CPP and cpp may refer to:

Companies[link]

• Cleveland Public Power, an electricity generation and distribution company in Ohio
• CPP Group, a British company selling life assistance products

Political parties and organizations[link]

• Cambodian People's Party, the current ruling party of Cambodia
• Communist Party of Pakistan, a communist political party in Pakistan
• Communist Party of the Philippines, the leading communist party in the Philippines
• Convention People's Party, a socialist political party in Ghana
• Patriotic Pan-African Convergence, a political party in Togo

Science, technology and machinery[link]

• C preprocessor, a program that processes the C programming language before it is compiled
• C++ (common .cpp file extension), a programming language
• Carte parallelogrammatique projection, an equirectangular map projection
• Casein phosphopeptide, a chemical
• Chinese postman problem, a mathematical problem in graph theory
• meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine, a chemical
• Coal preparation plant, a processing facility for washing raw coal
• Cognitive Process Profile (CPP), a psychometric tool for measuring a persons capacity to cope with complexity, uncertainty and ambiguity (fluid intelligence)
• Concrete Pavement Preservation
• Conditioned Place Preference
• Controllable pitch propeller, a special type of propeller

Medicine[link]

• Cell penetrating peptide, are short polycationic sequences
• Central precocious puberty, a condition in which puberty begins abnormally early
• Cerebral perfusion pressure, a medical term relating to bloodflow to the brain
• Certificate of pharmaceutical product, a certificate which establishes the status of a pharmaceutical product
• Chronic pelvic pain, a medical condition

Miscellaneous[link]

• Canada Pension Plan, a contributory, earnings-related social insurance program in Canada
• Certified Protection Professional, a security management designation
• Capital Purchase Program, a preferred stock and equity warrant purchase program in the US
• Celebrity Paranormal Project, an American reality TV show which aired in 2006
• Consistent pricing process, any representation of "prices" of assets in a market
• Counter promenade position, a dance position
• Cross platform promotion, the effective utilization of all social media platforms

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Khieu Samphan
Khieu Samphan in 1978
President of the State Presidium of Democratic Kampuchea
In office April 11, 1976 – January 7, 1979
Prime Minister	Pol Pot Nuon Chea
Leader	Pol Pot
Preceded by	Norodom Sihanouk
Succeeded by	Heng Samrin
Prime Minister of Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) (acting)
In office April 4, 1976 – April 14, 1976
Preceded by	Samdech Penn Nouth
Succeeded by	Pol Pot
Personal details
Born	(1931-07-27) July 27, 1931 (age 80) French Indochina
Political party	Khmer Rouge

This article contains Khmer text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Khmer script.

Khieu Samphan (Khmer: ខៀវ សំផន, born July 27, 1931^[1]) was the president of the state presidium of Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) from 1976 until 1979. As such, he served as Cambodia's head of state and was one of the most powerful officials in the Khmer Rouge movement, though Pol Pot was the group's true political leader and held the most extensive power^{[citation needed]}. Samphan is of Chinese-Khmer ancestry.^[2][3]

Biography[link]

Samphan was born in Svay Rieng Province and was educated at the Lycee Sisowath; he came from a relatively privileged background, being the son of a judge.

A prominent member of the circle of leftist Khmer intellectuals studying in Paris in the 1950s, Khieu Samphan studied economics and politics there. His successful 1959 doctoral thesis, "Cambodia's Economy and Industrial Development"^[4] advocated national self-reliance and generally sided with dependency theorists in blaming the wealthy, industrialized states for the poverty of the Third World. He was one of the founders of the Khmer Students' Association (KSA), out of which would grow the left-wing revolutionary movements that would so alter Cambodian history in the 1970s, most notably the Khmer Rouge. Once the KSA was shuttered by French authorities in 1956, he founded yet another student organization, the Khmer Students' Union.

Returning from Paris with his doctorate in 1959, Khieu held a faculty position at the University of Phnom Penh and started L'Observateur, a French-language leftist publication that was viewed with hostility by the government. His first important conflict with the anti-Communist Cambodian government of Prince Norodom Sihanouk came the following year, when L'Observateur was banned and Samphan was arrested, forced to undress and photographed in public.

Despite this humiliation, Samphan was invited to join Sihanouk's Sangkum, a 'national movement' that operated as the single political party within Cambodia. After Sihanouk's swing leftward in 1963, Samphan's economic theories were put into practice in an extensive nationalisation programme. Samphan stood as a Sangkum deputy in the 1966 elections, in which the rightist elements of the party, led by Lon Nol, gained an overwhelming victory; he then became a member of a 'Counter-Government' created by Sihanouk to keep the rightists under control.

