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Frank Moore
Frank Moore in front of the Art Institute of Chicago 1991 photograph by Linda Mac
Birth name	Frank James Moore
Born	June 25, 1946 Columbus, Ohio, United States
Nationality	American
Field	Performance artist

Frank Moore (born Frank James Moore, June 25, 1946) is an American performance artist, poet, essayist, painter, musician and Internet/television personality who has experimented in art, performance, ritual, and shamanistic teaching since the late 1960s.

Moore is perhaps most well known as one of the NEA-funded artists targeted by Jesse Helms and the GAO (General Accounting Office) in the early 90s for doing art that was labeled “obscene". He is well known for long (5–48 hours) ritualistic performances with audience participation, nudity, and eroticism. But he has also become well known for his influential writings on performance, art, life, and cultural subversion, for his historical influence on the San Francisco Bay Area music and performance scene, and more recently for his 24/7/365 pioneering webstation, LUVeR(Love Underground Visionary Revolution).

Moore coined the word "eroplay" to describe physical play between adults released from the linear goals of sex and orgasm. He has explored this, and similar concepts in performance and ritual as a way for people to connect on a deep human level with each other beyond the social and cultural expectations and limitations, and as a way to melt isolation between people.

Moore has been an underground counter-culture hero and artistic inspiration for decades. He was born with cerebral palsy, can not walk or talk, but has written books, directed plays, directed, acted in and edited films, regularly gives poetry readings, plays piano, sings in ensemble music jams, and continues to lead bands in hard core punk clubs up and down the west coast. He also has a large collection of original oil paintings that have been shown across the United States and in Canada. Moore communicates using a laser-pointer and a board of letters, numbers, and commonly-used words.

Performance artist Annie Sprinkle considers Moore one of her teachers,^[1] and Moore has performed with a host of performance and punk figures of the underground since the 1970s like Barbara Smith, Linda Sibio, The Feederz, and Dirk Dirksen - The Pope of Punk.

Frank Moore first came to be known in the 70s as the creator of the popular cabaret show, the Outrageous Beauty Revue (The Intimate Theater.) . In the 80s he became one of the United States' foremost performance artists. In 1992 he was voted Best Performance Artist by the San Francisco Bay Guardian. In the early '90s he was targeted by Senator Jesse Helms. From 1991-1999 Frank Moore published and edited the acclaimed underground zine, The Cherotic r(E)volutionary.

In addition to his books, Cherotic Magic and Art of a Shaman, and numerous other self-published pieces, Frank Moore has been widely published in various art and other periodicals. In artist Pamela Kay Walker's book, "Moving Over the Edge," Moore is one of the artists featured as having "greatly impacted me and many people through their artistic expression and their lives."^[2]

Frank Moore’s video works are award winning and have shown throughout the U.S. and Canada, and since 2001 Moore has been producing shows for Berkeley's public access channel, Berkeley Community Media, Channel 28. His shows play weekly, throughout the week.

Frank Moore's Web of All Possibilities at eroplay.com features his and other artists' audio, video, and visual artwork. He founded Love Underground Visionary Revolution(LUVeR) in 1999, a webstation combining live streaming and on-demand libraries of audio and video programming, described by Moore as a "non-corporate, d.i.y., totally uncensored, noncommercial, nonprofit internet-only communal collective with 24-hour 'live' programming (by amazing people) with 'no-limits' content." In 2011, Moore expanded LUVeR to two channels, adding “Frank’s Deep Roots Music” channel.

In 2006, Moore announced his candidacy for the 2008 election for President of the United States.

Frank Moore continues to perform regularly in the San Francisco Bay Area. Moore also continues to host his regular internet show, “Frank Moore’s Shaman’s Den” on LUVeR. Moore describes it as a show that “will arouse, inspire, move, threaten you, not with sound bites, but with a two hour (usually longer) feast of live streaming video. You might get an in-studio concert of bands from around the world...or poetry reading...or an in-depth conversation about politics, art, music, and LIFE with extremely dangerous people! But then you may see beautiful women naked dancing erotically. You never know, because you are in The Shaman’s Den with Frank Moore.”

In mid-2011, Moore launched a performance and video retrospective on vimeo.com. It is ongoing.

Notes[link]

References[link]

• Arts Wire CURRENT Volume#10 No. #34
• Timeline Of NEA 4 Events - C. Carr
• The Fiery Furnace: Performance in the '80s, War in the '90s - C. Carr
• Touching Our Private Parts East Bay Express 1/29/2003
• Interview with a Presidential Candidate: Frank Moore arabianmonkey.com 7/4/2007
• Jake McGee's in-depth interview with Frank Moore for Kotori Magazine
• Hooligan Magazine, November 2010 The Russian magazine's 2010 article about Frank Moore. pg. 80.
• IMAGINATION: The Art of Transformation - Kelly W. Knox
• Franklin Furnace and the Spirit of the Avant-Garde - Toni Sant
• Other articles about & interviews with Frank Moore

External links[link]

Biography portal

Wikinews has related news: Wikinews interviews Frank Moore, independent candidate for US President

• Frank Moore's Web Of All Possibilities
• LUVeR - Love Underground Visionary Revolution
• Frank Moore's Vimeo Channel
• Frank Moore's Upcoming Events
• The Shaman's Cave
• Frank Moore Events Poster Gallery
• The Cherotic (r)Evolutionary
• Frank Moore for President, official campaign site
• Frank Moore for prez08 platform videos
• Frank Moore's resume
• Art Of A Shaman
• Writings of Frank Moore

Frank Moore may refer to:

Writers and artists[link]

• Frank Moore (journalist) (1828–1904), American journalist and compiler
• Frank Moore (performance artist) (born 1946), American performance artist
• Frank C. Moore (painter) (1953–2002), New York-based painter
• Frank Frankfort Moore (1855–1931), British dramatist, novelist and poet
• Frank Gardner Moore (1865–1955), American Latin scholar
• Frank Montague Moore (1877–1967), painter and the first director of the Honolulu Academy of Arts

Others[link]

• Frank A. Moore (1844–1918), American politician and judge in the state of Oregon
• Frank E. Moore, former Republican member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives
• Frank Moore (actor), American stage actor; appeared in His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz
• Frank C. Moore (1896–1978), American lawyer and politician
• Frank Moore (horse racing), Australian jockey
• Frank Moore (sport shooter), British Olympic sport shooter
• Frank Moore (New Zealand) (1867–?), New Zealand political activist
• Frank Moore (baseball) (1877–1964), pitcher in Major League Baseball

See also[link]

• Frank Moore Colby (1865–1925), American educator and writer
• Frank Moore Cross (born 1921), professor emeritus of the Harvard Divinity School
• Francis Moore (disambiguation)
• Moore (surname)

This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Thurston Moore
Moore at the 2008 Brooklyn Book Festival.
Background information
Birth name	Thurston Joseph Moore
Also known as	Mirror, Fred Cracklin
Born	(1958-07-25) July 25, 1958 (age 53) Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.
Genres	Alternative rock, noise rock, experimental rock, no wave
Occupations	Singer, Guitarist, Songwriter, Consultant, Record producer
Instruments	Vocals, guitar, bass, harmonica, synthesizer, piano, saxophone
Years active	1978–present
Labels	Geffen SST Ecstatic Peace! Father Yod Lo Recordings Destructive Industries Arts & Crafts México
Associated acts	Sonic Youth Ciccone Youth The Coachmen Mirror/Dash Even Worse Dream/Aktion Unit Bark Haze Dim Stars Northampton Wools
Notable instruments
Fender Jazzmaster

Thurston Joseph Moore (born July 25, 1958)^[1] is an American musician best known as a singer, songwriter and guitarist of Sonic Youth. He has also participated in many solo and group collaborations outside of Sonic Youth, as well as running the Ecstatic Peace! record label. Moore was ranked 34th in Rolling Stone's 2004 edition of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time."^[2]

Early years[link]

Moore was born in Coral Gables, Florida, but was raised in Bethel, Connecticut.^[3] Although he enrolled at Western Connecticut State University, he instead moved to New York City to join the burgeoning post-punk/no wave music scenes.^[4] At the beginning of his time in New York, he lived in an apartment below artist Dan Graham, eventually befriending him, sometimes using records from Graham's collection for mix tapes.

Once in the city, Moore was briefly a member of the hardcore punk band Even Worse, featuring future The Big Takeover editor (and future Springhouse drummer) Jack Rabid. After exiting the band, Moore and Lee Ranaldo learned experimental guitar techniques in Glenn Branca's "guitar orchestras."^[4]

Sonic Youth[link]

Moore and Ranaldo soon formed Sonic Youth, serving as the band's guitarists, with Moore on lead vocals on a good portion of the material. The band signed to Neutral Records, then to Homestead Records, and then to SST Records.

Live in the Netherlands (with Sonic Youth), 1991

Moore and Ranaldo make extensive use of unusual guitar tunings, often heavily modifying their instruments to provide unusual timbres and drones. They are known for bringing upwards of fifty guitars to every gig, using some guitars for one song only.^[4] In 2004, Rolling Stone magazine ranked Moore and Ranaldo the 33rd and 34th Greatest Guitarists of All Time.

In 2011, Moore and his wife, Sonic Youth bassist Kim Gordon, announced they had separated; shortly afterward, Ranaldo announced the indefinite hiatus of Sonic Youth.^[5]

Work outside of Sonic Youth[link]

In addition to his work with Sonic Youth, Moore has also released albums as a solo artist. He and Gordon released a few songs as Mirror/Dash, a reference to their respective nicknames. ("Mirror" being an alliterative pun on "Moore"^{[citation needed]}, and "Dash" being a pun on Flash Gordon.^{[citation needed]}) The two also established Protest records together but the project has since lapsed.

Moore has collaborated with scores of musicians, including Maryanne Amacher, Lydia Lunch, DJ Spooky, William Hooker, Daniel Carter, Christian Marclay, Mike Watt, Loren Mazzacane Connors, Tom Surgal, William Winant, Nels Cline, Cock E.S.P., WRONG, Daniel Castro, Glenn Branca, Yamantaka Eye, Chris Corsano and My Cat is an Alien. Most of his solo/duo collaborations have been instrumental, and are generally improvised and/or noise based.

In the early 1990s, Moore formed the side band Dim Stars, with Richard Hell, Don Fleming, Steve Shelley and Robert Quine. Moore performed solo on the side stage of the 1993 Lollapalooza tour. Additionally, Moore also contributed guitar work and backing vocals on "Crush with Eyeliner", which appeared on R.E.M.'s Monster.

Since 2004, Moore has recorded and performed with the noise collective To Live and Shave in L.A., the lineup of which also features Andrew W.K.. He recorded with the band at Sonic Youth's former studio in Manhattan, and later performed with them at the George W. Bush "anti-inaugural" Noise Against Fascism concert in Washington, D.C., named in reference to Sonic Youth's 1992 song "Youth Against Fascism." Moore curated the "Nightmare Before Christmas" weekend of the All Tomorrow's Parties music festival in December 2006.

Moore directed the music video for Pavement's song "Here," from Slanted and Enchanted. Foot is a collaboration between Don Fleming, Jim Dunbar and Thurston Moore.

On June 21, 2007, Moore revealed to Spin Magazine that he would be releasing a solo album titled Trees Outside The Academy. The album was recorded at J Mascis' studio in Amherst, Massachusetts. The album is made up of mostly acoustic material and features Sonic Youth drummer Steve Shelley and violinist Samara Lubelski. The album also features collaborations between Mascis and Charalambides' Christina Carter, who performs a duet with Moore on the track, "Honest James." The album was released on September 18, 2007, on Moore's label Ecstatic Peace.

On September 24, 2008, Pitchfork Media reported that Thurston was working on a song with former Be Your Own Pet vocalist Jemina Pearl, a cover of the Ramones song "Sheena Is a Punk Rocker." The song was recorded for the teenage drama Gossip Girl and was featured in the episode "There Might Be Blood".

Since 2008, Moore has provided narration for a variety of documentaries on the National Geographic Channel. His work includes Inside: Straight Edge and the Hard Time series about life in prison.

Work on film soundtracks[link]

Thurston Moore performing with Sonic Youth at the 2005 Roskilde Festival.

In 1994, Moore teamed up with Greg Dulli of The Afghan Whigs, Don Fleming of Gumball, Mike Mills of R.E.M., and Dave Grohl of Nirvana/Foo Fighters, to form the Backbeat Band, which recorded the soundtrack album to the movie Backbeat.

In 1998 Moore played on the soundtrack of the film Velvet Goldmine as a member of Wylde Ratttz, along with The Stooges' Ron Asheton, his Sonic Youth bandmate Steve Shelley, Minutemen's Mike Watt, Gumball's Don Fleming, Mark Arm of Mudhoney and Jim Dunbar.

Moore also composed original music for the films:

• Heavy (1995)
• Bully (2001)
• Manic (2001)
• Extra Action and Extra Hardcore (2008)

In 2007, Moore also appeared with noise/improv group "Original Silence" featuring Norwegian drummer Paal Nilssen-Love (The thing, Atomic, Scorch Trio), guitarist Terrie Ex (The Ex), Jim O'Rourke (Sonic Youth, Wilco, Illusion of Safety), saxophonist Mats Gustafsson and bassist Massimo Pupillo (Zu). The group released the live album "The First Original Silence" in 2007, on Oslo (Norway) label SmallTown Superjazz, and a second album "The Second Original Silence" in 2008.

Record label and writings[link]

Moore and other Sonic Youth members published the irreverent music zine Sonic Life. Moore runs the record label Ecstatic Peace!. Beginning in 1993, this label jointly released records with rock critic Byron Coley's label, Father Yod, as Ecstatic Yod Records.

Moore reviews new music in Arthur Magazine in a column written jointly with Byron Coley. He manages the website Protest Records, named for its protest against United States' invasions in the Middle East. Moore was the editor/overseer of the 2005 book Mix Tape: The Art of Cassette Culture. He published a highly influential list of collectible free jazz records in Grand Royal magazine.^[6]

Personal life[link]

In 1984, Moore married Sonic Youth bassist/vocalist Kim Gordon. The pair have a daughter, Coco Hayley Gordon Moore (born 1 July 1994). They currently reside in Northampton, Massachusetts. However, as of October 14, 2011, the couple announced that they are separating.^[7]

Equipment[link]

Moore is known for using a large selection of Fender guitars during Sonic Youth gigs. Most of the time he plays a Jazzmaster through many different types of amps among which Vox AC30, Peaveys and Fenders are present. He also plays a Jaguar and (less often) a heavily modified Fender Duo-Sonic with three single-coil pickups.

Since Ranaldo and Moore, together with Elvis Costello, J. Mascis, and Kevin Shields, are known for being key figures in the popularization and resurrection of the Fender Jazzmaster, in 2009 Fender introduced a Lee Ranaldo signature edition of a Sapphire Blue Transparent version featuring two Fender Wide Range humbucking pickups and a Forest Green transparent finish for Moore, equipped with a pair of Seymour Duncan Antiquity II Jazzmaster single-coil pickups).^[8]

Solo discography and collaborations[link]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (February 2010)

Solo albums

• Psychic Hearts (1995, Geffen Records)
• Trees Outside the Academy (2007, Ecstatic Peace)
• Demolished Thoughts (2011, Matador Records) (UK chart peak: #119)^[9]

Other

• Root - Remix Project (1998, Lo Recordings)
• Solo Acoustic Volume Five - Part of the VDSQ (Vin Du Select Qualitite) acoustic guitar series (2011)

Limited Edition Noise, experimental, drone projects

• 2006 - Flipped Out Bride 12'' (2006, Blossoming Noise), Limited Edition of 500 blue marbled vinyl
• 2006 - Free / Love EP (2006, Blossoming Noise), Limited Edition of 90 Cassettes only
• 2007 - Black Weeds - White Death (2007, Meudiademorte), Limited Edition of 200 Cassettes only
• 2008 - Sensitive / Lethal
• 2008 - Blindfold (Destructive Industries), Limited Edition of 200 Cassettes only
• 2008 - Built For Lovin (Lost Treasures of the Underworld), Limited Edition of 500 vinyl only
• 2010 - Suicide Notes For Acoustic Guitar EP
• 2010 - Schwarze Polizei (with Kommissar Hjuler, Goaty Tapes), Limited Edition of 50 Cassettes only

Collaborations

• 1988 - Barefoot In The Head [with Jim Sauter & Don Dietrich]
• 1993 - Shamballa [With William Hooker & Elliott Sharp]
• 1995 - Klangfarbenmelodie & the Colorist Strikes Primitive [with Tom Surgal]
• 1996 - Pillow Wand (with Nels Cline)
• 1996 - Piece For Yvonne Rainer [with Yoshimi & Mark Ibold]
• 1997 - MMMR [with Loren Mazzacane Connors, Jean-Marc Montera & Lee Ranaldo (Numero Zero Audio)
• 1998 - Foot (with Don Fleming & Jim Dunbar)
• 1999 - The Promise [With Evan Parker & Walter Prati]
• 2000 - New York - Ystad [Thurston Moore, Lee Ranaldo, Steve Shelley, Mats Gustafsson]
• 2000 - TM/MF [Thurston Moore, Marco Fusinato]
• 2001 - Three Incredible Ideas [Thurston Moore / Walter Prati / Giancarlo Schiaffini]

