Bobsleigh

A modern bobsleigh team, the 2010 United States top two-man team.
Highest governing body	Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing
Nickname(s)	Bobsled, King's class
First played	1870s
Characteristics
Contact	None
Team members	Teams of 2 or 4
Mixed gender	Yes, but usually in separate competitions
Categorization	Winter sport, Time trial
Equipment	High-tech sled, Helmet
Venue	Bobsleigh tracks

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Bobsleigh or bobsled is a winter sport in which teams of two or four make timed runs down narrow, twisting, banked, iced tracks in a gravity-powered sled. The timed runs are combined to calculate the final score.

The various types of sleds came several years before the first tracks were built in St. Moritz, Switzerland, where the original bobsleds were adapted upsized luge/skeleton sleds designed by the adventurously wealthy to carry passengers. All three types were adapted from boys delivery sleds and toboggans.

Competition naturally followed, and to protect the working class and rich visitors in the streets and byways of St Moritz, hotel owner Caspar Badrutt, owner of the historic Krup Hotel and the later Palace Hotel, built the first familiarly configured 'half-pipe' track circa 1870. It has hosted the sports during two Olympics and is still in use today.

International bobsleigh competitions are governed by the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT). National competitions are often governed by bodies such as the United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation and Bobsleigh Canada Skeleton.

History[link]

The Swiss bobsleigh team from Davos, ca. 1910.

An East German bobsleigh in 1951, Oberhof track, Germany.

Although sledding on snow or ice had been popular in many northern countries, bobsleighing is a relatively modern sport. It originates from two crestas (skeleton sleds) being attached together with a board and a steering mechanism being attached to the front cresta. The beginnings of the Bobsleigh were humble, starting when English tourists were enticed to stay over the winter in the mineral spa town of St. Moritz, Switzerland by the successful marketing of hotelier Caspar Badrutt. Badrutt successfully 'sold' the idea of 'winter resorting' to some of his English regulars as he was annoyed with a four month long season for the rooms, food, alcohol and activities he sold. A year or two later some of his more adventurous English guests began adapting boys' delivery sleds for recreation and began colliding with pedestrians whilst speeding down the village's lanes and alleys and roads.

The name comes from participants bobbing back and forth in a ineffective attempt to increase their speed^[1].

This had both short and long term outcomes: in the short term the guests began to scheme about and invent 'steering means' for the sleds, which became the luge, bobsleighs (bobsleds), and head-first skeleton. Long term, after a couple of more years of happy pedestrian peril, Badrutt built a special track for their activities—the world's first natural ice half-pipe track in about 1870. It is still in operation today and has served as a host track during two Winter Olympics. The track is one of the few natural weather tracks in the world - it does not use artificial refrigeration. The satisfied guests eventually enabled him to build the Palace Hotel, while holding onto the popular Krup Hotel (which catered to different clientele) and brought competition in as winter tourism in alpine locales became very popular.^{[citation needed]}

The first informal races were run on snow-covered roads. The opening of formal competition was in 1884 at St. Moritz. It's not known how much the original track evolved in the early years as the three sports matured and stabilized. The first club was formed in 1897, and the first purpose-built track solely for bobsleds was opened in 1902 outside of St Moritz.^{[citation needed]} Over the years, bobsleigh tracks evolved from straight runs to twisting and turning tracks. The original wooden sleds^[2] were replaced by streamlined fiberglass and metal ones.

The Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing (FIBT) was founded in 1923. Men's four man bobsleigh appeared in the first ever Winter Olympic Games in 1924, and men's two man bobsleigh event was added in 1932. Bobsleigh was not included in the 1960 Winter Olympics, but has been in every Winter Olympics since. Women's bobsleigh competition began in the US in 1983 with two demonstration races in Lake Placid, New York, one held in February and the 2nd held during the World Cup races in March 1983. Women's two woman bobsleigh made its Olympic debut at the 2002 Winter Olympic Games. Bobsleigh is also contested at American, European, and World Cup championships.

Switzerland and Germany have been the most successful bobsleighing nations measured by overall success in European, World, World Cup, and Olympic championships. The Swiss have won more medals than any other nation, and since the 1990s Germans have been dominant in international competition. Italy, Austria, USA and Canada also have strong bobsleigh traditions.

Bobsleighs can attain speeds of 150 km/h (93 mph). The record however is 201 km/h (125 mph). A record the United States Bobsled and Skeleton Federation repeatedly rejected as valid due to lack of documentation that still need to be presented.

