Prose is the most typical form of language, applying ordinary grammatical structure and natural flow of speech rather than rhythmic structure (as in traditional poetry). While there are critical debates on the construction of prose, its simplicity and loosely defined structure has led to its adoption for the majority of spoken dialogue, factual discourse as well as topical and fictional writing. It is commonly used, for example, in literature, newspapers, magazines, encyclopedias, broadcasting, film, history, philosophy, law and many other forms of communication.

Structure[link]

Novels, essays, short stories, and works of criticism are examples of prose. Other examples include: comedy, drama, fable, fiction, folk tale, hagiography, legend, literature, myth, narrative, saga, science fiction, story, theme, tragedy.

Prose lacks the more formal metrical structure of verse that is almost always found in traditional poetry. Poems often involve a meter and/or rhyme scheme. Prose, instead, comprises full, grammatical sentences, which then constitute paragraphs and overlook aesthetic appeal. Some works of prose do contain traces of metrical structure or versification and a conscious blend of the two literature formats is known as prose poetry. Similarly, any work of verse with fewer rules and restrictions is known as free verse. Verse is considered to be more systematic or formulaic, whereas prose is the most reflective of ordinary (often conversational) speech. On this point Samuel Taylor Coleridge requested, jokingly, that novice poets should know the "definitions of prose and poetry; that is, prose,—words in their best order; poetry,—the best words in their best order."^[1] In Molière's play Le Bourgeois gentilhomme, Monsieur Jourdain asked for something to be written in neither verse nor prose. A philosophy master replied that "there is no other way to express oneself than with prose or verse," for the simple reason being that "everything that is not prose is verse, and everything that is not verse is prose."^[2]

Types[link]

There are many types of prose, including nonfictional prose, heroic prose, prose poem, polyphonic prose, alliterative prose, prose fiction and village prose in Russian literature.^[3] A prose poem is a composition in prose that has some of the qualities of a poem.^[4]

See also[link]

• English literature
• Postmodern literature

References[link]

MC Solaar
MC Solaar
Background information
Birth name	Claude M'Barali
Born	(1969-03-05) March 5, 1969 (age 43)
Origin	France, Chad, Senegal
Genres	French hip hop, jazz-rap, pop-rap
Years active	1990–present
Labels	Phonogram, Elektra

MC Solaar (born Claude M'Barali, March 5, 1969) is a francophone hip hop and rap artist. He is one of the most internationally popular and influential French rappers.^[1][2]

MC Solaar is known for his complex lyrics, which rely on word play, lyricism, and inquiry. In the English-speaking world, Solaar was signed by London acid jazz label Talkin' Loud and recorded with British group Urban Species and the late Guru, member of the acclaimed New York duo Gang Starr. He has since released seven studio records and one live album and currently lives with his wife, French actress Chloé Bensemoun, their son Roman and daughter Bonnie.

Biography[link]

Early life and debut[link]

Claude M'Barali was born in Dakar, Senegal to parents of Chadian origin. When he was six months old his parents emigrated to France where they eventually settled in the Paris suburb of Villeneuve-Saint-Georges. At age twelve he went to Egypt for nine months where he discovered the Zulu Nation and became fascinated with the rapping styles of Afrika Bambaataa.^[3] Upon his return he began to focus perhaps more on music but still studied enough to pass the baccalauréat. It has been said that his constant support from his mother was one of the reasons that he was able to pass the baccalauréat and still create music. He coined the stage name MC Solaar in his teens from his graffiti tags "SOAR" and "SOLAAR".^[1]

MC Solaar describes his early influences before a London gig in 2011, to radio producer Pete Shevlin.

He studied languages at the Jussieu university campus and was a post-graduate in philosophy.^[1] He released his first single in 1990. MC Solaar went to Paris in the summer of 1991 with his friend Jimmy Jay in hopes of succeeding in the music industry. Success came quickly when his first single, Bouge de là ("Move Out of My Way"), based on a sample from Cymande's song The Message (1973) became a hit in early 1990s. This song was all about brushing people to the side and not having time for them; this is evident in the lyrics, of which an excerpt follows (translated to English):

Directly I went to Lucy's
Who loves dogs, cats and TV pet's shows
She says 'Do you love beasts, you my super MC'
I said 'Yeah, lov'em, with salt and well cooked'
She said 'Move out my way'. ^[4]

Many rappers who came out of Africa at the time spoke a lot about slavery and other topics in order to bring the history of their people into light.^[5] Nevertheless, the song went platinum in France and ascended to number five on the national charts.

