Arbutus
Arbutus unedo
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Ericales
Family:	Ericaceae
Subfamily:	Arbutoideae
Genus:	Arbutus L.[1]
Species
See text.

Arbutus is a genus of at least 14 species of flowering plants in the family Ericaceae, native to warm temperate regions of the Mediterranean, western Europe, and North America. The name is borrowed from Latin, where it referred to A. unedo.^[2]

Description[link]

Arbutus are small trees or shrubs with red flaking bark and edible red berries.^[3] Fruit development is delayed for about five months after pollination, so that flowers appear while the previous year's fruit are ripening.^[3]

Common names[link]

North American members of the genus are called Madrones, from the Spanish name madroño (strawberry tree) although this terminology is not used in Canada. The European species are also called Strawberry Trees from the superficial resemblance of the fruit to a strawberry; some species are sometimes referred to simply as the "Arbutus". In the United States, the name "Madrone" is used south of the Siskiyou Mountains of southern Oregon/northern California and the name "Madrona" is used north of the Siskiyou Mountains according to the Sunset Western Garden Book. In British Columbia, the trees are simply known by the name "Arbutus."^[4][5] All refer to the same tree, Arbutus menziesii, native to the Pacific Northwest and Northern California regions. It is Canada's only native broadleaved evergreen tree. Some species in the genera Epigaea, Arctostaphylos and Gaultheria were formerly classified in Arbutus. As a result of its past classification, Epigaea repens (Mayflower) has an alternative common name of "trailing arbutus".

Species[link]

A study published in 2001 which analyzed ribosomal DNA from Arbutus and related genera suggests that Arbutus is paraphyletic and the Mediterranean Basin species of Arbutus are more closely related to Arctostaphylos, Arctous, Comarostaphylis, Ornithostaphylos and Xylococcus than to the western North American species of Arbutus, and that the split between the two groups of species occurred at the Paleogene/Neogene boundary.^[6]

Old World[link]

• Arbutus andrachne L. – Greek Strawberry Tree (Southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia)
• Arbutus canariensis Duhamel – Canary Madrone (Canary Islands)
• Arbutus pavarii Pampan. (Libya)
• Arbutus unedo L. – Strawberry Tree (Mediterranean Basin, western France, and western Ireland)^[7]

New World[link]

• Arbutus arizonica (A.Gray) Sarg. – Arizona Madrone (New Mexico, Arizona and western Mexico south to Jalisco)
• Arbutus glandulosa Mart. & Galeotti (Central and southern Mexico)
• Arbutus menziesii Pursh – Pacific Madrone (West coast of North America from southern British Columbia to central California, on the west slopes of the Sierra Nevada and Pacific Coast Range mountains)
• Arbutus peninsularis Rose & Goldman (Baja California Peninsula of Mexico)
• Arbutus tessellata (Mexico)^[8]
• Arbutus xalapensis Kunth (syn. A. texana) – Texas Madrone (Texas, New Mexico and northeastern Mexico)^[7]

Hybrids[link]

• Arbutus 'Marina' – Marina Strawberry Tree, unknown parentage although Arbutus unedo variety rubra is undoubtedly one of the parents. It is also likely that either or both of A. canariensis and A. andrachne conferred not only structural size but leaf size and smoothness of bark. The parent species likely experienced different blooming times, as the hybrid blooms nearly continuously and sets copious fruit.
• Arbutus × andrachnoides Link (A. andrachne × A. unedo)^[7]

Formerly placed here[link]

• Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl. (as A. tomentosa Pursh)
• Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. (as A. uva-ursi L.)
• Comarostaphylis discolor (Hook.) Diggs (as A. discolor Hook.)
• Gaultheria phillyreifolia (Pers.) Sleumer (as A. phillyreifolia Pers.)^[7]

Natural history[link]

Arbutus species are used as food plants by some Lepidoptera species including Emperor Moth, Pavonia pavonia.

Uses and symbolism[link]

The bear and the tree at Puerta del Sol, Madrid

Several species are widely cultivated as ornamental plants outside of their natural ranges, though cultivation is often difficult due to their intolerance of root disturbance. The hybrid Arbutus 'Marina' is much more adaptable and thrives under garden conditions.

