history. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, victory in the First Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism. The Second Sino-Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941, which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Since adopting its revised constitution in 1947, Japan has maintained a unitary constitutional monarchy with an emperor and an elected parliament called the Diet.
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Kerala
Kerala or Keralam /ˈkɛrələ/ is an Indian state located on the Malabar coast of south-west India. It was formed on 1 November 1956 by the States Reorganisation Act by combining various Malayalam speaking regions.
The state has an area of 38,863 km2 (15,005 sq mi) and is bordered by Karnataka to the north and northeast, Tamil Nadu to the east and south, and the Arabian Sea on the west. Thiruvananthapuram is the state capital. Kochi and Kozhikode are other major cities. According to a survey by The Economic Times, five out of ten best cities to live in India are located in Kerala.
Kerala has the highest Human Development Index in India, higher than that of most developed countries The state has the highest literacy rate in India with 93.91 percent. It hopes to be the first e-literate state in India through the state run Akshaya project. The state recently became and is currently the only one to have banking facilities in every village. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country. Kerala is also ranked as India's cleanest state. Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries during the Kerala Gulf boom and is heavily dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.
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Khambhat
Khambhat (Gujarati ખંભાત ; Hindi खंभात) pronunciation (help·info), formerly known as Cambay, is a city and a municipality in Anand district in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was formerly an important trading center, although its harbour has gradually silted up, and the maritime trade has moved elsewhere. Khambhat lies on an alluvial plain at the north end of the Gulf of Khambhat, which is noted for the extreme rise and fall of its tides, which can vary as much as thirty feet in the vicinity of Khambhat.
Some scholars suggest that the name Khambhat/Khambat -the Kambaya/Kanbāya of the Arabic writers – is connected with the Kambojas, and it is stated to be an apabhraṃśa form of the Sanskrit Kamboja. Some people believe that the town of Khambhat may be the Camanes of Ptolemy. Lieutenant-Colonel James Tod believes that the name comes from the Sanskrit Khambavati or 'City of the Pillar'. One of the most accepted belief is, 'Khambhat' is made up of 2 words 'Khambh' and 'Aayat', Khambh means pole or pillar & Aayat means Import in Gujarati language. So, it is believed that, there has to be some pole, which must have been an identity for this city & as it was a glorious port, import/export trade was at the extreme.
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Khufu ship
The Khufu ship is an intact full-size vessel from Ancient Egypt that was sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC. The ship was almost certainly built for Khufu (King Cheops), the second pharaoh of the Fourth Dynasty of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. Like other buried Ancient Egyptian ships, it was apparently part of the extensive grave goods intended for use in the afterlife, and contained no bodies, unlike northern European ship burials.
The Khufu ship is one of the oldest, largest, and best-preserved vessels from antiquity. It measures 43.6 m (143 ft) long and 5.9 m (19.5 ft) wide.
It was thus identified as the world's oldest intact ship and has been described as "a masterpiece of woodcraft" that could sail today if put into water. However, the vessel may not have been designed for sailing (no rigging) or paddling (no room).
The ship was one of two rediscovered in 1954 by Kamal el-Mallakh – undisturbed since it was sealed into a pit carved out of the Giza bedrock. It was built largely of Lebanon cedar planking in the "shell-first" construction technique, using unpegged tenons of Christ's thorn. The ship was built with a flat bottom composed of several planks, but no actual keel, with the planks and frames lashed together with Halfah grass, and has been reconstructed from 1,224 pieces which had been laid in a logical, disassembled order in the pit beside the pyramid. It took years for the boat to be painstakingly reassembled, primarily by the Egyptian Department of Antiquities’ chief restorer, Ahmed Youssef Moustafa (later known as Haj Ahmed Youssef).
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Kilwa District
Kilwa is one of the 6 districts of the Lindi Region of Tanzania. It is bordered to the North by the Pwani Region, to the East by the Indian Ocean, to the South by the Lindi Rural District and to the West by the Liwale District. The district includes the island of Kilwa Kisiwani in the Indian Ocean.
According to the 2002 Tanzania National Census, the population of the Kilwa District was 171,850.
Recent (2003 through to at least 2007) developments in the area include the development of a significant natural gas field underlying the Songo Songo Island group in the Indian Ocean, and continuing efforts to locate hydrocarbon reserves (oil and/or gas) along structural trends sround the Songo Songo group at least as far north as the island of Nyuni. These researches have not been completed.[citation needed] These developments have already made the district economically important, and as industries are developed along the pipeline route, this level of economic importance is expected to be increased, even if the other hydrocarbon searches are unsuccessful.
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Kilwa Kisiwani
Kilwa Kisiwani is a community on an island off the coast of East Africa, in present day Tanzania.
A document written around AD 1200 called al-Maqama al Kilwiyya discovered in Oman, gives details of a mission to reconvert Kilwa to Ibadism, as it had recently been affected by the Ghurabiyya Shia doctrine from southern Iraq.
According to local oral tradition, in the 11th century the island of Kilwa Kisiwani was sold to Ali bin Hasan, son of the "King" of Shiraz, in Persia. Another tradition relates that his mother was African ("Abyssinian"). Ali bin Al-Hasan is credited with founding the island city and with marrying the daughter of the local African king. Tradition also relates that it was the child of this union who founded the Kilwa Sultanate. Archaeological and documentary research has revealed that over the next few centuries, Kilwa grew to be a substantial city and the leading commercial entrepot on the southern half of the Swahili coast (roughly from the present Tanzanian-Kenya border southward to the mouth of the Zambezi River), trading extensively with states of the African hinterland and interior as far as Zimbabwe. Trade was mainly in gold, iron, ivory, and other animal products of the African interior for beads, textiles, jewelry, porcelain, and spices from Asia.
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Merca
Merca (Somali: Marka, Arabic: مركة) is a port city on the coast of southern Somalia, facing the Indian Ocean. It is the main town in the Shabeellaha Hoose region, and is located approximately 70 km (43 mi) southwest of the nation's capital, Mogadishu.
Merca was established in the 5th century by the Biyomaal clan. The first Somalis arrived in the city in the 3rd century BC and gained control of the area and the local trade. The city of Merka was one of several prominent administrative centers in the Ajuuraan Empire.
The Biyomaal and the Ashraaf of Merca fought against the Italian colonialists of Italian Somaliland in a twenty-year war known as the Biyomaal and Ashraaf Revolt in which many of their warriors assassinated several Italian governors. During the Biyomaal and Ashraaf Revolt, several prominent leaders were killed. Monuments erected in their memory can still be found in Merca.
In the late 20th century, the town gained a reputation as a beach resort. On 13 November 2008, Al-Shabaab took control of the city.
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Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, described by some as "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the Ming capital Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng (who established the Shun Dynasty, soon replaced by the Manchu-led Qing Dynasty), regimes loyal to the Ming throne—collectively called the Southern Ming—survived until 1662.
Ming rule saw the construction of a vast navy and a standing army of one million troops. Although private maritime trade and official tribute missions from China had taken place in previous dynasties, the tributary fleet under the Muslim eunuch admiral Zheng He in the 15th century far surpassed all others in size. There were enormous construction projects, including the restoration of the Grand Canal and the Great Wall and the establishment of the Forbidden City in Beijing during the first quarter of the 15th century. Estimates for the late-Ming population vary from 160 to 200 million.
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Mogadishu
Mogadishu ( /ˌmɒɡəˈdɪʃuː/; Somali: Muqdisho; Arabic: مقديشو Maqadīshū; Italian: Mogadiscio, literally "The Seat of the Shah"), popularly known as Xamar, is the largest city in Somalia and the nation's capital. Located in the coastal Benadir region on the Indian Ocean, the city has served as an important port for centuries.
Tradition and old records assert that southern Somalia, including the Mogadishu area, was historically inhabited by hunter-gatherers of Bushman physical stock. These were later joined by Cushitic agro-pastoralists, who would go on to establish local aristocracies. Starting in the late 9th or 10th centuries, Arab and Persian traders also began to settle in the region.
During its medieval Golden Age, Mogadishu was ruled by the Somali-Arab Muzaffar dynasty, a vassal of the Ajuuraan State. It subsequently fell under the control of an assortment of local Sultanates and polities, most notably the Gobroon Dynasty. The city later became the capital of Italian Somaliland in the colonial period.
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Mombasa
Mombasa is the second-largest city in Kenya. Lying next to the Indian Ocean, it has a major port and an international airport. The city also serves as the centre of the coastal tourism industry.
Also known as Mombas in colonial times, its name derives from Manbasa. This was the Arabic name of the former sultanate of Mvita, which had its capital here. In modern times the town is the headquarters of Mombasa District, which, like most other districts in Kenya, is named after its chief town.
The city has a population of 939,370, as per the 2009 census,[citation needed] and is located on Mombasa Island, which is separated from the mainland by two creeks: Tudor Creek and Kilindini Harbour. The island is connected to the mainland to the north by the Nyali Bridge, to the south by the Likoni Ferry and to the west by the Makupa Causeway, alongside which runs the Kenya-Uganda Railway. The port serves both Kenya and countries of the interior, linking them to the Ocean. The city is served by Moi International Airport located in the northwest mainland suburb of Chaani, northwest of Changamwe area.
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MS Polarfront
MS Polarfront was a Norwegian weather ship located in the North Atlantic. She was the last remaining weather ship in the world, maintained by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
A weather ship is a ship stationed in mid-ocean to make meteorological observations for weather forecasting. Since the 1960s this role has been largely superseded by satellites, long range aircraft and weather buoys.
MS Polarfront was known as the weather station M ("Mike"), and was located at 66°N, 02°E. Standard meteorological observations were performed on an hourly basis since the beginning of the 1960s.
On February 27, 2009, the cancellation of the station was announced. MS Polarfront was removed from service January 1, 2010.
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) took the responsibility to operate an international network of Ocean Weather Stations in The North-Atlantic. The network was established in 1948 and consisted of 13 stations. Station ‘M’ (Mike) was one of these. The need for weather ships from civil aviation decreased gradually while the Meteorological society still needed the observations from the oceans. In 1974 the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) took the responsibility for the four remaining stations. The international agreement about weather ships was ended in 1990. Great Britain and Norway continued the operation of one station each, Lima West of Scotland and Mike in the Norwegian Sea. Lima was ended in the middle of the 1990s. Thus Mike was the only one still remaining.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] (
listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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New York Harbor
New York Harbor refers to the waterways of the estuary near the mouth of the Hudson River that empty into New York Bay. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world. Although the U.S. Board of Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. Originally used to refer to the Upper New York Bay, the term is also used to describe the Port of New York and New Jersey, the port district for New York-Newark metropolitan area, under the jurisdiction of the Port Authority.
The aboriginal population of the 16th century New York Harbor, the Lenape, used the waterways for fishing and travel. In 1524 Giovanni da Verrazzano anchored in what is now called The Narrows, the strait between Staten Island and Long Island that connects the Upper and Lower New York Bay, where he received a canoe party of Lenape. A party of his sailors may have taken on fresh water at a spring called "the watering place" on Staten Island — a monument stands in a tiny park on the corner of Bay Street and Victory Boulevard at the approximate spot — but Verrazzano's descriptions of the geography of the area are a bit ambiguous. It is fairly firmly held by historians that his ship anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. He also observed what he believed to be a large freshwater lake to the north (apparently Upper New York Bay). He apparently did not travel north to observe the existence of the Hudson River. In 1609 Henry Hudson entered the Harbor and explored a stretch of the river that now bears his name. His journey prompted others to explore the region and engage in trade with the local population.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Niagara River
The Niagara River flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the Province of Ontario in Canada (on the west) and New York State in the United States. There are differing theories as to the origin of the name of the river. According to Iroquoian scholar Bruce Trigger, "Niagara" is derived from the name given to a branch of the locally residing native Neutral Confederacy, who are described as being called the "Niagagarega" people on several late 17th century French maps of the area. According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called "Ongniaahra", meaning "point of land cut in two".
The river, which is occasionally described as a strait, is about 56 kilometres (35 mi) long and includes Niagara Falls in its course. The falls have moved approximately 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) upstream from the Niagara Escarpment in the last 12,000 years, resulting in a gorge below the falls. Today, the diversion of the river for electrical generation has significantly reduced the rate of erosion.
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Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.
At 165.2 million square kilometres (64.1 million square miles) in area, this largest division of the World Ocean – and, in turn, the hydrosphere – covers about 46% of the Earth's water surface and about one-third of its total surface area, making it larger than all of the Earth's land area combined. The equator subdivides it into the North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean, with two exceptions: the Galápagos and Gilbert Islands, while straddling the equator, are deemed wholly within the South Pacific. The Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres (35,797 ft).
The eastern Pacific Ocean was first sighted by Europeans early in the 16th century. Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama in 1513 and named it Mar del Sur (South Sea). The ocean's current name was given by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish expedition of world circumnavigation in 1521, who encountered favourable winds as he reached the ocean and called it Mar Pacifico in Portuguese, meaning "peaceful sea".
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Panama Canal
The Panama Canal (Spanish: Canal de Panamá) is an 82-kilometre (51 mi) ship canal in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean (via the Caribbean Sea) to the Pacific Ocean. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a key conduit for international maritime trade.
Work on the canal, which began in 1880, was completed in 1914, making it no longer necessary for ships to sail the lengthy Cape Horn route around the southernmost tip of South America and to navigate the dangerous waters of the Strait of Magellan. One of the largest and most difficult engineering projects ever undertaken, the Panama Canal shortcut made it possible for ships to travel between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in half the time previously required. The shorter, faster, safer route to the U.S. West Coast and to nations in and along the Pacific Ocean allowed those places to become more integrated with the world economy.
Ownership of the territory that is now the Panama Canal was first Colombian, then French and then American before coming under the control of the Panamanian government in 1999. The Panama Canal has seen annual traffic rise from about 1,000 ships when it opened in 1914, to 14,702 vessels in 2008, the latter measuring a total of 309.6 million Panama Canal/Universal Measurement System (PC/UMS) tons. By 2008, more than 815,000 vessels had passed through the canal, many of them much larger than the original planners could have envisioned; the largest ships that can transit the canal today are called Panamax. The American Society of Civil Engineers has named the Panama Canal one of the seven wonders of the modern world.
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Phoenicia
Phoenicia (UK /fɨˈnɪʃə/, US /fəˈniːʃə/; from the Greek: Φοινίκη: Phoiníkē), was an ancient Semitic Canaanite civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. The major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the alphabet (or abjad), upon which all major modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves Kenaani or Kinaani (Canaanites), although these letters predate the invasion of the Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back "cedars of Lebanon" as early as the third millennium BC.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Prince William Sound
Prince William Sound is a sound of the Gulf of Alaska on the south coast of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is located on the east side of the Kenai Peninsula. Its largest port is Valdez, at the southern terminus of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. Other settlements on the sound, which contains numerous small islands, include Cordova and Whittier plus the Alaska native villages of Chenega and Tatitlek.
It was named by George Vancouver in 1778 to honour George III's son William IV of the United Kingdom.
Most of the land surrounding Prince William Sound is part of the Chugach National Forest, the second largest national forest in the U.S. Prince William Sound is ringed by the steep and glaciated Chugach Mountains. The coastline is convoluted, with many islands and fjords, several of which contain tidewater glaciers. The principal barrier islands forming the sound are Montague Island, Hinchinbrook Island, and Hawkins Island.
James Cook entered Prince William Sound in 1778 and named it Sandwich Sound, after his patron the Earl of Sandwich. The editors of Cook's maps changed the name to Prince William Sound, in honor of Prince William, who would later become King William IV.
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Princeton University
Princeton University is a private research university located in Princeton, New Jersey, United States.
It is one of the eight universities of the Ivy League, and one of the nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution. Princeton provides undergraduate and graduate instruction in the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences and engineering. Princeton does not have schools of medicine, law, divinity, or business, but it does offer professional degrees through the Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, the Princeton University School of Engineering and Applied Science and the School of Architecture.
Founded in 1746 in Elizabeth, New Jersey, as the College of New Jersey, the university moved to Newark in 1747, then to Princeton in 1756 and was renamed Princeton University in 1896. The present-day College of New Jersey in nearby Ewing, New Jersey, is an unrelated institution. Princeton was the fourth chartered institution of higher education in the American colonies. Princeton had close ties to the Presbyterian Church, but has never been affiliated with any denomination and today imposes no religious requirements on its students.
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RMS Titanic
RMS Titanic was a passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 after colliding with an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, UK to New York City, US. The sinking of Titanic caused the deaths of 1,514 people in one of the deadliest peacetime maritime disasters in history. She was the largest ship afloat at the time of her maiden voyage. One of three Olympic class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line, she was built between 1909–11 by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast. She carried 2,223 people.
Her passengers included some of the wealthiest people in the world, as well as over a thousand emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland, Scandinavia and elsewhere seeking a new life in North America. The ship was designed to be the last word in comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. She also had a powerful wireless telegraph provided for the convenience of passengers as well as for operational use. Though she had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors, she lacked enough lifeboats to accommodate all of those aboard. Due to outdated maritime safety regulations, she carried only enough lifeboats for 1,178 people – slightly more than half of the number travelling on the maiden voyage and one-third her total passenger and crew capacity.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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San Francisco
San Francisco (/ˌsæn frənˈsɪskoʊ/), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.6 million people which includes San Jose and Oakland. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of about 46.9 square miles (121 km2) on the northern end of the San Francisco Peninsula, giving it a density of about 17,179 people per square mile (6,632 people per km2). It is the most densely settled large city (population greater than 200,000) in the state of California and the second-most densely populated large city in the United States after New York City. San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in California and the 13th most populous city in the United States, with a population of 805,235 as of the 2010 Census. The San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont metropolitan area has a population of 4,335,391.
In 1776, colonists from Spain established a fort at the Golden Gate and a mission named for Francis of Assisi a few miles away. The California Gold Rush of 1849 propelled the city into a period of rapid growth, increasing the population in one year from 1,000 to 25,000, and thus transforming it into the largest city on the West Coast at the time. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, San Francisco was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. During World War II, San Francisco was the port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, massive immigration, liberalizing attitudes, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.
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Somalia
Somalia ( /soʊˈmɑːliə/ soh-MAH-lee-ə; Somali: Soomaaliya; Arabic: الصومال aṣ-Ṣūmāl), officially the Somali Republic (Somali: Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, Arabic: جمهورية الصومال Jumhūriyyat aṣ-Ṣūmāl) and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory. The internationally recognized Transitional Federal Government controls only a small part of the country. Somalia has been characterized as a failed state and is one of the poorest and most violent states in the world.
Somalia lies in the easternmost part of Africa. It is bordered by Djibouti to the northwest, Kenya to the southwest, the Gulf of Aden with Yemen to the north, the Indian Ocean to the east, and Ethiopia to the west. It has the longest coastline on the continent, and its terrain consists mainly of plateaus, plains and highlands. Hot conditions prevail year-round, along with periodic monsoon winds and irregular rainfall.
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Suez Canal
The Suez Canal (Arabic: قناة السويس Qanāt al-Sūwais), also known by the nickname "The Highway to India", is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Opened in November 1869 after 10 years of construction work, it allows transportation by water between Europe and Asia without navigation around Africa. The northern terminus is Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the city of Suez. Ismailia lies on its west bank, 3 km (1.9 mi) north of the half-way point.
When first built, the canal was 164 km (102 mi) long and 8 m (26 ft) deep. After multiple enlargements, the canal is 193.30 km (120.11 mi) long, 24 m (79 ft) deep and 205 metres (673 ft) wide as of 2010. It consists of the northern access channel of 22 km/14 mi, the canal itself of 162.25 km/100.82 mi and the southern access channel of 9 km/5.6 mi.
The canal is single lane with passing places in Ballah By-Pass and in the Great Bitter Lake. It contains no locks; seawater flows freely through the canal. In general, the canal north of the Bitter Lakes flows north in winter and south in summer. The current south of the lakes changes with the tide at Suez.
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Tanzania
Coordinates: 6°18′25″S 34°51′14″E / 6.307°S 34.854°E / -6.307; 34.854 Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( /ˌtænzəˈniːə/ Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa bordered by Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi, and Mozambique to the south. The country's eastern border lies on the Indian Ocean.
