The burh wall at Wallingford

A Burh is an Old English name for a fortified town or other defended site, sometimes centred upon a hill fort though always intended as a place of permanent settlement, its origin was in military defence; "it represented only a stage, though a vitally important one, in the evolution of the medieval English borough and of the medieval town", H. R. Loyn asserted.^[1] The boundaries of ancient burhs can often still be traced to modern urban borough limits. Most of these were founded by Alfred the Great in a consciously planned policy that was continued under his son Edward the Elder and his daughter, Æthelflaed, "Lady of the Mercians" and her husband Æthelred, Ealdorman of Mercia; the Mercian Register tells of the building of ten burhs by Aethelflaed, some as important as Tamworth and Stafford, others now unidentifiable.^[2] Some were based on pre-existing Roman structures, some newly built, though some may have been built later. Athelstan granted these burhs the right to mint coinage, and in the tenth and eleventh centuries the firm rule was that no coin was to be struck outside a burh.^[3]

A 10th century document called the Burghal Hidage cites 30 burhs in Wessex and three in Mercia (then under the domination of the West Saxon kings), built to defend the region against Viking raids.

Only eight of the burhs achieved municipal status in the Middle Age: Chester, Bridgnorth, Tamworth, Stafford, Hertford, Warwick, Buckingham and Maldon.^[4], The largest were at Winchester, Wallingford and Warwick, whilst Wallingford and Wareham are the best preserved examples, with substantial ditches and banks still visible. It has been estimated that construction of Wallingford's 9,000 feet of bank would have taken more than 120,000 man hours. Burh towns also usually had regular street layouts, some of which are also preserved.

See also[link]

• Burgh
• Borough
• Ancient borough

Notes[link]

Further reading[link]

External links[link]

• 33 Burhs listed in the Burghal Hidage

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Bruce Walter Timm (born on February 8, 1961) is an American character designer, animator and producer. He is also a writer and artist working in comics, and is known for his contributions building the modern DC Comics animated franchise, the DC animated universe.

Career[link]

Animation[link]

Timm's early career in animation was varied; he started at Filmation, working on the layout of Blackstar, Flash Gordon, He-Man and the Masters of the Universe and its spin-off She-Ra: Princess of Power, and The Lone Ranger (Timm also did background work on G.I. Joe). He also worked for numerous other employers, including Ralph Bakshi, Don Bluth Productions, and attempted to find work at Marvel Comics and DC Comics, but without luck. In 1989, Timm joined Warner Bros. At Warner, Timm worked on Tiny Toon Adventures.

However, Timm is best known for his subsequent work on the animated series based on various DC Comics superheroes, popularly referred to as the "DCAU" (DC animated universe). Along with his Tiny Toons partner Eric Radomski, Timm co-created and produced Batman: The Animated Series, which premiered on September 5, 1992, and went on to co-create and produce Superman: The Animated Series (premiered in September 1996), The New Batman Adventures (premiered in September 1997), and Batman Beyond (premiered in January 1999). He also served as producer on the feature-length Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker before taking the helm as creator and producer of the animated version of Justice League, which debuted in November 2001. This series continued in the form of Justice League Unlimited. Timm actually had very little to do with the production of the Teen Titans animated series, though because of a mistake in the first season end credits he is often mistaken for an executive producer. Timm was also the producer and co-director of the direct-to-video Superman Doomsday.

Although he shared character designer duties on Superman: The Animated Series and Justice League with James Tucker, Timm did virtually all the original character designs for Batman: The Animated Series himself (with the exceptions of Mr. Freeze and the Riddler, who were designed by Mike Mignola and the characters Man Bat and the Mad Hatter, who were designed by Kevin Nowlan).

DC universe animated series, including Justice League, Justice League Unlimited, Batman Beyond, and other DC-set works associated with Timm (and his collaborators') art styles are often referred to by fans as "The Timmverse" of DC comics, relating to those series' distillation of popular storylines from the comic book versions or the outright introduction of new characters or relationships (such as Harley Quinn, alterations to The Question's personality and background, or Batman and Wonder Woman's romantic fling).

His 2008 project Batman: Gotham Knight is a departure from the "Timmverse" style, with Timm in a producer role collaborating with Japanese animators on a direct-to-DVD anthology that takes place between Batman Begins and The Dark Knight.

Acting[link]

Though Timm does not usually work as an actor, he has played several characters in the animated series he has been involved in. His cameos include the episode of Batman: The Animated Series, "Beware the Gray Ghost", playing the toy shop owner, as himself in the episode of The New Batman Adventures, "Holiday Knights", and also as the leader of the Jokerz gang in Batman Beyond, which he joked he did under duress and also joked was 'Emmy-Award Winning material'. More recently, he appeared in an animated form in Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode Legends of the Dark Mite in a comic book convention parody scene, where he was wearing Joker's costume, along with Paul Dini wearing Harley Quinn's costume. Prior to that he was animated in The Batman, appearing as a mental patient in Arkham. He has also played a guard in the direct-to-video animated film, Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker.