Tracks[link]

Altenberg track, Germany.

Modern tracks are made of concrete, coated with ice. They are required to have at least one straight section and one labyrinth (three turns in quick succession without a straight section). Ideally, a modern track should be 1200 to 1300 meters long and have at least fifteen curves. Speeds may exceed 120 km/h, and some curves can subject the crews to as much as 5 g.

Some bobsleigh tracks are also used for luge and skeleton competition.

Some tracks offer tourists rides in bobsleighs, including those at Sigulda, Latvia; Innsbruck-Igls, Austria; Calgary, Canada; Whistler, Canada; Lillehammer, Norway; Cesana Pariol, Italy; Lake Placid, USA; Salt Lake City, USA and La Plagne, France.

The most famous of all the turns is the 'Petersen'. The Petersen is renowned for its trademark 180 degree turn and 270 degree bank angle, which is a compulsory feature on all Winter Olympic runs. The Petersen is named after the pioneer track designer Heidi Petersen.

Sleighs and crews[link]

Team USA on a wall, Shauna Rohbock (pilot) and Valerie Fleming (brakes) during their 2006 silver run on Cesana Pariol, Italy.

Modern day sleighs combine light metals, steel runners, and an aerodynamic composite body. Competition sleighs must be a maximum of 3.80 m (12.5 ft) long (4-crew) or 2.70 m (8.9 ft) long (2-crew). The runners on both are set at 0.67 m (2.2 ft) gauge. Until the weight-limit rule was added in 1952, bobsleigh crews tended to be very heavy to ensure the greatest possible speed. Now, the maximum weight, including crew, is 630 kg (1,388.9 lbs) (4-man), 390 kg (859.8 lbs) (2-man), or 340 kg (749.6 lbs) (2-woman), which can be reached via the addition of metal weights.

Bobsleigh crews once consisted of five or six people, but were reduced to two- and four-person sleighs in the 1930s. A crew is made up of a pilot, a brakeman, and, only in 4-man heats, two pushers. Athletes are selected based on their speed and strength, which are necessary to push the sleigh to a competitive speed at the start of the race. Pilots must have the skill, timing, and finesse to steer the sleigh along the path, or, 'line', that will produce the greatest speed.

In modern bobsleighs, the steering system consists of two metal rings that actuate a pulley system located in the forward cowling that turns the front runners. For example, to turn left, the pilot would pull the left ring. Only subtle steering adjustments are necessary to guide the sled; at speeds up to 80mph, anything larger would result in a crash. While the pilot does most of the steering, the crew can also lean into curves to aid in steering the sled, and, by pulling the sled's brake lever, the brakeman stops the sled after crossing the finish.

Women compete in Women's Bobsleigh (which is always two-woman), and men in both two and four-man competitions.^[3]

Races[link]

USA-1 in heat 3 of 4 man bobsleigh at 2010 Winter Olympics 2010-02-27

Vonetta Flowers (left) and Spc. Jill Bakken power up in the push zone for their 80-mile-an-hour ride down the Winter Olympic bobsledding track. Bakken, the driver, and Flowers, the brakeman, won the first gold medal presented in Olympic women's bobsledding.

Individual runs down the course, or 'heats', begin from a standing start, with the crew pushing the sled for up to 50 meters before boarding; though the pilot does not steer, grooves in the ice make steering unnecessary until the sled leaves the starting area. While poor form during the initial can lose a team the heat, it is otherwise rarely, if ever, decisive. Over the rest of the course, a sleigh's speed depends on its weight, aerodynamics, runners, the condition of the ice, and the skill of the driver.

Race times are recorded in hundredths of seconds, so even seemingly minor errors- especially those at the beginning, which affect the remainder of the heat- can have a measurable impact on the final race standings.

The men's and women's standings for normal races are calculated over the aggregate of two runs or heats. At the Olympic Winter Games and World Championships, all competitions (for both men and women) consist of four heats.