The Arbutus unedo tree makes up part of the coat of arms (El oso y el madroño, The Bear and the Strawberry Tree) of the city of Madrid, Spain. In the center of the city (Puerta del Sol) there is a statue of a bear eating the fruit of the Madroño tree. The image appears on city crests, taxi cabs, man-hole covers, and other city infrastructure. The fruit of the Madroño tree ferments on the tree if left to ripen, so some of the bears become drunk from eating the berries.^{[citation needed]}

The Arbutus was important to the Straits Salish people of Vancouver Island, who used arbutus bark and leaves to create medicines for colds, stomach problems, and tuberculosis, and as the basis for contraceptives. The tree also figured into certain myths of the Straits Salish.^[9]

The fruit is edible but has minimal flavour and is not widely eaten. In Portugal the fruit is sometimes distilled (legally or not) into a potent brandy known as medronho. In Madrid the fruit is distilled into Madroño, a sweet, fruity liqueur.

Arbutus is a great fuelwood tree since it burns hot and long. Many Pacific Northwest states in the United States use the wood of A. menziesii primarily as a heat source,^{[citation needed]} as the wood holds no value in the production of homes since it doesn't grow in straight timbers.

Myths[link]

According to the Straits Salish, an anthropomorphic form of pitch would go fishing, but return to shore before it got too hot. One day he was too late getting back to shore and melted from the heat and several anthropomorphic trees rushed to get him - the first was Douglas Fir, who took most of the pitch, the Grand Fir received a small portion, and the Madrone received none - which is why they say it still has no pitch.

Also, according to the Great Flood legends of several tribes in the northwest, the madrone helped people survive by providing an anchor on top of a mountain. Because of this the Saanich people do not burn madrone out of thanks for saving them.^[10]

This section looks like an image gallery. Wikipedia policy discourages galleries of random images of the article subject; please improve or remove the section accordingly, moving freely licensed images to Wikimedia Commons if not already hosted there.

• 

  Arbutus menziesii—full tree

• 

  Arbutus menziesii—flowers

• 

  Arbutus menziesii—bark

• 

  Arbutus unedo—Corsica

• 

  Arbutus unedo—leaves and fruit

• 

  Arbutus menziesii — trunk

• MadroneRefrigeratorTree2.jpg

  Photographed in Los Altos, CA, Redwood Nature Preserve

References[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Arbutus

Wikispecies has information related to: Arbutus

1. ^ "Genus: Arbutus L.". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2003-06-04. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?905. Retrieved 2012-04-17. 
2. ^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. I: A-C. CRC Press. p. 182. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2. http://books.google.com/?id=esMPU5DHEGgC. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Mabberley, D.J. 1997. The plant book: A portable dictionary of the vascular plants. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
4. ^ Pojar, Jim; Andy MacKinnon (1994). Plants of Coastal British Columbia. Vancouver: Lone Pine Publishing. pp. 49. ISBN 978-1-55105-042-3. 
5. ^ Francis, Daniel (2000). The Encyclopedia of British Columbia (2nd ed. ed.). Madeira Park, BC: Harbour Publishing. pp. 20. ISBN 978-1-55017-200-3. 
6. ^ Hileman, Lena C.; Vasey, Michael C.; Parker, V.Thomas (2001). "Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Arbutoideae (Ericaceae): Implications for the Madrean-Tethyan Hypothesis". Systematic Botany 26 (1): 131–143. JSTOR 2666660. 
7. ^ ^{a b c d} "GRIN Species Records of Arbutus". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/splist.pl?905. Retrieved 2012-04-17. 
8. ^ Paul D. Sørensen 1987. Arbutus tessellata (Ericaceae), new from Mexico Brittonia, 39(2):263-267.
9. ^ Pojar and MacKinnon, 49
10. ^ Plants of the Pacific Northwest Coast: Washington, Oregon, British Columbia & Alaska, Written by Paul Alaback, ISBN 978-1-55105-530-5

• Hileman, Lena C., Vasey, Michael C., & Thomas Parker, V. 2001. Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Arbutoideae (Ericaceae): Implications for the Madrean-Tethyan Hypothesis. Systematic Botany 26 (1): 131–143.イチゴノキ属

Ian Bostridge CBE (born 25 December 1964) is an English tenor, well known for his performances as an opera singer and as a song recitalist.^[1]

Early life and education[link]

