Look up daily in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Daily is a short noun for a newspaper appearing each day or each weekday. Daily or The Daily may also refer to:

• The Daily, a US-based iPad newspaper from News Corporation
• The Daily of the University of Washington, using The Daily as its standardhead, a student newspaper
• Iveco Daily, a large van produced by Iveco
• Daily Township, Dixon County, Nebraska, USA

See also[link]

• Nightly (disambiguation)
• Daley (disambiguation)
• Daly (disambiguation)
• All pages beginning with "Daily"
• All pages beginning with "The Daily"

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2012)

Gareth Porter (born 18 June 1942, Independence, Kansas^{[citation needed]}) is an American historian, investigative journalist and policy analyst on U.S. foreign and military policy. A strong opponent of U.S. wars in Southeast Asia, and the Middle East, he has also written on the potential for diplomatic compromise to end or avoid wars in Korea, Vietnam, Cambodia, the Philippines, Iraq and Iran. He is the author of a history of the origins of the Vietnam War, Perils of Dominance: Imbalance of Power and the Road to War in Vietnam.^[1]

Career[link]

Porter graduated from the University of Illinois, received a master's degree in international politics from the University of Chicago and a Ph.D. in Southeast Asian politics from Cornell University.^{[citation needed]} During the Vietnam War, Porter served as Saigon Bureau Chief for Dispatch News Service International^{[citation needed]} and later co-director of the Indochina Resource Center,^{[citation needed]} an anti-war research and education organization based in Washington, D.C. He taught international studies at the City College of New York and the American University during the period 1982-90.^{[citation needed]}

Porter has written regular news reports and news analyses on political, diplomatic and military developments in regard to Middle East conflicts for Inter Press Service since 2005. He was the first journalist to provide a detailed account of the alleged secret Iranian diplomatic proposal to the United States in 2003,^[2] and has published an in-depth analysis of an exit strategy for Iraq.^[3]

In 2012, Porter was interviewed by Iran's Press TV on the United States' use of depleted uranium ammunition in Afghanistan, and he noted that while international coalitions have unsuccessfully tried to ban the use of uranium weapons, the United States is reportedly trying to find alternative weaponry for its armor-penetration needs.^[4] He has written for Veterans Today, repudiating a claim made by the International Atomic Energy Agency that Iran has built an explosives chamber to test components of a nuclear weapon.^[5] His articles also appear on Counterpunch, Huffington Post, Inter Press Service News Agency and Antiwar.com.^{[citation needed]}

Controversies[link]

Gareth Porter challenged the main rationale offered by U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1969 for continuing the Vietnam War, and argued that there would not be a communist "bloodbath" in South Vietnam after the U.S. withdrew its forces from Vietnam. He wrote a series of articles and monographs on the bloodbath argument.

His first monograph was The Myth of the Bloodbath: North Vietnam’s Land Reform Reconsidered in 1973.^[6] He challenged the account of mass killings in North Vietnam's land reform (see Land reform in Vietnam) by Hoang Van Chi, Bernard Fall and others. Instead of tens or hundreds of thousands killed, Gareth Porter suggested that 800 to 2,500 would be a more realistic estimate. His analysis was disputed by a non-academic critic, Daniel Teodoru, whose critique was entered into a hearing record and published by the Internal Security Subcommittee of the United States Senate.^[7][8] Porter replied to Teodoru point by point, and his response was entered into a separate hearing record published by the subcommittee.^[9] Porter was also criticized by historian Robert F. Turner^[10] and Hoang Van Chi.^[11]

Porter wrote a detailed exposé^[12] in 1974 of an account by U.S. Information Agency official Douglas Pike on what has been called the "Huế Massacre" by Vietnamese communists during the Tet Offensive of 1968. Porter alleged that Pike manipulated the official figures for civilian deaths in the destruction of Huế during Tet, primarily by U.S. bombing and artillery, to arrive at his figure of nearly 4,000 civilians murdered by the Viet Cong, and that Pike’s hypothesis about the Communist policy during the occupation of Huế was contradicted by captured Communist documents and other evidence.

