thumb|A cake of rosin, made for use by violinists, used here for soldering. Rosin, also called colophony or Greek pitch (''Pix græca''), is a solid form of resin obtained from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers, produced by heating fresh liquid resin to vaporize the volatile liquid terpene components. It is semi-transparent and varies in color from yellow to black. At room temperature rosin is brittle, but it melts at stove-top temperatures. It chiefly consists of different resin acids, especially abietic acid. The name, colophony or colophonia resina, comes from its origin in Colophon, an ancient Ionic city.

Uses

Rosin is an ingredient in printing inks, photocopying and laser printing paper, varnishes, adhesives (glues), soap, paper sizing, soda, soldering fluxes, and sealing wax.

Rosin can be used as a glazing agent in medicines and chewing gum. It is denoted by E number E915. A related glycerol ester (E445) can be used as an emulsifier in soft drinks. In pharmaceuticals, rosin forms an ingredient in several plasters and ointments.

In industry, rosin is the precursor to the flux used in soldering. The lead-tin solder commonly used in electronics has about 1% rosin as a flux core helping the molten metal flow and making a better connection by reducing the refractory solid oxide layer formed at the surface back to metal. It is frequently seen as the burnt or clear residue around new soldering.

A mixture of pitch and rosin is used to make a surface against which glass is polished when making optical components such as lenses.

Rosin is added in small quantities to traditional linseed oil/sand gap fillers, used in building work.

When mixed with waxes and oils, rosin is the main ingredient of ''mystic smoke'', a gum which, when rubbed and suddenly stretched, appears to produce puffs of smoke from the finger tips.

Rosin is extensively used for its friction-increasing capacity in several fields:

Players of bowed string instruments rub cakes or blocks of rosin on their bow hair so it can grip the strings and make them speak. Extra substances such as beeswax, gold, silver, tin, or meteoric iron are sometimes added to the rosin to modify its stiction/friction properties, and (disputably) the tone it produces. Powdered rosin is often applied to new hair, for example with a felt pad or cloth, to reduce the time taken in getting sufficient rosin onto the hair. Lighter rosin is used for violins, darker for cellos, special type for basses—for more see Bow (music).

Violin rosin can be applied to the underside of bridges in other musical instruments, such as the Banjo and Banjolele, in order to prevent the bridge from moving during vigorous playing.

Ballet, flamenco, and Irish Dancers are known to rub the tips and heels of their shoes in powdered rosin to reduce slippage on clean wooden dance floors or competition/permanence stages. - it was at one time used in the same way in fencing and is still used as such by boxers.

Gymnasts use it to improve grip.

Olympic weightlifters rub the soles of their weightlifting boots in rosin to improve traction on the platform.

Applied onto the starting line of drag racing courses used to improve traction.

Bull riders rub rosin on their rope and glove for additional grip.

Baseball pitchers and ten-pin bowlers may use small cloth bag of powdered rosin for better ball control.

Fine Art; Used for tempera emulsions and as painting-medium component for oil paintings. Soluble in oil of turpentine and turpentine substitute, needs to be warmed.

In archery rosin is mixed with beeswax to dress the bowstring, thus lubricating and preserving it.

Dog groomers use powdered rosin to aid in removal of excess hair from deep in the ear canal.

Pharmaceutical

Rosin and its derivatives also exhibit wide ranging pharmaceutical applications. Rosin derivatives show excellent film forming and coating properties.They are also used for tablet film and enteric coating purpose. Rosins have also been used to formulate microcapsules and nanoparticles.

Glycerol, sorbitol, and mannitol esters of rosin are used as chewing gum bases for medicinal applications. The degradation and biocompatibility of rosin and rosin-based biomaterials has been examined in vitro and in vivo.