Bostridge was born on 25 December 1964 to Leslie Bostridge and Lillian (née Clark).^[2] He studied at Dulwich College Preparatory School and Westminster School, where he was a Queen's Scholar. At Westminster he originally intended to work in theoretical physics. He developed a unified theory of gravity and electromagnetism, which he submitted to Roger Penrose, who at the time was a leading authority on the subject. However after a few years he became disillusioned with physics and decided to specialize in the arts. He then attended the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge, where he achieved a First in modern history and received an M.Phil in the history and philosophy of science. He received his D.Phil from Oxford in 1990, on the significance of witchcraft in English public life from 1650 to 1750, and was a British Academy post-doctoral fellow at Corpus Christi College, Oxford, before embarking on a career as a singer. His book "Witchcraft and its Transformations 1650 to 1750" was published as an Oxford Historical Monograph in 1997. This has been an influential work in the study of the pre-Enlightenment, "achieving that rarest of feats in the scholarly world: taking a well-worn subject and ensuring that it will never be looked at in quite the same way again" (Noel Malcolm, TLS).^[3] In 1991 he won the National Federation of Music Societies Award and from 1992 received support from the Young Concert Artists Trust.

Career[link]

Bostridge made his Wigmore Hall debut in 1993; his Purcell Room debut (an acclaimed Winterreise) and his Aldeburgh Festival debut in 1994; in 1995 he gave his first solo recital in the Wigmore Hall (winning the Royal Philharmonic Society's Debut Award); in 1996 he gave recitals in Lyon, Cologne, London and at the Aldeburgh, Cheltenham and Edinburgh Festivals, and in 1997 at the Alte Oper, Frankfurt.

On the concert platform he has appeared with the London Symphony Orchestra under Sir Colin Davis and Mstislav Rostropovich, the Scottish Chamber Orchestra under Sir Charles Mackerras, and the City of Birmingham Symphony and Berlin Philharmonic under Sir Simon Rattle.

His first solo-featured recording was for Hyperion Records, a Britten song recital, The Red Cockatoo with Graham Johnson. His subsequent recording of Die schöne Müllerin in Hyperion's Schubert Edition won the Gramophone's Solo Vocal Award for 1996; he won the prize again in 1998 for a recording of Schumann Lieder with his regular collaborator, the pianist Julius Drake. An EMI Classics exclusive artist since 1996, he is a twelve-time Grammy nominee. His CDs have won most of the major record prizes including Grammy, Edison, Japanese Recording Academy, Brit, South BAnk Show Award, Diapason d'Or de l'Année, Choc de l'Année, Echo Klassik and Deutsche Schallplattenpreis. In His recording of Schubert's "Die Forelle" with Julius Drake forms part of the soundtrack of the 2011 movie "Sherlock Holmes: a Game of Shadows".

Bostridge made his operatic debut in 1994, aged 29, as Lysander in A Midsummer Night's Dream with the Australian Opera at the Edinburgh Festival, directed by Baz Luhrmann. In 1996 made his debut with the English National Opera, singing his first Tamino (The Magic Flute). In 1997 he sang Quint in Deborah Warner's new production of The Turn of the Screw under Sir Colin Davis for the Royal Opera. He has recorded Flute (Britten's A Midsummer Night's Dream) with Sir Colin Davis for Philips Classics; Belmonte (Die Entführung aus dem Serail) with William Christie for Erato; Tom Rakewell (The Rake's Progress) under John Eliot Gardiner for Deutsche Grammophon (Grammy Award); and Captain Vere (Billy Budd) (Grammy Award) with Daniel Harding. In 2007 he appeared at the ENO in the role of Aschenbach in Britten's Death in Venice, in a production by Deborah Warner.

In 1997 he made a film of Schubert's Winterreise for Channel 4 directed by David Alden;^[4] he has been the subject of a South Bank Show profile documentary on ITV^[5] and presented a BBC4 film on Leoš Janáček.^[6] He has written on music for The Guardian, The Times Literary Supplement, Opernwelt, BBC Music Magazine, Opera Now and The Independent.

Later engagements included recitals in Paris, Stockholm, Lisbon, Brussels, Amsterdam and the Vienna Konzerthaus. In North America he appeared in recitals in New York City at the Frick Collection in 1998 and Alice Tully Hall in 1999 and made his Carnegie Hall debut under Sir Neville Marriner. Also in 1998 he sang Vasek in a new production of The Bartered Bride under Bernard Haitink for the Royal Opera and made his debut at the Munich Festival as Nerone (L'incoronazione di Poppea) and in recital (Winterreise at the Cuvillés Theatre). In 1999 he made his debut with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra under Sir Roger Norrington. He works regularly with the pianists Julius Drake, Mitsuko Uchida, composer Thomas Ades [1] and Covent Garden music director Antonio Pappano.

