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Year 1619 (MDCXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the 10-day slower Julian calendar.

Events[link]

January–June[link]

• March – Battle of Sarhu: Manchu leader Nurhaci is victorious over the Ming forces.
• March 20 – Matthias, Holy Roman Emperor dies, leaving the Holy Roman Empire without an official leader to deal with the Bohemian Revolt.
• May 8 – The Synod of Dort has its final meeting.
• May 13 – Dutch statesman Johan van Oldenbarnevelt is executed in The Hague after having been convicted of treason.
• May 30 – Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies, conquers Jayakarta and renames it Batavia.
• June 10 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Záblatí: Protestant forces are defeated.

July–December[link]

• July 30 – In Jamestown, Virginia, the first representative assembly in the Americas, the House of Burgesses, convenes for the first time.
• August – Captain Jope's ship brings the first Africans to what will later be called America. Jope trades these Africans for food and supplies. This trade of Africans is as temporary indentured servants in the same way that English whites are owned as laborers in the New World. Because the Spanish had Christianized these Africans, this labor arrangement is for a specified time and then they are free to live their lives, just as the English laborers are. These Africans had been stolen from the cargo of a Spanish vessel on the high seas. The enslavement of Africans in America is progressively and intentionally implemented later, beginning with the sentencing of John Punch in 1640.
• August 5 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Věstonice: Bohemian forces defeat the Austrians.
• August 10 – The Treaty of Angoulême ends the civil war in France.
• August 28 – Ferdinand II is elected emperor of the Holy Roman Empire.
• October 8 – Thirty Years' War – The Treaty of Munich is signed by Ferdinand II and Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria.
• November 16 – William Parker School, Hastings is founded by the will of Rev. William Parker.
• November 23 – Thirty Years' War – Battle of Humenné: Polish troops assist the Holy Roman Emperor by defeating a Transylvanian force, forcing Gabor Bethlen to raise his siege of Vienna.
• December 4 – Thirty-eight colonists from Berkeley Parish in England disembark in Virginia and give thanks to God (considered by some to be the first Thanksgiving in the Americas).

Date unknown[link]

• Jahangir grants a British mission important commercial concessions at Surat on the west coast of India.
• England establishes its first outpost in India.
• The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth reaches the height of its territorial extent.
• The Banqueting House of James I of England is destroyed by fire.
• The Danish–Dutch whaling settlement of Smeerenburg is founded in Svalbard.
• An expedition in Sri Lanka led by Phillippe de Oliveira deposes and executes the last Jaffna king Cankili II, putting an end to the Jaffna Kingdom.
• A Spanish expedition sails around Tierra del Fuego, mapping the coast and discovering the Diego Ramirez Islands.

Births[link]

• January 10 – Philip Sidney, 3rd Earl of Leicester (d. 1698)
• January 14 – Alexander von Spaen, Prussian field marshal (d. 1692)
• January 21 – Anders Bording, Danish poet (d. 1677)
• February – Walter Charleton, English writer (d. 1707)
• February 24
  • Robert Aske, English merchant (d. 1689)
  • Charles Le Brun, French painter and art theorist (d. 1690)
• March 6 – Cyrano de Bergerac, French soldier and poet (d. 1655)
• March 25 – Peter Mews, English Royalist (d. 1706)
• March 28 – Maurice, Duke of Saxe-Zeitz (d. 1681)
• April 11 – Abraham van der Hulst, Dutch admiral (d. 1666)
• April 21 – Jan van Riebeeck, founder of Cape Town (d. 1677)
• May
  • James Dalrymple, 1st Viscount of Stair, Scottish lawyer and statesman (d. 1695)
  • André Félibien, French court historian (d. 1695)
  • Andrew Ramsay, Lord Abbotshall, Scottish judge and politician (d. 1688)
• May 20 – Abiezer Coppe, English "Ranter" and pamphleteer (d. 1672)
• June 14 – Sir Jeffrey Hudson, court dwarf (d. 1682)
• August 6 – Barbara Strozzi, Italian singer and composer (d. 1677)
• August 28 – Anne Genevieve of Bourbon-Condé (d. 1679)
• August 29 – Jean-Baptiste Colbert, French minister of finance (d. 1683)
• November 5 – Philip de Koninck, Dutch painter (d. 1688)
• December 17 – Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Royalist commander in the English Civil War (d. 1682)
• December 28 – Antoine Furetière, French writer (d. 1688)
• date unknown
  • Richard Allestree, Provost of Eton College (d. 1681)
  • Samuel Collins, English doctor and author (d. 1670)
  • Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 8th Duke of Alburquerque (d. 1676)
  • King Hyojong of Joseon (d. 1659)
  • Willem Kalf, Dutch painter (d. 1693)
  • Kumazawa Banzan, Japanese philosopher (d. 1691)
  • Shalom Shabazi, Jewish poet of Yemen (d. 1720)
  • Wang Fuzhi, philosopher (d. 1692)

Deaths[link]

• January 7 – Nicholas Hilliard, English painter (b. c. 1547)
• January 11 – Diane de France, Duchess of Angouleme (b. 1538)
• February 3 – Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham, English conspirator (b. 1564)
• February 19 – Lucilio Vanini, Italian philosopher (b. 1585)
• March 4 – Anne of Denmark, queen of James I of England (b. 1574)
• March 13 – Richard Burbage, English actor (b. c. 1567)
• March 15 – Michael Balfour, 1st Lord Balfour of Burleigh
• March 18 – Chō Tsuratatsu, Japanese samurai (b. 1546)
• March 20 – Mathias, Holy Roman Emperor (b. 1557)
• April 10 – Thomas Jones, Archbishop of Dublin (b. c. 1550)
• May 13 – Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, Dutch statesman (b. 1547)
• May 21 – Hieronymus Fabricius, Italian anatomist (b. 1537)
• July 22 – Lawrence of Brindisi, Italian saint (b. 1559)
• August 3 – Dorothy Percy, Countess of Northumberland (b. c. 1564)
• August 19 – Thomas Dale, governor of the Virginia colony
• August 30 – Shimazu Yoshihiro, Japanese samurai and warlord (b. 1535)
• September – Hans Lippershey, Dutch lensmaker (b. 1570)
• September 3 – John Gordon, Scottish bishop (b. 1544)
• September 7 – Marko Krizin, Croatian saint (executed) (b. 1588)
• October – Nicholas Yonge, English singer and publisher (b. c. 1560)
• October 14 – Samuel Daniel, English poet (b. 1562)
• November 13 – Ludovico Carracci, Italian painter (b. 1555)
• December 23 – John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1572)
• December 29 – Antoine Arnauld, French lawyer (b. 1560)
• date unknown
  • Bagrat VII of Kartli (b. 1569)
  • François d'Amboise, French jurist and writer (b. 1550)
  • Denis Calvaert, Flemish painter (b. 1540)
  • William Couper (bishop), Scottish bishop (b. 1568)
  • William Larkin, English painter
  • John Overall, English bishop (b. 1559)
  • Nabeshima Naoshige, Japanese samurai (b. 1537)
  • Robert Peake the Elder, English painter (b. c. 1551)
  • Thomas Stephens, Jesuit missionary (b. c. 1549)

References[link]

Kurt Elling
Background information
Born	(1967-11-02) November 2, 1967 (age 44)
Origin	Chicago, Illinois United States
Genres	Vocal jazz, Vocalese
Occupations	Musician, composer
Instruments	Vocals
Years active	1995–present
Labels	Concord Jazz, Blue Note
Website	KurtElling.com

Kurt Elling (born November 2, 1967) is an American jazz vocalist, composer, lyricist and vocalese performer. Born in Chicago, Illinois, and raised in Rockford, Elling first became interested in music through his father, who was Kapellmeister at a Lutheran church. Growing up, Elling sang in choirs and played various musical instruments, but wasn't exposed to jazz until he attended Gustavus Adolphus College. Elling enrolled in graduate school at the University of Chicago Divinity School, but left school one credit short of a master's degree to pursue a career as a jazz vocalist.

Elling began to perform around Chicago, scat singing and improvising his own lyrics. He recorded a demo in the early 1990s and was signed by Blue Note Records, releasing a total of seven albums with the label. He has been nominated for nine Grammy Awards, winning Best Vocal Jazz Album for Dedicated to You (2009) on the Concord Jazz label. Elling often leads the Down Beat critics poll, and he was awarded the Prix Billie Holiday from the Académie du Jazz. Since 1995, Elling has collaborated with pianist, composer, and arranger Laurence Hobgood, leading a quartet that regularly tours the world.^[1]

Early life[link]

Kurt Elling was born in Chicago, Illinois on November 2, 1967 to Henry and Martha Elling. His interest in music started with his father, who was Kapellmeister at a Lutheran church.^[2] Elling attended elementary school at St. Paul Lutheran School in Rockford,^[3] and throughout his early years, he sang in choirs and played violin, French horn, piano, and drums. During his middle school years, Elling remembers watching Tony Bennett and the Woody Herman band on television and imagining what it would be like to sing with a band.^[4] Growing up, Elling sang in the classical style, learning counterpoint from the motets of Johann Sebastian Bach.^[5] In high school, Elling continued to sing in the choir: "When it was undeniably uncool and geeky and all that, to be in the choir, I did it anyway, because it was reliably beautiful, and it was rewarding, and it gave me gifts of experience and friendships."^[6]

Elling became known in Chicago from his weekly gigs at the Green Mill Jazz Club, where he first met pianist Laurence Hobgood through saxophonist Ed Petersen

Elling attended Gustavus Adolphus College in St. Peter, Minnesota, where he majored in history and minored in religion. In college, Elling sang in the 70-voice Gustavus Choir, an a cappella choir that performed works from a variety of different composers, allowing him to hone his technical skills.^[5] Elling also toured Europe with his college choir.^[6] He first became interested in jazz at Gustavus Adolphus, listening to Dave Brubeck, Dexter Gordon, Herbie Hancock, and Ella Fitzgerald, among others.^[7]

After graduating from Gustavus Adolphus in 1989, Elling enrolled in graduate school at the University of Chicago Divinity School where he studied for his master's degree in philosophy of religion.^[4] Elling thought about continuing work in academia or working for the World Council of Churches when he graduated.^[2] Elling began playing Jazz gigs once a week during graduate school, with one of his first shows at Milt Trenier's, a basement club in Chicago (now defunct). Elling earned little money at these gigs, but Karl Johnson, the house pianist, was his mentor and teacher.^[8] Elling recalls: "By day I was reading Kant and Schleiermacher, trying to get a handle on that, and at night I was sitting-in in clubs, and, of course, you can't do both and be effective. Eventually Saturday night won out over Sunday morning."^[9] Elling remained a graduate student until January 1992, when he left school one credit short of graduation.^[10]

In Chicago, Elling held day jobs to survive, working as a bartender and even a mover. Elling made extra income singing at weddings in addition to playing at clubs. At this time, he began singing in a scat style and improvising his own lyrics.^[7] Elling began listening to the vocalese of jazz singer Mark Murphy, who exposed him to the poetry of Jack Kerouac. The minimalism and emotion of Chet Baker's music was also influential.

Career[link]

While living in Chicago in 1995, Elling decided he was ready to record. He had met pianist Laurence Hobgood through Ed Petersen, who played the Green Mill on Monday nights. Elling convinced Hobgood that he was ready to go into the studio, and they came out with nine solid songs. Following the advice of pianist Fred Simon, the cassette recording was sent to Bill Traut, a manager in Los Angeles, who eventually gave it to Bruce Lundvall of Blue Note Records.^[11]

Blue Note (1995–2005)[link]

Two months later, Elling was signed to Blue Note, and the songs on the demo became the Grammy nominated label debut, Close your Eyes (1995).^[12] The album features Edward Petersen and Von Freeman on tenor saxophone, Dave Onderdonk on guitar, Laurence Hobgood on piano, Eric Hochberg and Rob Amster on acoustic bass, and Paul Wertico on drums.

Close Your Eyes was followed several years later by The Messenger (1997),^[13] with Elling releasing a total of seven albums for the Blue Note label.

In 1999, Elling became a National Trustee for the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, and in 2003, he was elected Vice Chair and served two terms.

Concord (2006–present)[link]

Kurt Elling and bassist Rob Amster

In 2006, Elling performed on the television program Legends of Jazz, in the episode "The Jazz Singers". Elling sang "She's Funny That Way" and performed a duet with Al Jarreau on "Take Five". The recording was released on CD and DVD. In August of the same year, Elling signed a new record contract with Concord Jazz, and his first album with the label, Nightmoves, was released in 2007.

The follow-up, Dedicated to You: Kurt Elling Sings the Music of Coltrane and Hartman (2009), is a tribute to the 1963 recording John Coltrane and Johnny Hartman, widely recognized as one of the all-time finest jazz vocal albums.^[14] The album arose out of a 2005 concert commissioned by the Chicago Jazz Festival, showcasing the Coltrane-Hartman material. Later, Elling and pianist Laurence Hobgood rearranged the music, culminating in a performance in the Allen Room at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York. The concert was recorded in January 2009 and the album was released in June.^[10]

Elling is a baritone with a four-octave range, and a writer and performer of vocalese, the art of writing and performing words over improvised jazz solos. In 2007, Elling's lyrics were published in a book by Circumstantial Productions.

Collaborators[link]

Elling has performed and recorded with David Amram, Bob Belden, Joanne Brackeen, Oscar Brown, Jr., Billy Corgan, Orbert Davis, George Freeman, Buddy Guy, Jon Hendricks, Charlie Hunter, Randy Bachman, Bob Mintzer, Rex Richardson, and Bob Sheppard.

As of 2010, Elling's band included musical director Laurence Hobgood on piano, John McLean on guitar, Harish Raghavan on bass, and drummer Ulysses Owens.

Personal life[link]

In 1996, Elling married dancer Jennifer Carney.^[15] Their daughter Luiza was born in 2005.^[16] In the same year, the Ellings purchased a condominium from Barack Obama in Hyde Park, Chicago.^[17] The Ellings moved to New York in 2008.

Discography[link]

Pianist Laurence Hobgood

Blue Note Records

• Close Your Eyes (1995)
• The Messenger (1997)
• This Time it's Love (1998)
• Live in Chicago (2000)
• Flirting with Twilight (2001)
• Man in the Air (2003)

Concord Records

• Nightmoves (2007)
• Dedicated to You (2009)
• The Gate (2011)

Guest appearances

• "Tanganyika Dance" from Bob Belden's album Shades of Blue (1996)
• "Desert Way", "Close Your Eyes" from Charlie Hunter's album "Songs from the Analog Playground" (2001)
• "Sim Ou Nao" from Till Brönner's album Rio (2008)
• "Perdido" from John Pizzarelli's album Rockin' in Rhythm: A Tribute to Duke Ellington (2010)
• Elling also contributed vocals to his longtime collaborator Laurence Hobgood's three albums, Left to My Own Devices (2000), Crazy World (2005) and When the Heart Dances (2009)

Awards and nominations[link]

Elling has won the Down Beat Critics Poll twelve times, from 2000–2011, and the Down Beat Readers Poll and the JazzTimes Readers' Poll six times, all in the Male Vocalist of the Year category. He has also received the Jazz Journalists Association Male Singer of the Year award seven times. In 2010 he received the Nightlife Award for Outstanding Jazz Vocalist in a Major Engagement.^[18]

Grammy Awards[link]

The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States. On January 31, 2010, Elling won his first Grammy Award in the category of Best Jazz Vocal Album for the album Dedicated to You: Kurt Elling Sings the Music of Coltrane and Hartman on the Concord Jazz label.^[19]

Publications[link]

• Elling, Kurt (Nov., 1997). "Guerrilla Diaries". Jazziz Magazine. http://kurtelling.com/projects/guerrilla-diaries/guerilla_diaries.html. 
• Elling, Kurt (2007). Richard Connolly. ed. Lyrics. Circumstantial Productions. ISBN 1-891592-06-8. http://kurtelling.com/projects/lyrics-the-book/lyrics.html. 