[edit] 1991–1997: Early success and Prose Combat breakthrough

After the success of Bouge de là, Solaar went on to support the famous American rap group De La Soul when they performed at the Olympia in Paris in September 1991. At the close of 1991 Solaar released Qui Sème le Vent Récolte le Tempo which went on to sell over 400,000 copies in France.^[1] With the success of his début album in France, the French rapper embarked upon extensive tours of Poland and Russia. In December 1992 he performed in twelve countries in West Africa, where his French rap style proved extremely popular with African music fans.^[6]

MC Solaar returned to the studio in 1994, recording the album Prose Combat. It sold 100,000 copies in the first week of its release and became a best seller in 20 other countries. He was rewarded for his efforts when in February 1995 he received an award for Best Male Singer of the Year at the 10th edition of the French "Victoires de la Musique" awards. Also in 1994, MC Solaar appeared on the Red Hot Organization's compilation album, Stolen Moments: Red Hot + Cool. The album, meant to raise awareness and funds in support of the AIDS epidemic in relation to the African American community, was heralded as Album of the Year by Time.

Solaar went back to the studio in 1997 with longtime friend and producer Jimmy Jay to record his third album, Paradisiaque. The album was another success, which led to an extensive European tour starting on January 9 at the Zénith in Paris. His talents led to international interest from places such as Germany in Europe and all the way to Japan and the United States not long after. He was even included as a guest on American rapper Guru's "Jazzmatazz" project and one of his songs was included in the Tommy Boy rap compilation in the States.^[1]

Early on in MC Solaar's career it was important for him to share the struggles and the different hardships for Black people that migrated to France and tried to make a living. Most of his music was dedicated to enlightening the population of a specific deeper message that connected to him in his life. "...he addresses the conditions under which Black people have migrated to and settled in France. In the piece 'Leve-toi et rap,' he describes his Chadian parents' migration from Senegal to a Parisian suburb, the main stages of his teenage years and how he finally came to discover rap."^[5] In an interview MC Solaar described the feeling of making a song and the thought process while just writing any part of lyrics that go into his music. "I write quickly, because of the music, he tells me. It’s much easier if you have the music, the rhythm, but I am fast. First, I have taken in “everything.” Do you never write before the music? Ah. I used to, he admits. But when I met the music, I changed."^[2]

[edit] 1997–2003: Cinquième As and Mach 6

Solaar's career continued to evolve throughout the late nineties and into the new millennium. He released Cinquième As in 2001 to critical acclaim and Mach 6 in 2003. In the album's third track, "Lève-Toi et Rap", Solaar describes his parents' Chadian emigration as well as his own roots growing up in Villeneuve-Saint-Georges and Cairo.^[5] Towards the beginning of the song he says: Puis trip en Egypte, Ecole Française du Caire/ Pour parfaire mon flow et mon vocabulaire/ Là j'ai appris l'humilité, la peur des cartouches/ Pur style de sniper camouflage paw-mouche, which, translated, roughly means he spent time at a French school in Cairo, perfecting his rapping style and learning how to survive a dangerous lifestyle. Critic Dan Gennoe attests to Solaar's "flow et vocabulaire" by noting "the flow of his words is staggering, as are the low-slung grooves that they roll to; deftly vaulting all language barriers." ^[7]

The cover of Cinquieme As depicts Solaar topless, and draws comparisons to captives about to be taken onto a slave ship. However, a look at the inside cover reveals Solaar to be in a wrestler's costume, along with the other men in the picture.^[8] As Veronique Helenon discusses in her article concerning the French hip hop scene, references to Africa and "blackness" are a very important part of Solaar's music. Solaar recognizes and pays tribute to the African presence in France by using boxing and wrestling references. Senegalese boxer Battling Siki is referenced in the album's booklet. Although Siki won the light heavyweight boxing championship in 1922, he still faced racism from journalists.^[5] This image combined with songs concerning colonial oppression and the migration experience from Africa to France show Solaar's "blackness," something that is extremely important in France's hip hop scene. For example, in his song 'Les Colonies', Solaar discusses the similarities between the oppression of Africans by colonialists to the modern day exploitation of "third world" countries. "Cinquième As" includes lyrics in French, English, and Spanish, which represents his ideals that rap should be inclusive of all people.^[2]