In 1967 the Samlaut Uprising, a rebellion of rural peasantry in Battambang Province, led to a severe crackdown on the leftists. Samphan, who had called on the government to moderate its actions towards the demonstrators, was threatened by Sihanouk with arrest and execution, and fled Phnom Penh to join his former colleagues in the maquis. At the time, he was widely rumoured to have been murdered by Sihanouk's security forces.

After the coup of 1970 overthrew the government of Sihanouk, the Khmer Communists, including Khieu Samphan, joined forces with the now-deposed Head of State in establishing an anti-government coalition known as the Gouvernement Royal d'Union Nationale du Kampuchéa (GRUNK). In this alliance with his former enemies, Samphan served as deputy prime minister, minister of defense, and commander-in-chief of GRUNK military forces. (However, Pol Pot exercised real control over the latter.) In fact, Samphan's appointment to these posts and residence inside the country were instrumental in allowing GRUNK to maintain that it was not just a government-in-exile.

During the years of Democratic Kampuchea (1975–1979), Samphan remained near the top of the movement, assuming the post of president of the central presidium in 1976. His faithfulness to Pol Pot meant that he survived the purges in the later years of the Khmer Rouge rule. His roles within the party suggest he was well entrenched in the upper echelons of the CPK, and a leading figure in the ruling elite.^[5]

After the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia and subsequent fall of the Khmer Rouge in 1979, Samphan led a rebel government which was accorded a level of international recognition until 1982. In 1985 he officially succeeded Pol Pot as leader of the Khmer Rouge, and served in this position until he surrendered to the Cambodian government in 1998. In 1982 he was appointed Vice President in charge of foreign affairs of the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea and from 1991 to 1993 he served in the Supreme National Council as Khmer Rouge representative. From 1993 his influence mainly vanished, with the real power still resided in Pol Pot's hands, who was Director of the Higher Institute of National Defence. In 1998 Khieu and former Pol Pot's deputy Nuon Chea surrendered to Hun Sen.

Arrest[link]

Khieu Samphan at a public hearing before the Pre-Trial Chamber in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia on 3 July 2009.

On November 13, 2007, Samphan reportedly suffered a stroke. This occurred one day after the former Khmer Rouge Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Ieng Sary and his wife were arrested for war crimes committed while they were in power.^[6] At about the same time, a book by Samphan, Reflection on Cambodian History Up to the Era of Democratic Kampuchea, was published; in the book, he wrote that he had worked for social justice and the defense of national sovereignty, while attributing responsibility for all of the group's policies to Pol Pot.^[7]

According to Samphan, under the Khmer Rouge "there was no policy of starving people. Nor was there any direction set out for carrying out mass killings", and "there was always close consideration of the people's well-being." He acknowledged the use of coercion to produce food due to shortages. Samphan also strongly criticized the current government in the book, blaming it for corruption and social ills.^[7]

The historian Ben Kiernan stated that Samphan's protestations (such as the fact that he regarded the collectivisation of agriculture as a "surprise", and his expressions of sympathy for his "friend" Hu Nim, a fellow member of the CPK hierarchy tortured and killed at Tuol Sleng) betrayed the fundamental "moral cowardice" of a man mesmerised by power but lacking any nerve.^[8]

After he left a Phnom Penh hospital where he was treated following his stroke, Samphan was arrested^[9][10] by the Cambodia Tribunal and charged with crimes against humanity and war crimes.^[10]

In April 2008 former Khmer Rouge head of state Khieu Samphan made his first appearance at Cambodia's genocide tribunal. His lawyer, Jacques Vergès, is using the defense that while he has never denied that many people in Cambodia were killed, but both he and Verges insist that, as head of state, he was never directly responsible.^[11]

References[link]

This article uses bare URLs for citations. Please consider adding full citations so that the article remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (March 2012)

• Library of Congress, Federal Research Division, Country Studies: Cambodia

v t e Prime Ministers of Cambodia since 1970 Khmer Republic: Lon Nol | Sisowath Sirik Matak | Son Ngoc Thanh | Hang Thun Hak | In Tam | Long Boret Democratic Kampuchea: Penn Nouth | Khieu Samphan | Pol Pot People's Republic of Kampuchea: Pen Sovan | Chan Sy | Hun Sen State of Cambodia: Hun Sen | Sen-Ranariddh Coalition | Norodom Ranariddh Kingdom of Cambodia: Norodom Ranariddh | Ung Huot | Hun Sen

v t e Prominent members of the Khmer Rouge Pol Pot | Khieu Samphan | Nuon Chea | Ta Mok | Son Sen | Ieng Sary | Hu Nim | Hou Yuon | Khang Khek Ieu | Ieng Thirith | Ke Pauk

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Khieu Samphan

• Cambodia Tribunal Monitor
• Cambodia's Economy and Industrial Development Khieu Samphan's 1959 doctoral thesis.

