Annemasse
	Annemasse
Annemasse
Location within Rhône-Alpes region  Annemasse
Administration
Country	France
Region	Rhône-Alpes
Department	Haute-Savoie
Arrondissement	Saint-Julien-en-Genevois
Canton	Annemasse-Sud and Annemasse-Nord
Intercommunality	Annemasse
Mayor	Christian Dupessay (2008–present)
Statistics
Elevation	399–504 m (1,309–1,654 ft) (avg. 433 m or 1,421 ft)
Land area1	4.98 km2 (1.92 sq mi)
Population2	29,540  (2010)
- Density	5,932 /km2 (15,360 /sq mi)
INSEE/Postal code	74012/ 74100
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Coordinates: 46°11′45″N 6°14′11″E / 46.1958°N 6.2364°E / 46.1958; 6.2364

Annemasse is a commune in the Haute-Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.

It lies on the border with Switzerland. It is the second town in the Haute-Savoie department with a population estimated to 29'450 in 2010.^[1]

Annemasse from space

Geography[link]

Annemasse is part of the metropolitan area of Geneva.

Annemasse is the last exit of the French motorway A40 before the border. It is thus well connected with the other cities of the region.

The city is surrounded by the Mont Salève (alt. 1300m) and the Arve River on the West, the Voirons (alt. 1450m) on the East and the Swiss border on the North.

Economy[link]

The main activity is commerce: due to the foreign exchange situation, a lot of Swiss people come to Annemasse to purchase food and other commodities. A large proportion of the population work in Geneva, Switzerland, where the salaries are higher than in France. To encourage this mobility, the CEVA project will extend the existing rail connection between Annemasse and Genève Eaux-Vives through to Gare de Cornavin

Companies[link]

Annemasse has 1,898 company locations on its territory, a large share of it being shops and services. The three main companies operating in Annemasse are Parker Hannifin (turnover: € 134 million), Siegwerk (107 M €) and the Giant Casino Annemasse (17 M €, enlarged in 2003).

Administration[link]

The urban area of Annemasse (consisting of six cities or "communes") is the second largest agglomération in Haute-Savoie.

The city mayor 1977 - 2008 was Robert Borrel from the Socialist Party, but the Conservative Party usually gets the majority in other elections.

Christian Dupessay (PS) was elected mayor in the 2008 elections following Borrel's retirement.

High school[link]

Lycee des Glieres Collège Jacques Prévert

Twin cities[link]

• Gaggenau
• Sieradz
• Boisbriand

See also[link]

• Communes of the Haute-Savoie department
• Annemasse Aerodrome

References[link]

• INSEE

Gallery[link]

• 

  Annemasse flag

• 

  Arve River near Annemasse

• 

  Annemasse Railway Station, main entrance

• 

  Annemasse Railway Station, platforms

• 

  City Hall

• 

  Saint-André church

External links[link]