Olympic Medal table[link]

Four man[link]

Current Olympic champion:  United States (USA)  Germany (GER)  Canada (CAN)

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Germany	8	4	6	18
2	Switzerland	5	5	5	15
3	United States	4	4	3	11
4	Italy	1	2	1	4
5	Austria	1	2	0	3
6	Canada	1	0	1	2
7	Great Britain	0	1	2	3
8	Belgium	0	1	1	2
8	Russia	0	1	1	2
10	France	0	0	1	1
Total		20	20	21	61

Two man[link]

Current Olympic champion:  Germany (GER)  Germany (GER)  Russia (RUS)

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Germany	7	8	4	19
2	Switzerland	4	5	6	15
3	Italy	3	2	2	7
4	United States	2	1	3	6
5	Canada	1	1	0	2
6	Russia	1	0	2	3
7	Great Britain	1	0	0	1
8	Romania	0	0	1	1
Total		19	17	18	54

Two woman[link]

Current Olympic champion:  Canada (CAN)  Canada (CAN)  United States (USA)

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Germany	1	1	1	3
1	United States	1	1	1	3
3	Canada	1	1	0	2
4	Italy	0	0	1	1
Total		3	3	3	9

Total Olympic Ranking (2010)[link]

Rank	Nation	Gold	Silver	Bronze	Total
1	Germany	16	13	11	40
2	Switzerland	9	10	11	30
3	United States	7	6	7	20
4	Italy	4	4	4	12
5	Canada	3	2	1	6
6	Austria	1	2	0	3
7	Russia	1	1	3	5
8	Great Britain	1	1	2	4
9	Belgium	0	1	1	2
10	France	0	0	1	1
10	Romania	0	0	1	1
Total		42	40	41	123

Fatal accidents[link]

This section requires expansion.

No	Competitor	Year	Track	Section	Race	Event	Vehicle
	Oberüberl	1911			Practice run		5-man sled
	Karl Gerloff	1933	Oberhof		Practice run		4-man sled
	Rudolf Gerloff	1933	Oberhof		Practice run		4-man sled
	Reto Capadrutt	1939	Cortina d'Ampezzo		Practice run	World Championships 1939	4-man sled
	Max Houben	1949	Lake Placid	Shady corner	Practice run	World Championships 1949	2-man sled
	Felix Endrich	1953	Garmisch-Partenkirchen	Bayernkurve	Practice run	World Championships 1953	4-man sled
	Sergio Zardini	1966	Lake Placid	Zig-Zag Curves	Practice run		4-man sled
	Toni Pensperger	1966	Cortina d'Ampezzo		Practice run	World Championships 1966	4-man sled
	Josef Schnellneger	1970	Königssee		Practice run	Austria-Cup	2-man sled
	Luis Lopez	1971	Cervinia		Practice run	World Championships 1971	2-man sled
	Giuseppe Soravia[4]	1980	Igls	Finish	Practice run		4-man sled
	James Morgan[4]	1981	Cortina d'Ampezzo	Finish	Practice run	World Championships 1981	4-man sled
	Paolo Rigon[4]	1981	Cortina d'Ampezzo		Production	For Your Eyes Only (film)
	Imants Karlsons[4]	1982	Igls		Training session	Training	2-man sled
	Daniel Oaida[4]	1989	Altenberg	Curve 4	Training session	Training	4-man sled
41	Peter Förster	1990	Altenberg	Finish	Training session	Training	2-man sled
42	Yvonne Cernota[5][6]	2004	Königssee	Echowand	Training session	Training	2-man sled

See also[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Bobsleigh

Sports and games portal

• List of Bobsleigh World Cup champions
• Luge
• Skeleton
• Toboggan
• Cool Runnings
• Sledding

References[link]