Production

Rosin is the resinous constituent of the oleo-resin exuded by various species of pine, known in commerce as crude turpentine. The separation of the oleo-resin into the essential oil-spirit of turpentine and common rosin is effected by distillation in large copper stills. The essential oil is carried off at a temperature of between 100° and 160°C, leaving fluid rosin, which is run off through a tap at the bottom of the still, and purified by passing through straining wadding. Rosin varies in color, according to the age of the tree from which the turpentine is drawn and the degree of heat applied in distillation, from an opaque, almost pitch-black substance through grades of brown and yellow to an almost perfectly transparent colorless glassy mass. The commercial grades are numerous, ranging by letters from A, the darkest, to N, extra pale, superior to which are W, window glass, and WW, water white varieties, the latter having about three times the value of the common qualities.

Other sources of rosin include rosin (called tall oil rosin) obtained from the distillation of Crude Tall Oil (CTO). Crude Tall Oil is a by-product obtained from the kraft paper making process. Additionally rosin may be obtained from aged pine stumps. This type of rosin is typically called wood rosin. In this process, aged wood stumps are chipped and soaked in a solvent solution. The solvents are recovered along with the rosin, fatty acids, turpentine, and other constituents through distillation. In the United States, pine stumps of trees killed during the American Civil War were highly prized, but are now difficult to locate.

On a large scale, rosin is treated by destructive distillation for the production of rosin spirit, pinoline and rosin oil. The last enters into the composition of some of the solid lubricating greases, and is also used as an adulterant of other oils.

Properties

Rosin is brittle and friable, with a faint piny odor. It is typically a glassy solid, though some rosins will form crystals, especially when brought into solution. The practical melting point varies with different specimens, some being semi-fluid at the temperature of boiling water, others melting at 100°C to 120°C. It is very flammable, burning with a smoky flame, so care should be taken when melting it. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene and chloroform. Rosin consists mainly of abietic acid, and combines with caustic alkalis to form salts (rosinates or pinates) that are known as rosin soaps. In addition to its extensive use in soap making, rosin is largely employed in making varnishes (including fine violin varnishes), sealing wax and various adhesives. It is also used for preparing shoemakers' wax, as a flux for soldering metals, for pitching lager beer casks, for rosining the bows of musical instruments and numerous minor purposes.

Prolonged exposure to rosin fumes released during soldering can cause occupational asthma (formerly called ''colophony disease'' in this context) in sensitive individuals, although it is not known which component of the fumes causes the problem.

The type of rosin used for instruments is determined by the diameter of the strings. Generally this means that the larger the instrument is, the softer the rosin should be. For instance, double bass rosin is generally soft enough to be pliable with slow movements. A cake of bass rosin left in a single position for several months will show evidence of flow, especially in warmer weather.

Prolonged over-exposure by handling rosin-coated products, for example, by the excessive and long-term handling of laser printer or photocopying paper, can give rise to a form of industrial contact dermatitis.

Sources

The chief region of rosin production is Indonesia, southern China, such as Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan and Jiangxi, and the Northern part of Vietnam. Chinese rosin is obtained mainly from the turpentine of Masson's Pine ''Pinus massoniana'' and Slash Pine ''P. elliottii''.

The South Atlantic and Eastern Gulf states of the United States is also a chief region of production. American rosin is obtained from the turpentine of Longleaf Pine ''Pinus palustris'' and Loblolly Pine ''P. taeda''. In Mexico, most of the rosin is derived from live tapping of several species of pine trees, but mostly ''Pinus oocarpa'', ''Pinus leiophylla'', ''Pinus michoacana'' and ''Pinus montezumae''. Most production is concentrated in the west-central state of Michoacán.

The main source of supply in Europe is the French district of Les Landes in the departments of Gironde and Landes, where the Maritime Pine ''P. pinaster'' is extensively cultivated. In the north of Europe rosin is obtained from the Scots Pine ''P. sylvestris'', and throughout European countries local supplies are obtained from other species of pine, with Aleppo Pine ''P. halepensis'' being particularly important in the Mediterranean region.