• Annemasse Flag
• Annemasse Official Web site
• Annemasse in pictures

v t e Communes of the Haute-Savoie department Abondance Alby-sur-Chéran Alex Allèves Allinges Allonzier-la-Caille Amancy Ambilly Andilly Annecy Annecy-le-Vieux Annemasse Anthy-sur-Léman Arâches-la-Frasse Arbusigny Archamps Arenthon Argonay Armoy Arthaz-Pont-Notre-Dame Aviernoz Ayse Ballaison La Balme-de-Sillingy La Balme-de-Thuy Bassy La Baume Beaumont Bellevaux Bernex Le Biot Bloye Bluffy Boëge Bogève Bonne Bonnevaux Bonneville Bons-en-Chablais Bossey Le Bouchet Boussy Brenthonne Brizon Burdignin Cercier Cernex Cervens Chainaz-les-Frasses Challonges Chamonix-Mont-Blanc Champanges La Chapelle-d'Abondance La Chapelle-Rambaud La Chapelle-Saint-Maurice Chapeiry Charvonnex Châtel Châtillon-sur-Cluses Chaumont Chavannaz Chavanod Chêne-en-Semine Chênex Chens-sur-Léman Chessenaz Chevaline Chevenoz Chevrier Chilly Choisy Clarafond-Arcine Les Clefs Clermont La Clusaz Cluses Collonges-sous-Salève Combloux Cons-Sainte-Colombe Contamine-Sarzin Les Contamines-Montjoie Contamine-sur-Arve Copponex Cordon Cornier La Côte-d'Arbroz Cran-Gevrier Cranves-Sales Crempigny-Bonneguête Cruseilles Cusy Cuvat Demi-Quartier Desingy Dingy-en-Vuache Dingy-Saint-Clair Domancy Doussard Douvaine Draillant Droisy Duingt Éloise Entremont Entrevernes Épagny Essert-Romand Etaux Étercy Étrembières Évian-les-Bains Évires Excenevex Faucigny Faverges Feigères Fessy Féternes Fillinges La Forclaz Franclens Frangy Gaillard Les Gets Giez Le Grand-Bornand Groisy Gruffy Habère-Lullin Habère-Poche Hauteville-sur-Fier Héry-sur-Alby Les Houches Jonzier-Épagny Juvigny Larringes Lathuile Leschaux Loisin Lornay Lovagny Lucinges Lugrin Lullin Lully Lyaud Machilly Magland Manigod Marcellaz Marcellaz-Albanais Margencel Marignier Marigny-Saint-Marcel Marin Marlens Marlioz Marnaz Massingy Massongy Maxilly-sur-Léman Megève Mégevette Meillerie Menthonnex-en-Bornes Menthonnex-sous-Clermont Menthon-Saint-Bernard Mésigny Messery Metz-Tessy Meythet Mieussy Minzier Monnetier-Mornex Montagny-les-Lanches Montmin Montriond Mont-Saxonnex Morillon Morzine Moye La Muraz Mûres Musièges Nancy-sur-Cluses Nangy Nâves-Parmelan Nernier Neuvecelle Neydens Nonglard Novel Les Ollières Onnion Orcier Passy Peillonnex Perrignier Pers-Jussy Le Petit-Bornand-les-Glières Poisy Praz-sur-Arly Présilly Pringy Publier Quintal Reignier-Esery Le Reposoir Reyvroz La Rivière-Enverse La Roche-sur-Foron Rumilly Saint-André-de-Boëge Saint-Blaise Saint-Cergues Saint-Eusèbe Saint-Eustache Saint-Félix Saint-Ferréol Saint-Germain-sur-Rhône Saint-Gervais-les-Bains Saint-Gingolph Saint-Jean-d'Aulps Saint-Jean-de-Sixt Saint-Jean-de-Tholome Saint-Jeoire Saint-Jorioz Saint-Julien-en-Genevois Saint-Laurent Saint-Martin-Bellevue Saint-Paul-en-Chablais Saint-Pierre-en-Faucigny Saint-Sigismond Saint-Sixt Saint-Sylvestre Sales Sallanches Sallenôves Samoëns Le Sappey Savigny Saxel Scientrier Sciez Scionzier Serraval Servoz Sevrier Seynod Seyssel Seythenex Seytroux Sillingy Sixt-Fer-à-Cheval Talloires Taninges Thollon-les-Mémises Thônes Thonon-les-Bains Thorens-Glières Thusy Thyez La Tour Usinens Vacheresse Vailly Val-de-Fier Valleiry Vallières Vallorcine Vanzy Vaulx Veigy-Foncenex Verchaix La Vernaz Vers Versonnex Vétraz-Monthoux Veyrier-du-Lac Villard Les Villards-sur-Thônes Villaz Ville-en-Sallaz Ville-la-Grand Villy-le-Bouveret Villy-le-Pelloux Vinzier Viry Viuz-en-Sallaz Viuz-la-Chiésaz Vougy Vovray-en-Bornes Vulbens Yvoire

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Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet
Bust of Monnet at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands
President of the High Authority of the ECSC
In office 10 August 1952 – 3 June 1955
Preceded by	None
Succeeded by	René Mayer
Personal details
Born	(1888-11-09)9 November 1888 Cognac, Charente
Died	16 March 1979(1979-03-16) (aged 90) Houjarray, Bazoches-sur-Guyonne
Resting place	Panthéon, Paris, France 48°50′46″N 2°20′45″E / 48.84611°N 2.34583°E / 48.84611; 2.34583Coordinates: 48°50′46″N 2°20′45″E / 48.84611°N 2.34583°E / 48.84611; 2.34583
Citizenship	French
Spouse(s)	Silvia de Bondini (1934–1979)
Religion	Roman Catholic

