Simple examples of preventive medicine include hand washing, breastfeeding, and immunizations. Preventive care may include examinations and screening tests tailored to an individual's age, health, and family history. For example, a person with a family history of certain cancers or other diseases would begin screening at an earlier age and/or more frequently than those with no family history. On the other side of preventive medicine, some non-profit organizations, such as the Northern California Cancer Center, apply epidemiological research towards finding ways to prevent diseases.
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!Level | !Definition |
Primary prevention | Primary prevention strategies intend to avoid the development of disease. Most population-based health promotion activities are primary preventive measures. |
Secondary prevention | Secondary prevention strategies attempt to diagnose and treat an existing disease in its early stages before it results in significant morbidity. |
Tertiary prevention | These treatments aim to reduce the negative impact of established disease by restoring function and reducing disease-related complications. |
Quaternary prevention | This term describes the set of health activities that mitigate or avoid the consequences of unnecessary or excessive interventions in the health system. |
!Tier | !Definition |
Universal prevention | addresses the entire population (national, local community, school, district) and aim to prevent or delay the Alcohol abuse |
Selective prevention | focuses on groups whose risk of developing problems of alcohol abuse or dependence is above average. The subgroups may be distinguished by characteristics such as age, gender, family history, or economic status. For example, drug campaigns in recreational settings. |
Indicated prevention | involves a screening process, and aims to identify individuals who exhibit early signs of substance abuse and other problem behaviours. Identifiers may include falling grades among students, known problem consumption or [[conduct disorders, alienation from parents, school, and positive peer groups etc. |
Outside the scope of this three-tier model is environmental prevention. Environmental prevention approaches are typically managed at the regulatory or community level, and focus on interventions to deter drug consumption. Prohibition and bans (e.g. smoking workplace bans, alcohol advertising bans) may be viewed as the ultimate environmental restriction. However, in practice environmental preventions programmes embrace various initiatives at the macro and micro level, from government monopolies for alcohol sales, through roadside sobriety or drug tests, worker/pupil/student drug testing, increased policing in sensitive settings (near schools, at rock festivals), and legislative guidelines aimed at precipitating punishments (warnings, penalties, fines).
In the United States, preventive medicine is a medical specialty, one of the 24 recognized by the American Board of Medical Specialties (ABMS). It encompasses three areas of specialization:
In order to become board-certified in one of the preventive medicine areas of specialization, a licensed U.S. physician (M.D. or D.O.) must successfully complete a preventive medicine medical residency program following a one-year internship. Following that, the physician must complete a year of practice in that special area and pass the preventive medicine board examination. The residency program is at least two years in length and includes completion of a master's degree in public health (MPH) or equivalent. The board exam takes an entire day: the morning session concentrates on general preventive medicine questions, while the afternoon session concentrates on the one of the three areas of specialization that the applicant has studied.
In addition, there are two subspecialty areas of certification:
These certifications require sitting for an examination following successful completion of an MT or UHB fellowship and prior board certification in one of the 24 ABMS-recognized specialties.
Antibiotics are sometimes used prophylactically: For example, during the 2001 anthrax attacks scare in the United States, patients believed to be exposed were given ciprofloxacin. In similar manner, the use of antibiotic ointments on burns and other wounds is prophylactic. Antibiotics are also given prophylactically just before some medical procedures such as pacemaker insertion.
! Cause | ! Number of deaths resulting (millions per year) |
Hypertension | 7.8 |
5.0 | |
3.9 | |
Malnutrition | 3.8 |
Sexually transmitted infections | 3.0 |
2.8 | |
Overweight and obesity | 2.5 |
2.0 | |
1.9 | |
Indoor air pollution from solid fuels | 1.8 |
1.6 |
Leading preventive interventions that reduce deaths in children 0-5 years old worldwide, by percent indicated.
! Intervention | ! Percent of all child deaths preventable |
Breastfeeding | 13 |
Insecticide-treated materials | 7 |
Complementary Feeding | 6 |
Zinc | 4 |
Clean Delivery | 4 |
Hib vaccine | 4 |
Water, sanitation, hygiene | 3 |
Antenatal steroids | 3 |
Newborn temperature management | 2 |
Vitamin A | 2 |
Tetanus toxoid | 2 |
Nevirapine and replacement feeding | 2 |
Antibiotics for premature rupture of membranes | 1 |
Measles vaccine | 1 |
Antimalarial intermittent preventive treatment in pregnancy | <1% |
Leading causes of preventable deaths in the United States in the year 2000.
! Cause | ! Number of deaths resulting |
435,000 deaths or 18.1% of the total deaths | |
Poor diet and physical inactivity | 365,000 deaths or 15.2% of the total deaths. |
85,000 deaths or 3.5% of the total deaths. | |
Infectious diseases | 75,000 deaths or 3.1% of the total deaths. |
Toxicants | 55,000 deaths or 2.3% of the total deaths. |
Traffic collisions | 43,000 deaths or 1.8% of the total deaths. |
29,000 deaths or 1.2% of the total deaths. | |
Sexually transmitted diseases | 20,000 deaths or 0.8% of the total deaths. |
Drug abuse | 17,000 deaths or 0.7% of the total deaths. |
Category:Medical specialties Category:Medical doctors by specialty Category:Medical terms Category:Preventive medicine
ar:طب وقائي bg:Превантивна медицина ca:Prevenció de la salut cs:Prevence de:Krankheitsprävention es:Medicina preventiva eo:Prevento eu:Prebentzio (medikuntza) fr:Prophylaxie hi:रोगनिरोधन it:Prevenzione he:רפואה מונעת lt:Profilaktika nl:Preventie ja:予防 pl:Profilaktyka zdrowotna pt:Medicina preventiva e social sr:Превенција fi:Preventio zh:預防醫學This text is licensed under the Creative Commons CC-BY-SA License. This text was originally published on Wikipedia and was developed by the Wikipedia community.
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