- published: 09 Dec 2010
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Milla nine
Every new year we see jah beside we
Every new year we see ah jah a guide we
More black people use to disappointment
So we didn't even ah watch last year happenings
Nah dwell pon di past ("kiss teeth")
You zimmi
Dah new year yah mi wah see di dollar sign deh
Mi nuh pree di past mi eye blind yea (oh)
Is ah new beginning mi ah look for
Mi nuh know weh two thousand nine deh
Fi two thousand and ten oh ten
Tank yuh father mi eye open
Mi spend a bagga songstar last year
Dar area ah sharer mi waan spend
Mi done wid every badmind old friend
Mi done wid every golddiger girlfriend
Mi ah save every money weh mi meck
Fi protect miself an mi pitney dem
Cah remember last year
January, february, march
Mi ah look fi di money but nut'n ever ah gwan
April, may, june
Mi ah look sameway mi nuh see weh money gone
Julyyyy august september nut'n sameway
October (nut'n) november (nut'n) december
[Chorus:]
This is a new year
Different design
Ghetto youte different state a mind
Mi ah hold ah different meditation
Tings weh mi do two thousand nine (dem different)
Two thousand and ten (dem different)
Two thousand and ten (dem different)
Two thousand and ten (dem different)
Two thousand and ten
Ghetto youte it's dah talk you fi hear
Hope and faith bring in di new year
Mi member wen mi have ah one nike air
And mi one blue jeans did tear
Mi haffi sponge pon chegear fi ah beer
Beg ah spliff from boe over deh
Father god tru hope and meditation
In ih first bwoy launch ah career
But remember last year
January, febuary, march
Mi ah look fi di money but nut'n never gwan
April, may, june
Mi ah look sameway mi nuh see weh money gone
Julyyyy august septemberr nut'n sameway
October (nut'n) november (nut'n) december
[Chorus:]
This is a new year
Different design
Ghetto youte different state a mind
Mi ah hold ah different meditation
Tings weh mi do two thousand nine (dem different)
Two thousand and ten (dem different)
Two thousand and ten (dem different)
Two thousand and ten (dem different)
Two thousand and ten
More black people use to disappointment
So we didn't even ah watch last year happenings
Nah dwell pon di past ("kissteeth")
You zimmi
Dah new year yah mi wah see di dollar sign deh
Mi nuh pree di past mi eye blind yea (oh)
Is ah new begining mi ah look for
Mi nuh know weh two thousand nine deh
Fi two thousand and ten oh ten
Tank yuh father mi eye open
Mi spend a bagga songstar last year
Dar area ah sharer mi waan spend
Mi done wid every badmind old friend
Mi done wid every golddiger girlfriend
Mi ah save every money weh mi meck
Fi protect miself an mi pitney dem
Cah remember last year
January, february, march
Mi ah look fi di money but nut'n never gwan
April, may, june
Mi ah look same way mi nuh see weh money gone
Julyyyy august september nut'n sameway
October (nut'n) november (nut'n) december
[Chorus:]
This is a new year
Different design
Ghetto youte different state a mind
Mi ah hold ah different meditation
Tings weh mi do two thousand nine (dem different)
Two thousand and ten (dem different)
Two thousand and ten (dem different)
Two thousand and ten (dem different)
I was on Miami Beach
Saw the girl of my fantasy
She was into finer things
Bathing suits and diamond belly rings
She was something like I've never seen
Made me blow the whistle like the referee
Inside her is where I plan to be
And so to get her I'd do anything
Maybe even start a family
Or even get a house in Sandy Springs
She's so lovely like a melody
So baby, won't you come and jam with me?
And she was so cool
Like the other side of a pillow
So baby, let's groove
Like an instrumental
And she was so cool
Like the other side of a pillow
So baby, let's groove
Like an instrumental
Well come on over to my place
No need to be wasting time
You really must be from Outer Space
Cause' you really is blowing my mind
Now I done been from state to state
But I ain't never seen your kind
Cause' every single time I look at you
Sends a tingling down my spine
Well girl, you must be mighty exhausted
Running these laps through my mind so often
Cause' I been falling, and I been calling
I think I need a map cause' I'm so lost in
The things you do when you brush your hair
When you take it to the side and toss it over there
And it ain't that fair, cause' the way she move
I stare
And she was so cool
Like the other side of a pillow
So baby, let's groove
Like an instrumental
And she was so cool
Like the other side of a pillow
So baby, let's groove
Like an instrumental
And she's so cool
Cool like a pool in the middle of June
I sweep her off her feet
I guess you could say that I give her the broom
And she gets so international with it
Whenever she get in the mood
Cause' she's so Australlian
Down under on my didgeridoo
And she be killing it too, yeah
When she go in for the gold
Like a gymnast move
Oh, and what they saying is true
Yeah, a lady in the bed but a freak in the room
That's why she's cooly, cooly, cooly
Like a smoothie and jacuzzi
The opposite of Judge Judy
When she on duty
And she feeling me too
And she was so cool
Like the other side of a pillow
So baby, let's groove
Like an instrumental