Jean Omer Marie Gabriel Monnet (French pronunciation: [ʒɑ̃ mɔnɛ]; 9 November 1888 – 16 March 1979) was a French political economist and diplomat. He is regarded by many as a chief architect of European Unity^[1] and is regarded as one of its founding fathers. Never elected to public office, Monnet worked behind the scenes of American and European governments as a well-connected pragmatic internationalist.^[2]

Early years[link]

Memory plaque set up by the Jean Monnet Council after his death

Monnet was born in Cognac, Charente, into a family of cognac merchants. At the age of sixteen, he abandoned his university-entrance examinations part way through and moved to London where he spent some years in the City of London with Mr. Chaplin, the agent of his father's company. Subsequently, he traveled widely – to Scandinavia, Russia, Egypt, Canada, and the United States – for the family business.

World War I[link]

Monnet believed that the only path that would lead to an Allied victory lay in the merging of France and Britain's war efforts and he reflected on a concept that would co-ordinate war resources. In 1914, young Monnet was allowed to meet French Premier René Viviani on this issue. The French government agreed in principle upon his plans. During the first years of the war Monnet had not much success, promoting and pressing internationally for a better organization of the allied economic cooperation. However, finally, stronger combines like the Wheat Executive (end of 1916) and the Allied Maritime Transport Council (end of 1917) were set into work and had a big share^{[citation needed]} in winning the war.

Inter-war years[link]

At the Paris Peace Conference, Monnet was an assistant to the French minister of commerce and industry, Etienne Clémentel, who proposed a "new economic order" based on European cooperation. The scheme was officially rejected by the Allies in April 1919.^[3]

Due to his contributions to the war efforts, Monnet, at the age of thirty-one, was named Deputy Secretary General of the League of Nations upon its creation in 1919 by French premier Georges Clemenceau and British statesman Arthur Balfour.

Soon disillusioned with the League because of its laborious unanimous decision-making processes, Monnet resigned in 1923 in order to devote himself to managing the family business, which was experiencing difficulties. He returns into international politics and, as an international financier, he proved to be instrumental in the economic recovery of several Central and Eastern European nations, helping to stabilise the Polish zloty in 1927 and the Romanian leu in 1928. In 1929, his experience in international finance led him to found and co-manage the Bancamerica-Blair, a bank in San Francisco. From 1934 to 1936, at the invitation of Chiang Kai-shek, Monnet lived in China, assisting with the reorganization of the Chinese railway network.

World War II[link]

In December 1939, Monnet was sent to London to oversee the collectivization of British and French war production capacities. Monnet's influence inspired Charles de Gaulle and Winston Churchill to accept a plan for a union of France and the United Kingdom to rival the Pact of Steel alliance between Germany and Italy.^[4]

In August 1940, Monnet was sent to the United States by the British Government as a member of the British Supply Council, in order to negotiate the purchase of war supplies. Soon after his arrival in Washington, D.C., he became an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Convinced that America could serve as "the great arsenal of democracy" he persuaded the president to launch a massive arms production program to supply the Allies with military material. Shortly thereafter, in 1941, Roosevelt, with Churchill's agreement, launched the Victory Program, which represented the entry of the United States into the war effort. After the war, the British economist John Maynard Keynes was to say that through his co-ordinating Monnet had probably shortened World War II by one year.

In 1943, Monnet became a member of the National Liberation Committee, the would-be French government in exile in Algiers. During a meeting on 5 August 1943, Monnet declared to the Committee:

"There will be no peace in Europe, if the states are reconstituted on the basis of national sovereignty... The countries of Europe are too small to guarantee their peoples the necessary prosperity and social development. The European states must constitute themselves into a federation..."

The Monnet Plan[link]

French conclude agreement on lend-lease and reverse lend-lease. Jean Monnet, representative of the French Provisional Government signs agreements. Left to right: Henri Bonnet, French Ambassador, Joseph C. Grew, Undersecretary of State and Jean Monnet.

Following World War II France was in severe need of reconstruction. To rebuild, France was completely dependent on coal from Germany's main remaining coal-mining areas, the Ruhr area and the Saar area. (The German coal fields in Upper Silesia had been handed over for "Polish administration" by the Allies in 1945, see Oder-Neisse line.)

