Brigham Henry Roberts (March 13, 1857 – September 27, 1933) was a Mormon leader, historian, and politician who published a six-volume history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) and was denied a seat as a member of United States Congress because of his practice of plural marriage.
Roberts was born in Warrington, Lancashire, England, the son of Benjamin Roberts, an alcoholic blacksmith and ship plater, and Ann Everington, a seamstress. In the year of his birth both parents converted to the LDS Church. Benjamin Roberts then abandoned his family. Roberts later wrote, "My childhood was a nightmare; my boyhood a tragedy."[1]
Assisted by the Perpetual Emigrating Fund, B. H. Roberts and a sister left England in April 1866. In Nebraska they joined a wagon train and proceeded to walk—for much of the way barefoot—to Salt Lake City, where they were met by their mother, who had preceded them.[2] In 1867, Roberts was baptized into the LDS Church by Seth Dustin, who two years later became his stepfather. Dustin eventually deserted his family, and "after several reappearances, he finally disappeared completely."[3] Ann Dustin was granted a divorce in 1884.
Roberts became a miner and participated in the gambling and drinking typical of that time and place. (He was once disciplined by a Salt Lake bishop, and alcohol "would not only beat him to his knees but to his elbows and chin.")[4] But Roberts eventually learned to read and, after a series of menial jobs, was apprenticed to a blacksmith while attending school. He then became a "voracious reader, devouring books of history, science, philosophy," and especially the Book of Mormon and other Mormon religious texts. In 1878 Roberts married Sarah Louisa Smith (they eventually had seven children), and in the same year he graduated first in his class from University of Deseret, the normal school precursor of the University of Utah.[5]
After graduation (and the birth of his first child) Roberts was ordained a Seventy in his local church branch and taught school to support his family. The LDS Church sent him on a mission to Iowa and Nebraska, "but because the cold weather was hard on his health, he was transferred to Tennessee in December of 1880." There he rose to prominence as the president of the Tennessee Conference of the Southern States Mission.[3]
On August 10, 1884, a mob in the small community of Cane Creek murdered two LDS missionaries and two members of the Mormon congregation. (One of the latter had killed a member of the mob before he was in turn slain.[6]) At some personal risk, Roberts disguised himself as a tramp and recovered the bodies of the two missionaries for their families in Utah Territory.[3][7]
During a brief return to Utah, he took a second wife, Celia Dibble, by whom he had eight children. In December 1886, while serving as associate editor of the Salt Lake Herald, Roberts was arrested on the charge of unlawful cohabitation. He posted bond to appear in court the next day and that night left on a mission to England.[3]
In England, Roberts served as assistant editor of the LDS Church publication the Millennial Star and completed his first book, the much reprinted, The Gospel: An Exposition of Its First Principles (1888). Later that year he was ordained to the First Council of Seventy.[3]
Returning to Salt Lake City in 1888, as full-time editor of The Contributor, he was chosen as one of the seven presidents of the First Council of the Seventy, the third highest governing body in the LDS Church. "Tiring of evading federal authorities," Roberts surrendered in April 1889 and pled guilty to the charge of unlawful cohabitation. He was imprisoned in the Utah Territorial Prison for five months. Following his release he moved his families to Colorado and married a third wife, Dr. Margaret Curtis Shipp (his third marriage was childless), either shortly before or shortly after Wilford Woodruff, president of the LDS Church, issued the 1890 Manifesto that abolished plural marriage.[2][3] (Robert's third wife was seven years his senior and had obtained a degree in obstetrics. Roberts seemed to prefer Margaret's company, "and this created some trouble" with his other families—although Roberts continued to have children by his other wives.[8]) Roberts resigned as an editor of the Salt Lake Herald in 1896 giving his reason that the position that the paper had taken on the recent ‘Manifesto’ was apt to place him in a false light.[9]
During the transitional period following 1890, the LDS Church disbanded its People's Party, "and the Saints were encouraged to align themselves with the national parties."[10] Roberts became a fervent Democrat and was elected Davis County Delegate to the Utah State Constitutional Convention in 1894. Roberts proved a vocal member of the Convention, particularly in his opposition to women's suffrage.[3]
In 1895, Roberts was the losing Democratic candidate for the U.S. House of Representatives, and Roberts believed LDS Church leaders, who were predominately Republicans, "had unfairly influenced the election by publicly reprimanding him and fellow Democrat Moses Thatcher for running for office without express permission of the Church." The LDS church then issued the "Political Manifesto of 1895," which forbade church officers from running for public office without the approval of the church. Both Roberts and Thatcher refused to sign and were suspended from ecclesiastical office. Roberts, believing such a requirement was a basic infringement of his civil rights, capitulated just hours before a deadline of March 24, 1896, signed the manifesto, wrote a letter of apology to the First Presidency, and was reinstated. Thatcher was more stubborn: he refused to sign, was expelled from the Quorum of the Twelve and barely evaded excommunication.[11] In 1898 Roberts was elected as a Democrat to the 56th Congress, but the House of Representatives refused to seat him because of his practice of polygamy.[12]
The governor of Utah had appointed Roberts a chaplain in the Utah National Guard; and in 1917, when the United States declared war on Germany, Roberts volunteered to serve as a U. S. Army chaplain. The age limit of forty was waived—Roberts was then sixty—and Roberts became chaplain to the 145th Field Artillery, which arrived in France in September 1918 but did not see action before the Armistice was signed in November.[3]
Before his death Roberts completed two biographies, eight historical narratives and compilations, and another dozen books about Mormon theology.[13] In the late 1890s, he also helped establish the Improvement Era and became the de facto editor of this official periodical of the LDS Church.[14] He even wrote a novel based on the Book of Mormon, which in dramatized form may have been briefly produced on Broadway.[15] Roberts' six-volume History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Period I, History of Joseph Smith, the Prophet by Himself featured "critical notes, new documents, sidebar headings for most paragraphs, and extensive interpretive essays that introduced each volume. Unfortunately, Roberts continued the confusing structure of the original, where various documents were spliced together and inaccurately attributed to Joseph Smith."[16] Roberts served as Assistant Church Historian from 1902 until his death in 1933.[17]
Roberts most important work was a comprehensive treatment of Mormon history, which he began in 1909 as a series of monthly articles for a non-Mormon magazine. Roberts repeatedly (and for many years, unsuccessfully) asked church leaders to republish the articles as a multivolume set. Finally, in 1930 the Church agreed to publication as part of its centennial celebration. The six-volume Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Century I (3,459 pages) covered for the first time many late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century developments. Further, although its viewpoint was "unabashedly Mormon", Roberts "disdained...faith promoting myths" and "was a partisan, not an unquestioning apologist."[18]
Roberts "frequently took a broader view" of the place of the LDS Church "in the heavenly scheme of things than did some of his colleagues. In 1902 he told the Saints that 'while the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is given a prominent part in this great drama of the last days, it is not the only force nor the only means that the Lord has employed to bring to pass those things of which His prophets in ancient times have testified.'"[19] Robert's theology included belief in "the modern liberal doctrine of man and the optimism of the nineteenth century, and it required a bold, rebellious and spacious mind to grasp its full implication."[20]
Roberts hoped that the church would publish his most elaborate theological treatise "The Truth, The Way, The Life", but his attempt to use contemporary scientific theory to bolster Mormon doctrine led, in 1930, to a conflict with Mormon Apostle Joseph Fielding Smith, who had been influenced by the writings of young earth creationist George McCready Price. Smith publicly opposed Roberts' quasi-evolutionary views in deference to a literal reading of both the Bible and the Mormon scriptures.[21] The controversy was debated before the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, and it "declared a draw: Neither the existence nor the nonexistence of pre-Adamites would constitute church doctrine."[22] The Truth, The Way, The Life was not published until 1994.[23]