In 1976-77, continuing his challenge to the bloodbath argument, Gareth Porter rejected early accounts of the mass killings by the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia. With George Hildebrand he wrote a book, Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution, which documented the deaths from starvation of thousands of people in Phnom Penh in the last months of the war in Cambodia and argued that there was a legitimate basis for sending most of the population of Phnom Penh -- much of which had been refugees from rural areas -- back to rural areas. Critics have argued that the book's sources included official statements from Khmer Rouge media about the availability of food in rural areas. Testifying before Congress in May 1977, Gareth Porter said that "the notion that the leadership of Democratic Kampuchea adopted a policy of physically eliminating whole classes of people" was "a myth fostered primarily by the authors of a Readers Digest book."^[13] Congressman Stephen J. Solarz compared Gareth Porter to those who denied the murder of 6 million Jews in the Nazi Holocaust. Gareth Porter rejected this comparison and cited reporting by reputable news outlets in support of this position.^[14]

But in an appearance on The Today Show in August 1978, Porter agreed that the Khmer Rouge regime was guilty of mass killings and mass starvation.^{[citation needed]} He reiterated that view in articles during the 1980s in The Guardian, The Nation, and Foreign Affairs among other publications.^{[citation needed]} He also wrote articles and op-eds criticizing the Reagan administration^{[citation needed]} and congressional supporters like Solarz^{[citation needed]} for a U.S. policy of collaborating with Thailand and China^{[citation needed]} to strengthen the military forces of Pol Pot in Cambodia.^{[citation needed]}

Bibliography[link]

• A Peace Denied (1975) – An analysis of the negotiation and implementation of the 1973 Paris Peace Agreement on Vietnam.
• Cambodia: Starvation and Revolution (1976) - This book challenged claims that mass killings were being carried out by the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia.
• Vietnam: A History in Documents (1981) – Porter originally edited this documentary history of the war in a two-volume hardcover edition published in 1979, and it was reissued in paperback under the above-mentioned title.
• Vietnam: the Politics of Bureaucratic Socialism (1993)
• Perils of Dominance: Imbalance of Power and the Road to War in Vietnam (2005) – This book challenges the liberal interpretation that the Vietnam war was the result of exaggeration of the Communist threat, and emphasizes the role of overconfidence that came with a decisive U.S. power advantage over the Soviet Union and China. Historian Andrew Bacevich, reviewing Perils of Dominance in The Nation, called it "without a doubt, the most important contribution to the history of U.S. national security policy to appear in the past decade."

References[link]

External links[link]

• Antiwar.com Gareth Porter archives
• Stories by Gareth Porter for the news agency Inter Press Service
• Interview with Gareth Porter at Talk Nation Radio
• The Myth of the Hue Massacre, Herman, Edward and Porter, Gareth (1975), Ramparts (May-June 1975)

Manmohan Singh ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ मनमोहन सिंह
13th Prime Minister of India[1]
Incumbent
Assumed office 19 May 2004
President	Pratibha Patil
Preceded by	Atal Bihari Vajpayee
Minister of Railways
In office 19 May 2011 – 13 July 2011
President	Pratibha Patil
Preceded by	Mamata Banerjee
Succeeded by	Dinesh Trivedi
Minister of Finance
In office 30 November 2008 – 24 January 2009
Preceded by	P. Chidambaram
Succeeded by	Pranab Mukherjee
In office 21 June 1991 – 16 May 1996
Prime Minister	Narasimha Rao
Preceded by	Yashwant Sinha
Succeeded by	Jaswant Singh
Minister of External Affairs
In office 6 November 2005 – 24 October 2006
Preceded by	Kunwar Natwar Singh
Succeeded by	Pranab Mukherjee
Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission
In office 15 January 1985 – 31 August 1987
Prime Minister	Rajiv Gandhi
Preceded by	Narasimha Rao
Succeeded by	Punjala Shiv Shankar
Governor of the Reserve Bank
In office 15 September 1982 – 15 January 1985
Preceded by	Indraprasad Gordhanbhai Patel
Succeeded by	Amitav Ghosh
Personal details
Born	(1932-09-26) 26 September 1932 (age 79) Gah, Punjab, British India[2]
Political party	Indian National Congress
Spouse(s)	Gursharan Kaur (1958–present)
Children	Upinder Daman Amrit
Residence	Panchavati, New Delhi (Official) Guwahati (Private)
Alma mater	Panjab University, Chandigarh St John's College, Cambridge Nuffield College, Oxford
Profession	Economist Civil servant Social worker Professor
Religion	Sikhism
Signature
Website	Prime Minister's Office

Manmohan Singh (Punjabi: ਮਨਮੋਹਨ ਸਿੰਘ [mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪ́ŋɡ], Hindi: मनमोहन सिंह [mənˈmoːɦən ˈsɪŋɦ] ( listen); born 26 September 1932) is the 13th and current Prime Minister of India. He is the only Prime Minister since Jawaharlal Nehru to return to power after completing a full five-year term.^[3] A Sikh, he is the first non-Hindu to occupy the office. Singh is also the 7th Prime Minister from the Indian National Congress (Congress) party. He is a four-time Member of Parliament from the Upper House of the Parliament of India, the Rajya Sabha, representing the state of Assam.^[4] His term in the 14th Rajya Sabha was from 22 May 2004 to 26 February 2009. In the 15th Rajya Sabha his term started 22 May 2009 and is scheduled to continue till 2014. On 27 May 2012, he became the first Indian Prime Minister to visit Myanmar in 25 years.^[5]

Born in Gah, Punjab in British India (now Pakistan) in 1932, he migrated to India with his family at the time of Partition in 1947. Singh studied at Panjab University, University of Cambridge and University of Oxford.^[6] Thereafter, while Singh was working at United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Lalit Narayan Mishra, the then Indian Minister for Foreign Trade, appointed Singh as an advisor to his ministry. He was appointed Governor of the Reserve Bank of India between 1982 and 1985,^[6] Deputy Chairman of the Planning Commission of India from 1985 to 1987 ^[6] and Secretary General of the South Commission from 1987 to 1990.^[7] Elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1991, he was inducted into Prime Minister P. V. Narasimha Rao's cabinet as Finance Minister the same year, a post he held until 1996. His tenure as Finance Minister is best remembered for the economic reforms he carried out, which ended the Licence Raj system and helped open the Indian economy.^[8]

When the Congress-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) came to power after the 2004 general elections, Singh became Prime Minister when Congress President Sonia Gandhi unexpectedly declined the position.^[9] In 2009, the UPA and Singh were reelected for a second consecutive five year term.

Key legislation passed during his tenure include the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act and the Right to Information Act, 2005. Major initiatives include the National Rural Health Mission of India and the Unique Identification Authority of India.

Early life and education[link]

Manmohan Singh was born to Gurmukh Singh and Amrit Kaur on 26 September 1932, in Gah, Punjab, British India, into a Sikh Khatri family.^[6] He lost his mother when he was very young and was raised by his paternal grandmother, to whom he was very close.

After the Partition of India, his family migrated to Amritsar, India, where he studied at Hindu College. He attended Panjab University, Chandigarh, then in Hoshiarpur,^[10][11][12] Punjab, studying Economics and got his bachelor's and master's degrees in 1952 and 1954, respectively, standing first throughout his academic career. He went on to read for the Economics Tripos at Cambridge as a member of St John's College. He won the Wright's Prize for distinguished performance in 1955 and 1957. He was also one of the few recipients of the Wrenbury scholarship. In 1962, Singh completed his studies from the University of Oxford where he was a member of Nuffield College. His doctoral thesis "India’s export performance, 1951–1960, export prospects and policy implications" which was later the base for his book "India’s Export Trends and Prospects for Self-Sustained Growth".^[13]

Early career[link]

After completing his Ph.D., Singh worked for the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) from 1966–1969. During the 1970s, he taught at the University of Delhi and worked for the Ministry of Foreign Trade with the former Cabinet Minister for Foreign Trade, Lalit Narayan Mishra. As the Minister of Foreign Trade, Lalit Narayan Mishra was one of the first to recognize Singh's talent as an economist and appointed him his advisor at the Ministry of Foreign Trade. Singh and Mishra first met, coincidentally, on a flight from India to Chile. Mishra was on his way to Santiago, Chile to attend an UNCTAD meeting.^[14]

In 1982, he was appointed the Governor of the Reserve Bank of India and held the post until 1985.^[6] He went on to become the deputy chairman of the Planning Commission of India from 1985 to 1987.^[6] Following his tenure at the Planning Commission, he was Secretary General of the South Commission, an independent economic policy think tank headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland from 1987 to 1990.^[7]