Free Improvisation Albums

• 2007 - The Roadhouse Session Vol.1 [Thurston Moore / Chris Corsano / Paul Flaherty / Wally Shoup 4tet]
• 2008 - Untitled [Paul Flaherty / Thurston Moore / Bill Nace]

Live Albums

• 1996 - Piece for Jetsun Dolma [a live improvisation with Tom Surgal and William Winant at Festival International de Musique Actuelle de Victoriaville (Les Disques VICTO)]

Albums with Sonic Youth

• See Sonic Youth discography

Albums with Diskaholics Anonymous Trio [Jim O'Rourke, Mats Gustafsson, Thurston Moore]

• 2001 - Diskaholics Anonymous Trio
• 2006 - Weapons Of Ass Destruction (Recorded in 2002)

Albums with Original Silence

• 2007 - The First Original Silence (Recorded live in concert on sept. 30 2005 at Teatro Ariosto, Reggio Emilia, Italy)
• 2008 - The Second Original Silence (Recorded Live In Concert on September 28, 2005 at Brancaleone, Rome)

Early work with Glenn Branca

• 1981 - Symphony No. 1 "Tonal Plexus" (w/Glenn Branca, Lee Ranaldo, Anne DeMarinis & others)
• 1982 - Symphony No. 2 "The Peak Of The Sacred"
• 1983 - Symphony No. 3 "Gloria" - Music for the first 127 intervals of the harmonic series

Early work with the Coachmen

• 1979 -Failure to Thrive

Singles

• "Sputnik" 7" (1997) Thurston Moore and Don Fleming on one side, Pete Kember aka Sonic Boom on the other. Gilltery vinyl.
• "Wonderful Witches" single (2007)
• 1995 - The Church Should Be For The Outcasts, Not A Church That Casts People Out (7") [As Male Slut]

Split LPs

• From The Earth To The Spheres (2004, split with My Cat Is An Alien)
• Thrash Sabbatical (2008, Deathbomb Arc, four-way split 12" + 2x7" w/ Men Who Can't Love, Barrabarracuda, Kevin Shields)
• Mature, Lonely + Out of Control/Alternative Hair Styles (2008, Nihilist Records, split LP with Graham Moore)

Album appearances

• 1992 - Do You Wanna Dance (by Dim Stars)
• 1994 - Monster (by R.E.M.)
• 1997 - Legend Of The Blood Yeti (by XIII Ghosts & Derek Bailey)
• 1998 - Velvet Goldmine - Music From The Original Motion Picture ("T.V. Eye" with the Wylde Ratttz)
• 2002 - Kapotte Muziek - #12 in Kapotte Muziek series (Korm Plastics)
• 2006 - The Voloptulist [The New Blockaders, with Thurston Moore (track 1) / Jim O'Rourke (track 2)]
• 2007 - Touch The Iceberg (by Owl Xounds Exploding Galaxy)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Sonic Youth.com - Official website
• Official Myspace page for "Kill Your Idols", a documentary about the Cinema of Transgression featuring Thurston Moore
• Ecstatic Peace! Records.
• Spike magazine interview.
• Writings by Thurston on 2003 NYC power blackout.
• Thurston Moore's "Skrewer Boy" published on the Tellus Audio Cassette Magazine @ Ubuweb
• Pichfork article Working with Jemina

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)

Frank James
Frank (right) and Jesse James in 1872
Born	(1843-01-10)January 10, 1843 Clay County, Missouri, USA
Died	February 18, 1915(1915-02-18) (aged 72) Clay County, Missouri

Alexander Franklin "Frank" James (January 10, 1843^[1] – February 18, 1915) was an American outlaw. He was the older brother of outlaw Jesse James.^[2]

Childhood[link]

James was born Alexander Franklin James in Kearney, Missouri to Baptist minister Reverend Robert Sallee James and his wife Zerelda (Cole) James, who had moved from Kentucky. He was the oldest of three children. His father died in 1851 and his mother re-married Benjamin Simms in 1852. After his death she married a third time to Dr. Reuben Samuel in 1855 when Frank was 13 years old. As a child, James showed interest in his late father's sizable library, especially the works of William Shakespeare. Census records show that James attended school regularly, and he reportedly wanted to become a teacher.