See also

Resin

Copal

Amber

References

External links

Category:Resins

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Coordinates	45°30′″N73°40′″N
name	Dr. Carol Sue Rosin
birth date	March 29, 1944
birth place	Wilmington, Delaware, U.S.
education	University of Delaware
occupation	EducatorAuthorConsultant
spouse	Jon Cypher
children	}}

Carol Sue Rosin (born March 29, 1944; Wilmington, Delaware) is an award-winning educator, author, leading aerospace executive and space and missile defense consultant. She is a former spokesperson for Wernher von Braun and has consulted to a number of companies, organizations, government departments and the intelligence community. She is the current President of the Institute for Security and Cooperation in Outer Space (ISCOS) which she Founded. Dr. Rosin has received the support of various prominent individuals, some of whom are on the website http://www.peaceinspace.com . She is also a witness for The Disclosure Project.

Biography

Education

She received a Bachelor of Science from the University of Delaware and an Honorary Doctorate in Humanities from Archbishop Soloman Gbadebo, Nigeria.

Fairchild Industries

Rosin, an educator, became the first woman to hold the executive position of Corporate Manager at Fairchild Industries from 1974 through 1977, where she met the late Dr. Wernher von Braun. When they first met in early 1974, Von Braun was dying of cancer. According to Rosin's accounts, Von Braun spent the last years of his life explaining to her his position that space-based weapons are dangerous, destabilizing, too costly, unnecessary, and unworkable, and explaining the available alternatives. He asked Dr. Rosin to be his spokesperson and to appear on occasions when he was too ill to speak. Her first speech for him was to the National Education Association where she introduced satellites as a tool for teachers to 18,000 educators. He also asked her to take on the challenge of educating about the need to ban ALL space-based weapons by educating decision makers and the grassroots about how the military industrial complex can feasibly be transformed into a peaceful world cooperative space exploration complex...creating a global cooperative space program that will be large enough to replace the entire war game and mindset...and build a security system based on collaboration and information sharing, a stimulated economy that will provide more jobs and profits (and training programs) than during any hot or cold wartime, applied technologies and information that can provide solutions to urgent and potential man-made or natural disasters and solve problems of human needs, our common environment, and new energy.

According to Rosin, von Braun also spoke of the existence of "Off Planet Cultures" (extraterrestrials) and about how these OPC's are going to be identified as being "enemies," when they are not enemies.

Space weapons and future technology applications consultant

Rosin has been a consultant to corporations and organizations, including TRW, Disney, GE, IBM and the National Space Institute on space and defense. She has testified before the U.S. Congress, the U.S. Senate, the President's Commission on Space and has met with people in over 100 countries about the feasibility of banning space-based weapons.

Current life

Carol Rosin is the Founder of the Institute for Security and Cooperation in Outer Space (ISCOS). She is World Peace Ambassador for the International Association of Educators for World Peace, IAEWP, a UN-NGO (ECOSOC).

On http://www.peaceinspace.com, one can find the prominent co-authors of the Outer Space Security and Development Treaty of 2011 including Dr. Astronaut Dr. Edgar Mitchell, Dr. Scott Jones, Abe Krieger, Commander Will Miller, Ret., and supporter Former Canadian Minister of Defense, Honorable Paul Hellyer.

She currently lives in the United States. The global Call to Action is posted on http://www.peaceinspace.com where one can find a more extensive biography, and the Outer Space Security and Development Treaty of 2011 can be downloaded. The intention is to have this Treaty signed into law during 2011-1012.

Awards

Rosin has received the Space Humanitarian Award in 2000 from the United Societies in Space for her 30 years of dedication on the subject, a Science Teachers Gold Medal Award, an Aviation Writers Award and an American Society of Engineering Educators Award for organizing the motivation program "It's Your Turn" for youth, women and minorities.

