Hideki Yukawa 湯川 秀樹
Born	(1907-01-23)23 January 1907 Tokyo, Japan
Died	8 September 1981(1981-09-08) (aged 74) Kyoto, Japan
Nationality	Japan
Fields	Theoretical Physics
Institutions	Osaka Imperial University Kyoto Imperial University Imperial University of Tokyo Institute for Advanced Study Columbia University
Alma mater	Kyoto Imperial University
Influences	Enrico Fermi
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics (1949)

Hideki Yukawa FRS^[1] FRSE (湯川 秀樹, Yukawa Hideki^?, 23 January 1907 – 8 September 1981), was a Japanese theoretical physicist and the first Japanese Nobel laureate.

Biography[link]

Yukawa was born in Tokyo and grew up in Kyoto. In 1929, after receiving his degree from Kyoto Imperial University, he stayed on as a lecturer for four years. After graduation, he was interested in theoretical physics, particularly in the theory of elementary particles. In 1932, he married Sumi (スミ^?); they had two sons, Harumi and Takaaki. In 1933 he became an assistant professor at Osaka University, at age 26.

In 1935 he published his theory of mesons, which explained the interaction between protons and neutrons, and was a major influence on research into elementary particles. In 1940 he became a professor in Kyoto University. In 1940 he won the Imperial Prize of the Japan Academy, in 1943 the Decoration of Cultural Merit from the Japanese government. In 1949 he became a professor at Columbia University, the same year he received the Nobel Prize in Physics, after the discovery by Cecil Frank Powell, Giuseppe Occhialini and César Lattes of Yukawa's predicted pion in 1947. Yukawa also worked on the theory of K-capture, in which a low energy electron is absorbed by the nucleus, after its initial prediction by G. C. Wick.^[2]

Yukawa became the first chairman of Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics in 1953. He received a Doctorate, honoris causa, from the University of Paris and honorary memberships in the Royal Society^[1], Royal Society of Edinburgh, the Indian Academy of Sciences, the International Academy of Philosophy and Sciences^{[citation needed]}, and the Pontificia Academia Scientiarum.

He was an editor of Progress of Theoretical Physics,^[3] and published the books Introduction to Quantum Mechanics (1946) and Introduction to the Theory of Elementary Particles (1948).

In 1955, he joined ten other leading scientists and intellectuals in signing the Russell-Einstein Manifesto, calling for nuclear disarmament.

Solo violinist Diana Yukawa (ダイアナ湯川) is a relative of Hideki Yukawa.

Bibliography[link]

• Profiles of Japanese science and scientists, 1970 / Supervisory editor: Hideki Yukawa (1970)
• Creativity and intuition : a physicist looks at East and West / by Hideki Yukawa ; translated by John Bester (1973)
• Scientific works (1979)
• Tabibito = The traveler / Hideki Yukawa ; translated by L. Brown & R. Yoshida (1982)

See also[link]

	Biography portal
	Japan portal

• Yukawa potential, an approximation for the binding force in an atomic nucleus
• Yukawa interaction
• Progress of Theoretical Physics (Journal)

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Hideki Yukawa

• Hideki Yukawa - Nobel Biography
• About Hideki Yukawa
• The short film "Yukawa Story (1954)" is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
• his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces.

Carl David Anderson
Carl Anderson at LBNL, 1937
Born	(1905-09-03)September 3, 1905 New York City, New York, USA
Died	January 11, 1991(1991-01-11) (aged 85) San Marino, California, USA
Nationality	United States
Fields	Physics
Institutions	California Institute of Technology
Alma mater	California Institute of Technology
Notable students	Donald A. Glaser Seth Neddermeyer
Known for	Discovery of the positron Discovery of the muon
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 Elliott Cresson Medal (1937)

Carl David Anderson (3 September 1905 – 11 January 1991) was an American physicist. He is best known for his discovery of the positron in 1932, an achievement for which he received the 1936 Nobel Prize in Physics, and of the muon in 1936.