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Chicago Jazz Magazine (2010-09-01). "Kurt Elling and Laurence Hobgood...in their own words". Chicago Jazz Magazine. http://www.chicagojazz.com/magazine/kurt-elling-and-laurence-hobgood...in-their-own-words-587.html. 
• Elling, Kurt (2004-11-08). "Spirituality, Poetry and Jazz: Some Thoughts Driving the Jazz Singer". First delivered at the University of Missouri, Columbia. http://kurtelling.com/projects/spirituality-poetry-and-jazz/spirituality_poetry_and_jazz.html. 
• Gioia, Ted (Feb., 2008). "The State of Jazz Vocals Today". Jazz.com. http://www.jazz.com/features-and-interviews/2008/2/18/jazz-vocals-today-two. 
• Hentoff, Nat (Sept., 2006). "Kurt Elling: Being Fully in the Moment". Jazz Times 36: 177. http://jazztimes.com/articles/17292-kurt-elling-being-fully-in-the-moment. 
• Murray, Robert (2008-04-17). "Some Notes on Kurt Elling". 2008 Season Program: Kurt Elling: Jazz and Orchestra. About the Music. Sydney Symphony. http://www.sydneysymphony.com/shared/programs/2008/kurtelling_sso_080417/files/448/PROG12_080417_KurtElling_SSO.pdf. 
• Paige, Bill (1997-11-15). "Local Noise: Kurt Elling". Billboard (Nielsen Business Media) 109 (46). ISSN 0006-2510. http://books.google.com/books?id=6QkEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA21#v=onepage&q&f=false. 
• Rubenstein, Ben (2006-08-28). "Kurt Elling". Centerstage. Sun-Times Media. http://centerstagechicago.com/whoswho/articles/kurt-elling.html. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kurt Elling

• KurtElling.com - Elling's official website.
• Kurt Elling at Concord Music Group.com
• Kurt Elling at Blue Note Records.com

Gregory John Carroll (born November 10, 1956 in Gimli, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian ice hockey centre.

Drafted in 1976 by both the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League and the Cincinnati Stingers of the World Hockey Association, Carroll chose to play with the Stingers. He would also play for the New England Whalers. After playing two seasons in the WHA, he signed with the Capitals. He also played for the Detroit Red Wings and Hartford Whalers.

External links[link]

• Profile at hockeydraftcentral.com
• Greg Carroll's biography at Legends of Hockey
• Greg Carroll's career stats at The Internet Hockey Database

This biographical article relating to a Canadian ice hockey defenceman born in the 1950s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Arvo Pärt in Christ Church Cathedral, Dublin, 2008

Arvo Pärt (born 11 September 1935; Estonian pronunciation: [ˈɑrvo ˈpært]) is an Estonian classical composer and one of the most prominent living composers of sacred music.^[1] Since the late 1970s, Pärt has worked in a minimalist style that employs his self-invented compositional technique, tintinnabuli. His music also takes inspiration from Gregorian chant.^[2]

Pärt was born in Paide, Järva County, Estonia. A prolonged struggle with Soviet officials led him to emigrate with his wife and their two sons in 1980. He lived first in Vienna, where he took Austrian citizenship, and then re-located to Berlin. He returned to Estonia around the turn of the 21st century and now lives alternately in Berlin^[3] and in Tallinn.^[4]

Musical development[link]

Familiar works by Pärt are Cantus In Memoriam Benjamin Britten for string orchestra and bell (1977) and the string quintet "Fratres I" (1977, revised 1983), which he transcribed for string orchestra and percussion, the solo violin "Fratres II" and the cello ensemble "Fratres III" (both 1980).

Pärt is often identified with the school of minimalism and, more specifically, that of mystic minimalism or holy minimalism.^[5] He is considered a pioneer of the latter style, along with contemporaries Henryk Górecki and John Tavener.^[6] Although his fame initially rested on instrumental works such as Tabula Rasa and Spiegel im Spiegel, his choral works have also come to be widely appreciated.

Pärt's musical education began at age seven. He began attending music school in Rakvere, where his family lived. By the time he reached his early teen years, Pärt was writing his own compositions. While studying composition with Heino Eller at the Tallinn Conservatory in 1957,^[4] it was said of him that "he just seemed to shake his sleeves and notes would fall out."

In this period of Estonian history, Pärt was unable to encounter many musical influences from outside the Soviet Union except for a few illegal tapes and scores. Although Estonia had been an independent Baltic state at the time of Pärt's birth, the Soviet Union occupied it in 1940 as a result of the Soviet-Nazi Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact; and the country would then remain under Soviet domination—except for the three-year period of German wartime occupation—for the next 51 years.

Musical oeuvre[link]

Arvo Pärt in 2011

Pärt's oeuvre is generally divided into two periods. He composed his early works using a range of neo-classical styles influenced by Shostakovich, Prokofiev, and Bartók. He then began to compose using Schoenberg's twelve-tone technique and serialism. This, however, not only earned the ire of the Soviet establishment, but also proved to be a creative dead-end. When early works were banned by Soviet censors, Pärt entered the first of several periods of contemplative silence, during which he studied choral music from the 14th to 16th centuries.^[4] In this context, Pärt's biographer, Paul Hillier, observed that "He had reached a position of complete despair in which the composition of music appeared to be the most futile of gestures, and he lacked the musical faith and will-power to write even a single note."

The spirit of early European polyphony informed the composition of Pärt's transitional Third Symphony (1971); and thereafter, he immersed himself in early music, re-investigating the roots of Western music. He studied plainsong, Gregorian chant, and the emergence of polyphony in the European Renaissance.

The music that began to emerge after this period was radically different. This period of new compositions included Fratres, Cantus In Memoriam Benjamin Britten, and Tabula Rasa.^[4] Pärt describes the music of this period as tintinnabuli—like the ringing of bells. Spiegel im Spiegel (1978) is a well-known example which has been used in many films. The music is characterised by simple harmonies, often single unadorned notes, or triads, which form the basis of Western harmony. These are reminiscent of ringing bells. Tintinnabuli works are rhythmically simple and do not change tempo. Another characteristic of Pärt's later works is that they are frequently settings for sacred texts, although he mostly chooses Latin or the Church Slavonic language used in Orthodox liturgy instead of his native Estonian language. Large-scale works inspired by religious texts include St. John Passion, Te Deum, and Litany. Choral works from this period include Magnificat and The Beatitudes.^[4]

Of his popularity, Steve Reich has written: "Even in Estonia, Arvo was getting the same feeling that we were all getting .... I love his music, and I love the fact that he is such a brave, talented man .... He's completely out of step with the zeitgeist and yet he's enormously popular, which is so inspiring. His music fulfills a deep human need that has nothing to do with fashion."^[7] Pärt's music came to public attention in the West, largely thanks to Manfred Eicher who recorded several of Pärt's compositions for ECM Records starting in 1984.

Invited by Walter Fink, he was the 15th composer featured in the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2005 in four concerts. Chamber music included Für Alina for piano, played by himself, Spiegel im Spiegel and Psalom for string quartet. The chamber orchestra of the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra played his Trisagion, Fratres and Cantus along with works of Bach. The Windsbach Boys Choir and soloists Sibylla Rubens, Ingeborg Danz, Markus Schäfer and Klaus Mertens performed Magnificat and Collage über B-A-C-H together with two cantatas of Bach and one of Mendelssohn. The Hilliard Ensemble, organist Christopher Bowers-Broadbent, the Rostock Motet Choir and the Hilliard instrumental ensemble, conducted by Markus Johannes Langer, performed a program of Pärt's organ music and works for voices (some a cappella), including Pari Intervallo, De profundis and Miserere.

A new composition, Für Lennart, written for the memory of the Estonian President Lennart Meri, was played at his funeral service on 2 April 2006.

In response to the murder of the Russian investigative journalist Anna Politkovskaya in Moscow on 7 October 2006, Pärt declared that all of his works performed in 2006–2007 would be in honour of her death, issuing the following statement: "Anna Politkovskaya staked her entire talent, energy and—in the end—even her life on saving people who had become victims of the abuses prevailing in Russia."^[8]

Pärt was honoured as the featured composer of the 2008 RTÉ Living Music Festival^[9] in Dublin, Ireland. He was also commissioned by Louth Contemporary Music Society^[10] to compose a new choral work based on St. Patrick's Breastplate, which premiered in 2008 in Louth, Ireland. The new work is called The Deers Cry. This is the composer's first Irish commission, having its debut in Drogheda and Dundalk in February 2008.

His recent (2008) Symphony No. 4 is named “Los Angeles” and was dedicated to Mikhail Khodorkovsky. It is Pärt's first symphony written in over 37 years, since 1971's Symphony No. 3. It premiered in Los Angeles, California, at the Walt Disney Concert Hall on 10 January 2009,^[11] and has been nominated for a GRAMMY for Best Classical Contemporary Composition.

On 10 December 2011 he was appointed a member of the Pontifical Council for Culture for a five year renewable term by Pope Benedict XVI.^[12]

List of Works[link]

Awards[link]

• 1996 – American Academy of Arts and Letters Department of Music
• 1996 – Honorary Doctor of Music, University of Sydney^[13]
• 1998 – Honorary Doctor of Arts, University of Tartu
• 2003 – Honorary Doctor of Music, University of Durham^[14]
• 2008 – Léonie Sonning Music Prize
• 2010 – Honorary Doctor of Music, University of St Andrews^[15]
• 2011 – Chevalier (Knight) of Légion d'honneur^[16]
• 2011 – Membership of the Pontifical Council for Culture^[17]

International Arvo Pärt Centre[link]

The International Arvo Pärt Centre is being created in the Estonian village of Laulasmaa. The centre will include a research institute, an education and music centre, a museum, a publishing facility and an archive of the composer's works. It is planned to open in 2015.^[18]

References[link]

Sources[link]

• Hillier, Paul. (1997). Arvo Pärt. Oxford : Oxford University Press. 10-ISBN 0-19-816616-8; 13-ISBN 978-0-19-816616-0 (paper)

Further Reading[link]

• Andrew Shenton (Ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Arvo Pärt (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
• Chikinda, Michael (2011). "Pärt's Evolving Tintinnabuli Style". Perspectives of New Music 49, no. 1 (Winter): 182–206.

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Arvo Pärt

• Arvo Pärt biography and works on the UE website (publisher)
• Arvo Pärt discography at Classical Net
• Arvo Pärt discography at MusicBrainz
• Arvo Pärt Conference at Boston University
• Complete Listing of Arvo Pärt's Works
• Arvo Pärt – extensive site
• arvopart.info – another comprehensive site with current news
• David Pinkerton's Arvo Pärt archive – yet another extensive site, with some good analytical writing.
• Biography in MUSICMATCH Guide – Small biography and list of works.
• Arvo Pärt and the New Simplicity – Article by Bill McGlaughlin, with audio selections
• Steve Reich about Arvo Pärt, in an interview with Richard Williams, The Guardian, 2 January 2004
• Spike Magazine Interview
• Lancing College Commission 'Original' Claudio Records Recording in the presence of the composer – Review/Information
• International Arvo Pärt Centre – most up-to-date info and more

This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2010)

Title page of Morley's Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke (1597)

Thomas Morley (1557 or 1558 – October 1602) was an English composer, theorist, editor and organist of the Renaissance, and the foremost member of the English Madrigal School. He was the most famous composer of secular music in Elizabethan England and an organist at St Paul's Cathedral. He and Robert Johnson are the composers of the only surviving contemporary settings of verse by Shakespeare.

Life[link]

Morley was born in Norwich, in East England, the son of a brewer. Most likely he was a singer in the local cathedral from his boyhood, and he became master of choristers there in 1583. However, Morley obviously spent some time away from East England, for he later referred to the great Elizabethan composer of sacred music, William Byrd, as his teacher; while the dates he studied with Byrd are not known, they were most likely in the early 1570s. In 1588 he received his bachelor's degree from Oxford, and shortly thereafter was employed as organist at St. Paul's in London. His young son died the following year in 1589.

In 1588 Nicholas Yonge published his Musica transalpina, the collection of Italian madrigals fitted with English texts, which touched off the explosive and colorful vogue for madrigal composition in England. Morley obviously found his compositional direction at this time, and shortly afterwards began publishing his own collections of madrigals (11 in all).

Morley lived for a time in the same parish as Shakespeare, and a connection between the two has been long speculated, but never proven. His famous setting of "It was a lover and his lass" from As You Like It has never been established as having been used in a performance of Shakespeare's play, though the possibility that it was is obvious. Morley was highly placed by the mid-1590s and would have had easy access to the theatrical community; certainly there was then, as there is now, a close connection between prominent actors and musicians.

While Morley attempted to imitate the spirit of Byrd in some of his early sacred works, it was in the form of the madrigal that he made his principal contribution to music history. His work in the genre has remained in the repertory to the present day, and shows a wider variety of emotional color, form and technique than anything by other composers of the period. Usually his madrigals are light, quick-moving and easily singable, like his well-known "Now is the Month of Maying" (which is actually a ballett); he took the aspects of Italian style that suited his personality and anglicised them. Other composers of the English Madrigal School, for instance Thomas Weelkes and John Wilbye, were to write madrigals in a more serious or sombre vein.

In addition to his madrigals, Morley wrote instrumental music, including keyboard music (some of which has been preserved in the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book), and music for the broken consort, a uniquely English ensemble of two viols, flute, lute, cittern and bandora, notably as published by William Barley in 1599 in The First Booke of Consort Lessons, made by diuers exquisite Authors, for six Instruments to play together, the Treble Lute, the Bandora, the Cittern, the Base-Violl, the Flute & Treble-Violl.

Morley's Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke (published 1597) remained popular for almost two hundred years after its author's death, and remains an important reference for information about sixteenth century composition and performance.

Compositions[link]

Thomas Morley's compositions include (in alphabetical order):

• April is in my mistress' face
• Arise, get up my deere,
• Cease mine eyes
• Crewell you pull away to soone
• Do you not know?
• Fantasie: Il Doloroso
• Fantasie: Il Grillo
• Fantasie: Il Lamento
• Fantasie: La Caccia
• Fantasie: La Rondinella
• Fantasie: La Sampogna
• Fantasie: La Sirena
• Fantasie: La Tortorella
• Fire Fire My Heart
• Flora wilt thou torment mee
• Fyre and Lightning
• Goe yee my canzonets
• Good Morrow, Fair Ladies of the May
• Harke Alleluia!
• Hould out my hart
• I goe before my darling
• I should for griefe and anguish
• In nets of golden wyers
• It was a lover and his lass
• Joy, joy doth so arise
• Joyne hands
• La Girandola
• Ladie, those eies
• Lady if I through griefe
• Leave now mine eyes
• Lo hear another love
• Love learns by laughing
• Miraculous loves wounding
• My bonny lass she smileth
• Nolo mortem peccatoris
• Now is the month of maying
• O thou that art so cruell
• Say deere, will you not have me?
• See, see, my own sweet jewel
• Shepard's Rejoice
• Sing we and chant it
• Sweet nymph
• 'Tis the time of Yuletide Glee
• VI. God morrow, Fayre Ladies, (down a fourth)
• What ayles my darling?
• When loe by break of morning
• Where art thou wanton?

See also[link]

• The Triumphs of Oriana edited by Morley, published in 1601.

References and further reading[link]

• Gustave Reese, Music in the Renaissance. New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954. ISBN 0-393-09530-4
• Article "Thomas Morley" in The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie. 20 vol. London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980. ISBN 1-56159-174-2
• The University of Reading Library featuring: Thomas Morley, A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke. London, 1597 [1]
• Philip Ledger (ed) The Oxford Book of English Madrigals OUP 1978
• The Madrigal, Jerome Roche, 1972. ISBN 0-09-113260-6

External links[link]

• Free scores by Thomas Morley in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)
• Free scores by Thomas Morley in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
• Free scores by Thomas Morley at the International Music Score Library Project
• Nolo mortem peccatoris Recording of Morley's anthem (The Choir of Somerville College, Oxford)
• More information, including full text, of Morley's Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke at the University of North Texas Music Library's Virtual Rare Book Room
• Images of the complete Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke (a fine copy in private ownership) Digital Image Archive of Medieval Music (DIAMM)
• HTML transcription, with numbered page divisions, of Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musicke: pp. 1-68, 69-115, and 116-183 and end matter (at the Jacobs (University of Indiana) School of Music Center for the History of Music Theory and Literature)