Finance Minister of India[link]

In 1991, India's Prime Minister at the time, P.V. Narasimha Rao, chose Singh to be his Finance Minister. At this time, India's fiscal deficit was close to 8.5 per cent of the gross domestic product, the balance of payments deficit was huge and the current account deficit was close to 3.5 percent of India's GDP.^[15] India's foreign reserves barely amounted to US$1 billion, enough to pay for a few weeks of imports, in comparison to US$283 billion today.^[16]

Evidently, India was facing an economic crisis. At this point, the government of India sought relief from the supranational International Monetary Fund, which, while assisting India financially, imposed several conditions regarding India's economic policy. In effect, IMF-dictated policy meant that the ubiquitous Licence Raj had to be dismantled, and India's attempt at a state-controlled economy had to end. Accordingly, Singh, who had thus far been one of the most influential architects of India's socialist economy, slowly opened the Indian economy to foreign investment and business competition.^[15][17]

Rao and Singh thus implemented policies to open up the economy and change India's socialist economy to a more capitalistic one, in the process dismantling the Licence Raj, a system that inhibited the prosperity of private businesses. They removed many obstacles standing in the way of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and initiated the process of the privatization of public sector companies. However, in spite of these reforms, Rao's government was voted out in 1996 due to non-performance of government in other areas. In praise of Singh's work that pushed India towards a market economy, long-time Cabinet minister P. Chidambaram has referred to Singh as the Deng Xiaoping of India.^[18]

In 1993, Singh offered his resignation from the post of Finance Minister after a parliamentary investigation report criticised his ministry for not being able to anticipate a US$1.8 billion securities scandal. Prime Minister Rao refused Singh's resignation, instead promising to punish the individuals directly accused in the report.^[19]

Career in the Rajya Sabha[link]

Singh was first elected to the upper house of Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, in 1991^[20] by the legislature of the state of Assam, and was re-elected in 1995, 2001 and 2007.^[6] From 1998 to 2004, while the Bharatiya Janata Party was in power, Singh was the Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha. In 1999, he contested for the Lok Sabha from South Delhi but was unable to win the seat.^[21]

Prime ministership[link]

14th Lok Sabha[link]

Wikinews has related news: Manmohan Singh becomes the third longest serving Prime Minister of India.

A renowned economist,^[22] Singh is also regarded as one of the "greatest statesmen in Asian history".^[23] Shown here with Indian delegation at the 33rd G8 summit in Heiligendamm.

After the 2004 general elections, the Indian National Congress ended the incumbent National Democratic Alliance (NDA) tenure by becoming the political party with the single largest number of seats in the Lok Sabha. It formed United Progressive Alliance (UPA) with allies and staked claim to form government. In a surprise move, Chairperson Sonia Gandhi declared Manmohan Singh, a technocrat, as the UPA candidate for the Prime Ministership. Despite the fact that Singh had never won a Lok Sabha seat, he "has enjoyed massive popular support, not least because he was seen by many as a clean politician untouched by the taint of corruption that has run through many Indian administrations."^[24] He took the oath as the Prime Minister of India on 22 May 2004.^[25][26]

Economic policy[link]

Following the advice of International Monetary Fund in 1991, Singh as Finance Minister, freed India from the Licence Raj, source of slow economic growth and corruption in the Indian economy for decades. He liberalized the Indian economy, allowing it to speed up development dramatically. During his term as Prime Minister, Singh continued to encourage growth in the Indian market, enjoying widespread success in these matters. Singh, along with the former Finance Minister, P. Chidambaram, have presided over a period where the Indian economy has grown with an 8–9% economic growth rate. In 2007, India achieved its highest GDP growth rate of 9% and became the second fastest growing major economy in the world.^[27][28]

Singh is now a strong supporter of globalization, seeing India's immense labor capacity as a path to delivering Indian goods in a worldwide market and eventually relieving large-scale poverty.^[29]

Singh's government has continued the Golden Quadrilateral and the highway modernisation program that was initiated by Vajpayee's government. Singh has also been working on reforming the banking and financial sectors, as well as public sector companies. The Finance ministry has been working towards relieving farmers of their debt and has been working towards pro-industry policies. In 2005, Singh's government introduced the value added tax, replacing sales tax. In 2007 and early 2008, the global problem of inflation impacted India.^[30]

Healthcare and education[link]

In 2005, Prime Minister Singh and his government's health ministry started the National Rural Health Mission, which has mobilised half a million community health workers. This rural health initiative was praised by the American economist Jeffrey Sachs.^[31] In 2006, his Government implemented the proposal to reserve 27% of seats in All India Institute of Medical Studies (AIIMS), Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs) and other central institutions of higher education for Other Backward Classes which led to 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests.