Biography[link]

Anderson was born in New York City, the son of Swedish immigrants. He studied physics and engineering at Caltech (B.S., 1927; Ph.D., 1930). Under the supervision of Robert A. Millikan, he began investigations into cosmic rays during the course of which he encountered unexpected particle tracks in his cloud chamber photographs that he correctly interpreted as having been created by a particle with the same mass as the electron, but with opposite electrical charge. This discovery, announced in 1932 and later confirmed by others, validated Paul Dirac's theoretical prediction of the existence of the positron. Anderson obtained the first direct proof that positrons existed by shooting gamma rays produced by the natural radioactive nuclide ThC'' (²⁰⁸Tl)^[1] into other materials, resulting in creation of positron-electron pairs. For this work, Anderson shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1936 with Victor Hess.^[2]

Also in 1936, Anderson and his first graduate student, Seth Neddermeyer, discovered the muon (or 'mu-meson', as it was known for many years), a subatomic particle 207 times more massive than the electron. Anderson and Neddermeyer at first believed that they had seen the pion, a particle which Hideki Yukawa had postulated in his theory of the strong interaction. When it became clear that what Anderson had seen was not the pion, the physicist I. I. Rabi, puzzled as to how the unexpected discovery could fit into any logical scheme of particle physics, quizzically asked "Who ordered that?" (sometimes the story goes that he was dining with colleagues at a Chinese restaurant at the time). The muon was the first of a long list of subatomic particles whose discovery initially baffled theoreticians who could not make the confusing "zoo" fit into some tidy conceptual scheme. Willis Lamb, in his 1955 Nobel Prize Lecture, joked that he had heard it said that "the finder of a new elementary particle used to be rewarded by a Nobel Prize, but such a discovery now ought to be punished by a 10,000 dollar fine." ^[3]

Anderson spent all of his academic and research career at Caltech. During World War II, he conducted research in rocketry there. He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1950.^[4] He died on January 11, 1991, and his remains were interred in the Forest Lawn, Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles, California.

Publications[link]

• C.D. Anderson (1933). "The Positive Electron". Physical Review 43 (6): 491. Bibcode 1933PhRv...43..491A. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.43.491. 
• C.D. Anderson (1932). "The Apparent Existence of Easily Deflectable Positives". Science 76 (1967): 238–9. Bibcode 1932Sci....76..238A. DOI:10.1126/science.76.1967.238. PMID 17731542. 

References[link]

1. ^ ThC" is a historical designation of ²⁰⁸Tl, see Decay chains
2. ^ Physics 1936
3. ^ http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1955/lamb-lecture.pdf
4. ^ "Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter A". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf. Retrieved 17 April 2011. 

External links[link]

Biography portal

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Carl David Anderson

• "Carl David Anderson". Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=22078. Retrieved August 10, 2010. 
• Weisstein, Eric W., Anderson, Carl (1905-1991) from ScienceWorld.
• Annotated bibliography for Carl David Anderson from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
• American National Biography, vol. 1, pp. 445–446.
• Oral History interview transcript with Carl D. Anderson 30 June 1966, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives

Isidor Rabi
Born	Isidor Isaac Rabi (1898-07-29)29 July 1898 Rymanów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary
Died	11 January 1988(1988-01-11) (aged 89) New York City, New York, USA
Nationality	United States
Fields	Physics
Institutions	Columbia University MIT
Alma mater	Cornell University Columbia University
Doctoral advisor	Albert Potter Wills
Doctoral students	Julian Schwinger Norman F. Ramsey Martin L. Perl
Known for	Nuclear magnetic resonance
Notable awards	Elliott Cresson Medal (1942) Nobel Prize for Physics (1944) Public Welfare Medal (1985)

Isidor Isaac Rabi ( /ˈrɑːbi/; 29 July 1898 – 11 January 1988) was a Galician-born American physicist and Nobel laureate recognized in 1944 for his discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance.

Biography[link]

Early years[link]

Rabi was born into a traditional Jewish family in Rymanów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland), and was brought to the United States as a child the following year. He was awarded a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry degree from Cornell University in 1919, continuing his studies at Columbia University and received his Ph.D. in 1927. A fellowship enabled him to spend the next two years in Europe working with such eminent physicists as Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Wolfgang Pauli and Otto Stern. He then joined the Columbia faculty and never left.

Career[link]

In 1930 Rabi conducted investigations into the nature of the force binding protons to atomic nuclei. This research eventually led to the creation of the molecular-beam magnetic-resonance detection method, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1944.