Timm made a cameo appearance in the 2009 film Green Lantern: First Flight as Bug Boy, and played The Riddler in the 2010 film Batman: Under the Red Hood.

Comics[link]

While Timm is known primarily for his work in animation, his first ambition was to become a comic-book artist. Although this dream did not materialize, leading him to a life in animation, Timm nevertheless produced several one-shots and miniseries, mostly for DC Comics.

in the 80´s he made some Mini-Comics of Masters Of The Universe.

In 1994, Timm and writer Paul Dini won the Eisner Award for Best Single Story for Batman Adventures: Mad Love. Timm won the same prize the next year as well, for Batman Adventures Holiday Special, (a one-shot with several Christmas-themed stories) with Dini, Ronnie del Carmen and others. Later, Timm was involved with Batman Adventures and has also worked on Avengers and Vampirella. He is also a popular cover and pin-up artist.

In 2000, he did the art for an issue of DC's Vertigo imprint horror title, Flinch.

Bruce Timm co-created Harley Quinn, (with writer Paul Dini) working from Dini's original design. Harley's popularity on television led to her inclusion in the mainstream DC Universe. In 2004, Timm and Dini (assisted by Shane Glines as inker) released a three-issue Harley and Ivy miniseries, which was in the works for years.

Timm also drew the 1999 Avengers 1½ special for Marvel Comics, written by Roger Stern.

In 2005, Timm contributed artwork for two comics. One was a short story in Conan #18, titled "Conan's Favorite Joke". The other was a Black Canary short story in Birds of Prey #86.

In 2008, he provided the art work for a short 2 page Harley Quinn origin story for Paul Dini's countdown.

Timm was featured in "Conan Gets Animated", a skit in the December 9, 2010 episode of the TBS late night talk show Conan, in which host Conan O'Brien enlisted his help in designing a new superhero, based on O'Brien's specifications. The superhero, whose was designed to resemble O'Brien, included a typically muscular superhero body and costume with chest insignia, as well as idiosyncrasies such as an oven mitt, a jai alai glove, golf shoes, sock garters and fishnet stockings.^[1] One month later, O'Brien aired a clip on his show in which the character, named "The Flaming C", appears in Young Justice.^[2]

Drawing style and influences[link]

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Timm's minimalist, angular style is heavily based in his love of 1950s and 1960s-era comics and art deco architecture style. He is also completely self-taught, having never received any formal art schooling. He lists his artistic influences as Jack Kirby, Harvey Kurtzman, Jim Steranko, John Buscema, Wally Wood, Frank Frazetta, Dan DeCarlo, and Alex Toth.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Nolen-Weathington, Eric & Timm, Bruce (2004). Modern Masters Volume 3: Bruce Timm. TwoMorrows Publishing. ISBN 1-893905-30-6.

External links[link]

• Bruce Timm at the Internet Movie Database
• The Bruce Timm Gallery
• An interview with Bruce Timm primarily discussing the (then yet-to-be-aired) second season of Justice League

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Saulo Jorge Fernandes Navarro de Oliveira (born September 9, 1977) is a Brazilian Axé singer.^[1] Before entering for the Banda Eva (Eva Band), in March 2002, Saulo was the lead singer of the Banda Chica Fé (Chica Fé Band).

Career[link]

Saulo Fernandes is the lead singer of the Banda Eva, born in the city of Barreiras (BA) on September 9, 1977 and became interested in music still small, the influence of family. His first experience in Trio Elétrico was not in Bahia.

At 18, Saul was living in Vitória (ES) and began his musical career singing in the carnivals in town. Backing to Bahia in 1996 mounted to Banda Chica Fé and won the singer revelation of the Carnival of 2001.

In March 2002, Saulo received the invitation to head the Eva and ended with hegemony of almost 10 years, when only women sang in the band. In 2003 won another award, for best singer in the Carnival, now as lead singer of Eva.

Awards[link]

• Best Singer Revelation - Carnival 2002
• Best Singer - Carnival 2003
• Best Singer Revelation - Domingão do Faustão - Melhores do Ano 2007 (Best of the year 2007)
• Best Singer (Trophy Band Folia)- Carnival 2008
• Best Singer - Carnatal 2008
• Best Singer - Band Folia 2009

Discography[link]

• Lugar da Alegria (2009)
• A casa Amarela (project with Ivete Sangalo - CD Children) (2008)
• Veja alto, ouça colorido (2007)
• EVA 25 Anos (2005)
• É do EVA
• Pra Valer
• Querer (Chica Fé)

References[link]

Zélia Duncan
Duncan live with Os Mutantes in 25 January 2007.
Background information
Birth name	Zélia Cristina Gonçalves Moreira
Born	(1964-10-28) October 28, 1964 (age 47)
Genres	Pop rock, MPB
Occupations	Singer, composer, songwriter
Instruments	Vocals, acoustic guitar
Years active	1981–present
Associated acts	Os Mutantes
Website	zeliaduncan.com.br/

Zélia Duncan (28 October 1964), born Zélia Cristina Gonçalves Moreira, is a Brazilian singer and composer.