In 1945 Monnet proposed the Monnet Plan, also known as the theory of l’engrenage, not to be confused with Schuman plan, to take control of the remaining coal-producing German areas and redirect the production away from German industry and into French industry instead, permanently weakening Germany and raising the French economy considerably above its pre-war levels. The plan was adopted by Charles de Gaulle in early 1946.^[1]

In 1947 France, with U.S. support, removed the Saar from Germany and turned it into the Saar protectorate, nominally politically independent and under complete French economic control. The area returned to German political administration in 1957 (economic reunification would take many years longer), but France retained the right to mine from its coal mines until 1981 (see The Europeanization of the Saarland).

The Ruhr Agreement was imposed on the Germans as a condition for permitting them to establish the Federal Republic of Germany^[5] (see also the International Authority for the Ruhr (IAR)). The IAR controlled production levels, pricing, and to where the output was to be sold, thus ensuring that France received a large portion of the Ruhr coal production at low prices.

With the 1951 German agreement to join the European Coal and Steel Community (the "Schuman Plan") the ongoing Allied dismantling of German industry was finally stopped and some of the restrictions placed on German industrial output were lifted (see The British foreign ministers' 1949 letter to Schuman).

With the entry into force of the ECSC in 1952 the last civilian production limitations placed on German industry were lifted, and the role of the IAR was taken over by the ECSC^[6] (see The industrial plans for Germany).

A European ideal[link]

As the head of France's General Planning Commission, Monnet was the real author of what has become known as the 1950 Schuman Plan to create the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), forerunner of the Common Market.

European Coal and Steel Community[link]

Following liberation, Monnet proposed a "global plan for modernization and economic development" to the French government. Appointed Planning Commissioner by de Gaulle, he oversaw the revitalization of the French economy. It was from this position that, in 1949, Monnet realized that the friction between Germany and France for control of the Ruhr, the important coal and steel region, was rising to dangerous levels, presaging a possible return to hostilities as had happened after the First World War. Monnet and his associates conceived the idea of a European Community. On 9 May 1950, with the agreement of Chancellor Konrad Adenauer of West Germany, French Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Schuman made a declaration in the name of the French government. This declaration, prepared by Monnet for Schuman, proposed integration of the French and German coal and steel industries under joint control, a so-called High Authority, open to the other countries of Europe. Schuman declared:

"Through the consolidation of basic production and the institution of a new High Authority, whose decisions will bind France, Germany and the other countries that join, this proposal represents the first concrete step towards a European federation, imperative for the preservation of peace."^[7]

Shortly thereafter, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands responded favorably, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was born. Britain was invited to participate, but it refused on grounds of national sovereignty. In 1952, Jean Monnet became the first president of the High Authority. In 1953 Monnet was awarded the Karlspreis by the city of Aachen in recognition of his achievements.

Common Market[link]

In 1955, Monnet founded the Action Committee for the United States of Europe in order to revive European construction following the failure of the European Defense Community (EDC). It brought political parties and European trade unions together to become a driving force behind the initiatives which laid the foundation for the European Union as it eventually emerged: first the European Economic Community (EEC) (1958) (known commonly as the "Common Market"), which was established by the Treaty of Rome of 1957; later the European Community (1967) with its corresponding bodies, the European Commission and the European Council of Ministers, British membership in the Community (1973), the European Council (1974), the European Monetary System (1979), and the European Parliament (1979). This process reflected Monnet's belief in a gradualist approach for constructing European unity.

On 6 December 1963, Monnet was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, with Special Distinction, by President Lyndon Johnson. After retiring to his home in Houjarray, Bazoches-sur-Guyonne, Monnet wrote his memoirs.

He died in 1979 at the age of 90. In 1988, by order of the president François Mitterrand, Jean Monnet's remains were transferred to the Panthéon of Paris.

Marriage[link]

In August 1929, during a dinner party in Paris, the 41-year-old Monnet met the 22-year-old Italian painter Silvia Giannini (born in Bondini in 1907). She had recently (6 April 1929) married Francisco Giannini, an employee of Monnet when he was a representative in Italy.

In April 1931, Silvia had a child, Anna. Legally, the father was Francisco Giannini.