In summer 2000, Bostridge gave the fifth annual Edinburgh University Festival Lecture (previous lecturers included George Steiner, Pierre Boulez and Alfred Brendel) entitled "Music and Magic".

In 2004, Bostridge was made CBE for his services to music. He is an honorary fellow of Corpus Christi College and St John's College, Oxford, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of St Andrews in 2004.

His brother is the Whitbread-shortlisted biographer and critic Mark Bostridge, whose book "Florence Nightingale: the woman and her legend" was published in the UK in 2008. They are great-grandchildren of John Stanislaus Joyce, "Tiny Joyce", a cousin of James Joyce and famous goalkeeper who played for Tottenham Hotspur before the First World War.[2].

On 11 November 2009 Bostridge sang Agnus Dei from Benjamin Britten's War Requiem, at the Armistice Day service in Westminster Abbey. This uses the words of war poet Wilfred Owen's "At a Calvary near the Ancre". This Service marks the loss of the WWI generation, whose last members died earlier the same year.

Bostridge was for a time the music columnist for Standpoint magazine, the new monthly publication launched "to celebrate Western civilisation"; he continues to serve on the magazine's advisory board. He is a patron of the Music Libraries Trust and the Macmillan Cancer Support Guards Chapel Carol Concert.

A collection of his writings on music, "A Singer's Notebook", was published by Faber and Faber in September 2011 to widespread acclaim. "A consistently lively, learned, urbane and passionate book, once opened not likely to be closed until you have read it all" wrote the philosopher Michael Tanner in BBC Music Magazine.

Personal life[link]

In 1992 Bostridge married the writer and publisher Lucasta Miller,^[2] and they have a son and a daughter. His hobbies include reading, cooking, and looking at pictures.^[2] His brother is the biographer and critic Mark Bostridge.

Discography[link]

• Three Baroque Tenors Arias for Beard, Borosini and Fabri. Bernard Labadie (EMI Classics 2010)
• Adès: The Tempest with Thomas Adès (EMI Classics, 2009)
• Schubert: Schwanengesang with Antonio Pappano (EMI Classics, 2009)
• Schubert: The Wanderer: Lieder and Fragments with Leif Ove Andsnes (EMI Classics, 2008)
• Great Handel with Harry Bickett (EMI Classics, 2007)
• Schubert: Lieder and Sonata with Leif Ove Andsnes (EMI Classics, 2007)
• Wolf: Lieder with Antonio Pappano (EMI Classics, 2006)
• Britten: Les Illuminations, Serenade, Nocturne with Simon Rattle (EMI Classics, 2005)
• Schubert: 25 Lieder with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 2005)
• Wagner: Tristan und Isolde with Antonio Pappano (EMI Classics, 2005)
• Schubert: die Schöne Müllerin with Mitsuko Uchida (EMI Classics, 2005)
• Schubert: Lieder and Sonata No.21 with Leif Ove Andsnes (EMI Classics, 2005)
• Schubert: Winterreise with Leif Ove Andsnes (EMI Classics, 2004)
• Monteverdi: Orfeo with Emmanuelle Haïm (Virgin Classics, 2004)
• Purcell: Dido and Aeneas with Emmanuelle Haïm (Virgin Classics, 2003)
• Vaughan Williams: On Wenlock Edge with Bernard Haitink (EMI Classics, 2003)
• Schubert: Lieder and Sonata D850 with Leif Ove Andsnes (EMI Classics, 2003)
• Mozart: Idomeneo with Charles Mackerras (EMI Classics, 2002)
• Britten: Canticles & Folksongs with Julius Drake (Virgin Classics, 2002)
• Britten: Turn of the Screw with Daniel Harding (Virgin Classics, 2002)
• The Songs of Robert Schumann, Vol.7 with Dorothea Röschmann and Graham Johnson (Hyperion, 2002)
• The Noël Coward Songbook with Jeffrey Tate (EMI Classics, 2002)
• Schubert: Lieder volume II with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 2001)
• Henze: Songs with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 2001)
• Bach: Cantatas and Arias with Fabio Biondi (Virgin Classics, 2000)
• Handel: L'allegro, il penseroso ed il moderato with John Nelson (Virgin Classics, 2000)
• The English Songbook with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 1999)
• Stravinsky: The Rake's Progress with John Eliot Gardiner (Deutsche Grammophon, 1999)
• Schumann: Liederkreis & Dichterliebe etc. with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 1998)
• Schubert: Lieder volume I with Julius Drake (EMI Classics, 1998)
• Schubert: Die schöne Müllerin (Schubert Edition, Vol.25) with Graham Johnson and Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau (Hyperion, 1996)
• Britten: The Red Cockatoo & Other Songs with Graham Johnson (Hyperion, 1995)
• Nyman: Noises, Sounds & Sweet Airs with Dominique Debart (Argo, 1995)
• Bach: St Matthew Passion (Evangelist) with Philippe Herreweghe (Harmonia Mundi, 1999)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Facebook page
• Witchcraft and Its Transformations, c.1650-c.1750 (Doctoral thesis, at amazon.com)
• Ian Bostridge official MySpace music page
• About Ian Bostridge
• FT profile May 2011
• Guardian profile September 2011
• EMI artist page