Steven Holcomb

Holcomb at the 2010 Winter Olympics
Personal information
Full name	Steven Holcomb
Nickname(s)	Holky, Holcomb, Steve
Nationality	United States
Born	(1980-04-14) April 14, 1980 (age 32) Park City, Utah
Residence	Colorado Springs, Colorado Lake Placid, New York Park City, Utah
Height	5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)
Website	Team Holcomb
Sport
Country	United States
Sport	Bobsleigh
Team	US National Team
Turned pro	1998
Coached by	Brian Shimer
Achievements and titles
World finals	2012 FIBT World Champion 4-Man 2012 FIBT World Champion 2-Man 20012 FIBT World Champion Team Event 2009 FIBT World Champion 4-Man
Olympic finals	2010 - Gold Medal 4-man 2010 - 6th place 2-man, 2006 - 6th place 4-man 2006 - 14th 2-man
Medal record Men's Bobsleigh Competitor for the  United States Olympic Games Gold 2010 Vancouver Four-man World Championships Gold 2012 Lake Placid Four-man Gold 2012 Lake Placid Two-man Gold 2012 Lake Placid Mixed team Bronze 2011 Königssee Four-man Gold 2009 Lake Placid Four-man Bronze 2009 Lake Placid Two-man Bronze 2009 Lake Placid Mixed team Bronze 2008 Altenberg Mixed team World Cup Championships Bronze 2010–11 Combined Silver 2010–11 Four-man Gold 2009-10 Combined Gold 2009–10 Four-man Bronze 2007-08 Combined Gold 2006-07 Combined Gold 2006-07 Two-man Silver 2006-07 Four-man World Cup Single Events Silver 2011-12 World Cup La Plagne, France USA 1 Two Man Silver 2011-12 World Cup Igls, Austria USA 1 Four Man Team Bronze 2011-12 World Cup Igls, Austria USA 1 Two Man Team Bronze 2010-11 World Cup Igls, Austria USA 1 Four Man Team Gold 2010-11 World Cup Lake Placid USA 1 Four Man Team Gold 2010-11 World Cup Whistler, Canada USA 1 Four Man Team Silver 2009-10 World Cup Königssee, Germany USA 1 Team Event Silver 2009-10 World Cup Königssee, Germany USA 1 Four Man Team Silver 2009-10 World Cup Altenberg, Germany USA 1 Four Man Team Gold 2009-10 World Cup Winterberg, Germany USA 1 Four Man Team Gold 2009-10 World Cup Cesana, Italy USA 1 Four Man Team Bronze 2009-10 World Cup Cesana, Italy USA 1 Two Man Team Gold 2009-10 World Cup Lake Placid USA 1 Four Man Team Silver 2009-10 World Cup Lake Placid USA 1 Two Man Team Gold 2008-09 World Cup Park City USA 1 Four Man Team Gold 2008-09 World Cup Park City (make-up race) USA 1 Four Man Team Silver 2008-09 World Cup Vancouver Olympic Track USA 1 Four Man Team Silver 2008-09 World Cup Igls, Austria USA 1 Four Man Team Bronze 2008-09 World Cup Igls, Austria USA 1 Two Man Team Silver 2008-09 World Cup Altenberg, Germany USA 1 Two Man Team Bronze 2008-09 World Cup Winterberg, Germany USA 1 Four Man Team Silver 2007-08 World Cup Konigssee, Germany USA 1 Four Man Team Silver 2007-08 World Cup Lake Placid USA 1 Four Man Team Bronze 2007-08 World Cup Lake Placid USA 1 Two Man Team Gold 2007-08 World Cup Park City USA 1 Four Man Team Gold 2007-08 World Cup Park City USA 1 Two Man Team Gold 2007-08 World Cup Calgary USA 1 Four Man Team Silver 2007-08 World Cup Calgary USA 1 Two Man Team Silver 2006-07 World Cup Königssee, Germany USA 1 Four Man Team Silver 2006-07 World Cup Winterberg, Germany USA 1 Four Man Team Gold 2006-07 World Cup Cesana Pariol, Italy USA 1 Four Man Team Gold 2006-07 World Cup Cesana Pariol, Italy USA 1 Two Man Team Gold 2006-07 World Cup Igls, Austria USA 1 Four Man Team Gold 2006-07 World Cup Cortina, Italy USA 1 Two Man Team Gold 2006-07 World Cup Cortina, Italy USA 1 Four Man Team Silver 2006-07 World Cup Lake Placid USA 1 Two Man Team Silver 2006-07 World Cup Park City USA 1 Two Man Team Silver 2006-07 World Cup Calgary USA 1 Two Man Team

Steven Holcomb (born April 14, 1980) is an American bobsledder who has competed since 1998.^[1][2] At the 2010 Vancouver Olympics, he won the 4-man bobsled event for the United States, it's first gold medal in 4-man bobsled since 1948.^[3]At the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, he finished sixth in the four-man event and 14th in the two-man event.^[4][5]

Career[link]

Prior to joining bobsleigh, Holcomb was involved in alpine skiing for twelve years. Subsequently, he served as a forerunner, a tester of the bobsled course prior to competition, at the Utah Olympic Park for the 2002 Winter Olympics. Though Holcomb was not a competing member at the 2002 Winter Olympics, the experience did allow him time on an Olympic course in front of partisan fans.