Tanzania is a state composed of 26 regions (mikoa), including those of the semi-autonomous region of Zanzibar. The head of state is President Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, elected in 2005. Since 1996, the official capital of Tanzania has been Dodoma, where Parliament and some government offices are located. Between independence and 1996, the main coastal city of Dar es Salaam served as the country's political capital. Today, Dar es Salaam remains the principal commercial city of Tanzania and the de facto seat of most government institutions. It is the major seaport for the country and its landlocked neighbours.
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Tunis
Tunis (Arabic: تونس Tūnis) is the capital of both the Tunisian Republic and the Tunis Governorate. It is Tunisia's largest city, with a population of 728,453 as of 2004; the greater metropolitan area holds some 2,412,500 inhabitants.
Situated on a large Mediterranean Sea gulf (the Gulf of Tunis), behind the Lake of Tunis and the port of La Goulette (Halq al Wadi), the city extends along the coastal plain and the hills that surround it. At the centre of more modern development (from the colonial era and later) lies the old medina. Beyond this district lie the suburbs of Carthage, La Marsa, and Sidi Bou Said.
The medina is found at the centre of the city: a dense agglomeration of alleys and covered passages, full of intense scents and colours, boisterous and active trade, and a surfeit of goods on offer ranging from leather to plastic, tin to the finest filigree, tourist souvenirs to the works of tiny crafts shops.
Just through the Sea Gate (also known as the Bab el Bahr and the Porte de France) begins the modern city, or Ville Nouvelle, transversed by the grand Avenue Habib Bourguiba (often referred to by popular press and travel guides as "the Tunisian Champs-Élysées"), where the colonial-era buildings provide a clear contrast to smaller, older structures. As the capital city of the country, Tunis is the focus of Tunisian political and administrative life; it is also the centre of the country's commercial activity. The expansion of the Tunisian economy in recent decades is reflected in the booming development of the outer city where one can see clearly the social challenges brought about by rapid modernization in Tunisia.
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Turku
Turku (Finnish pronunciation: [ˈturku] ( listen); Swedish: Åbo [ˈoːbu] ( listen)) is a city on the southwest coast of Finland at the mouth of the Aura River, in the region of Finland Proper. It is believed to have been first settled around the end of the 13th century, making it the oldest city in Finland. It quickly became the most important city in Finland, a status it retained for hundreds of years. After Finland became part of the Russian Empire (1809), and the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland was moved to Helsinki (1812), Turku continued to be the most populous city in Finland, until the end of the 1840s. Today it remains a regional capital and an important business and cultural center.
Because of its long history it has been the site of many important events, and has extensively influenced Finnish history. Along with Tallinn, the capital city of Estonia, Turku was designated the European Capital of Culture for 2011. In 1996 it was declared the official Christmas City of Finland.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Venice
Venice (Italian: Venezia [veˈnɛttsja] ( listen), Venetian: Venexia [veˈnɛsja]; (Latin: Venetia) is a city in northeast Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges. It is located in the marshy Venetian Lagoon which stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Venice is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. The city in its entirety is listed as World Heritage Site, along with its lagoon.
Venice is the capital of the Veneto region. In 2009, there were 270,098 people residing in Venice's comune (the population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico); 176,000 in Terraferma (the Mainland), mostly in the large frazioni of Mestre and Marghera; 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon). Together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE) (population 1,600,000).
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Welland Canal
The Welland Canal is a ship canal in Canada that extends 42 km (26 mi) from Port Weller, Ontario, on Lake Ontario, to Port Colborne, Ontario, on Lake Erie. As a part of the St. Lawrence Seaway, this canal enables ships to ascend and descend the Niagara Escarpment and to bypass Niagara Falls.
Approximately 40,000,000 tonnes of cargo are carried through the Welland Canal annually by a traffic of about 3,000 ocean and Great Lakes vessels. This canal was a major factor in the growth of the city of Toronto. The original canal and its successors allowed goods from such Great Lakes ports as Detroit, Cleveland, Windsor, and other heavily industrialized areas of the United States and Ontario to be shipped to the port of Montreal or to Quebec City, where they were usually reloaded onto ocean-going vessels for international shipping.
The completion of the Welland Canal made the Trent-Severn Waterway, that connected Lake Ontario with Lake Huron, obsolete as a commercial traffic route for Great Lakes navigation.
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Yemen
The Republic of Yemen (Arabic: الجمهورية اليمنية al-Jumhūrīyah al-Yamanīyah), commonly known as Yemeni/ˈjɛmən/ (Arabic: اليَمَن al-Yaman), is a country located in Western Asia, occupying the southwestern to southern end of the Arabian Peninsula. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the north, the Red Sea to the west, and Oman to the east. Yemen is considered one of the poorest countries in the Arab world. Its capital and largest city is Sana'a. Yemen's territory includes over 200 islands, the largest of which is Socotra, about 415 km (258 mi) to the south of mainland Yemen, off the coast of Somalia. It is the only state in the Arabian Peninsula to have a purely republican form of government. Approximately 53% of Yemenis are Sunnis, while 45% are Zaydi Shias.
One etymology derives Yemen from yamin, meaning "on the right side", as the south is on the right when facing the sunrise. Another derives Yemen from yumn, meaning "felicity", as the region is fertile. The Romans called it Arabia Felix (Happy Arabia) as opposed to Arabia Deserta (Deserted Arabia), which was their term for northern Arabia.
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Zanzibar
Zanzibar ( /ˈzænzɨbɑr/; from Arabic: زنجبار Zanjibār, from Persian: زنگبار Zangibār "Coast of Blacks"; zangi [black-skinned] + bār [coast]) is a semi-autonomous part of Tanzania, in East Africa. It comprises the Zanzibar Archipelago in the Indian Ocean, 25–50 kilometres (16–31 mi) off the coast of the mainland, and consists of numerous small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, informally referred to as Zanzibar), and Pemba. Other nearby island countries and territories include Comoros and Mayotte to the south, Mauritius and Réunion to the far southeast, and the Seychelles Islands about 1,500 km to the east. Arab and Portuguese traders visited the region in early times, and it was controlled by Omanis in the 18th and 19th centuries. Britain established a protectorate (1890) that became an independent sultanate in December 1963 and a republic after an uprising in January 1964. In April 1964 it joined Tanganyika to form a new republic that was renamed Tanzania in October 1964. The capital of Zanzibar, located on the island of Unguja, is Zanzibar City, and its historic centre, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site.
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Zeila
Zeila, also known as Zaila (Somali: Saylac, Arabic: زيلع), is a port city on the Gulf of Aden coast, situated in the northwestern Awdal region of Somalia.
Located near the Djibouti border, the town sits on a sandy spit surrounded by the sea. It is known for its offshore islands, coral reef and mangroves. Landward, the terrain is unbroken desert for some fifty miles. Berbera is 170 miles (270 km) southeast of Zeila, while the Ethiopian city of Harar is 200 miles (320 km) to the west.
Local control of Zeila is disputed between Awdalland, a proposed autonomous state, and Somaliland, a self-declared sovereign state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia.
Zeila is a very old city and has been identified with what was referred to in classical antiquity as the city of the Avalitae. According to Richard Pankhurst, the city first appears under its own name at least as early as 891, when the geographer al-Yaqubi mentions Zeila in his Kitab al-Balden ("Book of the countries"). Zeila is described by successive geographers who include al-Masudi, who wrote his Muruj adh-dhahab wa ma'adin al-jawhar ("Meadows of Gold and Mines of Precious Stones") c. 935; and Ibn Hawqal who described it as the port of embarkation from Ethiopia for Hijaz and Yemen in his Kitab Surat al-'Ard ("Configuration of the Earth"), which he completed in 988.
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Abel Tasman
Abel Janszoon Tasman (Dutch: [ˈaːbəl ˈjɑnsoʊn ˈtɑsmɐn]; 1603–1659) was a Dutch seafarer, explorer and merchant, best known for his voyages of 1642 and 1644 in the service of the VOC (United East India Company). His was the first known European expedition to reach the islands of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) and New Zealand, and to sight the Fiji islands. His navigator François Visscher, and his merchant Isaack Gilsemans, mapped substantial portions of Australia, New Zealand and some Pacific Islands.
Abel Tasman was born in 1603 in Lutjegast in what is now the province of Groningen, the Netherlands. In 1633, Tasman went to Batavia in service of the VOC; four years later he was back in Amsterdam. Tasman signed on for another ten years and took his wife along to Batavia. In 1639 Tasman was sent as second in command of an exploring expedition in the north Pacific under Matthijs Quast. His fleet included the ships Engel and Gracht and reached Fort Zeelandia (Dutch Formosa) and Deshima.
In August 1642, the Council of the Indies, consisting of Antonie van Diemen, Cornelis van der Lijn, Joan Maetsuycker, Justus Schouten, Salomon Sweers, Cornelis Witsen, and Pieter Boreel in Batavia despatched Abel Tasman and Franchoijs Visscher on a voyage of which one of the objects was to obtain knowledge of "all the totally unknown provinces of Beach".
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Abu Bakr II
Abu Bakr II (fl. 14th century) may have been the ninth mansa of the Mali Empire. He succeeded his nephew Mansa Mohammed ibn Gao and preceded Kankou Musa I. Abubakari II appears to have abdicated his throne in order to explore "the limits of the ocean"; however, his expedition never returned.
What is known about the kings of the Malian Empire is taken from the writings of Arab scholars, including Al-Umari, Abu-sa'id Uthman ad-Dukkali, Ibn Khaldun, and Ibn Battuta. Lack of reliable documentation is a serious problem in this period, and Ibn-Khaldun's comprehensive history of the Malian kings does not list Abu Bakari as a mansa of Mali.
Abu Bakari II, sometimes called Abu Bekr II or Mansa Mohammed, was one of two sons of Kolonkan, a sister of the founding emperor Sundjata Keita.[citation needed] He was the last of a mini-dynasty within the Keita clan of emperor's descending from Kolonkan. After his abdication in 1311, the Faga Laye mini-dynasty would control the empire.
Virtually all that is known of Abubakari II is from the scholar Al-Umari during Kankan Musa I's historic hajj to Mecca. While in Egypt, Musa explained the way that he had inherited the throne after the abdication of the previous ruler. He explained that in 1310, the emperor financed the building of 200 vessels of men and another 200 of supplies to explore the limits of the sea that served as the empire's western frontier. The mission was inconclusive, and the only information available on its fate came from a single boat whose captain refused to follow the other ships once they reached a "river in the sea" and a whirlpool. According to Musa I, his predecessor was undeterred and launched another fleet with himself as head of the expedition. In 1311, the previous ruler temporarily ceded power to Musa, then serving as his kankoro-sigui or vizier, and departed with a thousand vessels of men and a like number of supplies. After the emperor failed to return, Musa became emperor.
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Agatharchides
Agatharchides (Ἀγαθαρχίδης or Agatharchus Ἀγάθαρχος) of Cnidus was a Greek historian and geographer (flourished 2nd century BC).
He is believed to have been born at Cnidus, hence his appellation. As Stanley M. Burstein notes, the "evidence for Agatharchides' life is meagre." Photius describes him as a threptos, a kind of assistant of servile origin, to Cinnaeus and states that he was later a secretary to Heraclides Lembus. Cinnaeus served as a counselor to Ptolemy VI; Heraclides is best known for negotiating the treaty that ended Antiochus IV's invasion of Egypt in 169 BC.
Agatharchides furnishes few clues about his own life. At the conclusion of his On the Erythraean Sea, he apologizes for being unable to complete his work "since our age is unable to similarly bear the toil" and "as a result of the disturbances in Egypt" he could no longer access the official records (a fragment cited by Photius in his Bibliotheca Cod. 250.110, 460b). There are two possible occasions when this could have happened: the first was in 145 BC, when Ptolemy VIII purged Alexandria of the intellectuals who supported his rivals for the throne; and in 132 BC after Ptolemy, who had been driven from his kingdom by a rebellion in Alexandria, returned and exacted reprisals on that city. While most scholars have favored the later date, Burstein argues for the earlier one.
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Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus (before 31 October 1451 – 20 May 1506) was an explorer, colonizer, and navigator, born in the Republic of Genoa, in what is today northwestern Italy. Under the auspices of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, he completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that led to general European awareness of the American continents. Those voyages, and his efforts to establish permanent settlements in the island of Hispaniola, initiated the process of Spanish colonization, which foreshadowed the general European colonization of what became known as the "New World".
In the context of emerging western imperialism and economic competition between European kingdoms seeking wealth through the establishment of trade routes and colonies, Columbus's speculative proposal to reach the East Indies by sailing westward received the support of the Spanish crown, which saw in it a promise, however remote, of gaining the upper hand over rival powers in the contest for the lucrative spice trade with Asia. During his first voyage in 1492, instead of reaching Japan as he had intended, Columbus landed in the Bahamas archipelago, at a locale he named San Salvador. Over the course of three more voyages, Columbus visited the Greater and Lesser Antilles, as well as the Caribbean coast of Venezuela and Central America, claiming them for the Spanish Empire.
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Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. The contact between the two areas circulated a wide variety of new crops and livestock which supported increases in population in both hemispheres. Explorers returned to Europe with maize, potatoes, and tomatoes, which became very important crops in Eurasia by the 18th century. Similarly, Europeans introduced manioc and the peanut to tropical Southeast Asia and West Africa, where they flourished and supported growth in populations on soils that otherwise would not produce large yields.
In the biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World, people of Europe and Africa settled in the New World, and animals, plants and diseases of Eurasia and the Western Hemisphere were introduced to each area in an interchange.
This exchange of plants and animals transformed European, American, African, and Asian ways of life. New foods became staples of human diets, and new growing regions opened up for crops. For example, before AD 1000, potatoes were not grown outside of South America. By the 1840s, Ireland was so dependent on the potato that a diseased crop led to the devastating Irish Potato Famine. Since being introduced by 16th-century Portuguese traders, who brought them from the Americas,maize and manioc replaced traditional African crops as the continent’s most important staple food crops. New staple crops that were introduced to Asia from the Americas via Spanish colonizers in the 16th century, including maize and sweet potatoes, contributed to the population growth in Asia.
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Duarte Barbosa
Duarte Barbosa (Lisbon, Portugal - † 1521, Philippines) was a Portuguese writer and Portuguese India officer between 1500 and 1516–17, with the post of scrivener in Cannanore factory and sometimes interpreter of the local language (malayalam). His "Book of Duarte Barbosa" (Livro de Duarte Barbosa) is one of the earliest examples of Portuguese travel literature, written circa 1516, shortly after the arrival in the Indian Ocean. In 1519 Duarte Barbosa embarked on the first expedition to circumnavigate the world, led by his brother-in-law Ferdinand Magellan, dying in 1521 at the feast of rajah Humabon in Cebu at the Philippines.
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Eudoxus of Cyzicus
Eudoxus of Cyzicus (fl. c. 130 BC) (Greek: Ευδοξος) was a Greek navigator who explored the Arabian Sea for Ptolemy VIII, king of the Hellenistic Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.
According to Poseidonius, later reported in Strabo's Geography, the monsoon wind system of the Indian Ocean was first sailed by Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 118 or 116 BC. Poseidonius said a shipwrecked sailor from India had been rescued in the Red Sea and taken to Ptolemy VIII in Alexandria. The unnamed Indian offered to guide Greek navigators to India. Ptolemy appointed Eudoxus of Cyzicus, who made two voyages from Egypt to India. The first, in 118 BC, was guided by the Indian sailor. After Eudoxus returned with a cargo of aromatics and precious stones a second voyage was undertaken in 116 BC. Eudoxus navigated the second voyage, sailing without a guide.
Strabo, whose Geography is the main surviving source of the story, was skeptical about its truth. Modern scholarship tends to consider it relatively credible. During the 2nd century BC Greek and Indian ships met to trade at Arabian ports such as Aden (called Eudaemon by the Greeks). Attempts to sail beyond Aden were rare, discouraged, and involved a long and laborious coast-hugging journey. Navigators had long been aware of the monsoon winds. Indian ships used them to sail to Arabia, but no Greek ship had yet done so. For the Greeks to acquire the expertise of an Indian pilot meant the chance to bypass the Arabian ports and establish direct commercial links with India. Whether or not the story told by Poseidonius of a shipwrecked Indian pilot teaching Eudoxus about the monsoon winds is true, Greek ships were in fact soon using the monsoon winds to sail to India. By 50 BC there was a marked increase in the number of Greek and Roman ships sailing the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean.
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Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: Fernão de Magalhães, IPA: [fɨɾˈnɐ̃w ðɨ mɐɣɐˈʎɐ̃jʃ]; Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes, IPA: [ferˈnando ðe maɣaˈʎanes]; c. 1480 – 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. He was born in Sabrosa, in northern Portugal, and served King Charles I of Spain in search of a westward route to the "Spice Islands" (modern Maluku Islands in Indonesia).
Magellan's expedition of 1519–1522 became the first expedition to sail from the Atlantic Ocean into the Pacific Ocean (then named "peaceful sea" by Magellan; the passage being made via the Strait of Magellan), and the first to cross the Pacific. It also completed the first circumnavigation of the Earth, although Magellan himself did not complete the entire voyage, being killed during the Battle of Mactan in the Philippines. (For background see Exploration of the Pacific).
Magellan also gives his name to the Magellanic Penguin, which he was the first European to note, and the Magellanic clouds, now known to be nearby dwarf galaxies.
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Herodotus
Herodotus ( /hɨˈrɒdətəs/; Ancient Greek: Ἡρόδοτος Hēródotos) was an ancient Greek historian who was born in Halicarnassus, Caria (modern day Bodrum, Turkey) and lived in the fifth century BC (circa 484 – 425 BC). He has been called the "Father of History", and was the first historian known to collect his materials systematically, test their accuracy to a certain extent and arrange them in a well-constructed and vivid narrative.The Histories—his masterpiece and the only work he is known to have produced—is a record of his "inquiry" (or ἱστορία historía, a word that passed into Latin and acquired its modern meaning of "history"), being an investigation of the origins of the Greco-Persian Wars and including a wealth of geographical and ethnographical information. Although some of his stories were fanciful, he claimed he was reporting only what had been told to him. Little is known of his personal history.
The Histories, otherwise known as The Researches or The Inquiries, were divided by later Alexandrian editors into nine books, named after the nine Muses: the "Muse of History", Clio, representing the first book, then Euterpe, Thaleia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polymnia, Ourania and Calliope for books 2 to 9, respectively. At its simplest and broadest level of meaning, The Histories is structured as a dynastic history of four Persian kings:
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Ibn Battuta
Abū ‘Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ‘Abd Allāh al-Lawātī al-Ţanjī ibn Baṭūṭah (Arabic: أبو عبد الله محمد بن عبد الله اللواتي الطنجي بن بطوطة), or simply Ibn Battuta (ابن بطوطة), also known as Shams ad-Din (February 25, 1304–1368 or 1369), was a Berber Muslim Moroccan explorer, known for his extensive travels, accounts of which were published in the Rihla (lit. "Journey"). Over a period of thirty years, he visited most of the known Islamic world as well as many non-Muslim lands; his journeys including trips to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, West Africa, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe in the West, and to the Middle East, South Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia and China in the East, a distance surpassing threefold his near-contemporary Marco Polo. Ibn Battuta is considered one of the greatest travellers of all time. He journeyed more than 75,000 miles (121,000 km), a figure unsurpassed by any individual explorer until the coming of the Steam Age some 450 years later.
All that is known about Ibn Battuta's life comes from the autobiographical information included in the account of his travels. Ibn Battuta was born into a Berber family of Islamic legal scholars in Tangier, Morocco, on 25 February 1304, during the reign of the Marinid dynasty. As a young man he would have studied at a Sunni Maliki madh'hab, (Islamic jurisprudence school), the dominant form of education in North Africa at that time. In June 1325, at the age of twenty-one, Ibn Battuta set off from his hometown on a hajj, or pilgrimage, to Mecca, a journey that would take sixteen months. He would not see Morocco again for twenty-four years.
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James Cook
Captain James Cook, FRS, RN (7 November 1728 – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator and cartographer who ultimately rose to the rank of captain in the Royal Navy. Cook made detailed maps of Newfoundland prior to making three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, during which he achieved the first European contact with the eastern coastline of Australia and the Hawaiian Islands, as well as the first recorded circumnavigation of New Zealand.
Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755. He saw action in the Seven Years' War, and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This helped bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society. This notice came at a crucial moment in both Cook's career and the direction of British overseas exploration, and led to his commission in 1766 as commander of HM Bark Endeavour for the first of three Pacific voyages.
In three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail and on a scale not previously achieved. As he progressed on his voyages of discovery he surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage and an ability to lead men in adverse conditions.
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James Wharram
James Wharram (born May 15, 1928 in Manchester), England is a designer of catamarans. In 1953, he designed the first ocean going catamaran, the TANGAROA (length 23'6"/ 7.2 m) which ment the beginning of cruising and transatlantic crossing with a catamaran, which he said to have built with 100 Pounds at the time.
A northern transatlantic passage on the RONGO (length 40'/ 12.2 m) followed in 1959, which he designed and constructed in Trinidad after TANGAROA was infected by shipworm. This was the first west to east transatlantic crossing with a catamaran. He shared these adventures with two women, Jutta and Ruth. The supplies "consisted of 100 lbs of wheat, 100 lbs of oat, 70 lb block of pressed dates, soya beans, soya flour, lentils, peas, peanut butter, honey and cheese" for the 8000 nm long journey. Jutta bore their son Hannes in Trinidad. In 1960 the four started a TV sponsored trip around the world, being interrupted by Jutta dying of an inborne illness. With Hanneke Boon he sailed around the world on the 63 foot SPIRIT OF GAIA from 1995 to 1998.
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Nathaniel Bowditch
Nathaniel Bowditch (/ˈbaʊdɪtʃ/; March 26, 1773 – March 16, 1838) was an early American mathematician remembered for his work on ocean navigation. He is often credited as the founder of modern maritime navigation; his book The New American Practical Navigator, first published in 1802, is still carried on board every commissioned U.S. Naval vessel.
Nathaniel Bowditch, the fourth of seven children, was born in Salem, Massachusetts to Habakku Bowditch and Mary (Ingersoll) Bowditch. At the age of ten, he was made to leave school to work in his father's cooperage, before becoming indentured at twelve for nine years as a bookkeeping apprentice to a ship chandler.
In 1787, aged fourteen, Bowditch began to study algebra and two years later he taught himself calculus. He also taught himself Latin in 1790 and French in 1792 so he was able to read mathematical works such as Isaac Newton's Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. He found thousands of errors in John Hamilton Moore's The New Practical Navigator; at eighteen, he copied all the mathematical papers he found in the Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Among his many significant scientific contributions would be a translation of Pierre-Simon de Laplace's Mécanique céleste, a lengthy work on mathematics and theoretical astronomy.
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Nubia
Nubia is a region along the Nile river, which is located in northern Sudan and southern Egypt.
There were a number of small Nubian kingdoms throughout the Middle Ages, the last of which collapsed in 1504, when Nubia became divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate resulting in the Arabization of much of the Nubian population. Nubia was again united within Ottoman Egypt in the 19th century, and within Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from 1899 to 1956.
The name Nubia is derived from that of the Noba people, nomads who settled the area in the 4th century, with the collapse of the kingdom of Meroë. The Noba spoke a Nilo-Saharan language, ancestral to Old Nubian. Old Nubian was used in mostly religious texts dating from the 8th and 15th centuries AD. Before the 4th century, and throughout classical antiquity, Nubia was known as Kush, or, in Classical Greek usage, included under the name Ethiopia (Aithiopia).
Historically, the people of Nubia spoke at least two varieties of the Nubian language group, a subfamily which includes Nobiin (the descendant of Old Nubian), Kenuzi-Dongola, Midob and several related varieties in the northern part of the Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan. A variety (Birgid) was spoken (at least until 1970) north of Nyala in Darfur but is now extinct.
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Phil Bolger
Philip C. Bolger (December 3, 1927–May 24, 2009), prolific boat designer, was born and lived in Gloucester, Massachusetts. He began work full time as a draftsman for boat designers Lindsay Lord and then John Hacker in the early 1950s. Bolger also cites being influenced by mentors L.F. Herreshoff, Nicholas Montgomery, Howard Chapelle and his own brother Bill Bolger.
Bolger's first boat design was a 32-foot (9.75 m) sportfisherman published in the January 1952 issue of Yachting magazine. He subsequently designed more than 668 different boats, making him one of the most prolific boat designers of the 20th century, from the solidly conventional to extremely innovative, from a 114-foot-10-inch (35 m) replica of an eighteenth-century naval warship, the frigate Surprise (ex-Rose), to the 6-foot-5-inch (1.96 m) plywood box-like dinghy Tortoise.
Although his designs ranged through the full spectrum of boat types, Bolger tended to favor simplicity over complexity. Many of his hulls are made from sheet materials — typically plywood — and have hard chines. A subclass of these designed in association with Harold Payson called Instant Boats were so named because they were intended to be easily built by amateurs out of commonly available materials. Bolger was also considered to be a modern expert in the design of the sharpie type and advocated the use of traditional sailing rigs and leeboards.
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Phoenicia
Phoenicia (UK /fɨˈnɪʃə/, US /fəˈniːʃə/; from the Greek: Φοινίκη: Phoiníkē), was an ancient Semitic Canaanite civilization situated on the western, coastal part of the Fertile Crescent. The major Phoenician cities were on the coastline of the Mediterranean. It was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean from 1550 BC to 300 BC. The Phoenicians used the galley, a man-powered sailing vessel, and are credited with the invention of the bireme. They were famed in Classical Greece and Rome as 'traders in purple', referring to their monopoly on the precious purple dye of the Murex snail, used, among other things, for royal clothing, and for their spread of the alphabet (or abjad), upon which all major modern phonetic alphabets are derived.
In the Amarna tablets of the 14th century BC, people from the region called themselves Kenaani or Kinaani (Canaanites), although these letters predate the invasion of the Sea Peoples by over a century. Much later, in the 6th century BC, Hecataeus of Miletus writes that Phoenicia was formerly called χνα, a name Philo of Byblos later adopted into his mythology as his eponym for the Phoenicians: "Khna who was afterwards called Phoinix". Egyptian seafaring expeditions had already been made to Byblos to bring back "cedars of Lebanon" as early as the third millennium BC.
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Sneferu
Sneferu[pronunciation?], also spelled as Snephru, Snefru or Snofru (in Greek known as Soris), was the founder of the Fourth dynasty of Egypt. Estimates of his reign vary, with for instance The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt suggesting a reign from around 2613 BC to 2589 BC, a reign of 24 years, while Rolf Krauss suggests a 30-year reign, and Stadelmann a 48-year reign. He built at least three famous pyramids that survive to this day and introduced major innovations in the design and construction of pyramids in Ancient Egypt.
Sneferu was the first king of the fourth dynasty of Ancient Egypt, who according to Manetho reigned for 24 years (2613-2589 BC).
Manetho was an Egyptian priest, living in the third century BC, who categorized the pharaohs of dynastic Egypt into 31 dynasties. Manetho’s schematic has its flaws; nevertheless, modern scholars conventionally follow his method of grouping. The Papyrus Prisse, a Middle Kingdom source, supports the fact that King Huni was indeed Sneferu’s predecessor. It states that “the majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Huni, came to the landing place (i.e., died), and the majesty of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Sneferu, was raised up as a beneficent king in this entire land...” Aside from Sneferu’s succession, we learn from this text that later generations considered him to be a “beneficent” ruler. This idea may stem from the etymology of the king’s name, for it can be interpreted as the infinitive “to make beautiful.” It is uncertain whether Huni was Sneferu’s father; however, the Cairo Annals Stone denotes that his mother may have been a woman named Meresankh.Hetepheres I was Sneferu’s main wife and the mother of Khufu, the builder of the Great Pyramid on the Giza Plateau.
wn.com/Sneferu -
Somali people
Somalis (Somali: Soomaaliyeed, Arabic: الصوماليون) are an ethnic group located in the Horn of Africa, also known as the Somali Peninsula. The overwhelming majority of Somalis speak the Somali language, which is part of the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Ethnic Somalis number around 15-17 million and are principally concentrated in Somalia (more than 10 million), Ethiopia (4.6 million), Yemen (a little under 1 million), Kenya (900,000), Djibouti (464,600), and an unknown but large number live in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe.
Samaale, the oldest common ancestor of several Somali clans, is generally regarded as the source of the ethnonym Somali. The name "Somali" is, in turn, held to be derived from the words soo and maal, which together mean "go and milk" — a reference to the ubiquitous pastoralism of the Somali people. Another plausible etymology proposes that the term Somali is derived from the Arabic for "wealthy" (dhawamaal), again referring to Somali riches in livestock.
wn.com/Somali_people -
Vasco da Gama
Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira (Portuguese pronunciation: [ˈvaʃku ðɐ ˈɣɐmɐ]) (c. 1460 or 1469 – 24 December 1524) was a Portuguese explorer, one of the most successful in the Age of Discovery and the commander of the first ships to sail directly from Europe to India. For a short time in 1524 he was the Governor of Portuguese India, under the title of Viceroy.
Vasco da Gama was born in either 1460 or 1469 in Sines, on the southwest coast of Portugal, probably in a house near the church of Nossa Senhora das Salas. Sines, one of the few seaports on the Alentejo coast, consisted of little more than a cluster of whitewashed, red-tiled cottages, tenanted chiefly by fisherfolk.
Vasco da Gama's father was Estêvão da Gama, who had served in the 1460s as a knight of the household of Infante Ferdinand, Duke of Viseu and went on to rise in the ranks of the military Order of Santiago. Estêvão da Gama was appointed alcaide-mór (civil governor) of Sines in the 1460s, a post he held until 1478, and continued as a receiver of taxes and holder of the Order's commendas in the region.
wn.com/Vasco_da_Gama -
Zheng He
Zheng He (1371–1433; simplified Chinese: 郑和; traditional Chinese: 鄭和; pinyin: Zhèng Hé), also known as Ma Sanbao (simplified Chinese: 马三宝; traditional Chinese: 馬三寶) and Hajji Mahmud Shamsuddin (Arabic: حاجي محمود شمس الدين) was a Hui-Chinese mariner, explorer, diplomat and fleet admiral, who commanded voyages to Southeast Asia, South Asia, the Middle East, East Africa, and the Horn of Africa collectively referred to as the Voyages of Zheng He or Voyages of Cheng Ho from 1405 to 1433.
Zheng, born as Ma He (馬和 / 马和), was the second son of a Muslim family which also had four daughters, from Kunyang, present day Jinning, just south of Kunming near the southwest corner of Lake Dian in Yunnan.
He was the great great great grandson of Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, a Persian who served in the administration of the Mongolian Empire and was appointed governor of Yunnan during the early Yuan Dynasty. Both his grandfather and great-grandfather carried the title of Hajji, which indicates they had made the pilgrimage to Mecca. His great-grandfather was named Bayan and may have been a member of a Mongol garrison in Yunnan.
wn.com/Zheng_He
Yes, yes the original
Ricky, you the nigga don't forget it
Ricky, you the nigga don't forget it
Ricky, you the nigga don't forget it
Ricky, you the nigga don't forget it
Ricky, you the nigga don't forget it
Ricky, you the nigga don't forget it
Okay, okay, okay, okay
Okay, okay, okay, okay
Okay, okay, okay, okay
Okay, okay, okay, okay
Okay, okay, okay, okay
Okay, okay, okay, okay
Well as you know, thousand tear off they blouse
Bear rounds, have a spouse, try 'member who house
And big hitter in leavin' a fitter in literin'
Get rid of considerin', rocks be glitterin'
Walkin' over like a hawk and stalkin', king souls
Every one walkin', one of a batch, want a hatch for a poppin'
When a catch for a play in pass four and I'm in rap for
As can vision upon pull, now it's all full to a rich or for the poor
Without no more delays, sissy world flips, okay baby
Because of our way, niggas yell Hip-Hip hoorayin'
Is it? So as the next kiss it, and a sex miss it
Remain the exquisite, as I shower the hits
Best feel, let me see you overpower me twig, 'cuz I ship
Blocks and blocks stare in the jocks
Hip-Hop the fox, knock niggas out box
Wit the fly green socks and the limelight flappin'
It's nothin' dap in this, so champion of rappin' is
Brother girl fiend brought a jugga
Though I overlook her, being dream but a hooker
Yo who got things sowed, one guessed it
Blessed wit kit kat messed wit
Bulletproof vest sweat like doors like Coron'
Hello psycho home, pass that microphone
Hearin', whole world cheerin'
None scarin', ain't million dollar ring wearin'
So let it me, as the world said it
Cold sweat it, Ricky you the nigga don't forget it
As I shower the hits, best split
Or let me see you overpower me twig, cuz I ship
Yo, why in the world is rap white wind
Then sent for a mental, who dance or I enter
Present to the fans, who want a picnic bent
To get sent to spray praises on new found intellect
Though I'm wettable, who fedeble, unedible
Mic said mad incredible
Never heard of us, when your words are dusted
Send you move like murderers, not murderers proud to say
Girls go 'wow' and 'ow' to now show ya how to bow to
Scoop-a, in the train goopa, don't bloop a
What, Rick you playin supa dupa
How Slick? Just, you must get the picture
The one eyed kid, remain victor
As I shower the hits, best split
Waitin for my ship (waitin for my ship)
Waitin for my ship (waitin for my ship)
to come in, yes, lord, to come in
Waitin for my ship to come in
I’m gonna keep on walking (keep on walking)
Keep on walking (keep on walking)
Gonna walk ‘til I reach the shore
And when I reach (reach the shore)
And when I reach (reach the shore)
Lord I ain’t gonna walk no more
I see it coming (sailing in)
I see it coming (sailing in)
Sailing in, yes, lord, sailing in
Open up the door (come on in)
Open up the door (come on in)
I’m coming in, yes, lord, I’m coming in
I’m gonna step aboard (step aboard)
I’m gonna step aboard (step aboard)
And I ain’t gonna worry no more
They’ll be no more trials and tribulations when I step aboard
No more trials and tribulations when I step aboard
No more trials and tribulations when I step aboard
When that great great ship comes in
Be singing and dancing (sing and dancing)
Singing and dancing (sing and dancing)
When that great great ship comes in
So satisfied (I’m satisfied)
I’m satisfied (so satisfied)
When that great great ship comes in
The left hand ship has set an attack
Get a lazer beam and give it one back
Shadow on the right says it wants you back
Keep a float and climb up on its back
All aboard all aboard all aboard
all aboard all aboard
Actually no no
abandon ship abandon ship
Shadow ran forth with a dazzling fear
People wanted to help but they couldn't get near
Sit on your lap for the deadliest years
Let your body hold blood sweat and tears
All aboard all aboard all aboard
all aboard all aboard
Actually no no
abandon ship abandon ship
One minute one minute what what what have they done
to deserve this fate and be on the run
One minute one minute what what what have they done
'c 'c can't you play fair and put down your guns
Well frankly love I don't give a damn
I'll blow that ship out of the water and live my plan
When the water rises up to your lips
I'll utter the words to sink all ships
All aboard all aboard all aboard
all aboard all aboard
Actually no no
abandon ship abandon ship
Read my lips you're going to sink
You're a peanut shell in my finger tips
Like a crispy jello, hello, bye
read my lips and look me in the eye
All aboard all aboard all aboard
all aboard all aboard
Actually no no
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Crippled cruise ship makes way to land (originally aired Feb. 15)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:00
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Frustrations with the cruise line simmered on and off the ship, as passengers and their relatives questioned why it had taken so long to get back to dry land...
http://wn.com/Crippled_cruise_ship_makes_way_to_land_originally_aired_Feb_15
Frustrations with the cruise line simmered on and off the ship, as passengers and their relatives questioned why it had taken so long to get back to dry land...
Cruise ship passenger describes how he escaped
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:30
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
CNN's Max Foster talks to a survivor of the Costa Concordia disaster and what the upcoming trial means for him. For more CNN videos, visit our site at http:/...
http://wn.com/Cruise_ship_passenger_describes_how_he_escaped
CNN's Max Foster talks to a survivor of the Costa Concordia disaster and what the upcoming trial means for him. For more CNN videos, visit our site at http:/...
- published: 06 Mar 2013
- views: 213
- author: CNN
CRAGGER'S COMMAND SHIP - LEGO Legends of Chima Set 70006 - Time-lapse Build, Unboxing & Review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:50
- Updated: 08 Mar 2013
Click here to see ALL my LEGO videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgKFiNhek8g&list;=PL7TV22RuQ4DasGid60aNBhpEtuqBSV6AL Here is my second LEGO Legends of C...
http://wn.com/CRAGGER'S_COMMAND_SHIP_LEGO_Legends_of_Chima_Set_70006_Time-lapse_Build,_Unboxing_Review
Click here to see ALL my LEGO videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NgKFiNhek8g&list;=PL7TV22RuQ4DasGid60aNBhpEtuqBSV6AL Here is my second LEGO Legends of C...
- published: 19 Feb 2013
- views: 119687
- author: EvanTubeHD
Crippled Cruise Ship - Carnival Triumph - NEW CHOPPER VIDEO
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:35
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
Lightly edited video of the disabled cruise ship, Carnival Triumph, taken this afternoon as it approached the port of Mobile, AL and-- we believe-- just befo...
http://wn.com/Crippled_Cruise_Ship_Carnival_Triumph_NEW_CHOPPER_VIDEO
Lightly edited video of the disabled cruise ship, Carnival Triumph, taken this afternoon as it approached the port of Mobile, AL and-- we believe-- just befo...
- published: 14 Feb 2013
- views: 15290
- author: WPXI11News
Ghost Ship: Looking Back at the Costa Concordia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:58
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
As victims rebuild their lives and recover loved ones, what's the latest on the captain?
http://wn.com/Ghost_Ship_Looking_Back_at_the_Costa_Concordia
As victims rebuild their lives and recover loved ones, what's the latest on the captain?
- published: 16 Feb 2013
- views: 15963
- author: ABCNews
Powerless Carnival Cruise Ship Heading Back to Port
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:15
- Updated: 23 Feb 2013
Hellish stories from day four of a vacation gone wrong for thousands of passengers.
http://wn.com/Powerless_Carnival_Cruise_Ship_Heading_Back_to_Port
Hellish stories from day four of a vacation gone wrong for thousands of passengers.
- published: 14 Feb 2013
- views: 22600
- author: ABCNews
Nerd³ Plays... The Ship
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 18:22
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
http://nerdcubed.co.uk It's kill or be killed in this fantastic multiplayer battle of wits, cunning and candlesticks. WARNING: Not suitable for people with p...
http://wn.com/Nerd³_Plays_The_Ship
http://nerdcubed.co.uk It's kill or be killed in this fantastic multiplayer battle of wits, cunning and candlesticks. WARNING: Not suitable for people with p...
- published: 18 Mar 2012
- views: 951557
- author: OfficialNerdCubed
Nisshin Maru Boxes Bob Barker Between Itself and Fuel Tanker, Causes Multiple Collisions
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
The Japanese whaling fleet, poaching whales from Antarctica's Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary, creates a collision as they attempt an illegal refuelling opera...
http://wn.com/Nisshin_Maru_Boxes_Bob_Barker_Between_Itself_and_Fuel_Tanker,_Causes_Multiple_Collisions
The Japanese whaling fleet, poaching whales from Antarctica's Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary, creates a collision as they attempt an illegal refuelling opera...
- published: 26 Feb 2013
- views: 68413
- author: seashepherd
Stricken cruise ship docks in US port
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:52
- Updated: 15 Feb 2013
A disabled US cruise ship with more than 4000 people on board is finally making its way to port. The Carnival Triumph has spent four days drifting in the Gu...
http://wn.com/Stricken_cruise_ship_docks_in_US_port
A disabled US cruise ship with more than 4000 people on board is finally making its way to port. The Carnival Triumph has spent four days drifting in the Gu...
- published: 15 Feb 2013
- views: 11915
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Troubles Continue for Carnival Cruise Ship Passengers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
Documents signed by passengers to get tickets may prevent attempts to sue the company.
http://wn.com/Troubles_Continue_for_Carnival_Cruise_Ship_Passengers
Documents signed by passengers to get tickets may prevent attempts to sue the company.