Although Roberts continued to testify to the truth of The Book of Mormon, a foundational work of Mormonism, he also wrote three studies, unpublished until 1985, that wrestled with Book of Mormon problems. The first, "Book of Mormon Difficulties: A Study," was a 141-page manuscript written in response to a series of questions by an inquirer, referred to Roberts by Mormon president Heber Grant. When Roberts confessed that he had no answer for some of the difficulties, and the General Authorities chose to ignore them, Roberts produced "A Book of Mormon Study," a treatise of more than 400 pages. In this work he compared The Book of Mormon to the earlier-published View of the Hebrews, written by Ethan Smith, and found significant similarities between them. Finally, Roberts wrote "A Parallel," a condensed version of his larger study, which demonstrated eighteen points of similarity between the two books, and in which he reflected that the imaginative Joseph Smith might have written The Book of Mormon without divine assistance.[24]
Mormon historians have debated whether the manuscript reflects Robert's doubts or was a case of his playing the devil's advocate.[25] When he presented "A Book of Mormon Study" to Church leaders, he emphasized that he was "taking the position that our faith is not only unshaken but unshakable in the Book of Mormon, and therefore we can look without fear upon all that can be said against it." [26] However, Roberts withheld some of his materials from the General Authorities.[27]
Roberts asserted that the authenticity of the Restoration must “stand or fall” on the truth of Joseph Smith’s claim that the Book of Mormon was the history of an ancient people inscribed on a cache of gold plates; and Roberts predicted that if church leaders did not address the historical problems of church origins and possible anachronisms in the Book of Mormon, these problems would eventually undermine “the faith of the Youth of the Church.”[28]
Roberts continued to affirm his faith in the divine origins of the Book of Mormon until his death in 1933; but as Terryl Givens has written, "a lively debate has emerged over whether his personal conviction really remained intact in the aftermath of his academic investigations."[29] When Robert's controversial study became better known, especially after its publication by the University of Illinois Press in 1985, Mormon apologists (according to religion writer Richard N. Ostling) "went into high gear" and "churned out responses" because "Roberts could not be dismissed as an outsider or an anti-Mormon."[30]
From 1922 to 1927, Roberts was appointed president of the Eastern States Mission, and there he created an innovative "mission school" to teach LDS missionaries the most effective ways to proselytize.[31] In 1923 Roberts, suffering from diabetes, collapsed at a conference "commemorating the Centennial anniversary of the revealed existence of the Book of Mormon." He was treated with the relatively new drug insulin. A year after the death of his third wife, his companion in New York, Roberts returned to Utah where he became president of the First Council of Seventy.[3] Roberts died on 27 September 1933 from complications of diabetes.[3][32] He was survived by thirteen children and by his second wife.
Regardless of his ultimate religious beliefs, most scholars would accept the judgment of Brigham Madsen that Roberts possessed a "deeply embedded integrity, and above all...fearless willingness to follow wherever his reason led him. He could be abrasive in his defense of stubbornly held beliefs, but he had the capacity to change his views when confronted with new and persuasive evidence."[33] To Leonard J. Arrington, Roberts was "the intellectual leader of the Mormon people in the era of Mormonism's finest intellectual attainment."[34]
- Roberts, B. H. (1888). The Gospel: An Exposition of its First Principles. Salt Lake City: The Contributor Company. http://www.archive.org/details/gospelexposition00roberich.
- —— (1892). The Life of John Taylor, Third President of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City: George Q. Cannon & Sons. http://books.google.com/books?id=e68EAAAAYAAJ.
- —— (1893). Outlines of Ecclesiastical History. Salt Lake City: George Q. Cannon & Sons. http://books.google.com/books?id=ZUw4xJ2yW5AC.
- —— (1894). Succession in the Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. http://books.google.com/books?id=tE8mAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR1.
- —— (1895). A New Witness for God. Salt Lake City: George Q. Cannon & Sons. http://books.google.com/books?id=gboUAAAAYAAJ.
- —— (1900). The Missouri Persecutions. Salt Lake City: George Q. Cannon & Sons. http://books.google.com/books?id=TcfYO8JFElcC.
- —— (1900). The Rise and Fall of Nauvoo. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. http://books.google.com/books?id=PMAUAAAAYAAJ.