Singh has announced that eight more Indian Institutes of Technology will be opened in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Himachal Pradesh. The Singh government has also continued the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan programme, begun by his predecessor, Mr. Vajpayee. The programme has included the introduction and improvement of mid-day meals and the opening of schools all over India, especially in rural areas, to fight illiteracy.

Security and Home Affairs[link]

His government has been instrumental in strengthening anti-terror laws with amendments to Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), where most of provisions of POTA were reincorporated,critics however cite that the amendments make the act equally draconian. National Investigation Agency (India) (NIA) was also created soon after the Nov 2008 Mumbai terror attacks as need for a central agency to combat terrorism was realised. Also Unique Identification Authority of India was established in February 2009, an agency responsible for implementing the envisioned Multipurpose National Identity Card with the objective of increasing national security and facilitating e-governance. His government has been criticized by some human rights organizations,that these measures could help establish a police state.

His government has also been criticized for not being able to reduce the Naxal terrorism that is menacing rural areas in Eastern and Central India. Singh's government has, however, extended the ban on the radical Islamic terror group Student's Islamic Movement of India (SIMI).

Singh's administration initiated a massive reconstruction effort in Kashmir to stabilise the region but after some period of success, insurgent infiltration and terrorism in Kashmir has increased since 2009.^[32] However, the Singh administration has been successful in reducing terrorism in Northeast India.^[32]

Legislation[link]

The important National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) and the Right to Information Act were passed by the Parliament in 2005 during his tenure. While the effectiveness of the NREGA has been successful at various degrees, in various regions, the RTI act has proved crucial in India's fight against corruption.^[33]

Foreign policy[link]

Manmohan Singh with American President Barack Obama at the White House. Singh is known to be a pro US leader and has contributed a lot in cementing the ties between the two countries.

Manmohan Singh has continued the pragmatic foreign policy that was started by P.V. Narasimha Rao and continued by Bharatiya Janata Party's Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Singh has continued the peace process with Pakistan initiated by his predecessor, Atal Bihari Vajpayee. Exchange of high-level visits by top leaders from both countries have highlighted his tenure. Efforts have been made during Singh's tenure to end the border dispute with People's Republic of China. In November 2006, Chinese President Hu Jintao visited India which was followed by Singh's visit to Beijing in January 2008. A major development in Sino-Indian relations was the reopening of the Nathula Pass in 2006 after being closed for more than four decades. As of 2010, the People's Republic of China is the second biggest trade partner of India.^[34]

Relations with Afghanistan have also improved considerably, with India now becoming the largest regional donor to Afghanistan.^[35] During Afghan President Hamid Karzai's visit to New Delhi in August 2008, Manmohan Singh increased the aid package to Afghanistan for the development of more schools, health clinics, infrastructure, and defence.^[36] Under the leadership of Singh, India has emerged as one of the single largest aid donors to Afghanistan.^[36]

Singh's government has worked towards stronger ties with the United States. He visited the United States in July 2005 initiating negotiations over the Indo-US civilian nuclear agreement. This was followed by George W. Bush's successful visit to India in March 2006, during which the declaration over the nuclear agreement was made, giving India access to American nuclear fuel and technology while India will have to allow IAEA inspection of its civil nuclear reactors. After more than two years for more negotiations, followed by approval from the IAEA, Nuclear Suppliers Group and the US Congress, India and the U.S. signed the agreement on 10 October 2008 with Pranab Mukherjee representing India.^[37]

Singh had the first official state visit to the White House during the administration of U.S. President Barack Obama. The visit took place in November 2009, and several discussions took place, including on trade and nuclear power.