Julius Drake (born 1959, London) is an English pianist who works as a song recital accompanist and chamber musician.^[1]

Biography[link]

Drake was educated at the Purcell School and the Royal College of Music; he made his professional debut at the Purcell Room in 1981 and developed a special affinity for the music of Robert Schumann.^[2] Drake is now a professor at the Royal Academy of Music and a visiting professor at the Royal Northern College of Music; he lives in London with his wife and two children and, between performing, recording and teaching, is actively involved in the Jean Meikle Music Trust, a charity set up in commemoration of his mother.^[3]

Drake was director of the Perth International Chamber Music Festival in Australia from 2000–2003 and was musical director of Deborah Warner’s staging of Janáček’s Diary of One Who Vanished, touring to Munich, London, Dublin, Amsterdam and New York; he was artistic director of Leeds Lieder 2009 and directs the Machynlleth Festival in Wales from 2009 - 2011. He has devised song programmes for the Wigmore Hall, London, the BBC, the Concertgebouw, Amsterdam, and the historic Middle Temple Hall in London with such recitalists as Thomas Allen, Olaf Bär, Ian Bostridge, Alice Coote, Angelika Kirchschlager, Sergei Leiferkus, Felicity Lott, Katarina Karneus, Christopher Maltman, Mark Padmore, Amanda Roocroft, and Willard White; he also has a longstanding partnership with oboist Nicholas Daniel.^[4]

Drake's numerous recordings include playing on screen in David Alden's 1997 film of Schubert's Winterreise for Channel 4 with Ian Bostridge.^[5]

Select discography[link]

• Tchaikovsky: Romances with Christianne Stotijn (Onyx, 2009)
• Ravel: Songs with Gerald Finley (Hyperion, 2009)
• Lorraine Hunt Lieberson live at Wigmore Hall (2008)
• Gerald Finley live at Wigmore Hall (2008)
• Schumann: Dichterliebe and other Heine settings (Hyperion, 2008)
• Grieg: Songs with Katarina Karneus (Hyperion, 2008)
• Ives: Songs (vol.11), Romanzo di Central Park with Gerald Finley (Hyperion, 2008)
• Barber: Songs with Gerald Finley (Hyperion, 2007)
• Christopher Maltman live at Wigmore Hall (2007)
• Pasión! with Joyce diDonato (Eloquentia, 2007)
• Gustav Mahler: Urlicht (lieder) with Christianne Stotijn (Onyx, 2006)
• Songs of Venice with Joyce diDonato (Wigmore Hall, 2006)
• Voyage à Paris with Lynne Dawson (Berlin Classics, 2005)
• Schubert: 25 Lieder with Ian Bostridge (EMI Classics, 2005)
• French Song with Ian Bostridge (EMI Classics, 2005)
• Alice Coote - songs (EMI Classics, 2003)
• Shostakovich: Sonatas with Annette Batorldi (Naxos, 2003)
• Britten : Canticles & Folksongs with Ian Bostridge (Virgin Classics, 2002)
• The English Songbook with Ian Bostridge (EMI Classics, 2002)
• Sibelius: Songs with Katarina Karneus (Hyperion, 2002)
• Ivor Gurney: Seaven Meadows with Paul Agnew (Hyperion, 2001)
• Schubert: Lieder volume II with Ian Bostridge (EMI Classics, 2001)
• Henze: Songs with Ian Bostridge (EMI Classics, 2001)
• Schumann: Lieder with Sophie Daneman (EMI Classics, 2001)
• Schumann: Liederkreis & Dichterliebe etc. with Ian Bostridge (EMI Classics, 1998)^[6]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official Website
• Agent
• Jean Meikle Music Trust
• Temple Song