[edit] 2004–Present: Chapitre 7 and international acclaim

"Da Vinci Claude", the first single from Solaar's album Chapitre 7, was launched in March 2007. The album was released June 18, 2007. In early 2004, his 2001 song "La Belle et Le Bad Boy" was featured on the final episode of the popular television series Sex and the City. The MTV series "The Hills" featured the song as well. MC Solaar is best known outside of France for his work on Guru's Jazzmatazz project and as a guest rapper on the Missy Elliott track "All N My Grill". Collaboration with Elliot propelled him to higher popularity in the American market. The single "Le Bien, Le Mal" (The Good, The Bad) has been a Hip Hop/Dance crossover hit and has received playtime on MTV, which characterizes his work this way: "His fluid phrasing makes up for his lack of English, and the production on his solo work (by DJ Jimmy Jay and Boom Bass of La Funk Mob) surpasses that of most of his hip-hop contemporaries."^[9]

MC Solaar is one of the few French rappers having success in the English-dominated American hip hop culture. Solaar has appeared in many Bollywood movies like Hum Tum. MC Solaar has released a few songs which never appeared on albums, including "Comme dans un film" (falsely known as "John Woo") and "Inch'Allah". He has criticized people for illegal downloading and producing altered versions of his albums Mach 6 and Chapitre 7.^{[citation needed]}

Personal life[link]

On December 7, 2003, MC Solaar married Chloé Bensemoun and on May 7, 2004, she gave birth to the couple's first child, Roman.^[6] In 2007, she gave birth to a girl named Bonnie.

Discography[link]

• Qui Sème le Vent Récolte le Tempo (1991)
• Prose Combat (1994)
• Paradisiaque (1997)
• MC Solaar (1998)
• Le Tour de la Question (2 CD) (1998)
• Cinquième As (2001)
• Mach 6 (2003)
• Chapitre 7 (2007)
• Magnum 567 (2011)

References and footnotes[link]

Angel Haze
Angel Haze performing in October 2012
Background information
Birth name	Raykeea Wilson
Born	July 1991 Detroit, Michigan, United States[1]
Origin	Brooklyn, New York City, New York, United States
Genres	Midwest hip hop, Rap, Hip hop
Occupations	Rapper, singer, lyricist
Years active	2010—present
Labels	Universal Republic, Republic (US) Island (UK)
Website	www.angelhazemusic.com

Raykeea Wilson^[2] (born July 1991^[3]), better known by her stage name Angel Haze, is an American rapper and lyricist signed to Universal Republic and Island. She was born in Michigan and grew up in the Greater Apostolic Faith.^[4] She lives in Springfield, Virginia.^[5]

Career[link]

Angel Haze released her EP Reservation for free online in July 2012. In 2012, she took part in the BET Hip-Hop Award's Cypher. She was also featured on Funk Volume artist Dizzy Wright's mixtape SmokeOut Conversations, on the remix track for "Can't Trust Em". The song also featured new Funk Volume artist Jarren Benton. On her 2012 mixtape Classick, she recorded a version of Eminem’s song, "Cleanin' Out My Closet". Earbuddy's John Downey wrote, "Haze’s take on Slim Shady’s classic tune might be the superior product."^[6] It was announced that Universal Republic Records was going defunct, making artists including Haze to move from its roster to the revived Republic Records.^[7]

On December 9, 2012, the BBC announced that she had been nominated for the Sound of 2013 poll.^[8]

On January 3, 2013, Haze released a diss track supposedly aimed at Azealia Banks, titled "On the Edge".^[9][10]

Discography[link]

Mixtapes[link]

Guest appearances[link]

Music videos[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Angel Haze's channel on YouTube
• Angel Haze interview for BEAT

bg:Ейнджъл Хейз

de:Angel Haze ro:Angel Haze