Prime Minister Manmohan Singh seen here with Dmitry Medvedev, Hu Jintao, Dilma Rousseff and Jacob Zuma at the 3rd 2011 BRICS Summit in Sanya, China.

Relations have improved with Japan and European Union countries, like the United Kingdom, France, and Germany. Relations with Iran have continued and negotiations over the Iran-Pakistan-India gas pipeline have taken place. New Delhi hosted an India–Africa Summit in April 2006 which was attended by the leaders of 15 African states.^[38] Relations have improved with other developing countries, particularly Brazil and South Africa. Singh carried forward the momentum which was established after the "Brasilia Declaration" in 2003 and the IBSA Dialogue Forum was formed.^[39]

Manmohan Singh's government has also been especially keen on expanding ties with Israel. Since 2003, the two countries have made significant investments in each other^[40] and Israel now rivals Russia to become India's defence partner.^[41] Though there have been a few diplomatic glitches between India and Russia, especially over the delay and price hike of several Russian weapons to be delivered to India,^[42] relations between the two remain strong with India and Russia signing various agreements to increase defence, nuclear energy and space cooperation.^[43]

15th Lok Sabha[link]

India held general elections to the 15th Lok Sabha in five phases between 16 April 2009 and 13 May 2009. The results of the election were announced on 16 May 2009.^[44] Strong showing in Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh helped the United Progressive Alliance (UPA) form the new government under the incumbent Singh, who became the first prime minister since Jawaharlal Nehru in 1962 to win re-election after completing a full five-year term.^[45] The Congress and its allies were able to put together a comfortable majority with support from 322 members out of 543 members of the House. These included those of the UPA and the external support from the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), Samajwadi Party (SP), Janata Dal (Secular) (JD(S)), Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) and other minor parties.^[46]

On 22 May 2009, Manmohan Singh was sworn in as the Prime Minister during a ceremony held at Rashtrapati Bhavan.^[47][48] The 2009 Indian general election was the largest democratic election in the world held to date, with an eligible electorate of 714 million.

Public image[link]

Singh has always been perceived as a man of clean background. He is seen as a man of few words. The Independent described him as "one of the world's most revered leaders" and "a man of uncommon decency and grace," noting that he drives a Maruti 800, one of the humblest cars in the Indian market. Khushwant Singh lauded Singh as the best prime minister India has had, even rating him higher than Jawaharlal Nehru. He mentions an incident in his book Absolute Khushwant: The Low-Down on Life, Death and Most things In-between where after losing the 1999 Lok Sabha elections, Singh immediately returned the 2 lakh (US$4,000) he had borrowed from the writer for hiring taxis. Terming him as the best example of integrity, Khushwant Singh stated, "When people talk of integrity, I say the best example is the man who occupies the country's highest office." ^[49]

His personal assets amount to five crore rupees (approx 1 million USD).^[50]

In 2010, Newsweek magazine recognized him as a world leader who is respected by other heads of state, describing him as "the leader other leaders love." The article quoted Mohamed ElBaradei, who remarked that Singh is "the model of what a political leader should be."^[51] Singh is number 18 on the 2010 Forbes list of the world's most powerful people.^[52] Forbes magazine described Singh as being "universally praised as India's best prime minister since Nehru".^[53]

His public image has been tarnished recently as he heads the government which is mired in some of the biggest corruption scandals in recent history.^[54][55][56] He is also accused of being a weak prime minister by several politicians and social activists.^[57][58][59]

Family and personal life[link]

Singh married Gursharan Kaur in 1958. They have three daughters, Upinder Singh, Daman Singh and Amrit Singh.^[60]

Upinder Singh is a professor of history at Delhi University. She has written six books, including Ancient Delhi (1999) and A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India (2008).^[61] Daman Singh is a graduate of St. Stephen's College, Delhi and Institute of Rural Management, Anand, Gujarat, and author of The Last Frontier: People and Forests in Mizoram and a novel Nine by Nine, ^[62] she is married to an I.P.S official Ashok Patnaik who is on deputation to Intelligence Bureau. Amrit Singh is a staff attorney at the American Civil Liberties Union.^[63]

Singh has undergone multiple cardiac bypass surgeries, the most recent of which took place in January 2009.^[64]

Singh and his wife both belong to the Kohli clan,^[65][66] though neither uses the name as their surname.