Son Sen (June 12, 1930 – June 15, 1997) was a Cambodian Communist politician and soldier. A member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kampuchea/Party of Democratic Kampuchea, the Khmer Rouge, from 1974 to 1992, Sen oversaw the Party's security apparatus, including the Santebal secret police and the notorious security prison S-21 at Tuol Sleng.

Sen was married to Yun Yat (雲月), who became the Party's minister of education and information. Along with the rest of his family, he was killed on the orders of Pol Pot during a 1997 factional split in the Khmer Rouge.

Early life[link]

Son Sen was born in Travinh, southern Vietnam, among the Khmer Krom. His family were minor landowners,^[1] and according to some sources were originally of Sino-Vietnamese ancestry.^[2] From 1946 he attended a teacher training college in Phnom Penh, and in the 1950s received a scholarship to study in Paris, where he became a member of a Marxist group of Cambodian students centred on Saloth Sar (Pol Pot), Ieng Sary, and Hou Yuon. Along with other members of the group, Sen was influenced by the radical line pursued by the French Communist Party.

Sen's academic record was relatively mediocre, and in May 1956 the authorities withdrew his scholarship due to his continued participation in political activity.^[3] Returning to Cambodia with a teaching certificate, he taught for a time at the Lycee Sisowath, and went on to become director of studies of the National Teaching Institute, part of the University of Phnom Penh. By 1960 he had also, however, joined the clandestine Cambodian Communist Party, then known as the Khmer People's Revolutionary Party and led by Tou Samouth.^[4]

[edit] In the maquis

Son Sen's political views, which opposed the ruling Sangkum regime of Prince Norodom Sihanouk, were soon to have an impact on his career. In 1962 he was removed from his post at the Institute after being accused of spreading anti-Sangkum ideas amongst the students, though he was permitted to continue teaching and was appointed principal of a high school in Takeo.^[5] By 1963, when Saloth Sar took over the Communist Party leadership, a number of leftists were beginning to escape Phnom Penh for the countryside; Sen went underground and was to follow them in 1964, hidden in the car boot of a Chinese diplomatic vehicle.^[5]

Sen was initially to join Saloth Sar and other former colleagues at a Vietnamese Communist military base called Office 100, located in the border areas of Cambodia. There are indications that he was soon sent to the remote, malarial Ratanakiri Province, in the far north-east of the country, in order to build up anti-government activity amongst the Khmer Loeu tribesmen.^[6] By the later 1960s, Sen - with increasing experience of guerrilla warfare - had built up a reputation as a talented field commander, and had risen to a senior rank within the Party. In 1968, he was responsible for several successful uprisings in the south-west of the country, and was reported to be the chief of the political committee for Kampot, Takeo, and Kampong Speu.^[7]

Chief of Staff of Khmer Rouge forces[link]

After the Cambodian coup of 1970, and the subsequent establishment of the Khmer Republic under Lon Nol, Sihanouk was to join with his former Communist enemies in forming the GRUNK, a Beijing-based government-in-exile. The Khmer Rouge's forces were soon to be swelled by thousands of new recruits, attracted in part by Sihanouk's name. Son Sen, whilst not a prominent member of the GRUNK, had considerable power thanks to his high position in the government's forces on the ground - CPNLAF, the Cambodian People's National Liberation Armed Forces. Along with Ieng Sary, he was responsible for the North-Eastern Zone, the stronghold of the Party 'Centre'.^[8]

By 1972 Son Sen had become Chief of Staff of the Khmer Rouge forces. Despite occasional criticisms - his colleagues found his style peremptory and his point of view "bourgeois",^[5] and he was openly criticised by Hou Yuon at the Party's 1971 Congress - his devotion to Saloth Sar and his closeness to the Party 'Centre' guaranteed his senior position.

Democratic Kampuchea[link]

Skulls of victims of Son Sen's Khmer Rouge security apparatus. Choeung Ek.