Civil War[link]

In 1861, when James was eighteen years old, the American Civil War began. Missouri remained in the Union although a minority favored secession (nearly three times more Missourians fought for the Union).^{[citation needed]} The secessionists including Governor Jackson attempted to push the Union army out of the state but were eventually defeated. The James family was from the heavily Confederate western portion of the state. On September 13, 1861, the Missouri State Guard, including private Frank James, besieged Lexington, Missouri. James fell ill and was left behind when the Confederate forces later retreated. He surrendered to the Union troops, was paroled, and was allowed to return home. On his arrival, however, he was arrested by the local pro-Union militia and was forced to sign an oath of allegiance to the Union.

After the withdrawal of regular Confederate troops in the fall of 1864, a bitter guerrilla conflict soon began between bands of pro-Confederate irregulars (commonly known as bushwhackers) and the Union homeguards. By early 1863, Frank, ignoring his parole and oath of allegiance, had joined the guerrilla band of Fernando Scott, a former saddler. He soon switched to the more active command led by William Clarke Quantrill.

Union militiamen searching for Fernando Scott raided the Samuel farm and briefly hanged Dr. Reuben Samuel, Frank's stepfather, torturing him to reveal the location of the guerrillas. Shortly afterward, Frank took part with Quantrill's company in the August 21, 1863, Lawrence Massacre where approximately 200 mostly unarmed civilians were killed.

Outlaw years and retirement[link]

For the career of the James brothers after the Civil War, see Jesse James.

During his years as a bandit, James was involved in at least four murders between 1868 and 1876, resulting in the deaths of bank employees or citizens. The most famous incident was the disastrous Northfield, Minnesota, raid on September 7, 1876, that ended with the death or capture of most of the gang.

Five months after the killing of his brother Jesse in 1882, Frank James boarded a train to Jefferson City, Missouri, where he had an appointment with the governor in the state capitol. Placing his holster in Governor Crittenden's hands, he explained,

"I have been hunted for twenty-one years, have literally lived in the saddle, have never known a day of perfect peace. It was one long, anxious, inexorable, eternal vigil." He then ended his statement by saying, "Governor, I haven't let another man touch my gun since 1861."

Accounts say that James surrendered with the understanding that he would not be extradited to Northfield, Minnesota.^[3]

He was tried for only two of the robberies/murders – one in Gallatin, Missouri for the July 15, 1881 robbery of the Rock Island Line train at Winston, Missouri, in which the train engineer and a passenger were killed, and the other in Huntsville, Alabama for the March 11, 1881 robbery of a United States Army Corps of Engineers payroll at Muscle Shoals, Alabama. Among others, former Confederate General Joseph Orville Shelby testified on James' behalf in the Missouri trial. He was acquitted in both Missouri and Alabama. Missouri accepted legal jurisdiction over him for other charges, but they never came to trial. He was never extradited to Minnesota for his connection with the Northfield Raid.

His New York Times obituary summarized his arrest and acquittal:

"In 1882 ... Frank James surrendered in Jefferson City, MO. After his surrender James was taken to Independence, MO., where he was held in jail three weeks, and later to Gallatin, where he remained in jail a year awaiting trial. Finally James was acquitted and went to Oklahoma to live with his mother. He never was in the penitentiary and never was convicted of any of the charges against him."^[2]

In the last thirty years of his life, James worked a variety of jobs, including as a shoe salesman and then as a burlesque theater ticket taker in St. Louis. One of the theater's spins to attract patrons was their use of the phrase "Come get your ticket punched by the legendary Frank James." He also served as an AT&T telegraph operator in St. Joseph, Missouri. James took up the lecture circuit, while residing in Sherman, Texas. In 1902, former Missourian Sam Hildreth, a leading thoroughbred horse trainer and owner, hired James as the betting commissioner at the Fair Grounds Race Track in New Orleans. He returned to the North Texas area where he was a shoe salesman at Sanger Brothers in Dallas.

In his final years, James returned to the James Farm, giving tours for the sum of 25 cents.^[4] He died there on February 18, 1915, aged 72 years. He left behind his wife Annie Ralston James and one son.^[2]

Portrayals[link]

In 1939, Henry Fonda played Frank James and Tyrone Power played Jesse James in the film Jesse James. In 1940, Fonda played Frank James in the sequel The Return of Frank James.

In 1949, Tom Tyler played Frank James in the film I Shot Jesse James, an account from Robert Ford's viewpoint, and the first western directed by Samuel Fuller.

In 1954, Richard Travis portrayed Frank James in an episode of Jim Davis's syndicated western television series, Stories of the Century. Lee Van Cleef played Jesse James in the same episode.

In 1957 Jeffrey Hunter played Frank James in The True Story of Jesse James.

In 1972 John Pierce played Frank in The Great Northfield Minnesota Raid.

In 1977 John Bennett Perry portrayed Frank James in an episode of Little House on the Prairie.

In 1980, Stacy Keach played Frank James in the film The Long Riders, which featured four sets of real brothers playing sets of brothers in the gang.

In 1980, country singer Johnny Cash portrayed Frank James in the concept album The Legend of Jesse James.

In 1986, country singer Johnny Cash played Frank James in the film The Last Days of Frank and Jesse James, directed by William A. Graham.

In 1992, Jamie Walters played Frank James in the American Western TV show "The Young Riders".

In 1994, Bill Paxton played Frank in Frank & Jesse.

In 1995, Leonard Nimoy played Frank James in the made-for-TV movie Bonanza: Under Attack.

In 2001, Gabriel Macht portrayed James in the film American Outlaws.

In 2007, Sam Shepard played Frank James in the film The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford, considered to be the most accurate portrayal of the James brothers' story by the James family^{[citation needed]}.

In 2010, James Brolin appears in an uncredited cameo as Frank James in the Coen brothers' True Grit. The fictional character Rooster Cogburn is billed as appearing with James in The Cole Younger and Frank James Wild West Company in 1903.

References[link]

• Wellman, Paul I. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. 1961; 1986.

Further reading[link]

• Copland, Aaron and Perlis, Vivian: Copland - 1900 Through 1942, St. Martin's/Marek, 1984.
• Settle, William A., Jr.: Jesse James Was His Name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri, University of Nebraska Press, 1977
• Yeatman, Ted P.: Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend, Cumberland House, 2001
• Stiles, T.J.: Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War, Alfred A. Knopf, 2002

External links[link]

Biography portal

• Official website for the Family of Frank & Jesse James: Stray Leaves, A James Family in America Since 1650
• John Koblas, author of several Jesse James books
• A short profile of the James brothers
• Biographical information for the James Family
• The James brothers' familiar connection to other notorious outlaws
• An examination of the James Legend
• Summary of the Battle of Wilson's Creek where Frank fought
• Summary of the Battle of Lexington where Frank fought
• A history of Missouri during the Civil War
• A site devoted to the Missouri Partisan Rangers and their history
• A description of the raid at Lawrence, Kansas

• Booknotes interview with Ted Yeatman on Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend, October 28, 2001.

Frank Ocean
Frank Ocean performing at the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival in 2012
Background information
Birth name	Christopher Breaux
Also known as	Christopher Francis Ocean, Lonny Breaux, Frank Ocean
Born	(1987-10-28) October 28, 1987 (age 24)[1] New Orleans, Louisiana
Genres	jazz R&B, Neo Soul, Alternative hip hop, hip hop soul[2]
Occupations	Singer-songwriter, rapper, musician, entertainer, vocalist
Instruments	Vocals, Keyboards,
Years active	2007–present
Labels	Odd Future Records, Island Def Jam
Associated acts	OFWGKTA, James Fauntleroy II, Jay-Z, Kanye West, Justin Bieber, Beyonce
Website	frankocean.com

Christopher Francis Ocean (born Christopher Breaux; October 28, 1987), better known by his stage name Frank Ocean, is an American singer-songwriter from New Orleans, Louisiana. Breaux made an early career as a ghost-writer for artists such as Justin Bieber, Bridget Kelly, Aramide Makinde and John Legend. In mid 2010 he became a member of OFWGKTA premiering on Domo Genesis' track, "SteamRoller". In February 2011, he released his debut mixtape Nostalgia, Ultra to critical acclaim. He released two singles; "Novacane" and "Swim Good". Both singles achieved chart success. Ocean went on a 7 show tour through North America and Europe promoting the mixtape. He is currently located in New York City.

The mixtape caught the interest of recording artists such as Kanye West, Beyoncé Knowles and Jay-Z, and he appeared on Watch the Throne. He co-wrote the popular track "Thinking About You" for Bridget Kelly. On January 5, 2012, the BBC announced that he had finished in second place in the BBC's Sound of 2012 poll.^[3] Ocean is currently working on his debut studio album, set to be released in the first half of 2012, while the same year he appeared at Coachella and he is scheduled to appear at Lollapalooza.