Degrees and posts held[link]

• BA (Hons) in Economics 1952; MA First Class in Economics, 1954 Panjab University, Chandigarh {was then in Hoshiarpur,Punjab}, India
• Honours degree in Economics, University of Cambridge – St John's College (1957)
  • Senior Lecturer, Economics (1957–1959)
  • Reader (1959–1963)
  • Professor (1963–1965)
  • Professor of International Trade (1969–1971)
• DPhil in Economics, University of Oxford – Nuffield College (1962)
• Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi
  • Honorary Professor (1966)
• Chief, Financing for Trade Section, UNCTAD, United Nations Secretariat, Manhattan, New York
  • 1966 : Economic Affairs Officer 1966
• Economic Advisor, Ministry of Foreign Trade, India (1971–1972)
• Chief Economic Advisor, Ministry of Finance, India, (1972–1976)
• Honorary Professor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi (1976)
• Director, Reserve Bank of India (1976–1980)
• Director, Industrial Development Bank of India (1976–1980)
• Secretary, Ministry of Finance (Department of Economic Affairs), Government of India, (1977–1980)
• Governor, Reserve Bank of India (1982–1985)
• Deputy Chairman, Planning Commission of India, (1985–1987)
• Secretary General, South Commission, Geneva (1987–1990)
• Advisor to Prime Minister of India on Economic Affairs (1990–1991)
• Chairman, University Grants Commission (15 March 1991 – 20 June 1991)^[6]
• Finance Minister of India, (21 June 1991 – 15 May 1996)
• Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha (1998–2004)
• Prime Minister of India (22 May 2004 – Present)

Honours, awards and international recognition[link]

In March 1983, Panjab University, Chandigarh awarded him Doctor of Letters and in 2009 created a Dr. Manmohan Singh chair in their economics department.^[67] In 1997, the University of Alberta awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Law degree.^[68] The University of Oxford awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in July 2005,^[69] and in October 2006, the University of Cambridge followed with the same honour.^[70] St. John's College further honoured him by naming a Ph.D Scholarship after him, the Dr. Manmohan Singh Scholarship. In 2008, he was awarded honorary Doctor of Letters degree by Benaras Hindu University^[71] and later that year he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree by University of Madras.^[72] In 2010, he was awarded honorary doctorate degree by King Saud University.^[73]

This biographical section of an article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (March 2012)

See also[link]

	Biography portal
	India portal
	Chandigarh portal
	Politics portal

• Dr. Manmohan Singh Scholarship at the University of Cambridge
• Economic reforms under Manmohan Singh

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Manmohan Singh

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Manmohan Singh

Official

• Prime Minister Manmohan Singh official website
• Profile & Curriculum Vitae
• List of current Union Ministers

Other

• Profile at BBC News
• Profile at Forbes
• Official State Visit at the White House
• Manmohan Singh collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English
• Manmohan Singh collected news and commentary at The New York Times
• Manmohan Singh collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
• Manmohan Singh collected news and commentary at The Times of India
• Appearances on C-SPAN
• Manmohan Singh on Charlie Rose
• Articles authored at Journalisted
• Works by or about Manmohan Singh in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Manmohan Singh at the Notable Names Database

Links to related articles v t e Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi V. P. Singh Chandra Shekhar P. V. Narasimha Rao Atal Bihari Vajpayee H. D. Deve Gowda I. K. Gujral Manmohan Singh v t e Current Leaders of the Group of 20 Fernández de Kirchner · Gillard · Rousseff · Harper · Hu · Barroso · Hollande · Merkel · Singh · Yudhoyono · Monti · Noda · Calderón · Putin · Abdullah · Zuma · Lee · Erdoğan · Cameron · Obama v t e BRICS leaders Brazil: Dilma Rousseff · Russia: Vladimir Putin · India: Manmohan Singh · China: Hu Jintao · South Africa: Jacob Zuma v t e EAS leaders Gillard Bolkiah Wen Hun Singh Yudhoyono Noda Thongsing Najib Thein Key Aquino Putin Lee H. Lee M. Shinawatra Obama Dung v t e SAARC leaders Karzai Hasina Thinley Singh Hassan Bhattarai Gillani Rajapaksa