In 1940 he was granted leave from Columbia to work as Associate Director of the Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on the development of radar and the atomic bomb.^[1] Some^[who?] say that he reluctantly agreed to serve as a visiting consultant who would come and go from Los Alamos, where he was one of the very few exceptions to the strict security rules there. General Leslie Groves made a special effort to bring Rabi, who had been a student with Oppenheimer and maintained a close and mutually respectful relationship, out to Los Alamos for the days leading up to the Trinity test so that he could help Oppenheimer maintain his sanity under such intense pressure.^{[citation needed]} The scientists working on Trinity set up a betting pool for the results of the test, with predictions ranging from total dud to 45 kilotons of TNT equivalent (KT). Rabi's guess of 18 KT proved to be the closest to the actual yield of 18.6 KT, despite his having made the guess by default (it was the only choice left by the time he arrived), and he won the pool.^[2]

Isidor Isaac Rabi, Copenhagen 1963

After the war he continued his research, which contributed to the inventions of the laser and the atomic clock. He was also one of the founders of both Brookhaven National Laboratory and CERN, and served as U.S. President Harry S. Truman's second Science Advisor.

Rabi testified on Oppenheimer's behalf at a controversial United States Atomic Energy Commission hearing in 1954 that ultimately led to Oppenheimer being stripped of his security clearance.

Rabi chaired Columbia's physics department from 1945 to 1949, a period during which it was home to two Nobel Laureates (Rabi and Enrico Fermi) and eleven future laureates, including seven faculty (Polykarp Kusch, Willis Lamb, Maria Goeppert-Mayer, James Rainwater, Norman Ramsey, Charles Townes and Hideki Yukawa), a research scientist (Aage Bohr), a visiting professor (Hans Bethe), a doctoral student (Leon Lederman) and an undergrad (Leon Cooper).^[3] When Columbia created the rank of University Professor in 1964, Rabi was the first to receive such a chair. He retired from teaching in 1967 but remained active in the department and held the title of University Professor Emeritus and Special Lecturer until his death on 11 January 1988.

Rabi served as the U.S. Representative to the NATO Science Committee at the time the term 'Software Engineering' was coined. While serving in that capacity, he bemoaned the fact that many large software projects were delayed. This prompted several discussions that led to the formation of a Study Group that organized the first conference on Software Engineering.^[4]

He famously remarked that "the world would be better without an Edward Teller." He is also known for asking regarding the muon, "Who ordered that?"^[5]

Rabi is the recipient of The International Center in New York's Award of Excellence as well as the 1967 Atoms for Peace Award. In 1985 he was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences.^[6]

He also served on the board of trustees for Science Service, now known as Society for Science & the Public, from 1956-1959.

Personal life[link]

• Father: David Rabi
• Mother: Janet Teig
• Wife: Helen Newmark (m. 1926, two daughters)

Works[link]

• Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1960). My life and times as a physicist;. Claremont College. pp. 55. 
• Rabi, Isidor Isaac (1970). Science: The Center of Culture. New York: World Publishing Co.. 
• Rabi, Isidor Isaac; Robert Serber, Victor F. Weisskopf, Abraham Pais, Glenn T. Seaborg (1969). Oppenheimer: The Story of One of the Most Remarkable Personalities of the 20th Century.. Scribner's. 

Technical Reports[link]

• Rabi, I. I. (1947). "Interaction of Neutrons with Electrons in Lead". Physical Review 72 (7): 634. Bibcode 1947PhRv...72..634H. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.72.634. 
• Rabi, I. I. (1954). "Use of Rotating Coordinates in Magnetic Resonance Problems". Reviews of Modern Physics 26 (2): 167. Bibcode 1954RvMP...26..167R. DOI:10.1103/RevModPhys.26.167. 
• Rabi, I.I. "The Role of Atomic Energy in the Promotion of International Collaboration", Columbia University, (October 31, 1959).

See also[link]

• Atomic clock
• Nuclear magnetic resonance
• Rabi cycle
• Rabi problem
• Radiation Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• List of Jewish Nobel laureates
• The Day After Trinity (1980)

References[link]

• Rabi, scientist and citizen by John S. Rigden (Sloan Foundation Series; Basic Books, 1987). A biography that is close to an autobiography, as it was based on extensive interviews with Rabi.
• Rabi, I I; Zacharias, J R; Millman, S; Kusch, P (1992). "Milestones in magnetic resonance: 'a new method of measuring nuclear magnetic moment' . 1938.". Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI 2 (2): 131–3. PMID 1562763 

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Isidor Isaac Rabi

• Isidor Isaac Rabi
• Biography and Bibliographic Resources, from the Office of Scientific and Technical Information, United States Department of Energy
• Rigden, John S. (November 1, 1999). "Isidor Isaac Rabi: walking the path of God". Physics World.
• Rabi biography (brief)
• Annotated bibliography for Isidor Isaac Rabi from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues