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Johann Otto von Gemmingen, Prince-Bishop of Augsburg (1591-1598)

A Prince-Bishop is a bishop who is a territorial Prince of the Church on account of one or more secular principalities, usually pre-existent titles of nobility held concurrently with their inherent clerical office. Thus the principality ruled politically by a prince-bishop could wholly or largely overlap with his diocesan jurisdiction, but not necessarily; several lost their actual see (the city itself), which could obtain the status of free imperial city. If the see is an archbishopric, the correct term is prince-archbishop; the equivalent in the regular (monastic) clergy is prince-abbot.

In the West, with the decline of imperial power from the 4th century onwards in the face of the barbarian invasions, sometimes Christian bishops of cities took the place of the Roman commander, made secular decisions for the city and led their own troops when necessary. Later relations between a prince-bishop and the burghers were not invariably cordial. As cities demanded charters from emperors, kings, or their prince-bishops and declared themselves independent of the secular territorial magnates, friction intensified between burghers and bishops.

In the Byzantine Empire, the still autocratic Emperors passed general legal measures assigning all bishops certain rights and duties in the secular administration of their dioceses, but that was part of a caesaropapist development putting the Eastern Church in the service of the Empire, with its Ecumenical Patriarch almost reduced to the Emperor's minister of religious affairs. The Russian Empire went even further, abolishing its own patriarchy and placing the church under direct control of the secular government.

The German term Hochstift was often used to denote the form of secular authority held by bishops ruling a prince-bishopric with Erzstift being used for prince-archbishoprics.

Holy Roman Empire[link]

Ecclesiastical lands in the Holy Roman Empire, 1648

Bishops had been involved in the government of the Frankish realm and subsequent Carolingian Empire frequently as the clerical member of a duo of envoys styled Missus dominicus, but that was an individual mandate, not attached to the see.

Prince-bishoprics were most common in the feudally fragmented Holy Roman Empire, where many were formally awarded the rank of Reichsfürst ("Prince of the Empire"), granting them representation in the Reichstag (imperial Diet). The Germanic tribes inside the Empire had strong and powerful dukes (originally, war-rulers), always more looking out for their duchy's "national interest" than for the Empire's. So King Henry the Fowler and more so his son, Emperor Otto I, had the idea to weaken the power of the dukes. Dukes could not give their title to their sons nor could the tribes name the duke. Only the Emperor could name dukes. So the Emperor gave major duchies to the most important (arch)bishops, who were already inside a transnational institution, the Catholic Church. The duchy attached to the see then became a prince-diocese or bishopric ("Fürstbistum").^[1]

They were finally dissolved in most countries by Napoleon Bonaparte, with the downfall of the Holy Roman Emperor in 1806. However in some countries outside of French control, such as Austria and Prussia the institution continued, and in some cases was revived; a new, titular type arose.

No less than three of the (originally only seven) prince-electors, the highest order of Reichsfürsten (comparable in rank with the French pairs), were prince-archbishops, each holding the title of Archchancellor (the only archoffice amongst them) for a part of the Empire; given the higher importance of an electorate, their principalities were known as Kurfürstentum ('electoral principality') rather than prince-archbishoprics:

Arms	Name	Rank	Local name(s)	Imperial Circle	Modern nation	Notes
	Cologne	Archbishopric Electorate	German: Erzstift Köln, Kurköln	Electoral Rhenish	Germany	Prince-elector and Arch-Chancellor of Italy.
	Mainz	Archbishopric Electorate	German: Erzbistum Mainz, Kurmainz	Electoral Rhenish	Germany	Prince-elector and Arch-Chancellor of Germany.
	Trier	Archbishopric Electorate	German: Erzbistum Trier, Kurtrier French: Archevêque Trèves	Electoral Rhenish	Germany	Prince-elector and Arch-Chancellor of Burgundy.
	Aquileia	Patriarchate	Latin: Patriarchæ Aquileiensis Italian: Patria del Friuli	None	Italy	Incorporated by Venice after the 1445 Council of Florence
	Augsburg	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Augsburg	Swabian	Germany
	Bamberg	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Bamberg	Franconian	Germany
	Basel	Bishopric	French: Principauté de Bâle German: Fürstbistum Basel	Upper Rhenish	France  Germany  Switzerland	A tiny fraction of the bishopric is not now in Switzerland: Schliengen and Istein are both now in Germany; a very small part of the Vogtei of St Ursanne is now in France.
	Besançon	Archbishopric	French: Archévêqué de Besançon German: Erzstift Besantz	None	France	The archbishops had been rulers over Besançon, an Imperial city from 1307, which in 1512 joined the Burgundian Circle.
	Brandenburg	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Brandenburg	Upper Saxon	Germany	Continued by Lutheran administrators after Reformation in 1520, securalized to the Margraviate of Brandenburg in 1571
	Bremen	Archbishopric	German: Erzstift Bremen	Lower Saxon	Germany	Continued by Lutheran administrators after Reformation in 1566 until 1645/1648.
	Brescia	Bishopric	Italian: Principato vescovile di Brescia	None	Italy
	Breslau	Bishopric	German: Fürstbistum Breslau Polish: Biskupie Księstwo Wrocławski Silesian German: Brassel	None	Poland	In 1344 Bishop Przecław of Breslau (present-day Wrocław) bought the town of Grottkau (Grodków) from the Silesian duke Bolesław III the Generous and added it to the episcopal Duchy of Neisse (Nysa), becoming Prince of Neisse and Duke of Grottkau as a vassal to the Bohemian Crown.
	Brixen	Bishopric	Italian: Principato vescovile di Bressanone	Austrian	Italy	Secularised to Tyrol in 1803.
	Cambrai	Bishopric, then Archbishopric	French: Principauté de Cambrai German: Hochstift Kammerich	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	France	To France by 1678 Peace of Nijmegen
	Cammin	Bishopric	German: Bistum Kammin Polish: Biskupie Księstwo Kamieński	Upper Saxon	Poland	Lost Reichsfreiheit to Duchy of Pomerania in 1544, securalized in 1650, to Brandenburg Province of Pomerania
	Chur	Bishopric	German: Bistum Chur	Austrian	Switzerland
	Constance	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Konstanz	Swabian	Austria  Germany  Switzerland
	Eichstätt	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Eichstätt	Franconian	Germany
	Freising	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Freising	Bavarian	Austria  Germany
	Fulda	Abbey, then Bishopric	German: Reichskloster Fulda, Reichsbistum Fulda	Upper Rhenish	Germany	Imperial Abbey until 5 October 1752, when it was raised to a bishopric. Secularised in 1802 in the German Mediatisation
	Geneva	Bishopric	French: Évêché de Genève German: Fürstbistum Genf	Upper Rhenish	France  Switzerland
	Gurk	Bishopric	German: Diözese Gurk	None	Austria	Part of Carinthia, bishops claimed Fürstbischof title, but never held any reichsfrei territory.
	Halberstadt	Bishopric	German: Bistum Halberstadt	Lower Saxon	Germany
	Havelberg	Bishopric	German: Bistum Havelberg	Lower Saxon	Germany	Continued by Lutheran administrators after Reformation in 1548 until 1598
	Hildesheim	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Hildesheim	Lower Saxon	Germany
	Lausanne	Bishopric	French: Prince-Évêché de Lausanne German: Bistum Lausanne	None	Switzerland	Conquered by the Swiss city canton of Bern in 1536.
	Lavant	Bishopric	German: Diözese Lavant Slovene: Škofija Lavant	None	Austria  Slovenia	Part of Carinthia and Styria, bishops since 1446 claimed Fürstbischof title, but never held any reichsfrei territory.
	Lebus	Bishopric	German: Fürstbistum Lebus Polish: Diecezja lubuska	None	Germany  Poland	Seated in Fürstenwalde since 1385; Reichsfreiheit challenged by Brandenburg, continued by Hohenzollern Lutheran administrators after Protestant Reformation in 1555 until secularisation 1598.
	Liège	Bishopric	Dutch: Prinsbisdom Luik French: Principauté de Liège German: Fürstbistum Lüttich Walloon: Principåté d' Lidje	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Belgium  Netherlands
	Lübeck	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Lübeck	Lower Saxon	Germany	Seated in Eutin since the 1270s; Reformation started in 1535, continued by Lutheran administrators since 1586 until secularisation in 1803.
	Magdeburg	Archbishopric	German: Erzstift Magdeburg	Lower Saxon	Germany	Continued by Lutheran administrators between 1566 and 1631, and again since 1638 until 1680.
	Merseburg	Bishopric	German: Bistum Merseburg	None	Germany
	Metz	Bishopric	French: Évêché de Metz German: Hochstift Metz	Upper Rhenish	France	One of the Three Bishoprics ceded to France by the 1552 Treaty of Chambord.
	Minden	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Minden	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Germany
	Münster	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Münster	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Germany
	Naumburg	Bishopric	German: Bistum Naumburg-Zeitz		Germany	Under guardianship of Meissen from 1259, administrated by Saxony from 1564.
	Olomouc	Bishopric	Czech: Biskupství olomoucké German: Bistum Olmütz	None	Czech Republic	The Czech bishopric (later Metropolitan) of Olomouc, as a vassal principality of the Bohemian crown, was the peer of the margraviate of Moravia, and from 1365 its prince-bishop was 'Count of the Bohemian Chapel', i.e. first court chaplain, who was to accompany the monarch on his frequent travels.
	Osnabrück	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Osnabrück	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Germany	Alternated between Catholic and Protestant incumbents after the Thirty Years' War, secularised in 1802/1803
	Paderborn	Bishopric	German: Fürstbistum Paderborn	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Germany
	Passau	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Passau	Bavarian	Austria  Germany
	Ratzeburg	Bishopric	German: Bistum Ratzeburg	Lower Saxon	Germany
	Regensburg	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Regensburg	Bavarian	Germany
	Salzburg	Archbishopric	German: Fürsterzbistum Salzburg	Bavarian	Austria	Raised to an electorate in 1803, but simultaneously secularised; see Electorate of Salzburg. Since 1648, the archbishop has also borne the title Primas Germaniae, First [Bishop] of Germania. The powers of this title – non-jurisdictional – are limited to being the Pope's first correspondent in the German-speaking world, but used to include the right to preside over the Princes of the Holy Roman Empire.
	Schwerin	Bishopric	German: Bistum Schwerin	Lower Saxon	Germany
	Seckau	Bishopric	German: Diözese Seckau	None	Austria  Slovenia?	Whilst the bishop was known as Fürstbischof, it is unclear whether the bishopric held any Reichsfrei territory.
	Sion	Bishopric	French: Prince-Évêché de Sion German: Bistum Sitten	None	Switzerland	A classic example of unified secular and diocesan authority
	Speyer	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Speyer	Upper Rhenish	Germany
	Strasbourg	Bishopric	Alemannic German: Bistum Strossburi French: Évêché de Strasbourg German: Fürstbistum Straßburg	Upper Rhenish	France  Germany
	Toul	Bishopric	French: Principauté de Toul German: Bistum Toul	Upper Rhenish	France	One of the Three Bishoprics ceded to France by the 1552 Treaty of Chambord.
	Trent	Bishopric	Italian: Principato vescovile di Trento	Austrian Circle	Italy	Secularised to Tyrol in 1803.
	Utrecht	Bishopric	Dutch: Sticht Utrecht	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Netherlands	Sold to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, after which it was moved to the Burgundian Circle
	Verden	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Verden	Lower Rhenish / Westphalian	Germany	Continued by Lutheran administrators after Reformation until 1645/1648
	Verdun	Bishopric	French: Principauté de Verdun German: Bistum Verdun	Upper Rhenish	France	One of the Three Bishoprics ceded to France by the 1552 Treaty of Chambord.
	Worms	Bishopric	German: Bistum Worms	Upper Rhenish	Germany	Worms city rule established by Bishop Burchard (1000–1025), episcopal residence at Ladenburg from 1400, held large estates in the former Lahngau region, territories left of the Rhine lost by the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio, secularised to Baden and Hesse-Darmstadt in 1803.
	Würzburg	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Würzburg	Franconian	Germany	Held the Franconian ducal title awarded by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa

State of the Teutonic Order[link]

Order's State in 1466: Livonian episcopal territories in violet, Prince-Bishopric of Warmia in cyan

Upon the incorporation of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in 1237, the territory of the Order's State largely corresponded with the Diocese of Riga. Bishop Albert of Riga in 1207 had received the lands of Livonia as an Imperial fief from the hands of German king Philip of Swabia, he however had to come to terms with the Brothers of the Sword. At the behest of Pope Innocent III the Terra Mariana confederation was established, whereby Albert had to cede large parts of the episcopal territory to the Livonian Order. Albert proceeded tactically in the conflict between the Papacy and Emperor Frederick II: in 1225 he reached the acknowledgement of his status as a Prince-Bishop of the Empire, though the Roman Curia insisted on the fact, that the Christianized Baltic territories were solely under the suzerainty of the Holy See. By the 1234 Bull of Rieti, Pope Gregory IX stated, that all lands acquired by the Teutonic Knights were no subject of any conveyancing by the Emperor.

Within this larger conflict, the continued dualism of the autonomous Riga Prince-Bishop and the Teutonic Knights led to a lengthy friction. About 1245 the Papal legate William of Modena reached a compromise: Though incorporated into the Order's State, the archdiocese and its suffragan bishoprics were acknowledged with their autonomous ecclesiastical territories by the Teutonic Knights. The bishops pursued the conferment of the Princely title by the Holy Roman Emperor to stress their sovereignty. In the original Prussian lands of the Teutonic Order, Willam of Modena established the suffragan bishoprics of Culm, Pomesania, Samland and Warmia. From the late 13th century onwards, the appointed Warmia bishops were no longer members of the Teutonic Knights, a special status confirmed by the bestowal of the Princely title by Emperor Charles IV in 1356.

Arms	Name	Rank	Local name(s)	Territory	Modern nation	Notes
	Courland	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Kurland Latvian: Kurzemes bīskapija Low German: Bisdom Curland	Terra Mariana	Latvia	Established about 1234, the smallest of the Livonian dioceses. Secularised in 1559 and occupied by Prince Magnus of Denmark. From 1585 under the suzerainty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, part of the Duchy of Livonia. To Russia in the 1795 Third Partition of Poland.
	Dorpat	Bishopric	Estonian: Tartu piiskopkond German: Hochstift Dorpat Low German: Bisdom Dorpat	Terra Mariana	Estonia	Bishop Hermann, appointed by his brother Bishop Albert of Riga, received the title of a Prince-bishop by King Henry VII of Germany in 1225. Dorpat (Estonian: Tartu) remained a suffragan diocese of Riga. Dissolved in the course of the Protestant Reformation in 1558.
	Ösel-Wiek	Bishopric	Estonian: Saare-Lääne piiskopkond German: Bistum Ösel-Wiek Low German: Bisdom Ösel-Wiek	Terra Mariana	Estonia	Established on Saaremaa island in 1228 under Bishop Gottfried, appointed by Bishop Albert of Riga, vested with the title of a Prince-bishop by King Henry VII of Germany. It remained a suffragan diocese of Riga. Dissolved in the course of the Protestant Reformation in 1559.
	Riga	Archbishopric	German: Erzbistum Riga Latvian: Rīgas arhibīskapija Low German: Erzbisdom Riga	Terra Mariana	Latvia	Episcopal see at Üxküll 1186–1202. In 1225 Albert of Riga received the title of a Prince-bishop of Livonia by Emperor Frederick II. Last Archbishop William of Brandenburg resigned in 1561 during the Livonian War, territory fell to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, to Sweden in 1621.
	Warmia	Bishopric	German: Hochstift Ermland Polish: Biskupie Księstwo Warmińskie	Prussia	Poland	Established by Papal legate William of Modena in 1243, Princely title documented in the Golden Bull of 1356. Incorporated into the Jagiellon kingdom of Poland in 1466 and re-established as an autonomous Prince-bishopric under the Polish crown in 1479. Abolished in the course of the Prussian annexation in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland.

Elsewhere[link]

In Montenegro[link]

The bishops of Cetinje, Montenegro, who took the place of the earlier secular (Grand) Voivodes in 1516 had a unique position of Slavonic, Orthodox prince-bishops of Montenegro under Ottoman suzerainty.^[2] They actually became the secularized, hereditary princes and ultimately Kings of Montenegro in 1852, as reflected in their styles:

• first Vladika i upravitelj Crne Gore i Brde ("Bishop and Ruler of Montenegro and the Highlands")
• from 13 March 1852 (New Style): Po Božjoj milosti knjaz i gospodar Crne Gore i Brde ("By the grace of God Prince and Sovereign of Montenegro and the Highlands")
• from 28 August 1910 (New Style): Po Božjoj milosti kralj i gospodar Crne Gore ("By the grace of God, King and Sovereign of Montenegro")

In England[link]

The Bishops of Durham were also territorial Prince Bishops, with the extraordinary secular rank of Earl palatine, for it was their duty not only to be head of the large diocese, but also to help protect the Kingdom against the Scottish threat from the north. The title survived the union of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707 until 1836.

In France[link]

Apart from territories formerly within the Holy Roman Empire, no French diocese had a principality of political significance linked to its see.

However, a number of French Bishops did hold a noble title, with a tiny territory usually about their seat; it was often a princely title, especially Count. Indeed, six of the original Pairies (the royal vassals awarded with the highest precedence at Court) were episcopal: the Archbishop of Reims and five other Bishops (suffragans to Reims, except the Bishop of Langres); the three highest ones held a ducal title and the others a comital title.

They were later joined by the Archbishop of Paris, with a ducal title, but with precedence over the others. See also Peerage of France.

In Portugal[link]

From 1472 to 1967, the bishop of Coimbra held the comital title of Count of Arganil, being thus called "bishop-count" (Bispo-Conde, in Portuguese). The comital title is still held de jure, but since Portugal is a republic and nobility privileges are abolished, its use declined during the 20th century.

Beyond Catholic feudalism[link]

While one might expect that the Protestant Schism, Counter-Reformation and more modern regimes than the traditional feudal principality would have eradicated the prince-bishopric, they didn't quite.

Even when the true prince-(arch)bishoprics disappeared from the map of Europe as it was redrawn by Napoleon I Bonaparte (who caused the end of the Holy Roman Empire) and the Congress of Vienna after his defeat, the title found a new, titular use. In the Habsburg dynasty's "new" empire, the Danubian Double Monarchy Austria-Hungary, reduced to the parts south of Prussia's (German) sphere of dominance that would become the (largely Protestant) German Empire, actual territorial power was no longer held by the bishops, but the status of Fürst(erz)bischof was maintained, and could be given a similar political role in the more modern, almost standardized Cisleithanian provincial level, the Kronland 'crown land', as ex officio members of its Landtag, the representative and legislative assembly, often with Virilstimme, while other bishops could collectively be represented as a 'prelates bench' (an elected Kurie).

The Emperors of Austria now bestowed the title upon Bishops even without any feudal principality, but as a princely style and rank (as had been usual for centuries with secular noble titles of peerage ranks) awarded to episcopal sees, carrying the privilege of a seat in the estates, e.g. for the bishop of Laibach (as a consolation prize for the see's loss of metropolitan rank to Graz) & for the archbishops of Esztergom.

Special cases[link]

The ultimate Prince Bishop is the Bishop of Rome, i.e. the Pope, universal head (Supreme Pontiff) of the Roman Catholic Church. His claims to territorial power were bolstered by the fraudulent early-Medieval document Donation of Constantine, and the authentic Donation of Pepin, establishing the Patrimonium Petri which was further extended as the powerful Papal States. Pope Pius IX was the last of the true, sovereign Prince-Bishops, divested of territorial powers when the Papacy was forced to surrender the rule of Rome in 1870 to the reunited kingdom of Italy, which was supported by liberal-nationalists. The Pope was however made Head of state again of the specially created Vatican City, a small enclave in Rome, by the (later favorably amended) Lateran Treaties with Benito Mussolini's Fascist Italy.

The Spanish Catalonian Bishop of Urgell, who no longer has any secular rights in Spain, still is one of the two co-princes of Andorra, along with the Head of State (presently President of the Republic) of France.

See also[link]

• Crown-cardinal
• Lord Bishop

Sources, references and external links[link]

• Catholic Encyclopaedia passim
• The Prince-Bishop of Münster
• Albert of Buxhoeveden, Prince-Bishop of Livonia
• Heraldica.org - here French peerage
• Westermann, Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte (in German)
• WorldStatesmen search under each present country

1. ^ Joachim Fernau: Deutschland, Deutschland über alles — Geschichte der Deutschen
2. ^ Sima Milutinović Sarajlija: MONTENEGRO lead by its Bishops from "Историја Црне Горе" (The History of Montenegro, 1835) (Serbian)

Charles Woods (August 31, 1921 - October 17, 2004) was an Alabama businessman and broadcaster, and aspiring politician. Woods was raised in an orphanage. He enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force before joining the U.S. Army Air Corps in World War II. He was a decorated pilot with the Air Corps.

He was born Charles Arthur Morris just 35 miles (56 km) outside Birmingham, Alabama. His divorced mother was unable to support her two young sons so she placed them in a state orphanage when he was five years old. He never saw her again and at age of 6 was adopted by P. A. Woods family from Headland, Alabama. He attended schools in Hollywood, California, where his new family lived for some time, and in Headland.

Woods joined the RCAF and the United States Army Air Corps in 1941.