Biography[link]

Zélia was born in Niterói, in the state of Rio de Janeiro. She moved with her family to Brasília, where she lived for 16 years. She started her professional career in 1981 after she won a contest organized by the Fundação Nacional de Artes (National Foundation of Arts). When she was 22 years old, she returned to Rio.^[1] Using the name "Zélia Cristina", she first performed as a soloist in Botanic in Rio de Janeiro.^[2] In 1990 she launched the LP "Outra Luz" ("Another Light"),^[2] and she began performing in cities like São Paulo, Florianópolis, and Porto Alegre and participating in tv shows.^[1]

In late 1991, she accepted an offer to go play in the United Arab Emirates. She stayed there for 5 months, returning to Brazil in May 1992.^[1] It was in this year that she recorded a track in the songbook of Dorival Caymmi, and she also adopted the name Duncan, the maiden name of her mother. In 1994, she launched her first CD, Zélia Duncan, and two years later she recorded Intimidade (Intimacy), which made her spend a season in Europe and Japan.^[2]

In 2006, Zélia was invited to join the tour of the psychedelic rock band Os Mutantes, replacing Rita Lee as the vocalist. The tour was a success and Duncan became full member of the band.^[2] In 2007, however, she decided to leave the band to continue her solo career.^[3] In 2008, she released a CD and DVD of the shows she performed with Simone Bittencourt de Oliveira in 2006 and 2007. The title of the CD and DVD was Amigo é a Casa (Friend is the House).^[4] Simone and Zélia performed shows in three cities of Portugal—Figueira da Foz, Porto, and Lisbon.^[5]

Discography[link]

Zélia Duncan and Sérgio Dias of Os Mutantes performing in 2007.

• 1990 - Outra Luz
• 1994 - Zélia Duncan
• 1996 - Intimidade
• 1998 - Acesso
• 2001 - Sortimento
• 2002 - Sortimento Vivo
• 2003 - Avassaladora
• 2004 - Eu me Transformo em Outras
• 2005 - Pré-Pós-Tudo-Bossa-Band
• 2006 - Os Mutantes - Live In Barbican Theatre (with Os Mutantes)
• 2008 - Amigo é casa (live with Simone)
• 2009 - Pelo Sabor do Gesto

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Zélia Duncan

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Carlinhos Brown
Background information
Birth name	Antonio Carlos Santos de Freitas
Born	(1962-10-23) 23 October 1962 (age 49) Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Genres	Axé, Samba, Afro, MPB, Bolero, Rumba, Salsa
Associated acts	Timbalada, Tribalistas
Website	http://www.carlinhosbrown.com.br/

Carlinhos Brown (born Antonio Carlos Santos de Freitas, November 23, 1962) is an Oscar-nominated Brazilian musician, songwriter and record producer from Salvador, Bahia.^[1] His musical style blends Tropicália, reggae, and traditional Brazilian percussion. He has also been nominated for an Academy Award for his musical contributions in Rio.

He founded Timbalada and Tribalistas, and is also a solo artist.

Early life[link]

He was born in Candeal Pequeno, a small neighbourhood in the Brotas area of Salvador de Bahia (Brazil) to parents Renato and Madalena. In 1967 he was still a child when Caetano Veloso and Gilberto Gil (two 25-year-old musicians from Bahia) started a movement that would radically change Brazilian and popular music: Tropicália.

Osvaldo Alves da Silva (known as the Master of the Bongo) introduced him to the tradition of Brazilian folklore and its percussion: tambourine, drums and reco-reco. He soon learned all the secrets of the percussion instruments and developed a personal style he has never abandoned.

In the early 1980s he started to work in the WR studios in Bahia, where he learned recording and record production techniques, in addition to initiating a task of recompilation and coding of rhythm and percussion sounds from the Bahia area. He then adopted his first nickname: Carlinhos Brown. "It doesn't come from James Brown as people think", he says. "It is inspired in Henry Box Brown, a black person that escaped from slavery in a box. I also tried to learn from the good (and not the mistakes) of H. Rap Brown, of the Black Panther movement".