- published: 16 Feb 2013
- views: 8578
- author: ABCNews
Carnival Cruise Ship Stranded off Yucatan Peninsula
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:02
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Over 4000 people are trapped with limited power after engine room fire.
http://wn.com/Carnival_Cruise_Ship_Stranded_off_Yucatan_Peninsula
Over 4000 people are trapped with limited power after engine room fire.
- published: 12 Feb 2013
- views: 19420
- author: ABCNews
How ships are launched - Very cool
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:28
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
How ships are launched, scary but its how it works! http://instantlyviral.com.
http://wn.com/How_ships_are_launched_Very_cool
How ships are launched, scary but its how it works! http://instantlyviral.com.
- published: 05 Nov 2009
- views: 3259207
- author: instantlyviral
Big Bigger Biggest Cruise Ship -- Race To Become The Biggest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:23
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
National Geographic Big Bigger Biggest Cruise Ship - The documentary of was aired on 1st September within the year 2009 and its 47 minutes long. This film says 4300 guests live in a five-star luxury. They can shop in a 130 meter long mall, ride a surf simulator and enjoy a show in a one thousand seat theater. Its 18 stories high and it floats at its launch in 2008; the 160 thousand ton independence of the seas is the biggest passenger ship around the world and the panicle of marine engineering. One by ...
http://wn.com/Big_Bigger_Biggest_Cruise_Ship_-_Race_To_Become_The_Biggest
National Geographic Big Bigger Biggest Cruise Ship - The documentary of was aired on 1st September within the year 2009 and its 47 minutes long. This film says 4300 guests live in a five-star luxury. They can shop in a 130 meter long mall, ride a surf simulator and enjoy a show in a one thousand seat theater. Its 18 stories high and it floats at its launch in 2008; the 160 thousand ton independence of the seas is the biggest passenger ship around the world and the panicle of marine engineering. One by ...
- published: 09 Feb 2013
- views: 33884
- author: PodCast4U
Conditions on Disabled US Cruise Ship in Dispute
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 03 Mar 2013
Relatives of passengers on the disabled cruise ship say there's no running water aboard. But Carnival Cruise Lines announced yesterday that water is running ...
http://wn.com/Conditions_on_Disabled_US_Cruise_Ship_in_Dispute
Relatives of passengers on the disabled cruise ship say there's no running water aboard. But Carnival Cruise Lines announced yesterday that water is running ...
- published: 13 Feb 2013
- views: 12194
- author: AssociatedPress
Conditions worse on stranded Carnival cruise ship
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
As the Carnival ship Triumph enters its fourth day without power, passengers and crew stranded on the ship are struggling with dwindling food and lack of wat...
http://wn.com/Conditions_worse_on_stranded_Carnival_cruise_ship
As the Carnival ship Triumph enters its fourth day without power, passengers and crew stranded on the ship are struggling with dwindling food and lack of wat...
- published: 13 Feb 2013
- views: 6993
- author: superanimals56
Carnival Cruise Ship Stranded in Gulf of Mexico After Fire
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:56
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
A Carnival cruise ship in the Gulf of Mexico will be towed to port after a weekend engine fire left it dead in the water.
http://wn.com/Carnival_Cruise_Ship_Stranded_in_Gulf_of_Mexico_After_Fire
A Carnival cruise ship in the Gulf of Mexico will be towed to port after a weekend engine fire left it dead in the water.
- published: 11 Feb 2013
- views: 11641
- author: NewsyHub
Students ship care packages to troops
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:11
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Students ship care packages to troops.
http://wn.com/Students_ship_care_packages_to_troops
Biggest Ship Launches, some are huge failures. Boat Launch Good and Bad
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:22
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
Watch also Boat Wins and Fails here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMPEYyhmClk Or a Shark Attack here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlvCZ8GGgbw And a F1...
http://wn.com/Biggest_Ship_Launches,_some_are_huge_failures_Boat_Launch_Good_and_Bad
Watch also Boat Wins and Fails here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMPEYyhmClk Or a Shark Attack here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlvCZ8GGgbw And a F1...
- published: 17 Feb 2013
- views: 7850
- author: MrMrmovieproductions
Stranded cruise ship running out of hot food
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:19
- Updated: 23 Feb 2013
Passengers and crew aboard the Carnival cruise ship Triumph are enduring a rather unpleasant trip. For more CNN videos, visit our site at http://www.cnn.com/...
http://wn.com/Stranded_cruise_ship_running_out_of_hot_food
Passengers and crew aboard the Carnival cruise ship Triumph are enduring a rather unpleasant trip. For more CNN videos, visit our site at http://www.cnn.com/...
- published: 11 Feb 2013
- views: 15292
- author: CNN
HOLY SHIP!! 2013 Official Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:41
- Updated: 08 Mar 2013
Pre-book @ http://www.holyship.com/pre-bookhs2014 Click 1080p, sit back and enjoy! Special Surprise Guest: SKRILLEX Holy Ship!! is a 3 night cruise that feat...
http://wn.com/HOLY_SHIP!!_2013_Official_Video
Pre-book @ http://www.holyship.com/pre-bookhs2014 Click 1080p, sit back and enjoy! Special Surprise Guest: SKRILLEX Holy Ship!! is a 3 night cruise that feat...
- published: 13 Feb 2013
- views: 282411
- author: HOLY SHIP
Cruise ship passenger: There is raw sewage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:32
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
CNN's Martin Savidge talks to relatives of passengers aboard the Carnival ship Triumph that is stranded in the Gulf.
http://wn.com/Cruise_ship_passenger_There_is_raw_sewage
CNN's Martin Savidge talks to relatives of passengers aboard the Carnival ship Triumph that is stranded in the Gulf.
- published: 14 Feb 2013
- views: 8504
- author: CNN
Hanans ship Ep.3 Wowza! - schnhe01
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:01
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
BigLittleBang Hanans ship Ep.3 Wowza! by schnhe01 Chat Script: schnhe01: Welcome! schnhe01: WOOHOO.
http://wn.com/Hanans_ship_Ep3_Wowza!_schnhe01
BigLittleBang Hanans ship Ep.3 Wowza! by schnhe01 Chat Script: schnhe01: Welcome! schnhe01: WOOHOO.
- published: 06 Mar 2013
- author: BigLittleFilmClub
Carnival Cruise Ship From Hell - Floating Petri - Dish - Passengers Degrading To Hoarders
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
click here to subscribe for the best in news and entertainment...thanks for watching Carnival Cruise Ship From Hell - Floating Petri - Dish - Passengers Have...
http://wn.com/Carnival_Cruise_Ship_From_Hell_Floating_Petri_Dish_Passengers_Degrading_To_Hoarders
click here to subscribe for the best in news and entertainment...thanks for watching Carnival Cruise Ship From Hell - Floating Petri - Dish - Passengers Have...
- published: 14 Feb 2013
- views: 27429
- author: AreYouinTheKnow
photo: AP / David Guttenfelder
07 Mar 2013
Posted. March 7, 2013. North Korea threatened a preemptive nuclear attack against the United States ahead of an upcoming vote on additional UN sanctions against Pyongyang. The country also accused the United States of performing military drills in South Korea as a launching pad for nuclear war. North Korea adds that it plans to scrap the armistice that ended Korean War hostilities ... The statement read. ... Category. Asia. Tags ... Posted ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Kim Jae-hwan
08 Mar 2013
North Korea says it is scrapping all non-aggression pacts with South Korea, closing its hotline with Seoul and shutting their shared border point. The announcement follows a fresh round of UN sanctions punishing Pyongyang for its nuclear test last month. Earlier, Pyongyang said it reserved the right to a pre-emptive nuclear strike against its "aggressors" ... 'Extreme rhetoric' ... ....(size: 4.6Kb)
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
07 Mar 2013
The conflict has wreaked political havoc for both Malaysia and the neighboring Philippines ... Ismail said at least 52 Filipinos have now been killed in the past week since hostilities in the Sabah security crisis escalated ... World news....(size: 1.3Kb)
photo: AP / J. Scott Applewhite
07 Mar 2013
By Mark Hosenball. WASHINGTON, March 7 (Reuters) - A son-in-law of Osama bin Laden who served as al Qaeda's spokesman was arrested in Jordan and then brought to New York in an operation led by Jordanian authorities and the FBI, U.S. government sources said on Thursday. The sources said Suleiman Abu Ghaith, a militant who appeared in videos representing al Qaeda after the Sept ... The trial would most likely be in U.S ... U.S ... Bush ... Later, U.S ... ....(size: 7.1Kb)
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
07 Mar 2013
LAHAD DATU. Malaysia has given an ultimatum to the remnants of the Sulu armed group. “Lay down your arms or be eliminated.'' ... “These operations will continue for as long as it takes,” the Prime Minister said at a press conference after getting a closer look at the offensive against the Sulu gunmen, which entered its third day yesterday ... “This should not arise at all ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
08 Mar 2013
GC Rieber Shipping ASA) Date ... GC Rieber Shipping enters into five-year charter for subsea newbuild. GC Rieber Shipping ASA has entered into a charter agreement with Ceona Services (UK) Limited ("Ceona") for its high capacity subsea newbuild for a fixed period of 5 years, with options for up to five years ... "GC Rieber Shipping has strengthened its position in the high end subsea segment over the last years....(size: 3.4Kb)
Offshore Shipping Online
08 Mar 2013
GC Rieber Shipping has entered into a charter agreement with Ceona Services (UK) Limited (Ceona) for its high capacity subsea newbuild for a fixed period of five years, with options for up to five years ... "GC Rieber Shipping has strengthened its position in the high end subsea segment over the last years....(size: 1.6Kb)
Scoop
08 Mar 2013
Newstrack India
08 Mar 2013
The ship has been indigenously built by ABG shipyard, Surat and was commissioned in October 2010 ... The ship is capable of unhindered oil recovery operations with storage capability of 502 KL. According to the report, the special features in the ship include an Integrated Platform Management ......(size: 1.6Kb)
noodls
08 Mar 2013
MSC - Mediterranean Shipping Company SA) A complete listing of MSC Offices around the ... This noodl was issued by MSC - Mediterranean Shipping Company SA and was initially posted at www.mscgva.ch....(size: 1.0Kb)
The Business Review
08 Mar 2013
Hawaii Tourism Authority talking with DOT, DLNR about ways to manage flow of more ships ... Cruise-ship traffic to Hawaii is up significantly this season ... Hawaii’s cruise-ship business is up 11.5 percent since the start of the current season, and January’s gain of 19 percent year over year shows the industry is continuing to gather momentum....(size: 3.2Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
08 Mar 2013
MovingTruckRental.com works up on its technology and relationships to cut rates offered by car shipping companies ... Hundreds of car shipping companies joined hands to form one of the largest networks online ... Furthermore, the company has worked one-on-one with hundreds of car shipping companies nationwide to build a powerful network that focuses on one simple goal ... Shipping my car coast-to-coast was so easy....(size: 3.3Kb)
Yahoo Daily News
08 Mar 2013
The Connecticut Maritime Association [CMA]-led conference is North America’s premiere event focused on the international shipping trade ... The presentation is titled “The 6 'Ds' to a safe and secure maritime operation.” The workshop is targeted at ship owners, ship operators, company security officers, special projects, risk management staff, HQSSE and any other safety, security or operations staff....(size: 3.1Kb)
Canada Dot Com
08 Mar 2013
Five Metro Vancouver municipalities are joining the chorus of those concerned about the health and environmental impacts of expanded coal-shipping facilities planned for the region ... Located on the border of Surrey and North Delta, Fraser Surrey Docks would ship thermal coal from Montana and Wyoming to Asia ... Neptune Terminals in North Vancouver ships Canadian steelmaking coal, which is thought to be cleaner and safer to transport....(size: 4.0Kb)
StreetInsider
08 Mar 2013
ANN), the parent Company of Ann Taylor and LOFT, is pleased to announce the launch of international shipping on its e-commerce sites, anntaylor.com and loft.com ... http.//www.multivu.com/mnr/60584-ann-inc-launches-international-shipping-for-ann-taylor-and-loft. "The introduction of international shipping marks another key step forward as we continue to ......(size: 4.6Kb)
Stuff
08 Mar 2013
Six men were killed, including Korean skipper Hyoniki Shin, 41, who chose to go down with the ship. Three bodies were recovered, and two other crew are believed to have been trapped in the ship when it rolled over ... The ship sank due to "mismanagement by its master" who ordered that the crew continue to haul in a very large net of southern blue whiting despite the crew pleading with him to cut it free....(size: 6.2Kb)
London Evening Standard
08 Mar 2013
StreetInsider
08 Mar 2013
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For other uses, see Ship (disambiguation).
Since the end of the age of sail a ship has been any large buoyant marine vessel. Ships are generally distinguished from boats based on size and cargo or passenger capacity. Ships are used on lakes, seas, and rivers for a variety of activities, such as the transport of people or goods, fishing, entertainment, public safety, and warfare. Historically, a "ship" was a vessel with sails rigged in a specific manner.
Ships and boats have developed alongside mankind. In armed conflict and in daily life they have become an integral part of modern commercial and military systems. Fishing boats are used by millions of fishermen throughout the world. Military forces operate vessels for combat and to transport and support forces ashore. Commercial vessels, nearly 35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2007.[1]
Ships were key in history's great explorations and scientific and technological development. Navigators such as Zheng He spread such inventions as the compass and gunpowder. Ships have been used for such purposes as colonization and the slave trade, and have served scientific, cultural, and humanitarian needs. After the 16th century, new crops that had come from and to the Americas via the European seafarers significantly contributed to the world's population growth.[2] Maritime transport has shaped the world's economy into today's energy-intensive pattern.
Contents |
Nomenclature[link]
For more details on this topic, see Glossary of nautical terms.
Ships can usually be distinguished from boats based on size and the ship's ability to operate independently for extended periods.[3] A commonly used rule of thumb is that if one vessel can carry another, the larger of the two is a ship.[4] Dinghies are carried on sailing yachts as small as 35 feet (10.67 m), clearly not ships; this rule of thumb is not foolproof.
In the age of sail, a "ship" was a sailing vessel with at least three square-rigged masts and a full bowsprit; other types of vessel were also defined by their sailplan, e.g. barque, brigantine, etc.
A number of large vessels are usually referred to as boats. Submarines are a prime example.[5] Other types of large vessel which are traditionally called boats are the Great Lakes freighter, the riverboat, and the ferryboat.[citation needed] Though large enough to carry their own boats and heavy cargoes, these vessels are designed for operation on inland or protected coastal waters.
In most maritime traditions ships have individual names, and modern ships may belong to a ship class often named after its first ship. In English, a ship is traditionally referred to as "she", even if named after a man, but this is not universal usage; some journalistic style guides advise using "it",[6] others advise "she" and "her".[7][8]
History[link]
Further information: Maritime history
Prehistory and antiquity[link]
The first known vessels date back to the Neolithic Period, about 10,000 years ago, but could not be described as ships. The first navigators began to use animal skins or woven fabrics as sails. Affixed to the top of a pole set upright in a boat, these sails gave early ships range. This allowed men to explore widely, allowing, for example the settlement of Oceania about 3,000 years ago.
By around 3000 BC, Ancient Egyptians knew how to assemble wooden planks into a hull.[9] They used woven straps to lash the planks together,[9] and reeds or grass stuffed between the planks helped to seal the seams.[9][10] The Greek historian and geographer Agatharchides had documented ship-faring among the early Egyptians: "During the prosperous period of the Old Kingdom, between the 30th and 25th centuries B. C., the river-routes were kept in order, and Egyptian ships sailed the Red Sea as far as the myrrh-country."[11] Sneferu's ancient cedar wood ship Praise of the Two Lands is the first reference recorded (2613 BCE) to a ship being referred to by name.[12]
The ancient Egyptians were perfectly at ease building sailboats. A remarkable example of their shipbuilding skills was the Khufu ship, a vessel 143 feet (44 m) in length entombed at the foot of the Great Pyramid of Giza around 2500 BC and found intact in 1954. According to Herodotus, the Egyptians made the first circumnavigation of Africa around 600 BC.
It is known that ancient Nubia/Axum traded with India, and there is evidence that ships from Northeast Africa may have sailed back and forth between India/Sri Lanka and Nubia trading goods and even to Persia, Himyar and Rome.[13] Aksum was known by the Greeks for having seaports for ships from Greece and Yemen.[14]
Elsewhere in Northeast Africa, the Periplus of the Red Sea reports that Somalis, through their northern ports such as Zeila and Berbera, were trading frankincense and other items with the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula well before the arrival of Islam as well as with then Roman-controlled Egypt.[15]
A panel found at Mohenjodaro, depicted a sailing craft. Vessels were of many types Their construction is vividly described in the Yukti Kalpa Taru, an ancient Indian text on shipbuilding. This treatise gives a technical exposition on the techniques of shipbuilding. It sets forth minute details about the various types of ships, their sizes,and the materials from which they were built. The Yukti Kalpa Taru sums up in a condensed form all the available information. The Yukti Kalpa Taru gives sufficient information and dates to prove that, in ancient times, Indian shipbuilders had a good knowledge of the materials which were used in building ships. In addition to describing the qualities of the different types of wood and their suitability for shipbuilding, the Yukti Kalpa Taru gives an elaborate classification of ships based on their size.
By about 2000 BC, the Minoan civilization in Crete had evolved into a naval power exercising effective control of the sea in the eastern Mediterranean.[16]
The Phoenicians and Greeks gradually mastered navigation at sea aboard triremes, exploring and colonizing the Mediterranean via ship. Around 340 BC, the Greek navigator Pytheas of Massalia ventured from Greece to Western Europe and Great Britain.[17] In the course of the 2nd century BC, Rome went on to destroy Carthage and subdue the Hellenistic kingdoms of the eastern Mediterranean, achieving complete mastery of the inland sea, that they called Mare Nostrum. The monsoon wind system of the Indian Ocean was first sailed by Greek navigator Eudoxus of Cyzicus in 118 BC.[18] With 300 Greek ships a year sailing between Roman Empire and India, the annual trade may have reached 300,000 tons.[19]
In China, by the time of the Zhou Dynasty ship technologies such as stern mounted rudders were developed, and by the Han Dynasty, a well kept naval fleet was an integral part of the military. Ship technology advanced to the point where by the medieval period, water tight compartments were developed.
The Swahili people had various extensive trading ports dotting the coast of medieval East Africa and Great Zimbabwe had extensive trading contacts with Central Africa, and likely also imported goods brought to Africa through the Southeast African shore trade of Kilwa in modern-day Tanzania.[20]
It is known by historians that at its height the Mali Empire built a large naval fleet under Emperor Mansa Musa in the late 13th and early 14th century.[21] Arabic sources describe what some consider to be visits to the New World by a Mali fleet in 1311.[22]
Before the introduction of the compass, celestial navigation was the main method for navigation at sea. In China, early versions of the magnetic compass were being developed and used in navigation between 1040 and 1117.[23] The true mariner's compass, using a pivoting needle in a dry box, was developed in Europe no later than 1300.[24][25]
Renaissance[link]
Until the Renaissance, navigational technology remained comparatively primitive. This absence of technology did not prevent some civilizations from becoming sea powers. Examples include the maritime republics of Genoa and Venice, Hanseatic League, and the Byzantine navy. The Vikings used their knarrs to explore North America, trade in the Baltic Sea and plunder many of the coastal regions of Western Europe.
Towards the end of the 14th century, ships like the carrack began to develop towers on the bow and stern. These towers decreased the vessel's stability, and in the 15th century, the caravel, designed by the Portuguese, based on the Arabic qarib which could sail closer to the wind, became more widely used. The towers were gradually replaced by the forecastle and sterncastle, as in the carrack Santa María of Christopher Columbus. This increased freeboard allowed another innovation: the freeing port, and the artillery associated with it.
In the 16th century, the use of freeboard and freeing ports become widespread on galleons. The English modified their vessels to maximize their firepower and demonstrated the effectiveness of their doctrine, in 1588, by defeating the Spanish Armada.
At this time, ships were developing in Asia in much the same way as Europe. Japan used defensive naval techniques in the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1281. It is likely that the Mongols of the time took advantage of both European and Asian shipbuilding techniques. During the 15th century, China's Ming Dynasty assembled one of the largest and most powerful naval fleet in the world for the diplomatic and power projection voyages of Zheng He. Elsewhere in Korea in the 15th century, one of the world's first iron-clads, the turtle ship, was also developed. In Japan, during the Sengoku era from the fifteenth to 17th century, the great struggle for feudal supremacy was fought, in part, by coastal fleets of several hundred boats, including the atakebune.