Divorce was not allowed in France and many other European countries at that time. In 1934, Silvia and Jean Monnet met in Moscow; he had come from China via the Trans-Siberian, she from Switzerland.^[1] He arranged for Silvia to obtain Soviet citizenship; she immediately divorced her husband and married Jean Monnet.

The idea for the Moscow marriage came from Dr. Ludwik Rajchman, whom Monnet met during his time at the League of Nations (Rajchman was connected to the Soviet Ambassador to China, Bogomolov). It seems that the American and French ambassadors in Moscow, William Bullitt and Charles Aiphand, also played a role.

The custody of Anna was a problem; in 1935 Silvia took refuge with Anna in the Soviet consulate in Shanghai, where they were living at the time, because Francisco Giannini was trying to obtain custody of the child. The legal battle continued with a ruling in favour of Silvia in 1937 in New York, but this was not recognized in some other countries. In 1941, they had another child, Marianne. The Monnet family returned to France in 1945.

After the death of Francisco Giannini in 1974, they married canonically in the cathedral of Lourdes.

Influence[link]

The Jean Monnet Building of the European Commission is named for him.

Several European universities honour Monnet. The University of Limerick, Ireland, has a lecture theatre named after him. British educational institutions which honor Monnet include the Jean Monet Centre of Excellence at King's College London, the East Midlands Euro-Centre at Loughborough University, the European Research Institute at the University of Bath,^[8] the Jean Monnet Centre at the University of Birmingham,^[9] the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence at Cambridge,^[10] the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellenceat the University of Essex,^[11] the Centre for European Union Studies at the University of Hull,^[12] the Kent Centre for Europe at the University of Kent,^[13] the Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence,^[14] a partnership between the University of Manchester, Manchester Metropolitan University and the University of Salford, the Jean Monnet Centre at Newcastle University^[15] and the Jean Monnet Centre for European Studies at the University of Wales.^[16]

In April 2011, to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the signing of the Treaty of Paris, a new documentary, "Jean Monnet: Father of Europe" was produced.^[17] The documentary includes interviews with Monnet colleagues such as Georges Berthoin, Max Kohnstamm, Jacques-René Rabier as well as former member of the European Court of Justice David A.O. Edward of the United Kingdom.

The European Union itself maintains his memory with the Jean Monnet Programme^[18] of the Directorate-General for Education and Culture. This aims to promote knowledge on European integration on a worldwide scale, especially at the university level.

See also[link]

• History of the European Union
• Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe

Sources[link]

• John F. Kennedy Presidential Library & Museum

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Wells, Sherill Brown. Jean Monnet: Unconventional Statesman (Lynne Rienner Publishers; 2011) 279 pages; a political biography
• Jean Monnet: Memoirs, London 1978.
• Jean Monnet: The First Statesman of Interdependence by Francois Duchene (1994); ISBN 0-393-03497-6
• Christophe Le Dréau, « Quelle Europe ? Les projets d’Union franco-britannique (1938–1940) », dans Actes du Colloque RICHIE de mars 2005, Quelle(s) Europe(s) ? Nouvelles approches en histoire de l'intégration européenne, Bruxelles, Peter Lang, 2006.
• "Jean Monnet: Father of Europe" documentary by Don C. Smith, Denver, Colorado, 2011.

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Jean Monnet

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jean Monnet

• Multimedia biography
• Jean Monnet – European NAvigator
• Photograph (1953-01-10): Jean Monnet and Walter Layton – European NAvigator

v t e European Commission Presidents and their Commissions ECSC: Jean Monnet (1952) • René Mayer (1955) • Paul Finet (1958) • Piero Malvestiti (1959) • Rinaldo Del Bo (1963) • Albert Coppé (1963) EAEC: Louis Armand (1958) • Étienne Hirsch (1959) • Pierre Chatenet (1962) EEC: Walter Hallstein (1958)2 EC: Jean Rey (1967) • Franco Maria Malfatti (1970) • Sicco Mansholt (1972) • François-Xavier Ortoli (1973) • Roy Jenkins (1977) • Gaston Thorn (1981) • Jacques Delors (1985)2 EU: Jacques Delors (1993) • Jacques Santer (1995) • Manuel Marín (1999) • Romano Prodi (1999) • José Manuel Barroso (2004)2 Commission President  · President of the European Council  · Council Presidency  · President of Parliament