Musical career[link]

Early years[link]

Brown learned to play various percussion instruments as he grew up and in the 1980s he began to collaborate with other artists. In 1984 he played with Luís Caldas's band Acordes Verdes, one of the originators of samba-reggae, and in 1985 he formed part of Caetano Veloso's band on the record Estrangeiro, penning a song, "Meia Lua Inteira", that was very successful in Brazil and outside the country. In 1985, Luís Caldas recorded “Visão de Cíclope”, composed by Carlinhos Brown, and it became one of the hottest songs on Salvador's radio stations. Following this, he composed “Remexer”, “O Côco” and “É Difícil” for other artists, earning him a Caymmi trophy, one of the most important music awards in Bahía, and led to his participation in world tours with João Gilberto, Djavan, and João Bosco.

Timbalada[link]

In the 1990s he became known nationally and internationally as the leader of the musical group Timbalada, which consisted of more than 100 percussionists and singers, called "timbaleiros", the majority of them young kids from the Candeal neighborhood of Salvador, where Carlinhos was born. They recorded eight albums and toured various countries around the world. Billboard Magazine named their debut album the "best record produced in Latin America" in 1993.

Carlinhos Brown in 2007

Carlinhos Brown in 2007

Solo career[link]

On the heels of Timbalada's success, in 1996 Brown launched a solo album called Alfagamabetizado, on which he sang, composed, and played the instruments. He followed this up with his second album Omelete Man, and a third album, Bahia do Mundo, Mito e Verdade.

1996 also saw Brown appearing on the album Roots by the Brazilian metal band Sepultura.

In 1997, Brown made a cameo appearance performing the song "A Namorada" in the film Speed 2: Cruise Control, and appeared on the Speed 2: Cruise Control Original Motion Picture Soundtrack.^[2]

In 1998, Brown collaborated with Bonga and Marisa Monte on the track "Mulemba Xangola" for the AIDS benefit compilation album Onda Sonora: Red Hot + Lisbon produced by the Red Hot Organization.

Brown released Carlinos Brown É Carlito Marrón in 2003 and collaborated with DJ Dero on the 2004 album Candyall Beat. The Carlito Marrón album achieved considerable success in Spain where it was repackaged a year later with extra tracks, achieving a hit single "Maria Caipirinha" (with DJ Dero) on the Spanish charts in 2005. Carlinhos Brown remains active in the Salvador da Bahía community, founding the Pracatum Music School in the Candeal neighborhood in 1994 as a non-profit organization dedicated to education, cultural, and community development programs in the city, including a professional music school. In addition, Brown has his own recording label, Candyall Records. Brown has also begun painting, and his art works have been well received.

On April 10, 2007, Carlinhos' new album, A Gente Ainda Não Sonhou was released by SonyBMG. It was recorded in Salvador de Bahia between March 2005 and September 2006. Two songs were co-written with Marisa Monte and Arnaldo Antunes. The record opens with Brazilian percussion mixed with electronica, psychedelic strings and booming beats; primitivism and sophistication with a technically naive feel, yet always maintaining the best of Brazil.

The album continues with tracks that fuse electronic sounds with radiant rhythms, a rumba-tango with a Bahian feel, touches of dynamic reggae that clearly show the Brazilian/Jamaican connection, a syncopated funk and also two ballads, one that mixes acoustic with electronic ambiance and shows Brown's mastery of this type of music, and another with a magnificent string arrangement that adorns one of the most lyrical songs on the album.

Carlinhos Brown is extensively featured in the 2004 documentary El Milagro de Candeal.

In 2011, he collaborated with Los Van Vans to record the track "Soy Loco Por Tí, América" for to the Red Hot Organization's most recent charitable album Red Hot + Rio 2. The album is a follow-up to the 1996 Red Hot + Rio. Proceeds from the sales will be donated to raise awareness and money to fight AIDS/HIV and related health and social issues.

Tribalistas[link]

In 2002 he formed the group Tribalistas with Arnaldo Antunes and Marisa Monte, contributing vocals and drums to their self-titled album Os Tribalistas. Their single "Já sei namorar" became the number one song on Brazilian radio stations, and their second single "Velha Infância" met with almost equal success. The album spawned two more hits in Brazil, "Passe Em Casa", co-written with Margareth Menezes, and "É Você". In 2003, Tribalistas won the Best Album, Best DVD, and Best Song (for "Já Sei Namorar") awards from the Multishow of Brazilian Music.

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

• 1996 Alfagamabetizado (Blue Note Records)
• 1998 Omelete Man (Blue Note Records)
• 2001 Bahia do Mundo, Mito e Verdade (Blue Note Records)
• 2003 Carlinhos Brown é Carlito Marrón (Blue Note Records)
• 2004 Candyall Beat (Vale)
• 2007 A Gente Ainda Não Sonhou (Sony BMG)
• 2010 Adobró (Sony BMG)
• 2010 Diminuto (Sony BMG)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carlinhos Brown

• Official website
• The curse of Carlinhos Brown (Portuguese)
• The release of Adobró and Diminuto albums (in Portuguese)