Woods was severely injured in a 1944 airplane crash on December 23. He taxied down a runway in Kurmitola, India, carrying 28,000 pounds (12.7 tonnes) of aviation fuel to be delivered in Lulaing, China. After making the trip alone, hundreds of times, on this particular trip, he was flying with a pilot-in-training, Captain Stalmacher, in first seat. Stalmacher erred on take-off, braking too soon causing the airplane to lose speed with too little runway left. The bomber exploded on take-off, and Woods was the only crew member who survived. He suffered severe burns over 70% of his body. The fire erased his face, destroying his nose, eyelids, ears and hands. He was transported to Valley Forge General Hospital, a military hospital in Pennsylvania six weeks after the accident. Since he was so weak, he could only travel short legs at one time. The 10,000 mile (16,000 km) trip proved arduous to Woods who arrived at Valley Forge malnourished, dehydrated and suffering from infections in addition to being severely burned.

Woods, severely burned, was dying and needed new skin. In desperation, skin was taken from a recently dead soldier, with his family's permission, and was draped onto Woods. This "foreign" skin normally would have been rejected by Woods's immune system within 10 to 14 days—too soon for his own skin to grow back. However, the new skin survived for more than a month, buying Woods just enough time to save his life. This breakthrough led to the development of techniques for organ transplant. He was a patient of Dr. Joseph Murray at Valley Forge General Hospital from 1945-1947. Murray won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1990 for work in organ and cell transplantation. Woods and his case is featured in Dr. Murray's 2001 autobiography, Surgery Of The Soul: Reflections on a Curious Career.

Over the next two years, Woods was operated on 24 times to construct a new face, often with very little anesthesia.

Woods prevailed and began a very successful career in construction and in radio and television stations. He built a multi-million dollar empire in franchises all over the country. He owned WTVY in Dothan, Alabama from its early years until 2000, in addition to other radio and television stations. He ran for governor and lieutenant governor of Alabama, once running against George Wallace. He was known for his long-form self-purchased television campaign commercials.

He came very close to winning the Democratic nomination for Alabama Lieutenant Governor in 1974, leading in the first round of voting but losing in a runoff to incumbent Jere Beasley.

In Nevada he had a respectable performance in the Democratic primary against Harry Reid in 1992, although Reid won re-election in the primary and the general election. Woods also sought the Democratic nomination for President in 1992 as a long-shot candidate. He showed best in North Dakota, winning 20.26% after write-in winner Ross Perot, Lyndon LaRouche and before eventual nominee and President of the United States Bill Clinton.^[1]

His presidential bid slogan was The Businessman's Approach.^[2]

Woods then ran in the Republican primaries for US Senate elections in Nevada in 1994 and Alabama in 1996, but lost in the primaries both times. In 2000 and 2002, he won the Democratic nominations to run in Alabama's second Congressional district, and was defeated by Republican Terry Everett twice. ^[3] Despite the intense suffering he underwent, he always said, "I consider myself an ordinary man greatly blessed by God."

He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in November 2004.

[edit] Electoral history ^[4]

Alabama gubernatorial election, 1966 (Democratic primary)

• Lurleen Wallace - 480,841 (54.10%)
• Richmond Flowers - 172,386 (19.40%)
• Carl Elliott - 71,972 (8.10%)
• Bob Gilchrist - 49,502 (5.57%)
• Charles Woods - 41,148 (4.63%)
• John Malcolm Patterson - 31,011 (3.49%)
• Jim Folsom - 24,145 (2.72%)
• A.W. Todd - 9,013 (1.01%)

Alabama gubernatorial election, 1970 (Democratic primary)

• Albert Brewer - (Inc.) 428,146 (41.98%)
• George Wallace - 416,443 (40.84%)
• Charles Woods - 149,987 (14.71%)
• Asa Carter - 15,441 (1.51%)
• Jim Folsom - 4,123 (0.40%)
• Coleman Brown - 2,836 (0.28%)
• Shorty Price - 2,804 (0.28%)

Alabama gubernatorial election, 1974 (Democratic primary for Lieutenant Governor)

• Charles Woods - 310,351 (38.68%)
• Jere Beasley (Inc.) - 308,182 (38.41%)
• Richard Dominick - 150,455 (18.75%)
• Ron Careel - 25,392 (3.17%)
• Coleman Brown - 7,943 (0.99%)

Alabama gubernatorial election, 1974 (Democratic runoff for Lieutenant Governor)