Biography[link]

2005–2010: Career beginnings[link]

Frank Ocean began his career with the producer duo The MIDI Mafia. Ocean joined Los Angeles-based hip hop collective OFWGKTA, whom he met through his connections, at the end of 2009.^[4][5] In late 2009, he met Tricky Stewart, who helped Ocean sign a contract with Def Jam Recordings as a solo artist, however, he was initially unable to build a relationship with the company.^[5][6][7] In 2010, he changed his name from Christopher Breaux to Christopher Francis William Ocean via a legal website.^[5]

[edit] 2011–present: Nostalgia, Ultra and debut album

Ocean has written songs for Justin Bieber, John Legend, Brandy,^[5] and Beyoncé Knowles ("I Miss You" from the album 4),^[8][9] Ocean has also worked with Nas^[10] (on whose 10th studio album Ocean is expected to feature, along with fellow Odd Future members Tyler, the Creator and Hodgy Beats)^[11] and Pharrell Williams.^[12] On February 18, 2011, Ocean released his first mixtape, Nostalgia, Ultra, to critical acclaim.^[5][7] His music mostly focuses on interpersonal relationships, personal reflection and social commentary.^[5] NPR's Andrew Noz calls Ocean's songwriting "smart and subtle...setting him apart from the pack."^[13] Rolling Stone magazine's Jonah Weiner calls Ocean a "gifted avant-R&B smoothie".^[14] In an April 2011 interview, Ocean stated that his relationship with Def Jam has strengthened since the release of his mixtape.^[4]

Ocean appeared in Tyler, the Creator's music video for the single "She", from Tyler's second studio album Goblin (2011).^[15][16] Ocean first performed with Odd Future at the Coachella Music & Arts Festival in April 2011, then later joined his OFWGKTA bandmates for the first time on tour from May 12 to May 19, 2011. They toured the eastern seaboard of the United States.^[17] On May 19, 2011 Ocean's record label Def Jam announced its plans to re-release Nostalgia, Ultra as an EP.^[18] The single "Novacane" was released to iTunes on May 31, 2011, and the EP originally was set to be released on July 26, 2011, but through his Tumblr blog on July 24, he stated that it would not be released on that date.^[19][20] In June 2011, Ocean revealed on his Tumblr that he would be working on the upcoming Kanye West and Jay-Z collaborative album, Watch the Throne.^[21] Ocean was ultimately a writer and featured artist on the tracks "No Church in the Wild" and "Made in America".^[22][23] On July 28, 2011 a song titled "Thinking About You"^[24] was leaked on the internet. It was later revealed the song was a reference track and written for Roc Nation artist Bridget Kelly for her debut studio album.^[25] Kelly who has performed an acoustic version of the song, retitled the song "Thinking About Forever".^[26] However, on September 15, 2011, a music video directed by High5Collective for Ocean's version was released, yet the song appeared on Bridget Kelly's debut EP Every Girl.^[27] His debut album is set for a release on Def Jam Records in Spring 2012.^[28] On March 8, 2012, a re-mastered version of "Thinking About You" leaked, intended to be a single.^[29] On April 5, Ocean released the cover art for his upcoming debut studio album's lead single "Thinkin' Bout You", revealing the song would be released to digital retailers on April 10.^[30] "It succinctly defines me as an artist for where I am right now and that was the aim," he said of the follow-up to the acclaimed Nostalgia, Ultra. "It’s about the stories. If I write 14 stories that I love, then the next step is to get the environment of music around it to best envelop the story and all kinds of sonic goodness."^[30]

Ocean used the entire melody and chords of The Eagles' song "Hotel California", without permission, on his own song, “American Wedding.” When asked about it, Ocean stated that Eagles band member "Don Henley is apparently intimidated by my rendition of 'Hotel California'. He threatened to sue if I perform it again." In response to Ocean's comments, The Eagles released a statement: “Frank Ocean did not merely 'sample' a portion of the Eagles’ 'Hotel California,' he took the whole master track, plus the song’s existing melody, and replaced the lyrics with his own. This is not creative, let alone 'intimidating.' It’s illegal. For the record, Don Henley has not threatened or instituted any legal action against Frank Ocean, although the Eagles are now considering whether they should.”^[31] In early 2012, a suit was filed against Frank Ocean for the use of Hotel California.

In March 2012, Coldplay announced that Ocean would perform as an opening act for a number of shows on their European tour in July and August 2012.^[32]

Discography[link]

Collaborative albums[link]

• The OF Tape Vol. 2 (2012)

Mixtapes[link]

• Nostalgia, Ultra (2011)

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]