After leaving the military with an honorable discharge in June 2006, Holcomb progressed into the top three American sleds, allowing him to compete on the World Cup circuit. Starting with the 2004-05 season, Holcomb consistently was driving the sled and was the second and third ranked American driver. In the 2007-2007 season Holcomb (with push athletes Jovanovic and Kreitzburg) won the overall two man World Cup Championship, while his four man team (with Jovanovic, Kreitzburg, and Mesler) finished second. As Holcomb rose through the ranks of American bobsledders, however, a degenerative eye condition, initially diagnosed in 2002, began to affect both his daily life and competitive skills. A non-invasive surgical procedure, C3-R, provided a measure of correction during the 2007-08 season, allowing him to capture three gold, three silver, and one bronze medals.

Yet as Holcomb found greater success on the track, he soon discovered that contact lenses and glasses could no longer adequately address his vision problems. Consequently, he often navigated the courses by feel rather than sight. Before the start of 2008-09, Holcomb was diagnosed with keratoconus, a degenerative thinning of the cornea that distorts vision. In the past the only answer would have been surgery—a corneal transplant. Dr. Brian Boxer Wachler told Holcomb he had another choice; a quick painless procedure called C3-R in which a vitamin solution is combined with light. "By itself, the vitamin, riboflavin, a B vitamin, does nothing . But when activated by light of a certain wavelength, it has a major impact on the cornea," NBC’s Dr. Bruce Hensel said. Holcomb’s entire procedure took only 20 minutes. “It’s amazing to live life with 20/20 vision, it’s like life in high definition,” Holcomb said.

With the procedure behind him, Holcomb and his two & four man teams took home 2 Golds, 3 Silvers and 2 Bronze and did something remarkable, won the first World Championship in four man bobsled since 1959. Additionally, he piloted his two man sled to a Bronze medal.

Looking ahead to Vancouver, Holcomb finished 2nd in his four man sled in the only World Cup race at the newly finished Whistler track. In the leadup to Vancouver, Holcomb and his Night Train (4-man) / Night Hawk (2-man) are competing on the FIBT World Cup circuit. In the first three tour stops to date, his squad with teammates Steve Mesler, Justin Olsen & Curt Tomasevicz have won Gold in the 4-man at Lake Placid & Cesana (Torino 2006 Olympic track) and Silver in the 4-Man at Lake Placid and Bronze in Cesana.

The crew of the four man USA-1 at the 2010 Winter Olympics with their gold medals. From left to right: Holcomb, Justin Olsen, Steve Mesler, and Curtis Tomasevicz.

Holcomb won four medals at the FIBT World Championships: a gold (Four-man: 2009) and three bronzes (Two-man: 2009, mixed team: 2008, 2009). He also won the 2007 Two-man World Cup title,^[6] won the 2007 combined World Cup title,^[7] and finished second in the 2007 Four-man World Cup standings.^[8] He became the first American man to win the Two-man World Cup title. Holcomb also won the 2007 and 2010 Combined World Cup titles, and the 2010 4-man World Cup title.

It was announced on 17 January 2010 that Holcomb made the US team in both the two-man and four-man events for the 2010 Winter Olympics. On February 27, Holcomb led the four-man US bobsled team to a gold medal victory, ending a 62-year gold medal drought in US Olympic four-man bobsled competition.

Military service[link]

Holcomb served in the Utah Army National Guard for seven years,^[9] from March 1999 until July 2006. During his Army service, he worked as a Soldier and moved up to being a Combat Engineer in the 1457th Engineering Battalion. He took part in the Army World Class Athlete Program (WCAP) for 7 years. At the end of 2006, he received an Honorable Discharge from service. While in the Army, he won the following Medals: Army Achievement Medal; Army Commendation Medal; Good Conduct Medal; Army Presidential Unit Citation; Army Superior Unit Award; Army Service Ribbon.

Education[link]

Holcomb attended The Winter Sports School in Park City, graduating in 1997. Holcomb is working on his bachelors degree at the DeVry University in Computer Science. His projected graduation date is 2016.

Scouting Carrier[link]

Steven attained the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America (BSA).

References[link]

• 17 January 2010 US Bobsleigh and Skeleton Federation announcement of the US Olympic men's bobsleigh team. - accessed 18 January 2010.
• Sports-reference profile

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Steven Holcomb

• Official website
• Steven Holcomb on Facebook
• Steven Holcomb at the Fédération Internationale de Bobsleigh et de Tobogganing
• Steven Holcomb at the United States Olympic Committee
• Steven Holcomb on Twitter