• Jere Beasley - 393,077 (56.10%)
• Charles Woods - 307,643 (43.90%)

Alabama gubernatorial election, 1978 (Democratic primary)

• Fob James - 256,196 (28.47%)
• Bill Baxley - 210,089 (23.35%)
• Albert Brewer - 193,479 (21.50%)
• Sid McDonald - 143,930 (15.99%)
• Jere Beasley - 77,202 (8.58%)
• K.C. Foster - 4,948 (0.55%)
• Horace Howell - 4,730 (0.53%)
• Jim Folsom - 4,632 (0.52%)
• Bob Muncaster - 1,776 (0.20%)
• Shorty Price - 1,396 (0.16%)
• Charles Woods - 700 (0.08%)
• Fred Sandefer - 622 (0.07%)
• Cornelia Wallace - 217 (0.02%)

United States presidential election, 1992 (Democratic primary)

• Bill Clinton - 10,482,411 (52.01%)
• Jerry Brown - 4,071,232 (20.20%)
• Paul Tsongas - 3,656,010 (18.14%)
• Unpledged - 750,873 (3.73%)
• Bob Kerrey - 318,457 (1.58%)
• Tom Harkin - 280,304 (1.39%)
• Lyndon LaRouche - 154,599 (0.77%)
• Eugene McCarthy - 108,678 (0.54%)
• Charles Woods - 88,948 (0.44%)
• Larry Agran - 58,611 (0.29%)
• Ross Perot (write-in) - 54,755 (0.27%)
• Ralph Nader (write-in) - 35,935 (0.18%)
• Louis J. Stokes - 29,983 (0.15%)

Nevada senatorial election, 1992 (Democratic primary)

• Harry Reid (Inc.) - 64,828 (52.82%)
• Charles Woods - 48,364 (39.40%)

Nevada senatorial election, 1994 (Republican primary)

• Harold Furman - 58,521 (50.46%)
• Charles Woods - 29,601 (25.52%)

United States Senate election in Alabama, 1996 (Republican primary)

• Jeff Sessions - 82,373 (37.81%)
• Sid McDonald - 47,320 (21.72%)
• Charles Woods - 24,409 (11.20%)
• Frank McRight - 21,964 (10.08%)
• Walter D. Clark - 18,745 (8.60%)
• Jimmy Blake - 15,385 (7.06%)
• Albert Libscomb - 7,672 (3.52%)

U.S. House of Representatives, Alabama's 2nd district (2000)

• Terry Everett (R, incumbent) - 151,830 (68.20%)
• Charles Woods (D) - 64,958 (29.18%)
• Wallace B. McGahan (L) - 4,111 (1.85%)

U.S. House of Representatives, Alabama's 2nd district (2002)

• Terry Everett (R, incumbent) - 129,233 (68.75%)
• Charles Woods (D) - 55,495 (29.52%)
• Floyd Shackelford (L) - 2,948 (1.57%)

Notes[link]

External links[link]

• Woods featured in Newsweek
• Obituary of Charles Woods
• U.S. Senator Jeff Sessions tribute to Charles Woods
• San Diego Union-Tribune Obituary

Leonard Scott

Personal information
Nationality	United States
Born	(1980-01-19) January 19, 1980 (age 32) Zachary, Louisiana
Height	5 ft 11 in (1.80 m)
Weight	178 lb (81 kg)
Sport
Sport	Running
Event(s)	60 metres, 100 metres
Medal record Men's Athletics Competitor for the  United States World Indoor Championships Gold 2006 Moscow 60 m World Athletics Final Silver 2006 Stuttgart 100 m

Leonard Scott (born January 19, 1980) is an American sprinter mainly competing in the 100 meters event. Scott attended the University of Tennessee on a track scholarship and turned professional in 2002. In 2005 he joined the exclusive list of sprinters to run the 100 in less than 10 seconds. A month later he finished sixth at the 2005 World Championships. Having overcome eventual silver medal winner Michael Frater in the semifinal, he had been among the medal favorites.

In 2006 he won at the World Indoor Championships in Moscow, clocking a world leading time of 6.50 seconds in the 60 meters. He also finished second in the World Athletics Final that year, with a personal best of 9.91 seconds.

Personal bests[link]

• All information from IAAF Profile.^[1]

References[link]

External links[link]

• IAAF profile for Leonard Scott
• USATF profile for Leonard Scott

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