- —— (1902). Corianton: a Nephite story. Salt Lake City: s.n..
- ——; Smith, Joseph, Jr. (1902 - 1932). History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, (7 volumes). Salt Lake City: Deseret News.
- —— (1903). New Witnesses for God. Volume II. The Book of Mormon. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. http://books.google.com/books?id=zroUAAAAYAAJ.
- —— (1903). The Mormon Doctrine of Deity: the Roberts-Van der Donckt Discussion. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. http://books.google.com/books?id=6lJ8IW6qlAoC.
- —— (1907 - 1912). The Seventy's Course in Theology (5 volumes). Salt Lake City: Deseret News.
- —— (1907 - 1912). Defense of the Faith and the Saints (2 volumes). Salt Lake City: Deseret News. (vol 2)
- —— (1908). Joseph Smith, the Prophet-Teacher: A Discourse. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. http://books.google.com/books?id=c8AUAAAAYAAJ.
- —— (1909). New Witnesses for God: Part III. The Evidences of the Truth of the Book of Mormon. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. http://books.google.com/books?id=kOssAAAAYAAJ.
- —— (1916). The Church as an Organization for Social Service. Salt Lake City: General Board of the Y.M.M.I.A..
- —— (1919). The Mormon Battalion; its History and Achievements. Salt Lake City: Deseret News. http://books.google.com/books?id=ed1BAAAAIAAJ.
- —— (1930). Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: Century I (6 volumes). Salt Lake City: LDS Church.
- —— (1931). The "Falling Away"; or, The World's Loss of the Christian Religion and Church. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book.
- —— (1932). Rasha--the Jew; a Message to All Jews. Salt Lake City: Deseret News.
- —— (1948). Discourses of B.H. Roberts of the First Council of the Seventy. Salt Lake City: Deseret Book.
- ——; Madsen, Brigham D. (1985). Studies of the Book of Mormon. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
- ——; Bergera, Gary James (1990). The Autobiography of B. H. Roberts. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.
- ——; Larson, Stan (1994). The Truth, the Way, the Life. San Francisco: Smith Research Associates.
- ——; Madsen, Brigham D. (1999). The Essential B.H. Roberts. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.
- ——; Sillito, John R. (2004). History's Apprentice: the Diaries of B.H. Roberts, 1880-1898. Salt Lake City: Signature Books.
- ^ Quoted in Truman G. Madsen, Defender of the Faith: The B. H. Roberts Story (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1980),1.
- ^ a b John W. Welch, "Roberts, Brigham Henry," American National Biography Online, February 2000.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Roberts Papers bio.
- ^ Truman G. Madsen, Defender of the Faith: The B. H. Roberts Story (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1980), 70.
- ^ John W. Welch, "Roberts, Brigham Henry," American National Biography Online, February 2000; Leonard J. Arrington & Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 2nd. ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 257.
- ^ The Mormon Massacre
- ^ New York Times, August 20, 1884.
- ^ John Sillito, ed., History's Apprentice: The Diaries of B. H. Roberts (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 2004), introduction.
- ^ Malmquist, O.N.:The First 100 Years, Park Record, 1896
- ^ Leonard J. Arrington & Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 2nd. ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 247.
- ^ , Ostling, 1999/HarperSan Francisco:Mormon America, The Power and the Promise, pp.83.
- ^ Roberts 1965, p. 363. A special election was held to fill his seat, and William H. King, the congressman who had preceded him won the election to succeed him. Roberts later testified during the Smoot Hearings when Republican Reed Smoot, a monogamist, and opponents of the LDS Church demanded that he too be refused his seat because Smoot was a Mormon apostle.
- ^ Ronald W. Walker, David J. Whittaker, and James B. Allen, Mormon History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 34.
- ^ Walker, et al., 32.
- ^ http://mormonlit.lib.byu.edu/lit_work.php?w_id=13389
- ^ Walker, et al., Mormon History, 35.
- ^ For a survey of Roberts' strengths and weaknesses as a historian, see Davis Bitton, "B. H. Roberts as a Historian," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 3 (Winter 1968), 25-44.
- ^ Walker, et al., Mormon History, 36.
- ^ Leonard J. Arrington & Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 2nd. ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 257.
- ^ Leonard J. Arrington & Davis Bitton, The Mormon Experience: A History of the Latter-day Saints, 2nd. ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), 257-58; Sterling M. McMurrin, "Introduction in B. H. Roberts, Joseph Smith the Prophet-Teacher (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967).
- ^ Roberts argued that the Adamic race had been preceded by a pre-Adamic race, which implied that there had been death and decay before the Fall of Adam.
- ^ Ronald Numbers, The Creationists (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992), 312; see Richard Sherlock, "'We Can See No Advantage to a Continuation of the Discussion': The Roberts/Smith/Talmage Affair," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 13(3):63–78 (Fall 1980).
- ^ Tim S. Reid, "Mormons and evolution: a history of B. H. Roberts and his attempt to reconcile science and religion," Ph.D. dissertation, Oregon State University, 1997.
- ^ Roberts 1985, p. 235: "In the light of this evidence, there can be no doubt as to the possession of a vividly strong, creative imagination by Joseph Smith, the Prophet, an imagination, it could with reason be urged, which, given the suggestions that are to be found in the 'common knowledge' of accepted American antiquities of the times, supplemented by such a work as Ethan Smith's View of the Hebrews, would make it possible for him to create a book such as the Book of Mormon is." See George D. Smith, "'Is There Any Way to Escape These Difficulties?' The Book of Mormon Studies of B. H. Roberts," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, 17 (Summer 1984), 94-111.
- ^ Peterson 1997
- ^ B.H Roberts' Purpose in Performing the Study.
- ^ Richard N. Ostling and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise (HarperSanFrancisco, 1999), 276. A friend said that two months before his death, Roberts had told him of his disappointment in the response of the church leadership to his study and that Roberts believed the golden plates and the Urim and Thummim to be "subjective" rather than "objective." Journal of Wesley P. Lloyd, August 7, 1933, quoted in Studies of the Book of Mormon, Brigham D. Madsen, ed. (Salt Lake City, Utah: Signature Books, 1992), 2nd edition.
- ^ Roberts 1985, p. 47
- ^ Terryl L. Givens, By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 110-11. For the view that Roberts found View of the Hebrews so disturbing that he abandoned his faith, see Brigham D. Madsen, "B. H. Roberts' 'Studies of the Book of Mormon,'" Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 26 (Fall 1993), 77-86; and "Reflections of LDS Disbelief in the Book of Mormon as History," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 30 (Fall 1997), 87-97.
- ^ Richard N. Ostling and Joan K. Ostling, Mormon America: The Power and the Promise (HarperSanFrancisco, 1999), 276.
- ^ Roberts also served for many years as a leader of the church's Young Men's Mutual Improvement Association.
- ^ State of Utah Death Certificate
- ^ B. H. Roberts, Studies of the Book of Mormon, ed. Brigham D. Madsen (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985), 30.
- ^ Leonard J. Arrington, "The Intellectual Tradition of the Latter-day Saints," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 4 (Spring 1969), 22.
- Madsen, Truman G. Defender of the Faith: The B. H. Roberts Story (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1980.)
- Roberts, Brigham H (1965), A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 6, Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, ISBN 0842504826 .
- Roberts, Brigham H (1985), Brigham D. Madsen, ed., Studies of the Book of Mormon, Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252010434 .
- Roberts, Brigham H (2004), John Sillito, ed., History's Apprentice: The Diaries of B. H. Roberts, Salt Lake City: Signature Books, ISBN 978-1-56085-173-8, http://www.signaturebooks.com/history's.htm .
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| Name |
Roberts, Brigham Henry |
| Alternative names |
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| Short description |
Denied a seat as a member of United States Congress because of religion |
| Date of birth |
March 13, 1857 |
| Place of birth |
Warrington, Lancashire, England |
| Date of death |
September 27, 1933 |
| Place of death |
Salt Lake City, Utah |