During the Age of the Ajuuraan, the Somali sultanates and republics of Merca, Mogadishu, Barawa, Hobyo and their respective ports flourished, enjoying a lucrative foreign commerce with ships sailing to and coming from Arabia, India, Venetia,[26] Persia, Egypt, Portugal and as far away as China. In the 16th century, Duarte Barbosa noted that many ships from the Kingdom of Cambaya in what is modern-day India sailed to Mogadishu with cloth and spices, for which they in return received gold, wax and ivory. Barbosa also highlighted the abundance of meat, wheat, barley, horses, and fruit on the coastal markets, which generated enormous wealth for the merchants.[27]
Middle Age Swahili Kingdoms are known to have had trade port islands and trade routes[28] with the Islamic world and Asia and were described by Greek historians as "metropolises".[29] Famous African trade ports such as Mombasa, Zanzibar, and Kilwa[30] were known to Chinese sailors such as Zheng He and medieval Islamic historians such as the Berber Islamic voyager Abu Abdullah ibn Battua.[31] In the 14th century CE King Abubakari I, the brother of King Mansa Musa of the Mali Empire is thought to have had a great armada of ships sitting on the coast of West Africa.[32] This is corroborated by ibn Battuta himself who recalls several hundred Malian ships off the coast.[33] This has led to great speculation, with historical evidence, that it is possible that Malian sailors may have reached the coast of Pre-Columbian America under the rule of Abubakari II, nearly two hundred years before Christopher Columbus[34] and that black traders may have been in the Americas before Columbus.[35]
Fifty years before Christopher Columbus, Chinese navigator Zheng He traveled the world at the head of what was for the time a huge armada. The largest of his ships had nine masts, were 130 metres (430 ft) long and had a beam of 55 metres (180 ft). His fleet carried 30,000 men aboard 70 vessels, with the goal of bringing glory to the Chinese emperor.
The carrack and then the caravel were developed in Iberia. After Columbus, European exploration rapidly accelerated, and many new trade routes were established.[36] In 1498, by reaching India, Vasco da Gama proved that the access to the Indian Ocean from the Atlantic was possible. These explorations in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans were soon followed by France, England and the Netherlands, who explored the Portuguese and Spanish trade routes into the Pacific Ocean, reaching Australia in 1606 and New Zealand in 1642.[37] A major sea power, the Dutch in 1650 owned 16,000 merchant ships.[38] In the 17th century Dutch explorers such as Abel Tasman explored the coasts of Australia, while in the 18th century it was British explorer James Cook who mapped much of Polynesia.
Specialization and modernization[link]
Parallel to the development of warships, ships in service of marine fishery and trade also developed in the period between antiquity and the Renaissance. Still primarily a coastal endeavor, fishing is largely practiced by individuals with little other money using small boats.
Maritime trade was driven by the development of shipping companies with significant financial resources. Canal barges, towed by draft animals on an adjacent towpath, contended with the railway up to and past the early days of the industrial revolution. Flat-bottomed and flexible scow boats also became widely used for transporting small cargoes. Mercantile trade went hand-in-hand with exploration, self-financed by the commercial benefits of exploration.
During the first half of the 18th century, the French Navy began to develop a new type of vessel known as a ship of the line, featuring seventy-four guns. This type of ship became the backbone of all European fighting fleets. These ships were 56 metres (184 ft) long and their construction required 2,800 oak trees and 40 kilometres (25 mi) of rope; they carried a crew of about 800 sailors and soldiers.
During the 19th century the Royal Navy enforced a ban on the slave trade, acted to suppress piracy, and continued to map the world. A clipper was a very fast sailing ship of the 19th century. The clipper route fell into commercial disuse with the introduction of steam ships, and the opening of the Suez and Panama Canals.
Ship designs stayed fairly unchanged until the late 19th century. The industrial revolution, new mechanical methods of propulsion, and the ability to construct ships from metal triggered an explosion in ship design. Factors including the quest for more efficient ships, the end of long running and wasteful maritime conflicts, and the increased financial capacity of industrial powers created an avalanche of more specialized boats and ships. Ships built for entirely new functions, such as firefighting, rescue, and research, also began to appear.
In light of this, classification of vessels by type or function can be difficult. Even using very broad functional classifications such as fishery, trade, military, and exploration fails to classify most of the old ships. This difficulty is increased by the fact that the terms such as sloop and frigate are used by old and new ships alike, and often the modern vessels sometimes have little in common with their predecessors.
Today[link]
In 2007, the world's fleet included 34,882 commercial vessels with gross tonnage of more than 1,000 tons,[40] totaling 1.04 billion tons.[1] These ships carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo in 2006, a sum that grew by 8% over the previous year.[1] In terms of tonnage, 39% of these ships are tankers, 26% are bulk carriers, 17% container ships and 15% were other types.[1]
In 2002, there were 1,240 warships operating in the world, not counting small vessels such as patrol boats. The United States accounted for 3 million tons worth of these vessels, Russia 1.35 million tons, the United Kingdom 504,660 tons and China 402,830 tons. The 20th century saw many naval engagements during the two world wars, the Cold War, and the rise to power of naval forces of the two blocs. The world's major powers have recently used their naval power in cases such as the United Kingdom in the Falkland Islands and the United States in Iraq.
The size of the world's fishing fleet is more difficult to estimate. The largest of these are counted as commercial vessels, but the smallest are legion. Fishing vessels can be found in most seaside villages in the world. As of 2004, the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization estimated 4 million fishing vessels were operating worldwide.[41] The same study estimated that the world's 29 million fishermen[42] caught 85,800,000 tonnes (84,400,000 long tons; 94,600,000 short tons) of fish and shellfish that year.[43]
Types of ships[link]
See also: List of types of naval vessels and List of boat types
Ships are difficult to classify, mainly because there are so many criteria to base classification on. One classification is based on propulsion; with ships categorised as a sailing ship, a steamship, or a motorship. Sailing ships are propelled solely by means of sails. Steamships are propelled by steam engines. Motorships use internal combustion engines; they include ships propelled by a combination of sail and internal combustion.
Ships can also be classified by other criteria such as:
- The number of hulls: monohull, catamaran, trimaran.
- The shape, size, and function, giving categories such as dinghy, keelboat, and icebreaker.
- The hull material: steel, aluminum, wood, fiberglass, and plastic.
- The type of propulsion system used, giving human-propelled (e.g., historical triremes), mechanical, and sails.
- The epoch in which the vessel was used, triremes of Ancient Greece, ships of the line of battle in the 18th century.
- The geographic origin of the vessel; many vessels are associated with a particular region, such as the pinnace of Northern Europe, the gondolas of Venice, and the junks of China.
- The manufacturer, series, or class.
Another way to categorize ships and boats is based on their use, as described by Paulet and Presles.[44] This system includes military ships, commercial vessels, fishing boats, pleasure craft and competitive boats. In this section, ships are classified using the first four of those categories, and adding a section for lake and river boats, and one for vessels which fall outside these categories.
Commercial vessels[link]
Main article: Commercial vessel
Commercial vessels or merchant ships can be divided into three broad categories: cargo ships, passenger ships, and special-purpose ships.[45] Cargo ships transport dry and liquid cargo. Dry cargo can be transported in bulk by bulk carriers, packed directly onto a general cargo ship in break-bulk, packed in intermodal containers as aboard a container ship, or driven aboard as in roll-on roll-off ships. Liquid cargo is generally carried in bulk aboard tankers, such as oil tankers which may include both crude and finished products of oil, chemical tankers which may also carry vegetable oils other than chemicals and LPG/LNG tankers, although smaller shipments may be carried on container ships in tank containers.
Passenger ships range in size from small river ferries to very large cruise ships. This type of vessel includes ferries, which move passengers and vehicles on short trips; ocean liners, which carry passengers from one place to another; and cruise ships, which carry passengers on voyages undertaken for pleasure, visiting several places and with leisure activities on board, often returning them to the port of embarkation.
Special-purpose vessels are not used for transport but for other tasks. Examples include tugboats, pilot boats, rescue boats, cable ships, research vessels, survey vessels, and icebreakers.
Most commercial vessels have full hull-forms to maximize cargo capacity.[citation needed] Hulls are usually made of steel, although aluminum can be used on faster craft, and fiberglass on the smallest service vessels.[citation needed] Commercial vessels generally have a crew headed by a captain, with deck officers and marine engineers on larger vessels. Special-purpose vessels often have specialized crew if necessary, for example scientists aboard research vessels.
Commercial vessels are typically powered by a single propeller driven by a diesel or, less usually, gas turbine engine.[citation needed] The fastest vessels may use pump-jet engines.[citation needed]
Naval vessels[link]
Main article: Naval ship
Naval vessels are those used by a navy for military purposes. There have been many types of naval vessel. Modern naval vessels can be broken down into three categories: surface warships, submarines, and support and auxiliary vessels.
Modern warships are generally divided into seven main categories: aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers, frigates, corvettes, submarines and amphibious assault ships. The distinctions between cruisers, destroyers, frigates, and corvettes is not rigorous; the same vessel may be described differently in different navies. Battleships were used during the Second World War and occasionally since then (the last battleships were removed from the U.S. Naval Vessel Register in March 2006), but were made obsolete by the use of carrier-borne aircraft and guided missiles.[46]
Most military submarines are either attack submarines or ballistic missile submarines. Until the end of World War II the primary role of the diesel/electric submarine was anti-ship warfare, inserting and removing covert agents and military forces, and intelligence-gathering. With the development of the homing torpedo, better sonar systems, and nuclear propulsion, submarines also became able to effectively hunt each other. The development of submarine-launched nuclear and cruise missiles gave submarines a substantial and long-ranged ability to attack both land and sea targets with a variety of weapons ranging from cluster bombs to nuclear weapons.
Most navies also include many types of support and auxiliary vessel, such as minesweepers, patrol boats, offshore patrol vessels, replenishment ships, and hospital ships which are designated medical treatment facilities.[47]
Fast combat vessels such as cruisers and destroyers usually have fine hulls to maximize speed and maneuverability.[48] They also usually have advanced electronics and communication systems, as well as weapons.
Fishing vessels[link]
Main article: Fishing vessels
Fishing vessels are a subset of commercial vessels, but generally small in size and often subject to different regulations and classification. They can be categorized by several criteria: architecture, the type of fish they catch, the fishing method used, geographical origin, and technical features such as rigging. As of 2004, the world's fishing fleet consisted of some 4 million vessels.[41] Of these, 1.3 million were decked vessels with enclosed areas and the rest were open vessels.[41] Most decked vessels were mechanized, but two-thirds of the open vessels were traditional craft propelled by sails and oars.[41] More than 60% of all existing large fishing vessels[49] were built in Japan, Peru, the Russian Federation, Spain or the United States of America.[50]
Fishing boats are generally small, often little more than 30 meters (98 ft) but up to 100 metres (330 ft) for a large tuna or whaling ship. Aboard a fish processing vessel, the catch can be made ready for market and sold more quickly once the ship makes port. Special purpose vessels have special gear. For example, trawlers have winches and arms, stern-trawlers have a rear ramp, and tuna seiners have skiffs.
In 2004, 85,800,000 tonnes (84,400,000 long tons; 94,600,000 short tons) of fish were caught in the marine capture fishery.[51] Anchoveta represented the largest single catch at 10,700,000 tonnes (10,500,000 long tons; 11,800,000 short tons).[51] That year, the top ten marine capture species also included Alaska pollock, Blue whiting, Skipjack tuna, Atlantic herring, Chub mackerel, Japanese anchovy, Chilean jack mackerel, Largehead hairtail, and Yellowfin tuna.[51] Other species including salmon, shrimp, lobster, clams, squid and crab, are also commercially fished.
Modern commercial fishermen use many methods. One is fishing by nets, such as purse seine, beach seine, lift nets, gillnets, or entangling nets. Another is trawling, including bottom trawl. Hooks and lines are used in methods like long-line fishing and hand-line fishing. Another method is the use of fishing trap.
Weather vessels[link]
Main article: Weather ship
A weather ship was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological observations for use in weather forecasting. Surface weather observations were taken hourly, and four radiosonde releases occurred daily.[52] It was also meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights.[52][53] Proposed as early as 1927 by the aviation community,[54] the establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during World War II that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established a global network of weather ships in 1948, with 13 to be supplied by the United States.[53] This number was eventually negotiated down to nine.[55]
Their crews were normally out to sea for three weeks at a time, returning to port for 10 day stretches.[52] Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wave studies, as they did not avoid weather systems like other ships tended to for safety reasons.[56] They were also helpful in monitoring storms at sea, such as tropical cyclones.[57] The removal of a weather ship became a negative factor in forecasts leading up to the Great Storm of 1987.[58] Beginning in the 1970s, their role became largely superseded by weather buoys due to the ships' significant cost.[59] The agreement of the use of weather ships by the international community ended in 1990. The last weather ship was Polarfront, known as weather station M ("Mike"), which was put out of operation on 1 January 2010. Weather observations from ships continue from a fleet of voluntary merchant vessels in routine commercial operation.
Inland and coastal boats[link]
Many types of boats and ships are designed for inland and coastal waterways. These are the vessels that trade upon the lakes, rivers and canals.
Barges are a prime example of inland vessels. Flat-bottomed boats built to transport heavy goods, most barges are not self-propelled and need to be moved by tugboats towing or towboats pushing them. Barges towed along canals by draft animals on an adjacent towpath contended with the railway in the early industrial revolution but were out competed in the carriage of high value items because of the higher speed, falling costs, and route flexibility of rail transport.
Riverboats and inland ferries are specially designed to carry passengers, cargo, or both in the challenging river environment. Rivers present special hazards to vessels. They usually have varying water flows that alternately lead to high speed water flows or protruding rock hazards. Changing siltation patterns may cause the sudden appearance of shoal waters, and often floating or sunken logs and trees (called snags) can endanger the hulls and propulsion of riverboats. Riverboats are generally of shallow draft, being broad of beam and rather square in plan, with a low freeboard and high topsides. Riverboats can survive with this type of configuration as they do not have to withstand the high winds or large waves that are seen on large lakes, seas, or oceans.
Lake freighters, also called lakers, are cargo vessels that ply the Great Lakes. The most well-known is the SS Edmund Fitzgerald, the latest major vessel to be wrecked on the Lakes. These vessels are traditionally called boats, not ships. Visiting ocean-going vessels are called "salties." Because of their additional beam, very large salties are never seen inland of the Saint Lawrence Seaway. Because the smallest of the Soo Locks is larger than any Seaway lock, salties that can pass through the Seaway may travel anywhere in the Great Lakes. Because of their deeper draft, salties may accept partial loads on the Great Lakes, "topping off" when they have exited the Seaway. Similarly, the largest lakers are confined to the Upper Lakes (Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie) because they are too large to use the Seaway locks, beginning at the Welland Canal that bypasses the Niagara River.
Since the freshwater lakes are less corrosive to ships than the salt water of the oceans, lakers tend to last much longer than ocean freighters. Lakers older than 50 years are not unusual, and as of 2005, all were over 20 years of age.[60]
The St. Mary's Challenger, built in 1906 as the William P Snyder, is the oldest laker still working on the Lakes. Similarly, the E.M. Ford, built in 1898 as the Presque Isle, was sailing the lakes 98 years later in 1996. As of 2007 the Ford was still afloat as a stationary transfer vessel at a riverside cement silo in Saginaw, Michigan.
Architecture[link]
Further information: Naval architecture
Some components exist in vessels of any size and purpose. Every vessel has a hull of sorts. Every vessel has some sort of propulsion, whether it's a pole, an ox, or a nuclear reactor. Most vessels have some sort of steering system. Other characteristics are common, but not as universal, such as compartments, holds, a superstructure, and equipment such as anchors and winches.
Hull[link]
For a ship to float, its weight must be less than that of the water displaced by the ship's hull.[clarification needed] There are many types of hulls, from logs lashed together to form a raft to the advanced hulls of America's Cup sailboats. A vessel may have a single hull (called a monohull design), two in the case of catamarans, or three in the case of trimarans. Vessels with more than three hulls are rare, but some experiments have been conducted with designs such as pentamarans. Multiple hulls are generally parallel to each other and connected by rigid arms.
Hulls have several elements. The bow is the foremost part of the hull. Many ships feature a bulbous bow. The keel is at the very bottom of the hull, extending the entire length of the ship. The rear part of the hull is known as the stern, and many hulls have a flat back known as a transom. Common hull appendages include propellers for propulsion, rudders for steering, and stabilizers to quell a ship's rolling motion. Other hull features can be related to the vessel's work, such as fishing gear and sonar domes.
Hulls are subject to various hydrostatic and hydrodynamic constraints. The key hydrostatic constraint is that it must be able to support the entire weight of the boat, and maintain stability even with often unevenly distributed weight. Hydrodynamic constraints include the ability to withstand shock waves, weather collisions and groundings.
Older ships and pleasure craft often have or had wooden hulls. Steel is used for most commercial vessels. Aluminium is frequently used for fast vessels, and composite materials are often found in sailboats and pleasure craft. Some ships have been made with concrete hulls.
Propulsion systems[link]
Main article: Marine propulsion
Propulsion systems for ships fall into three categories: human propulsion, sailing, and mechanical propulsion. Human propulsion includes rowing, which was used even on large galleys. Propulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast, supported by stays and spars and controlled by ropes. Sail systems were the dominant form of propulsion until the 19th century. They are now generally used for recreation and competition, although experimental sail systems, such as the turbosails, rotorsails, and wingsails have been used on larger modern vessels for fuel savings.
Mechanical propulsion systems generally consist of a motor or engine turning a propeller, or less frequently, an impeller or wave propulsion fins. Steam engines were first used for this purpose, but have mostly been replaced by two-stroke or four-stroke diesel engines, outboard motors, and gas turbine engines on faster ships. Nuclear reactors producing steam are used to propel warships and icebreakers, and there have been attempts to utilize them to power commercial vessels (see NS Savannah).
In addition to traditional fixed and controllable pitch propellers there are many specialized variations, such as contra-rotating and nozzle-style propellers. Most vessels have a single propeller, but some large vessels may have up to four propellers supplemented with transverse thrusters for maneuvring at ports. The propeller is connected to the main engine via a propeller shaft and, in case of medium- and high-speed engines, a reduction gearbox. Some modern vessels have a diesel-electric powertrain in which the propeller is turned by an electric motor powered by the ship's generators.
Steering systems[link]
For ships with independent propulsion systems for each side, such as manual oars or some paddles,[61] steering systems may not be necessary. In most designs, such as boats propelled by engines or sails, a steering system becomes necessary. The most common is a rudder, a submerged plane located at the rear of the hull. Rudders are rotated to generate a lateral force which turns the boat. Rudders can be rotated by a tiller, manual wheels, or electro-hydraulic systems. Autopilot systems combine mechanical rudders with navigation systems. Ducted propellers are sometimes used for steering.
Some propulsion systems are inherently steering systems. Examples include the outboard motor, the bow thruster, and the Z-drive. Some sails, such as jibs and the mizzen sail on a ketch rig, are used more for steering than propulsion.
Holds, compartments, and the superstructure[link]
Larger boats and ships generally have multiple decks and compartments. Separate berthings and heads are found on sailboats over about 25 feet (7.6 m). Fishing boats and cargo ships typically have one or more cargo holds. Most larger vessels have an engine room, a galley, and various compartments for work. Tanks are used to store fuel, engine oil, and fresh water. Ballast tanks are equipped to change a ship's trim and modify its stability.
Superstructures are found above the main deck. On sailboats, these are usually very low. On modern cargo ships, they are almost always located near the ship's stern. On passenger ships and warships, the superstructure generally extends far forward.
Equipment[link]
Shipboard equipment varies from ship to ship depending on such factors as the ship's era, design, area of operation, and purpose. Some types of equipment that are widely found include:
- Masts can be the home of antennas, navigation lights, radar transponders, fog signals, and similar devices often required by law.
- Ground tackle includes equipment such as mooring winches, windlasses, and anchors. Anchors are used to moor ships in shallow water. They are connected to the ship by a rope or chain. On larger vessels, the chain runs through a hawsepipe.
- Cargo equipment such as cranes and cargo booms are used to load and unload cargo and ship's stores.
- Safety equipment such as lifeboats, liferafts, and survival suits are carried aboard many vessels for emergency use.
Design considerations[link]
Hydrostatics[link]
Boats and ships are kept on (or slightly above) the water in three ways:
- For most vessels, known as displacement vessels, the vessel's weight is offset by that of the water displaced by the hull.
- For planing ships and boats, such as the hydrofoil, the lift developed by the movement of the foil through the water increases with the vessel's speed, until the vessel is foilborne.
- For non-displacement craft such as hovercraft and air-cushion vehicles, the vessel is suspended over the water by a cushion of high-pressure air it projects downwards against the surface of the water.
A vessel is in equilibrium when the upwards and downwards forces are of equal magnitude. As a vessel is lowered into the water its weight remains constant but the corresponding weight of water displaced by its hull increases. When the two forces are equal, the boat floats. If weight is evenly distributed throughout the vessel, it floats without trim or heel.
A vessel's stability is considered in both this hydrostatic sense as well as a hydrodynamic sense, when subjected to movement, rolling and pitching, and the action of waves and wind. Stability problems can lead to excessive pitching and rolling, and eventually capsizing and sinking.
Hydrodynamics[link]
The advance of a vessel through water is resisted by the water. This resistance can be broken down into several components, the main ones being the friction of the water on the hull and wave making resistance. To reduce resistance and therefore increase the speed for a given power, it is necessary to reduce the wetted surface and use submerged hull shapes that produce low amplitude waves. To do so, high-speed vessels are often more slender, with fewer or smaller appendages. The friction of the water is also reduced by regular maintenance of the hull to remove the sea creatures and algae that accumulate there. Antifouling paint is commonly used to assist in this. Advanced designs such as the bulbous bow assist in decreasing wave resistance.
A simple way of considering wave-making resistance is to look at the hull in relation to its wake. At speeds lower than the wave propagation speed, the wave rapidly dissipates to the sides. As the hull approaches the wave propagation speed, however, the wake at the bow begins to build up faster than it can dissipate, and so it grows in amplitude. Since the water is not able to "get out of the way of the hull fast enough", the hull, in essence, has to climb over or push through the bow wave. This results in an exponential increase in resistance with increasing speed.
This hull speed is found by the formula:
Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{knots} \approx 1.34 \times \sqrt{L \mbox{ft}}
or, in metric units:
Failed to parse (Missing texvc executable; please see math/README to configure.): \mbox{knots} \approx 2.5 \times \sqrt{L \mbox{m}}
where L is the length of the waterline in feet or meters.
When the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 0.94, it starts to outrun most of its bow wave, and the hull actually settles slightly in the water as it is now only supported by two wave peaks. As the vessel exceeds a speed/length ratio of 1.34, the hull speed, the wavelength is now longer than the hull, and the stern is no longer supported by the wake, causing the stern to squat, and the bow rise. The hull is now starting to climb its own bow wave, and resistance begins to increase at a very high rate. While it is possible to drive a displacement hull faster than a speed/length ratio of 1.34, it is prohibitively expensive to do so. Most large vessels operate at speed/length ratios well below that level, at speed/length ratios of under 1.0.
For large projects with adequate funding, hydrodynamic resistance can be tested experimentally in a hull testing pool or using tools of computational fluid dynamics.
Vessels are also subject to ocean surface waves and sea swell as well as effects of wind and weather. These movements can be stressful for passengers and equipment, and must be controlled if possible. The rolling movement can be controlled, to an extent, by ballasting or by devices such as fin stabilizers. Pitching movement is more difficult to limit and can be dangerous if the bow submerges in the waves, a phenomenon called pounding. Sometimes, ships must change course or speed to stop violent rolling or pitching.
Lifecycle[link]
A ship will pass through several stages during its career. The first is usually an initial contract to build the ship, the details of which can vary widely based on relationships between the shipowners, operators, designers and the shipyard. Then, the design phase carried out by a naval architect. Then the ship is constructed in a shipyard. After construction, the vessel is launched and goes into service. Ships end their careers in a number of ways, ranging from shipwrecks to service as a museum ship to the scrapyard.
Design[link]
See also: Naval architecture
A vessel's design starts with a specification, which a naval architect uses to create a project outline, assess required dimensions, and create a basic layout of spaces and a rough displacement. After this initial rough draft, the architect can create an initial hull design, a general profile and an initial overview of the ship's propulsion. At this stage, the designer can iterate on the ship's design, adding detail and refining the design at each stage.
The designer will typically produce an overall plan, a general specification describing the peculiarities of the vessel, and construction blueprints to be used at the building site. Designs for larger or more complex vessels may also include sail plans, electrical schematics, and plumbing and ventilation plans.
As environmental laws are strictening, ship designers need to create their design in such a way that the ship -when it nears its end-of-term- can be disassmbled or disposed easily and that waste is reduced to a minimum.
Construction[link]
Main article: Shipbuilding
Ship construction takes place in a shipyard, and can last from a few months for a unit produced in series, to several years to reconstruct a wooden boat like the frigate Hermione, to more than 10 years for an aircraft carrier. Hull materials and vessel size play a large part in determining the method of construction. The hull of a mass-produced fiberglass sailboat is constructed from a mold, while the steel hull of a cargo ship is made from large sections welded together as they are built.
File:Cochinshipyard.jpg
A shipyard at Kerala, Southern India
Generally, construction starts with the hull, and on vessels over about 30 meters (98 ft), by the laying of the keel. This is done in a drydock or on land. Once the hull is assembled and painted, it is launched. The last stages, such as raising the superstructure and adding equipment and accommodation, can be done after the vessel is afloat.
Once completed, the vessel is delivered to the customer. Ship launching is often a ceremony of some significance, and is usually when the vessel is formally named. A typical small rowboat can cost under US$100, $1,000 for a small speedboat, tens of thousands of dollars for a cruising sailboat, and about $2,000,000 for a Vendée Globe class sailboat. A 25 meters (82 ft) trawler may cost $2.5 million, and a 1,000-person-capacity high-speed passenger ferry can cost in the neighborhood of $50 million. A ship's cost partly depends on its complexity: a small, general cargo ship will cost $20 million, a Panamax-sized bulk carrier around $35 million, a supertanker around $105 million and a large LNG carrier nearly $200 million. The most expensive ships generally are so because of the cost of embedded electronics: a Seawolf-class submarine costs around $2 billion, and an aircraft carrier goes for about $3.5 billion.
Repair and conversion[link]
Ships undergo nearly constant maintenance during their career, whether they be underway, pierside, or in some cases, in periods of reduced operating status between charters or shipping seasons.
Most ships, however, require trips to special facilities such as a drydock at regular intervals. Tasks often done at drydock include removing biological growths on the hull, sandblasting and repainting the hull, and replacing sacrificial anodes used to protect submerged equipment from corrosion. Major repairs to the propulsion and steering systems as well as major electrical systems are also often performed at dry dock.
Vessels that sustain major damage at sea may be repaired at a facility equipped for major repairs, such as a shipyard. Ships may also be converted for a new purpose: oil tankers are often converted into floating production storage and offloading units.
End of service[link]
Main article: Ship disposal
Most ocean-going cargo ships have a life expectancy of between 20 and 30 years. A sailboat made of plywood or fiberglass can last between 30 and 40 years. Solid wooden ships can last much longer but require regular maintenance. Carefully maintained steel-hulled yachts can have a lifespan of over 100 years.
As ships age, forces such as corrosion, osmosis, and rotting compromise hull strength, and a vessel becomes too dangerous to sail. At this point, it can be scuttled at sea or scrapped by shipbreakers. Ships can also be used as museum ships, or expended to construct breakwaters or artificial reefs.
Many ships do not make it to the scrapyard, and are lost in fires, collisions, grounding, or sinking at sea. There are more than 3 million shipwrecks on the ocean floor, the United Nations estimates.[62] The Allies lost some 5,150 ships during World War II.[63]
Measuring ships[link]
One can measure ships in terms of overall length, length of the ship at the waterline, beam (breadth), depth (distance between the crown of the weather deck and the top of the keelson), draft (distance between the highest waterline and the bottom of the ship) and tonnage. A number of different tonnage definitions exist and are used when describing merchant ships for the purpose of tolls, taxation, etc.
In Britain until Samuel Plimsoll's Merchant Shipping Act of 1876, ship-owners could load their vessels until their decks were almost awash, resulting in a dangerously unstable condition. Anyone who signed on to such a ship for a voyage and, upon realizing the danger, chose to leave the ship, could end up in jail. Plimsoll, a Member of Parliament, realised the problem and engaged some engineers to derive a fairly simple formula to determine the position of a line on the side of any specific ship's hull which, when it reached the surface of the water during loading of cargo, meant the ship had reached its maximum safe loading level. To this day, that mark, called the "Plimsoll Line", exists on ships' sides, and consists of a circle with a horizontal line through the centre. On the Great Lakes of North America the circle is replaced with a diamond. Because different types of water (summer, fresh, tropical fresh, winter north Atlantic) have different densities, subsequent regulations required painting a group of lines forward of the Plimsoll mark to indicate the safe depth (or freeboard above the surface) to which a specific ship could load in water of various densities. Hence the "ladder" of lines seen forward of the Plimsoll mark to this day. This is called the "freeboard mark" or "load line mark" in the marine industry.
Ship pollution[link]
Ship pollution is the pollution of air and water by shipping. It is a problem that has been accelerating as trade has become increasingly globalized, posing an increasing threat to the world’s oceans and waterways as globalization continues. It is expected that, “...shipping traffic to and from the USA is projected to double by 2020."[64] Because of increased traffic in ocean ports, pollution from ships also directly affects coastal areas. The pollution produced affects biodiversity, climate, food, and human health. However, the degree to which humans are polluting and how it affects the world is highly debated and has been a hot international topic for the past 30 years.
Oil spills[link]
Main article: Oil spill
Oil spills have devastating effects on the environment. Crude oil contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are very difficult to clean up, and last for years in the sediment and marine environment.[66] Marine species constantly exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease, and abnormal reproductive cycles.
By the sheer amount of oil carried, modern oil tankers must be considered something of a threat to the environment. An oil tanker can carry 2 million barrels (318,000 m3) of crude oil, or 84,000,000 US gallons (69,940,000 imp gal; 318,000,000 L). This is more than six times the amount spilled in the widely known Exxon Valdez incident. In this spill, the ship ran aground and dumped 10,800,000 US gallons (8,993,000 imp gal; 40,880,000 L) of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Despite efforts of scientists, managers, and volunteers, over 400,000 seabirds, about 1,000 sea otters, and immense numbers of fish were killed.[66]
The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation has researched 9,351 accidental spills since 1974.[67] According to this study, most spills result from routine operations such as loading cargo, discharging cargo, and taking on fuel oil.[67] 91% of the operational oil spills were small, resulting in less than 7 tons per spill.[67] Spills resulting from accidents like collisions, groundings, hull failures, and explosions are much larger, with 84% of these involving losses of over 700 tons.[67]
Following the Exxon Valdez spill, the United States passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA-90), which included a stipulation that all tankers entering its waters be double-hulled by 2015. Following the sinkings of the Erika (1999) and Prestige (2002), the European Union passed its own stringent anti-pollution packages (known as Erika I, II, and III), which require all tankers entering its waters to be double-hulled by 2010. The Erika packages are controversial because they introduced the new legal concept of "serious negligence".[68]
Ballast water[link]
Main article: Ballast water discharge and the environment
When a large vessel such as a container ship or an oil tanker unloads cargo, seawater is pumped into other compartments in the hull to help stabilize and balance the ship. During loading, this ballast water is pumped out from these compartments.
One of the problems with ballast water transfer is the transport of harmful organisms. Meinesz[69] believes that one of the worst cases of a single invasive species causing harm to an ecosystem can be attributed to a seemingly harmless jellyfish. Mnemiopsis leidyi, a species of comb jellyfish that inhabits estuaries from the United States to the Valdés peninsula in Argentina along the Atlantic coast, has caused notable damage in the Black Sea. It was first introduced in 1982, and thought to have been transported to the Black Sea in a ship’s ballast water. The population of the jellyfish shot up exponentially and, by 1988, it was wreaking havoc upon the local fishing industry. "The anchovy catch fell from 204,000 tonnes (225,000 short tons; 201,000 long tons) in 1984 to 200 tonnes (220 short tons; 197 long tons) in 1993; sprat from 24,600 tonnes (27,100 short tons; 24,200 long tons) in 1984 to 12,000 tonnes (13,200 short tons; 11,800 long tons) in 1993; horse mackerel from 4,000 tonnes (4,410 short tons; 3,940 long tons) in 1984 to zero in 1993."[69] Now that the jellyfish have exhausted the zooplankton, including fish larvae, their numbers have fallen dramatically, yet they continue to maintain a stranglehold on the ecosystem. Recently the jellyfish have been discovered in the Caspian Sea. Invasive species can take over once occupied areas, facilitate the spread of new diseases, introduce new genetic material, alter landscapes and jeopardize the ability of native species to obtain food. "On land and in the sea, invasive species are responsible for about 137 billion dollars in lost revenue and management costs in the U.S. each year."[66]
Ballast and bilge discharge from ships can also spread human pathogens and other harmful diseases and toxins potentially causing health issues for humans and marine life alike.[70] Discharges into coastal waters, along with other sources of marine pollution, have the potential to be toxic to marine plants, animals, and microorganisms, causing alterations such as changes in growth, disruption of hormone cycles, birth defects, suppression of the immune system, and disorders resulting in cancer, tumors, and genetic abnormalities or even death.[66]
Exhaust emissions[link]
Exhaust emissions from ships are considered to be a significant source of air pollution. “Seagoing vessels are responsible for an estimated 14 percent of emissions of nitrogen from fossil fuels and 16 percent of the emissions of sulfur from petroleum uses into the atmosphere.”[66] In Europe ships make up a large percentage of the sulfur introduced to the air, “...as much sulfur as all the cars, lorries and factories in Europe put together.”[71] “By 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over land could come from ships.”[71] Sulfur in the air creates acid rain which damages crops and buildings. When inhaled sulfur is known to cause respiratory problems and increase the risk of a heart attack.[71]
Ship breaking[link]
Main article: ship breaking
Ship breaking or ship demolition is a type of ship disposal involving the breaking up of ships for scrap recycling, with the hulls being discarded in ship graveyards. Most ships have a lifespan of a few decades before there is so much wear that refitting and repair becomes uneconomical. Ship breaking allows materials from the ship, especially steel, to be reused.
In addition to steel and other useful materials, however, ships (particularly older vessels) can contain many substances that are banned or considered dangerous in developed countries. Asbestos and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are typical examples. Asbestos was used heavily in ship construction until it was finally banned in most of the developed world in the mid 1980s. Currently, the costs associated with removing asbestos, along with the potentially expensive insurance and health risks, have meant that ship-breaking in most developed countries is no longer economically viable. Removing the metal for scrap can potentially cost more than the scrap value of the metal itself. In the developing world, however, shipyards can operate without the risk of personal injury lawsuits or workers' health claims, meaning many of these shipyards may operate with high health risks. Protective equipment is sometimes absent or inadequate. Dangerous vapors and fumes from burning materials can be inhaled, and dusty asbestos-laden areas around such breakdown locations are commonplace.
Aside from the health of the yard workers, in recent years, ship breaking has also become an issue of major environmental concern. Many developing nations, in which ship breaking yards are located, have lax or no environmental law, enabling large quantities of highly toxic materials to escape into the environment and causing serious health problems among ship breakers, the local population and wildlife. Environmental campaign groups such as Greenpeace have made the issue a high priority for their campaigns.[72]
Buoyancy[link]
See also: Buoyancy
A floating boat displaces its weight in water. The material of the boat hull may be denser than water, but if this is the case then it forms only the outer layer. If the boat floats, the mass of the boat (plus contents) as a whole divided by the volume below the waterline is equal to the density of water (1 kg/l). If weight is added to the boat, the volume below the waterline will increase to keep the weight balance equal, and so the boat sinks a little to compensate.
See also[link]
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- Airship
- Chartering (shipping)
- Dynamic positioning
- Factory ship
- Flag State
- Environmental issues with shipping
- Ferry
- Glossary of nautical terms
- Marine electronics
- Marine fuel management
- Maritime history
- Maritime law
- Naval architecture
- Navy
- Propulsion system
- Sailing
- Sailing ship
- Sailor
- Ship burial
- Ship transport
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- Spaceship
- Train ferry
- Whaler
Model ships
Lists
- List of civilian nuclear ships
- List of fictional ships
- List of historical ship types
- List of ships
- List of shipwrecks
- List of the world's largest cruise ships
- List of world's largest ships by gross tonnage
- List of world's longest ships
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c d UNCTAD 2007, p. x and p. 32.
- ^ "The Columbian Exchange". The University of North Carolina.
- ^ Cutler 1999, p. 620.
- ^ Cutler 1999, p. 611.
- ^ Chief of Naval Operations (March 2001). "The Saga of the Submarine: Early Years to the Beginning of Nuclear Power". United States Navy. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/subsaga5.html. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
- ^ E.g., The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, p. 356. 2003. ISBN 0-226-10403-6.
- ^ The Times Style Guide
- ^ George, Rose (29 November 2010). "All at Sea". Slate Magazine. http://www.slate.com/id/2274626/entry/2274627/. Retrieved 4 December 2010.
- ^ a b c Ward, Cheryl. "World's Oldest Planked Boats," in Archaeology (Volume 54, Number 3, May/June 2001). Archaeological Institute of America. Archaeology.org
- ^ The earliest known Egyptian boats date to 3000 B.C. and were found in Abydos in 1991. They consisted of planks joined by ropes passing through mortises. Similar boats dating to 2600 B.C. were found in 1954 and 1987 in pits at the Great Pyramid of Khufu in Giza. In 1894, Egyptian boats composed of planks joined by mortises and tenons were found in Dashur. See: ABC.se
- ^ Agatharchides, in Wilfred Harvey Schoff (Secretary of the Commercial Museum of Philadelphia) with a foreword by W. P. Wilson, Sc. Director, The Philadelphia Museums. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century, Translated from the Greek and Annotated (1912). New York, New York: Longmans, Green, and Co., pages 50 (for attribution) and 57 (for quote).
- ^ Anzovin, item # 5393, page 385 Reference to a ship with a name appears in an inscription of 2613 BCE that recounts the shipbuilding achievements of the fourth-dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Sneferu. He was recorded as the builder of a cedarwood vessel called "Praise of the Two Lands."
- ^ Aksum An African Civilization of Late Antiquity by Stuart Munro-Hay
- ^ "Aksum by MSN Encarta". Aksum by MSN Encarta. Encarta.msn.com. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564182/aksum.html. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). Cultures and Customs of Somalia. ISBN 978-0-313-31333-2. http://books.google.com/?id=2Nu918tYMB8C&pg=PA13&lpg=PA13&dq=medieval+Somali+sailors. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ "Minoan civilization". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Chisholm, 1911:703.
- ^ Greatest emporium in the world, CSI, UNESCO.
- ^ "The Origins of Globalization", Ivey Business Journal.
- ^ Hall, Martin; Silliman, Stephen W. (2006). Historical Archaeology. ISBN 978-1-4051-0751-8. http://books.google.com/?id=cmaTt05CJ3wC&pg=PA242&lpg=PA242&dq=Great+Zimbabwe,+trade+port. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ Texancultures.utsa.edu
- ^ Joan Baxter (13 December 2000). "Africa's 'greatest explorer'". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1068950.stm. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
- ^ Li Shu-hua, “Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole,” Isis, Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954), p.181
- ^ Frederic C. Lane, “The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compass,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 68, No. 3. (Apr., 1963), p.615ff.
- ^ Chisholm, 1911:284.
- ^ Journal of African History pg.50 by John Donnelly Fage and Roland Anthony Oliver
- ^ East Africa and its Invaders pg.38
- ^ "Eastern and Southern Africa 500-1000 AD". Metmuseum.org. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/06/sfe/ht06sfe.htm. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ "Tanzanian dig unearths ancient secret by Tira Shubart". BBC News. 2002-04-17. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1924318.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ Newitt, M. D. D (1995). A History of Mozambique. ISBN 978-0-253-34006-1. http://books.google.com/?id=vLzp_zs1t6cC&pg=PA245&lpg=PA245&dq=Swahili+trade+ports. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ "Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354". Fordham.edu. 2001-02-21. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1354-ibnbattuta.html. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ "West African Kingdoms". Kurahulanda.com. http://www.kurahulanda.com/west-african-kingdoms/west-african. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ "The Story of Africa". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/specials/1624_story_of_africa/page82.shtml. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ Africa's Part in the Discovery of America by the New York Times
- ^ "Africa's 'greatest explorer' by BBC". BBC News. 2000-12-13. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1068950.stm. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ "The European Golden Age of Shipping". Discovery Channel.
- ^ Love, Ronald S., "Maritime exploration in the age of discovery, 1415-1800", Greenwood guides to historic events, 1500-1900, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, ISBN 0-313-32043-8
- ^ "The Middle Colonies: New York". Digital History.
- ^ Auguste Mayer's picture as described by the official website of the Musée national de la Marine (in French)
- ^ UNCTAD 2007, p. 32.
- ^ a b c d UNFAO, 2007, p. 25.
- ^ UNFAO 2005, p.6.
- ^ UNFAO 2005, p.9.
- ^ Paulet, Dominique; Presles ,Dominique (1999) (in Français). Architecture navale, connaissance et pratique. Paris: Éditions de la Villette. ISBN 2-903539-46-4.
- ^ UNCTAD 2007, p. xii uses a similar, but slightly more detailed classification system.
- ^ With the addition of corvettes, this is the categorization used at United States Navy. "U.S. Navy Ships". United States Navy. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/our_ships.asp. Retrieved 2008-04-20.
- ^ Hospital Ship (definition via WordNet, Princeton University)
- ^ Cutter, 1999, p. 224.
- ^ UNFAO defines a large fishing vessel as one with gross tonnage over 100 GT.
- ^ UNFAO, 2007, p. 28.
- ^ a b c UNFAO, 2007, p. 11.
- ^ a b c Malcolm Francis Willoughby (1980-06). The U.S. Coast Guard in World War II. pp. 127–130. ISBN 978-0-405-13081-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=T5A9LCujs08C&pg=PA129&lpg=PA129&dq=weather+ship+book#v=onepage&q=weather%20ship%20book&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ a b Magazines, Hearst (June 1948). "Britain's First Weather Ship". Popular Mechanics: 136. http://books.google.com/books?id=QtkDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA136&lpg=PA136&dq=weather+ship+book#v=onepage&q=weather%20ship%20book&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ George Lee Dowd, Jr. (August 1927). "The First Plane to Germany". Popular Science (Popular Science Publishing Company, Inc.) 111 (2): 121. http://books.google.com/books?id=ICoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA121&dq=weather+ship+network+book#v=onepage&q=weather%20ship%20network%20book&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Hans Ulrich Roll (1965). Physics of the marine atmosphere. Academic Press. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0-12-593650-7. http://books.google.com/books?id=NEuXtdcroDMC&pg=PA14&dq=weather+ship+network+book#v=onepage&q=weather%20ship%20network%20book&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Stanislaw R. Massel (1996). Ocean surface waves: their physics and prediction. World Scientific. pp. 369–371. ISBN 978-981-02-2109-6. http://books.google.com/books?id=8sHp9ml7G6YC&pg=PA371&lpg=PA371&dq=weather+ship+book#v=onepage&q=weather%20ship%20book&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Carl. O. Erickson (March 1967). "Some Aspects of the Development of Hurricane Dorothy". Monthly Weather Review 95 (3): 121–130. DOI:10.1175/1520-0493(1967)095<0121:SAOTDO>2.3.CO;2. http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/095/mwr-095-03-0121.pdf. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ "Romeo Would Have Spied the Storm". New Scientist (IPC Magazines) 116 (1583): 22. 1987-10-22. http://books.google.com/books?id=nCLWnFozM6EC&pg=PA25&dq=weather+ship+network+book#v=onepage&q=weather%20ship%20network%20book&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ National Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Science Committee, National Research Council (U.S.). Study Panel on Ocean Atmosphere Interaction (1974). The role of the ocean in predicting climate: a report of workshops conducted by Study Panel on Ocean Atmosphere Interaction under the auspices of the Ocean Science Committee of the Ocean Affairs Board, Commission on Natural Resources, National Research Council. National Academies. p. 40. http://books.google.com/books?id=2zQrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA40&dq=weather+ship+network+book#v=onepage&q=weather%20ship%20network%20book&f=false. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
- ^ Office of Data and Economic Analysis, 2006, p. 2.
- ^ Almost all paddle steamers had a single engine with their paddles permanently coupled, without any clutches, and so could not be used for steering. Only a few examples with separate engines were steerable. The Royal Navy however operated diesel-electric harbour tugs with paddles into the 1970s, for their superior maneuverability.
- ^ Arango, Tim (2007-09-11). "Curse of the $500 million sunken treasure". Money.cnn.tv. http://money.cnn.tv/2007/09/10/news/companies/odyssey_treasure_fortune.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
- ^ Sea Lanes in Wartime - The American Experience 1775-1945, 2nd edition, by Albion, Robert Greenhalgh and Pope, Jennie Barnes, Archon Books, 1968.
- ^ Watson, T. (2004, August 30). Ship pollution clouds USA's skies. USA Today. Retrieved November 1, 2006, from USAtoday.com
- ^ "Frequently asked questions about the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill". State of Alaska. http://www.evostc.state.ak.us/History/FAQ.htm.
- ^ a b c d e Panetta, L. E. (Chair) (2003). America's living oceans: charting a course for sea change [Electronic Version, CD] Pew Oceans Commission.
- ^ a b c d "International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Statistics". Itopf.com. 2005-06-09. http://www.itopf.com/information-services/data-and-statistics/statistics/. Retrieved 2009-04-21.
- ^ European Parliament (2005). Directive 2005/35/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005 on ship-source pollution and on the introduction of penalties for infringements. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2005:255:0011:01:EN:HTML. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
- ^ a b Meinesz, A. (2003). Deep Sea Invasion. The Impact of Invasive Species. PBS: NOVA. Retrieved November 26, 2006, from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/algae/impact.html
- ^ National Research Council, Committee on the Ocean's Role in Human Health, Ocean Studies Board, Commission on Geosciences, Environment, and Resources. (1999). From monsoons to microbes: understanding the ocean's role in human health. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press
- ^ a b c Harrabin, R. (2003, June 25). EU faces ship clean-up call. BBC News. Retrieved November 1, 2006, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3019686.stm
- ^ "Shipbreaking". Greenpeace. March 16, 2006. http://www.greenpeaceweb.org/shipbreak/. Retrieved 2007-08-27.
References[link]
- Anzovin, Steven (2000). Famous First Facts (International Edition). H. W. Wilson Company. ISBN 0-8242-0958-3.
- Bowditch, Nathaniel (2002). The American Practical Navigator. Bethesda, MD: National Imagery and Mapping Agency. ISBN 0-939837-54-4. http://www.irbs.com/bowditch/.
- Central Intelligence Agency (2007). CIA World Factbook 2008. Skyhorse Publishing. ISBN 1-60239-080-0. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html. Retrieved 2008-02-22.
- Chatterton, Edward Keble (1915). Sailing Ships and Their Story: The Story of Their Development from the Earliest Times to the Present Day. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company. http://books.google.com/?id=C-cVAAAAMAAJ&printsec=titlepage. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- Cotterill, Charles Clement; Little, Edward Delanoy (1868). Ships and sailors, ancient and modern. London: Seeley, Jackson and Halliday. http://books.google.com/?id=j1wBAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover.
- Cutler, Thomas J. (1999). The Bluejacket's Manual (Bluejacket's Manual, 22nd ed). Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-065-7.
- Cutler, Thomas J. (December 2003). Dutton's Nautical Navigation (15th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-55750-248-3.
- Det Norske Veritas (2008). "Knock Nevis". DNV Exchange. Det Norske Veritas. https://exchange.dnv.com/exchange/main.aspx?extool=vessel&subview=summary&vesselid=16864.
- Encyclopædia Britannica (1911). "Navigation". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_TIFF_demo.
- Encyclopædia Britannica (1911). "Ship". In Chisholm, Hugh. Encyclopædia Britannica. 24 (11th ed.). pp. 881–889. http://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tim_Starling/ScanSet_TIFF_demo&vol=24&page=ED4A915.
- Fisheries and Aquacultures Department (2007). "The Status of the Fishing Fleet". The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2006. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0699e/A0699E04.htm#4.1.5.
- George, William (2005). Stability and Trim for the Ship's Officer. Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-87033-564-8.
- Hayler, William B.; Keever, John M. (2003). American Merchant Seaman's Manual. Cornell Maritime Pr. ISBN 0-87033-549-9.
- Huber, Mark (2001). Tanker operations: a handbook for the person-in-charge (PIC). Cambridge, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-528-6.
- Lavery, Brian (2004). Ship: The Epic Story of Maritime Adventure (Smithsonian). New York: DK Publishing Inc. ISBN 0-7566-0496-6.
- Maloney, Elbert S. (December 2003). Chapman Piloting and Seamanship (64th ed.). New York, NY: Hearst Communications Inc.. ISBN [[Special:BookSources/1-58816-098-0|1-58816-098-0]].
- Office of Data and Economic Analysis (July 2006). "World Merchant Fleet 2001–2005" (PDF). United States Maritime Administration. http://www.marad.dot.gov/MARAD_statistics/2005%20STATISTICS/World%20Merchant%20Fleet%202005.pdf. Retrieved March 13, 2007.
- Overseas Shipholding Group (2008-02-22). "Overseas Shipholding Group Fleet List". Overseas Shipholding Group. http://www.osg.com/uploadedFiles/2222008FleetlistDownload.xls.
- Sawyer, L. A.; Mitchell, W. O. (1987). Sailing ship to supertanker: the hundred-year story of British Esso and its ships. Lavenham, Suffolk: Terence Dalton. ISBN 0-86138-055-X.
- Singh, Baljit (July 11, 1999). "The world's biggest ship". The Times (of India). http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul11/sunday/head3.htm. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
- Turpin, Edward A.; McEwen, William A. (1980). Merchant Marine Officers' Handbook (4th ed.). Centreville, MD: Cornell Maritime Press. ISBN 0-87033-056-X.
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2006) (PDF). Review of Maritime Transport, 2006. New York and Geneva: United Nations. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2006_en.pdf.
- United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (2007) (PDF). Review of Maritime Transport, 2007. New York and Geneva: United Nations. http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/rmt2007_en.pdf.
- Stopford, Martin (1997). Maritime economics. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15309-3. http://books.google.com/?id=_R-YB70kly8C&printsec=frontcover.
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For the activist group Sea Shepherd's ship, see MY Bob Barker.
| Bob Barker | |
|---|---|
 Bob Barker guest hosting WWE Raw on September 7, 2009 at Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois |
|
| Born | Robert William Barker (1923-12-12) December 12, 1923 (age 88) Darrington, Washington, U.S. |
| Occupation | Game show host |
| Years active | 1950–2007 |
| Spouse | Dorothy Jo Gideon (1945–1981; her death) |
Robert William "Bob" Barker (born December 12, 1923) is a former American television game show host. He is best known for hosting CBS's The Price Is Right from 1972 to 2007, making it the longest-running daytime game show in North American television history, and for hosting Truth or Consequences from 1956 to 1975.[1]
Born in Washington to modest circumstances, Barker enlisted in the United States Navy on the outbreak of World War II. Barker worked part-time in radio while he attended college. In 1950, Barker moved to California in order to pursue a career in broadcasting. He was given his own radio show, The Bob Barker Show, which ran for the next six years out of Burbank.[2] Barker began his game show career in 1956, hosting Truth or Consequences. From there, he hosted various game shows as well as the Miss Universe pageants. Eventually, he hosted The Price Is Right, beginning in 1972. When his wife Dorothy Jo died, Barker became an advocate for animal rights. Since then, Barker has been a long-time supporter of animal rights, and of animal-rights activism, including groups such as the United Activists for Animal Rights and the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. In 2007, Barker retired from hosting The Price Is Right after celebrating his 50-year career on television.
Contents |
Biography[link]
Early life[link]
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2010) |
_Barker_-_South_Dakota%27s_Indian_Census_Roll;_April_1,_1930.jpg)
Barker was born in Darrington, Washington, and spent most of his youth on the Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota. The U.S. Indian Census Rolls, 1885–1940, list Barker as an official member of the Sioux tribe.[3][4][5] His mother, Matilda ("Tillie") Valandra (née Matilda Kent Tarleton), was a school teacher; his father, Byron John Barker, was the foreman on the electrical high line through the state of Washington. Barker is 1/8 Sioux.[6] While in Washington, his father fell from a tower and sustained an injury which resulted in his death in 1929. Barker has a half-brother, Kent Valandra, from Matilda's subsequent re-marriage. In 1931, the family moved to Springfield, Missouri, where Barker graduated from Central High School in 1941.
Barker attended Drury College (now Drury University) in Springfield, on a basketball scholarship. He was a member of the Epsilon Beta Chapter of Sigma Nu fraternity at Drury. On the outbreak of World War II, Barker served in the United States Navy as a fighter pilot. However, the war ended before he was assigned to a seagoing squadron. After the war, he returned to Drury to finish his education, graduating summa cum laude with a degree in economics.
Broadcasting Career[link]
While attending college in Drury, Barker worked his first "media job", at KTTS-FM Radio, in Springfield. He left Springfield and worked at a radio station in Florida. In 1950, Barker moved to California in order to pursue a career in broadcasting. He was given his own radio show, The Bob Barker Show, which ran for the next six years out of Burbank.[7] He was hosting an audience-participation radio show on KNX (AM) in Los Angeles when game show producer Ralph Edwards happened to be listening and liked Barker's voice and style.
Game show career[link]
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009) |
[edit] Truth or Consequences (1956–1975)
Barker started hosting Truth or Consequences on December 31, 1956 and would continue with the program until 1975. The idea was to mix the original quiz element of game shows with wacky stunts. On the show, people had to answer a trivia question correctly (usually an off-the-wall question that no one would be able to answer correctly) before "Beulah the Buzzer" was sounded. If the contestant could not complete the "Truth" portion, there would be "Consequences", usually a zany and embarrassing stunt. In addition, during Barker's run as host, "Barker's Box" was played. Barker's Box was a box with four drawers in it. If a contestant was able to pick all three drawers with money inside before picking the empty drawer, he or she won a bonus prize.
In various broadcasts, the stunts on the program included a popular, but emotional, heart-rending surprise for a contestant, that being the reunion with a long-lost relative or with an enlisted son or daughter returning from military duty overseas, particularly Vietnam.
It was on Truth or Consequences that the salute became his trademark sign-off; he ended each episode with "Bob Barker saying goodbye, and hoping all your consequences are happy ones!"
[edit] End of the Rainbow (1957–1958)
On December 4, 1957, Barker began hosting a new Ralph Edwards creation, the short-lived End of the Rainbow for NBC. On this show (similar to Barker's Truth or Consequences and Edwards' This Is Your Life), he and co-host Art Baker went out to various places in America and surprised the less-fortunate who helped others when they could barely help themselves.
For example, the first episode featured a Minneapolis grocer who, in return for his community service, was given a complete makeover to his store plus new furniture and appliances for his home. In addition, his landlord (who was in on the surprise) announced that the current month's rent was free and that the grocer's rent would never increase.
[edit] The Family Game (1967)
In 1967, Barker hosted the short-lived game show The Family Game for Chuck Barris, where he would ask children contestants questions about their families' lives, and the parents had to guess how they answered, similar in fashion to The Newlywed Game.
[edit] Simon Says (1971)
In 1971, Barker was tapped to host a pilot for NBC entitled Simon Says, which required him to interact with a giant computer called "Simon" in Let's Make A Deal-style "trades". The pilot was produced by Wesley J. Cox of DUNDAS Productions, and its theme was "The Savers" (the theme used on The Joker's Wild, which has led some to believe that Cox or DUNDAS was an alias for Jack Barry or Dan Enright, since Joker used the theme in its original 1968 pilot). There is at least one (somewhat low-quality) clip of the pilot on the video sharing website YouTube.[8]
[edit] That's My Line (1980–1981)
In 1980, Barker hosted a series called That's My Line for Goodson-Todman. The series was not a game show, but rather a program along the lines of Real People and That's Incredible! The show's second season in 1981 focused more on unusual stunts, and was cancelled in September.
[edit] The Price Is Right (1972–2007)
On September 4, 1972, Barker began hosting the CBS revival of The Price Is Right. In the 35 years of the CBS version, he has become far more associated with the series than first host Bill Cullen was with the 1956–1965 original. In September 1977, he hosted the last three seasons of the syndicated nighttime version, originally hosted by Dennis James.
On October 15, 1987, Barker did what other MCs almost never did: renounced hair dye and allowed his hair to turn gray. Fellow hosts Monty Hall, Alex Trebek, and Richard Dawson would do the same in the late 1980s.
Barker took over the role of executive producer for the show in 1988, following the death of the original executive producer, Frank Wayne. In this capacity, Barker created several pricing games, instituted a prohibition on foreign cars and animal-based products (see "Animal rights" below), and launched a prime-time series of specials known as The Price Is Right $1,000,000 Spectacular.
In 2006, The Price Is Right marked its 35th consecutive year on the air. It is the longest-running game show of all time in North America, and at the time was the last surviving show in the daytime game show genre, having survived (at the time) twelve years after its last competitor had been canceled. (CBS would later revive daytime game shows in 2009). Overall, in daytime programming (excluding Saturday and Sunday), The Price Is Right is ranked sixth among the longest-continuing daytime television programs (NBC's Today ranks the longest, followed by four daytime soap operas: Guiding Light, As the World Turns, General Hospital, and Days of our Lives), and moved into fifth in September 2009 after Guiding Light aired its final episode on CBS. It has won its time slot (11:00 a.m. Eastern) for the past 25 years with its closest competitor (currently ABC's The View) normally getting about half of TPIR's ratings.
 |
Wikinews has related news: Bob Barker to retire as host of U.S. gameshow The Price Is Right |
On October 31, 2006, Barker made his announcement that he would retire from The Price Is Right in June 2007.[9] However, Barker has revealed that FremantleMedia, the company that owns the show, had been looking for a successor in the last two to three years, and also that he had considered retirement for a while, but he had so much fun that he continued to do the show. He taped his final episode on June 6, 2007, with the show airing twice on June 15. The first airing was in the show's normal daytime slot and the second airing was in primetime as the lead-in to the Daytime Emmy Awards. Repeat episodes from Barker's final season continued to air until October 12, 2007, ending with a repeat of his final episode. On July 23 it was announced that comedian Drew Carey would take Barker's place as the new host for the show beginning on October 15, 2007.
During Barker's tenure as host, three pricing games were introduced that used his name: Barker's Bargain Bar, Barker's Markers and Trader Bob. Of the three, none are actively played on the show – Trader Bob was retired from the show in 1985, Barker's Marker$ was renamed Make Your Mark following Barker's retirement, and subsequently retired, and Barker's Bargain Bar has been retooled as the Bargain Game after a four-year hiatus between 2008 and 2012.
Barker made a guest appearance on the show for an episode that aired on April 16, 2009 to promote his new autobiography, Priceless Memories. He appeared in the Showcase round at the end of the show.[10]
Personal life[link]
Barker married his high school sweetheart Dorothy Jo Gideon on January 12, 1945 and the couple remained married for 36 years up until her death on October 19, 1981 from lung cancer. The couple had no children. Barker has not remarried after her death; however, he was later involved in a relationship with model Dian Parkinson from 1989 to 1991, a relationship that ended in legal action.
Animal rights[link]
Barker became a vegetarian in 1979. That same year, he began promoting animal rights. He was named national spokesman for "Be Kind to Animals Week" in May 1985. On A&E's Biography program, he credited his wife, Dorothy Jo, with causing him to become more aware of animal rights and becoming a vegetarian, because she had done so. Bob remarked that Dorothy Jo was way ahead of her time as far as animal rights were concerned and that shortly after her death in October, 1981, he took up animal rights in order to keep doing something that she had done.
Barker began ending some episodes (later every episode) of The Price Is Right with the phrase: "Help control the pet population. Have your pets spayed or neutered." After he retired, Drew Carey continued his signature sign-off advocating neutering. Fellow game show hosts Jack Barry and Bert Convy eventually followed Barker's lead in promoting animal rights on the air.[11]
Barker hosted the Miss USA/Universe Pageants from 1967 to 1987. In 1987, he requested the removal of fur prizes and stepped down as host when those in charge of the pageant refused.[11]
Bob Barker's DJ&T Foundation, founded in 1994 and named after his wife and mother, has contributed millions of dollars for animal neutering programs[12] and to fund animal rescue and park facilities all over the United States. He worked closely with Betty White as an advocate for animal rights.[11][13] However in 2009, reports indicated that Barker threatened to not attend the 2009 Game Show Awards (but was seen in the audience), where he was to receive a lifetime achievement award, because White would be attending. The reason for the conflict, according to the report, was over the proper treatment of an elephant at the Los Angeles Zoo. White instead did not attend and pre-recorded her comments that she was scheduled to make about Mark Goodson.[14]
In 2004, Barker donated $1 million to Columbia University School of Law to support the study of animal rights.[15] The gift has funded an adjunct professorship in animal rights law at Columbia and helped fund a student clinic in environmental law.
Barker also supported United Activists for Animal Rights, and together with the group, publicly accused several media projects and the American Humane Association of animal mistreatment or the condoning of animal mistreatment, a tactic which resulted in a major lawsuit against him and the group, accusing him of spurious allegations.[16]
In June 2009, Barker wrote Chief Michell Hicks of the Cherokee asking that their reservation's bear exhibit be closed.[17] On July 28, 2009, he visited the reservation and saw one of the three zoos, calling the bears' living situation "inhumane". PETA set up the visit after Barker heard from Florida congressman Bill Young, whose wife had been "appalled" by what she saw. Annette Tarnowski, the tribe's attorney general, said a federal inspector had found nothing wrong in May 2009 at two of the zoos, and that the tribe had dealt with the few violations at the third. Hicks made no promises and threatened to ban PETA if they made more trouble.[18]
In January 2010, Sea Shepherd Conservation Society announced that it had secretly purchased and outfitted a ship to interdict Japanese whaling operations in the Southern Ocean using $5,000,000 provided by Barker. The ship was then named the MY Bob Barker, and its existence was first revealed when it helped discover the location of the Japanese whaling fleet.[19] In 2010, Barker began funding the cost of a helicopter, named the Nancy Burnet (after the president of United Activists for Animal Rights); the helicopter accompanies the society's fleet.[20]
In March 2010, PETA announced that it received a $2.5 million donation from Barker to help establish a new office in Los Angeles.[21]
TV longevity records[link]
Barker set a longevity record as holding a weekday TV job continuously for 51 years, which included his years on Truth or Consequences. Only sportscaster Vin Scully, who is four years younger than Barker, and farm broadcaster Orion Samuelson, who is ten years younger, have held a job longer than Barker in the American entertainment industry.
Barker has also had the second-longest run as the host of a single entertainment broadcast show (sports excluded), a few months short of Don McNeill, who spent 35½ years as host of Don McNeill's Breakfast Club.
Barker, who was 83½ years old at the time of his retirement, holds the record of being the oldest man ever to host a regularly scheduled television game show and the oldest man ever to host a weekday television program since the inception of American network television. Barker also hosted or appeared on a five-day-a-week television program longer than anyone else in the history of television.
Filmography[link]
- In 1996, Barker played himself in the Adam Sandler comedy Happy Gilmore. In one scene, Barker beats up Gilmore after an altercation arising from their teaming up in a Pro-Am Golf Tournament. Gilmore fights back and briefly gets the upper hand, declaring, "The price is wrong, bitch!" Bob then gets up, holds Gilmore in a strangle hold and continues to punch him before delivering a high kick to Gilmore's chin that knocks him down a grassy hill, declaring "Now you've had enough...bitch!" Barker reportedly took the role after learning that he would win the fight.[22]
- In 2007, during a CBS prime-time special commemorating Barker's career, the entire, unedited fight scene from Happy Gilmore was played during the show, and afterward, Adam Sandler made a surprise appearance to thank Barker and read a poem in his honor.
- In the late 1990s, Barker played the father of Mel Harris' character on a few episodes of the NBC sitcom Something So Right. He appeared in two animated television series as himself: in the Futurama episode "The Lesser of Two Evils" in 2000, followed by the Family Guy episodes "Screwed the Pooch" in 2001, "The Fat Guy Strangler" in 2005, and "Tales of a Third Grade Nothing" in 2008.
- Barker appears briefly in the Canadian documentary Come on Down: Searching for the American Dream (2004), directed and written by Adam Liley and produced by Steven James May of Manifestation Television. Mr. Barker gives a special in-studio message pertaining to Liley's search for the elusive American Dream. The documentary also features Hunter S. Thompson and Chris Gardner.
- Barker was a semi-regular panelist on the game shows Tattletales (with wife Dorothy Jo) and Match Game. Barker sat in Richard Dawson's former place during the first week of Dawson's permanent absence from Match Game.[23] Barker also played on The Price Is Right team against The Young and the Restless on Family Feud in the late 1980s and early 1990s.
- Barker co-hosted CBS' coverage of the Rose Parade from Pasadena, California for several years during the 1970s and 1980s.[23]
- He created and hosted The Bob Barker Fun and Games Show from 1978–1986 which was a combination of stunt participation in the style of Truth or Consequences and pricing games such as The Price Is Right in which he traveled throughout the United States and Canada in various arenas and venues.
- In the 1970s, he was the host of the annual/biennial Pillsbury Bake-Off (the bake-off occurred every two years starting in 1976). In 1978, he was the first host to have a male category champ.[23]
- He was a guest host on The Tonight Show back in 1966, when he was a regular on NBC hosting Truth or Consequences.
- He appeared on Bonanza, playing a character named Mort in the 1960 episode "Denver McKee".[23]
- He has appeared on various talk shows such as: Dinah!, Larry King Live, The Arsenio Hall Show, Crook & Chase, Donny & Marie, The Rosie O'Donnell Show, The Ellen DeGeneres Show, The Wayne Brady Show, The Late Show With David Letterman, and The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson.[23]
- Barker also made cameo appearances on The Nanny, The Bold and the Beautiful in 2002,[23] Yes, Dear, and How I Met Your Mother with announcer Rich Fields in 2007.
- About one year after retirement, Barker appeared in a public service announcement promoting the transition to Digital Television in the United States. The advertisement was produced under the first proposed date of February 16, 2009 for the transition.[24][25]
- On September 7, 2009, Barker was a special guest host for WWE Raw (called "The Price is Raw") in Rosemont, Illinois.[26]
- Barker has reportedly agreed to a semi-regular position as a rotating guest co-host on The Huckabee Show, a daily TV talk show hosted by Mike Huckabee. Barker first appeared on the show July 29, 2010.[27]
- Barker appeared in a commercial for State Farm Insurance's "Magic Jingle" campaign, where he made "a new car" appear for a woman whose previous car was totaled by a giant concrete cylinder.[28]
Awards and recognition[link]
Barker has won 19 Emmy Awards in total. Fourteen were for Outstanding Game Show Host, more than any other performer. He has also won four for Executive Producer of The Price Is Right and received the Lifetime Achievement Award for Daytime Television in 1999.[29]
On April 9, 1998, on the occasion of the ceremonial five thousandth episode of The Price Is Right,[30] CBS dedicated the sound stage where the show has been produced since 1972 in honor of Barker.[31]
In 2004, Barker was inducted into the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Hall of Fame.[32]
In 2007, Barker was inducted into the Hall of Famous Missourians, and a bronze bust depicting him is on permanent display in the rotunda of the Missouri State Capitol.
On April 14, 2008, Barker was inducted to the NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame.[33][34]
On June 6, 2009, during GSN's 2009 Game Show Awards, Barker was presented the Lifetime Achievement Award by Tom Bergeron. However, prior to the taping of the awards, Barker and Betty White were involved in a feud between the two of them over a plan to relocate an elephant to a sanctuary in San Andreas. In response, Barker threatened that he would not show up at the ceremony if White was there.[35] White did not appear at the ceremony, however taped a dedication to Mark Goodson.
On December 14, 2009 Barker won the 2009 WWE Slammy Award for Best Raw Guest Host.
Health[link]
Barker has suffered some minor health problems early (he suffered a herniated disc and sciatica) around 1982, however, his bigger health problems started in 1991 after he complained of having vision problems while exercising. After a visit to the doctors, they sent him to see a neurologist, where the doctors told Barker he had a mild stroke. He soon recovered and went back to work.
On September 16, 1999, Barker was in Washington, D.C., to speak about HR 2929, the proposed legislation that would ban elephants from traveling shows (i.e., circuses). While preparing for the presentation, Barker experienced what he called "clumsiness" in his right hand. He was admitted to George Washington University Hospital and diagnosed with a partially blocked left carotid artery. Barker underwent carotid endarterectomy to remove the blockage. The procedure went well enough that he was able to return to work within the month.
Three years later, Barker had two additional health crises after taping the 30th season finale of The Price is Right. While lying down in the sun, Barker was hospitalized with a stroke on May 30, 2002; six weeks later, on July 11, Barker underwent prostate surgery, both at George Washington University Hospital in Washington, D.C. Both surgeries were successful.[36]
In July 2006, Barker suffered a minor injury to his right hand. On the July 15, 2006 episode of The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson, he jokingly stated that he broke it by karate chopping "countless desks," something he later proceeded to do to host Craig Ferguson's desk.[37]
Barker has also had several mild bouts with skin cancer, which is a result of his frequent tanning. He consults a dermatologist regularly to make sure any cancers are caught and removed before they spread; they do not pose a threat to his life. In an interview, Barker told people at home:[38]
| “ | I urge anyone who has spent some time in the sun, whether you're doing it now or not, go to a dermatologist once a year. | ” |
On September 17, 2010 Barker collapsed at a LA shooting range. He was rushed to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, where he was treated for an adverse drug reaction and released.[39]
Controversy[link]
In 1994, former model Dian Parkinson filed a lawsuit against Barker for sexual harassment following a three-year affair while working on The Price Is Right. Parkinson, who alleged that the relationship was extorted by threats of firing, later dropped her lawsuit, claiming the stress from the ordeal was damaging her health.[40]
In 1995, model Holly Hallstrom exited Price and later filed suit against Barker for wrongful termination and malicious prosecution claiming Barker had launched a media attack against her, allegedly saying that she was disruptive to the working atmosphere of Price. Barker dropped his case, while Hallstrom did not, finally ending in settlement in 2005.[41]
Following their testimonies in Barker's failed lawsuit against Hallstrom, models Janice Pennington and Kathleen Bradley were fired and later received out-of-court financial settlements.[42] Director Paul Alter was also removed from the show. Production assistants Sherrill Paris and Sharon Friem, who were also dismissed at the same time, each sued Barker for wrongful termination, as well as sexual harassment and sex discrimination. Both women ultimately received financial settlements.
In October 2007 Deborah Curling, a CBS employee assigned to The Price Is Right, filed a lawsuit against CBS, Bob Barker and The Price Is Right producers, claiming that she was forced to quit her job after testifying against Barker in a wrongful-termination lawsuit brought on by a previous show producer. Curling claimed that she was demoted to an "intolerable work environment" backstage which caused her to leave the job. Curling, who is black, also alleged that the show's producers (including Barker) created a hostile work environment in which black employees and contestants were discriminated against.[43] A few months later it was announced that Barker was removed from the lawsuit for the time being, but in September 2009 a judge tossed out the lawsuit. Curling's attorney stated that he plans to appeal the dismissal of the lawsuit.[44][45]
Autobiography[link]
Bob Barker has written his autobiography, assisted by former L.A. Times Book Review editor Digby Diehl, titled Priceless Memories. It was released April 6, 2009. It features stories from his early life as well as stories and experiences in the 50 years of his television career. An audiobook is also available, read by Barker himself.[citation needed]
It was also then reported that Barker would appear on The Price is Right to promote his book. His initial appearance was scheduled for the March 2, 2009 taping, however, the taping was postponed until March 25 due to host Drew Carey contracting pneumonia. The episode aired on April 16, during which Barker appeared during the Showcases to promote the book.[46] Drew Carey stated in an interview that the show stopped taping for over an hour as the crowd continued to give Barker a standing ovation and to allow the audience to ask questions about what Barker was doing post-retirement.
References[link]
- ^ http://game-shows.chris-place.com/shows/price-is-right/history.htm
- ^ http://www.biography.com/people/bob-barker-9542237
- ^ "Robert (Bob) Barker - South Dakota's Indian Census Roll April 1, 1930". http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_(Bob)_Barker_-_South_Dakota%27s_Indian_Census_Roll;_April_1,_1930.jpg. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
- ^ "U.S., Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940 Record for Robert Barker". ancestry.com. http://search.ancestry.com/iexec?htx=View&r=an&dbid=1059&iid=M595_440-0017&fn=Robert&ln=Barker&st=r&ssrc=&pid=2281849. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
- ^ "U.S. Indian Census Rolls, 1885-1940 about Robert Barker". ancestry.com. http://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?rank=1&new=1&MSAV=0&msT=1&gss=angs-g&gsfn=Robert&gsln=Barker&mswpn__ftp=South+Dakota%2c+USA&mswpn=44&mswpn_PInfo=5-44&msbdy=1923&uidh=qg3&pcat=ROOT_CATEGORY&h=2281849&db=Indian_Schedules&indiv=1. Retrieved 2011-06-25.
- ^ Axelrod, Laura. "Book Review: Priceless Memories by Bob Barker with Digby Diehl". gaspjournal.com. http://www.gaspjournal.com/2009/03/book-review-priceless-memories-by-bob-barker-with-digby-diehl.html. Retrieved 2009-09-01.
- ^ http://www.biography.com/people/bob-barker-9542237
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wJ44norfIR0&playnext_from=TL&videos=1-RhZyezYT4&feature=grec_index
- ^ USA Today article
- ^ Steward Levine (2009-03-24). "Barker to appear on 'Price Is Right'". Variety Magazine. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118001621.html?categoryId=14&cs=1. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
- ^ a b c CBS Biography for Bob Barker
- ^ Host's passion for pets more bit than bark – Variety Sunday 17 September 2006
- ^ Bob Barker host of “Price Is Right” retires after 50 years
- ^ http://www.tvsquad.com/2009/05/30/bob-barker-almost-a-no-show-at-game-show-awards-because-of-feud/
- ^ http://www.law.columbia.edu/media_inquiries/news_events/2005_older/2004/nov/bobbarker_gift
- ^ Speaking Up for 'Abused' Animals, Bob Barker Is Hit with a Lawsuit – People, 18 September 1989, Vol. 32, No. 12
- ^ http://www.wlos.com/shared/newsroom/top_stories/wlos_vid_418.shtml
- ^ Ostendorff, Jon (29 July 2009). "Bob Barker, PETA call for release of Cherokee zoo animals". Asheville Citizen-Times. http://www.citizen-times.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090729/NEWS01/907290316/1009/news01. Retrieved 29 July 2009. [dead link]
- ^ "The Time is Right for Bob Barker to Rescue the Whales". http://www.seashepherd.org/news-and-media/news-100105-1.html. Retrieved 5 January 2010.
- ^ "Sea Shepherd Fleet". http://www.seashepherd.org/who-we-are/the-fleet.html. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
- ^ "Barker donates $2.5 million to create PETA offices". http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/U/US_PETA_BOB_BARKER?SITE=NHPOR&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT. Retrieved 10 March 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Movie Photos: Bob Barker and Adam Sandler in Happy Gilmore – 1996[dead link]
- ^ a b c d e f Filmreference Bob Barker Biography (1923–)
- ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0h56EHBWrtg
- ^ http://www.dtvanswers.com/dtv_30spots.html
- ^ Bob Barker to Host WWE Raw on September 7 in Chicago
- ^ Mike Huckabee Talks Syndicated Show as Bob Barker 'Comes On Down'
- ^ State Farm® Commercial "Magic Jingle Bob Barker". State Farm's official YouTube account. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
- ^ The Pet Press[dead link]
- ^ For unknown reasons, the show's true episode count has never been consistent with episode numbers given on-air over the years. For example, the episode deemed #5,000 was really #5,132 (the genuine #5,000 aired on September 16, 1997). Because the internal episode count is now 145 shows behind the true count, the 7,000th episode (aired January 19, 2009) was not celebrated.
- ^ Biography for Bob Barker
- ^ 16th Annual Hall of Fame Honors Television Giants
- ^ http://www.tvtechnology.com/pages/s.0096/t.13007.html[dead link]
- ^ http://video.accesshollywood.com/player/?id=240884
- ^ http://www.tvsquad.com/2009/05/30/bob-barker-almost-a-no-show-at-game-show-awards-because-of-feud
- ^ "Rod Roddy Medical Update"
- ^ Desk chopping on "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson"
- ^ Bob Barker Has Skin Cancer Again
- ^ http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/6786072-bob-barker-hospitalized-after-collapsing-in-la-shooting-range
- ^ Dian Parkinson Bio
- ^ Biography of Holly Hallstrom
- ^ Showcase Showdown: Sex and war on the set of America's lustiest game show. Nerve.com. Accessed 2010-12-23.
- ^ ""Price Is Right" Employee Sues Bob Barker, Producers". Associated Press. 2007-10-05. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,299553,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-05.
- ^ "Barker removed from wrongful termination suit". http://www.theinsider.com/news/1114222_Barker_removed_from_wrongful_termination_suit.
- ^ "Bob Barker, 'Price is Right' lawsuit tossed". TRH.com. 2009-09-18. http://login.vnuemedia.com/hr/content_display/television/news/e3i0d52172227325f28c1048f750ef97812. Retrieved 2009-09-18.
- ^ Steward Levine (2009-03-24). "Barker to appear on 'Price Is Right'". Variety (magazine). http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118001621.html?categoryId=14&cs=1. Retrieved 2009-03-30.
External links[link]
- Bob Barker at the Internet Movie Database
- Bob Barker at Academy of Television Arts & Sciences
- DJ&T Foundation
- Bob Barker Interview at Archive of American Television
| Media offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Bill Cullen |
The Price Is Right Host (daytime) September 4, 1972 – June 15, 2007 |
Succeeded by Drew Carey |
| Preceded by Dennis James |
The Price Is Right Host (syndicated) September 1977 – September 13, 1980 |
Succeeded by Tom Kennedy |
| Preceded by Art Linkletter |
Miss USA/Universe Host 1967–1987 |
Succeeded by Alan Thicke |
| Preceded by Jack Bailey |
Truth or Consequences Host December 31, 1956 – September 1975 |
Succeeded by Bob Hilton |
| Preceded by Frank Wayne |
Executive Producer of The Price Is Right 1988–2007 |
Succeeded by Syd Vinnedge |
| Awards | ||
| Preceded by Peter Marshall |
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host 1982 |
Succeeded by Betty White |
| Preceded by Betty White |
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host 1984 |
Succeeded by Dick Clark |
| Preceded by Dick Clark |
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host 1987–1988 |
Succeeded by Alex Trebek |
| Preceded by Alex Trebek |
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host 1990–1992 (tie with Alex Trebek in 1990) |
Succeeded by Pat Sajak |
| Preceded by Pat Sajak |
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host 1994–1996 |
Succeeded by Pat Sajak |
| Preceded by Ben Stein and Jimmy Kimmel |
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host 2000 (tie with Tom Bergeron) |
Succeeded by Regis Philbin |
| Preceded by Regis Philbin |
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host 2002 |
Succeeded by Alex Trebek |
| Preceded by Alex Trebek |
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host 2004 |
Succeeded by Meredith Vieira |
| Preceded by Alex Trebek |
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Game Show Host 2007 |
Succeeded by Alex Trebek |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Barker, Bob |
| Alternative names | Barker, Robert William (full name) |
| Short description | American game show host |
| Date of birth | December 12, 1923 |
| Place of birth | Darrington, Washington, USA |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Bob_Barker
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Bob Barker
http://nl.wn.com/Bob Barker (presentator)
http://pt.wn.com/Bob Barker
http://de.wn.com/Bob Barker
http://it.wn.com/Bob Barker
http://es.wn.com/Bob Barker
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Barker
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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