After the Khmer Rouge took Phnom Penh in April 1975, Son Sen was appointed Deputy Prime Minister with responsibility for Defense. Responsible for internal security, he also oversaw the Santebal - the Khmer Rouge secret police. As such he monitored the operations of the infamous S-21 prison at Tuol Sleng, and engaged actively in the design of its interrogation and torture procedures. Son Sen's role meant that he was particularly closely implicated in the many thousands of deaths that occurred in this period due to the arrest and execution of perceived enemies of the regime. His memoranda to his subordinate Kang Kek Iew, and notes taken during study sessions overseen by Sen for S-21 cadres, reveal his continued interest in history, deeply anti-Vietnamese views, and revolutionary zeal, along with a "schoolmasterish attention to detail".^[9] These were combined with a brutally ruthless streak; Sen was reputed to have once been so angry with Foreign Minister Ieng Sary that he unsuccessfully attempted to have him murdered.^[10]

The Party's paranoia with regard to security, and its obsessive secrecy, led many senior Khmer Rouge cadres to be identified in internal documents by pseudonyms or numbers: Son Sen was often referred to as "Khieu", and his wife as "At". He was also identified as "Brother 89" on letters and memoranda.

Sen's other main duties in this period involved reorganising the CPNLAF forces into a cohesive national army, the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea. By 1977 - 78, he was overseeing an increasing series of clashes with Vietnamese forces along the border, as well as mounting a massive purge of Eastern Zone cadres considered to have Vietnamese links. As the ongoing war with the Vietnamese began to go increasingly badly for the Democratic Kampuchean forces, however, Sen began to fall under suspicion himself, and may well have become a victim of his own security apparatus if the 1979 Vietnamese invasion had not intervened.^[9] In particular, he had been implicated by the Party's internal security in several "traitorous" activities including the 1978 murder of the British academic Malcolm Caldwell.^[11]

Commander of the NADK[link]

Following the Vietnamese invasion and the establishment of a pro-Vietnamese regime in Phnom Penh, Sen was to re-establish his control over the Khmer Rouge forces, now operating against the Vietnamese and the forces of the People's Republic of Kampuchea from bases in the Cardamom Mountains.

By August 1985, when the 'retirement' of Pol Pot was officially announced, Son Sen assumed supreme command of the National Army of Democratic Kampuchea, as it was now called. During this period Sen had occasional contact with the commanders of the other armed groups within the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea; the Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces under Sak Sutsakhan, and the ANS armed wing of the royalist FUNCINPEC, commanded by Norodom Ranarridh. There was occasional coordination between the Sen's NADK and the ANS in particular, though the Khmer Rouge forces remained easily the strongest element in the coalition (and periodically attacked ANS and KPNLAF forces).

After 1991 and death[link]

Following the Paris Peace Agreements of October 1991, Son Sen and Khieu Samphan traveled to Phnom Penh to negotiate with UNTAC and the Cambodian government in Phnom Penh. Sen was made a member of the Supreme National Council which was set up to protect the country's independence until UN-supervised elections could take place, and seems to have been more determined than most Khmer Rouge leaders to ensure that they were reintegrated into normal national politics.^[11] However, as a result Sen was removed from power in May 1992 by Ta Mok, after a dispute with fellow Khmer Rouge leaders over whether to continue the negotiations.^[12] From 1992 to 1997 he had relatively little influence within the Khmer Rouge.

He was murdered on June 15, 1997, alongside 13 members of his family, including women and children, on orders of Pol Pot, who at the time was fighting his last battle to regain control of the Khmer Rouge from Ta Mok.^[13] Pol Pot is thought to have believed that Sen was in negotiations with government forces to surrender, specifically being in contact with then-Second Prime Minister Hun Sen; he ordered Son Sen and his family to be shot, after which trucks drove over their bodies.^[14]

See also[link]

• Cambodia under Pol Pot
• Ta Mok
• First Indochina War
• Vietnam War (Second Indochina War)
• Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum
• Cambodian Civil War
• The Killing Fields
• The Killing Fields Hollywood film.
• First They Killed My Father by Loung Ung
• Enemies of the People (film)

References[link]

v t e Prominent members of the Khmer Rouge Pol Pot | Khieu Samphan | Nuon Chea | Ta Mok | Son Sen | Ieng Sary | Hu Nim | Hou Yuon | Khang Khek Ieu | Ieng Thirith | Ke Pauk