Media

Videos

Disclosure Project - //////Washington Press Club Conference - Washington, D.C. - May 9, 2001

Dr Carol Rosin "A Call to Action" at 2011 UFO conference

Dr Carol Rosin "Interview"

Disclosure Project brief clip of Carol Rosin

News Clip

Actor/Activist Jon Cypher introduces the UFO Disclosure Project - Full Version

Carol Rosin of the Disclosure Project full testimony

Carol speaks about the "extraterrestrial card...the last card"

The Greatest Story ever Denied

Watch The Ultimate Deception

First Contact: Dawn of Aquarius

Moon Rising - A Jose Escamilla Film

Audio

Radio Interviews

The Space Show - June 29, 2004

See also

http://www.peaceinspace.com http://funds.gofundme.com/Peace-in-Space-Treaty  

Disclosure Project http://www.disclosureproject.org

Articles: http://technorati.com/technology/article/paola-harris-on-ufos-europe-and/

New Treaty Would Ban Space Weapons for Earthlings and ETs

References

External links

Official links

Institute for Security and Cooperation in Outer Space (ISCOS - Homepage

Miscellaneous links

June 2004 Interview with Dr. Carol Rosin (requires sign-up)

Photo of Dr. Carol Rosin at Washington's National Press Club

Category:1944 births Category:Living people Category:American scientists Category:Ufologists

bg:Карол Росин it:Carol Rosin

PHOTOS: Dr Carol Rosin at podium at 2011 International UFO Congress PHOTO: Dr Carol Rosin

Coordinates	45°30′″N73°40′″N
name	Steven M. Greer
birth date	June 28, 1955
birth place	Charlotte, North Carolina
occupation	PhysicianUfologist }}

Steven M. Greer (June 28, 1955) is an American physician and ufologist who founded the Orion Project and The Disclosure Project.

Biography

Greer claims that he is a contactee who has coined the term "close encounter of the fifth kind" to describe human-initiated contact with extraterrestrials.

The Disclosure Project

The Disclosure Project is a nonprofit research project started by Greer in 1992 that alleges the existence of a US government cover-up of information relating to unidentified flying objects (UFOs). The Disclosure Project has been well-received by UFO enthusiasts, with speeches from Greer and various other witnesses being presented at various UFO-themed conferences. Greer has held press conferences and embarked on a continuing series of lectures and television appearances trying to raise popular support.

Mainstream media coverage of the group mostly centered around a 2001 conference at the National Press Club which was described by an attending BBC reporter as the strangest he had ever seen. Greer convened the conference with more than 100 other contactees offering testimony. Among the contactees were "...about 20 former government workers, many of them military and security officials, who stepped forward...and called for congressional hearings about such sightings." Such arguments were met with by derision by skeptics and spokespeople for the U. S. Airforce who maintain that there is no convincing evidence for the speculation that UFOs are alien spacecraft.

Media appearances

Greer has appeared on ''Larry King Live'', CBS, BBC, NTV in Japan, ''Sightings'', ''Encounters'', Ancient Aliens on the History Channel, ''Coast to Coast AM'', the Art Bell show, and the Armstrong Williams radio show and hosts an Internet radio segment called "Conversations with Dr. Steven Greer".

Publications

''Contact: Countdown to Transformation'' 2009. ISBN 0967323831.

''Hidden Truth - Forbidden Knowledge'' 2006. ISBN 0967323827.

''Disclosure : Military and Government Witnesses Reveal the Greatest Secrets in Modern History'' 2001. ISBN 0967323819.

''Extraterrestrial Contact: The Evidence and Implications'' 1999. ISBN 0967323800.

References

Category:American physicians Category:American people of Native American descent Category:American UFO writers Category:Contactees Category:Ufologists Category:Appalachian State University alumni Category:East Tennessee State University alumni Category:People from Charlottesville, Virginia Category:People from Charlotte, North Carolina Category:1955 births Category:Living people

es:CSETI fr:Steven M. Greer it:Steven Greer