And she was so cool
Like the other side of a pillow
So baby, let's groove
Meine Zeit wird kommen
Meine Zeit wird kommen im Jahr 2010
Wenn wir uns wiedersehen
Meine Zeit wird kommen im Jahr 2010
Meine Zeit wird kommen
Hey, ich seh'es Dir doch an
Du denkst ich kriege nichts gebacken
Und darum pflanzt Du deine Zukunftsangst in meinen Nacken
Hey, Du willst'n Job bei der Deutschen Bank
Am Besten für ein Leben lang
Erst die Arbeit, was kommt dann
Ein Baby und ein Ehemann
Hey, ich bin noch nicht so weit
Ich brauch'n bisschen mehr Zeit
Meine Zeit wird kommen im Jahr 2010, wenn wir uns wiedersehen
Meine Zeit wird kommen im Jahr 2010
Meine Zeit wird kommen im Jahr 2010, wenn wir uns wiedersehen
Meine Zeit wird kommen im Jahr 2010
Hey, Du sagst es macht doch keinen Sinn in der heutigen Realität
Du weißt noch nicht wohin, mit deiner Kreativität
Dann gehe doch zum Arbeitsamt und oute Dich als Künstler
Sie gaben mir eine Stelle als Frisör in Neumünster
Nein, nein, ich will mich nicht festlegen
Will mich noch ein Stück bewegen
Lebe in den Tag hinein
Brauch nicht viel zum überleben
Ich wohn' in einem Loch
Doch ich lebe noch
Ich bin noch nicht soweit
Ich brauche Zeit
3x)
Meine Zeit wird kommen im Jahr 2010, wenn wir uns wiedersehen
Meine Zeit wird kommen im Jahr 2010
Meine Zeit wird kommen im Jahr 2010, wenn wir uns wiedersehen
Meine Zeit wird kommen im Jahr 2010
Two Popes are left China wants Jerusalem President Elect
Ballot boxes underhanded. The luner eclipse Mother Earth
Is shakin' fleas the dog's creepin' in animals are followin'
They've got yer friends under wraps by the government
We're close to the end yer just a man, ya can't predict.
Two thousand and ten, law none average washed up waters,
Last one on earth aliens, Nixon, Johnson,
Reagan all for one and all, assassination.
Roswell was no balloon Oswald was not alone
You Know You're Framed
When All Gets Walled
Nothing In,
And Nothing Out
Buildings Fall,
And Profits Rise
The Truth Is Burned
You Fall In Line
2010
Marching Towards The End
2010
The Struggle Carries On
Bethlehem,
Behind Those Walls
Jerusalem,
Stained in Blood
Evil Men
Control Our Fate
Wicked Men,
Signal Our End.
2010
Marching Towards The End
2010
The Struggle Carries On
Lyrics & Music by
Meredith Rollo
(c)2010 CDM_Music/MJRollo
SoCAN / ASCAP
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Zeitgeist 2010: Year in Review
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- Duration: 2:54
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- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:49
- Updated: 11 Mar 2013
"Pop Danthology 2010" Music and video mashed by Daniel Kim Finally, here it is guys! My first club/radio play-ready mash-up of some of the pop hits of 2010 w...
http://wn.com/2010_Pop_Mashup_Pop_Danthology_2010
"Pop Danthology 2010" Music and video mashed by Daniel Kim Finally, here it is guys! My first club/radio play-ready mash-up of some of the pop hits of 2010 w...
- published: 23 Jan 2011
- views: 1360656
- author: kimaginati0n
Cold Fish (2010) - Official Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 10 Mar 2013
An exciting Japanese high-tension thriller, chosen for his year's CPH PIX festival in Copenhagen. 'Cold Fish' is the long-awaited serial murder drama by this...
http://wn.com/Cold_Fish_2010_Official_Trailer
An exciting Japanese high-tension thriller, chosen for his year's CPH PIX festival in Copenhagen. 'Cold Fish' is the long-awaited serial murder drama by this...
- published: 22 Apr 2011
- views: 46310815
- author: triviatrailers
Janey Cutler - Britain's Got Talent 2010 - Auditions Week 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:08
- Updated: 11 Mar 2013
Britain's Got Talent: 80-year-old Janey Cutler has been told she has a wonderful singing voice, and her friends have been egging her on to enter the competit...
http://wn.com/Janey_Cutler_Britain's_Got_Talent_2010_Auditions_Week_4
Britain's Got Talent: 80-year-old Janey Cutler has been told she has a wonderful singing voice, and her friends have been egging her on to enter the competit...
- published: 08 May 2010
- views: 13122789
- author: BritainsGotTalent09
Eric Clapton - BB King -Crossroads 2010 - Live
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:59
- Updated: 11 Mar 2013
Thank for 3.000.000.
http://wn.com/Eric_Clapton_BB_King_-Crossroads_2010_Live
Waka Waka (This Time for Africa) (The Official 2010 FIFA ...
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:31
- Updated: 11 Mar 2013
Music video by Shakira featuring Freshlyground performing Waka Waka (This Time for Africa) (The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup (TM) Song). (C) 2010 Sony Music ...
http://wn.com/Waka_Waka_This_Time_for_Africa_The_Official_2010_FIFA_
Music video by Shakira featuring Freshlyground performing Waka Waka (This Time for Africa) (The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup (TM) Song). (C) 2010 Sony Music ...
- published: 04 Jun 2010
- views: 511828419
- author: shakiraVEVO
The 2010 State of the Union Address
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 69:45
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
President Obama speaks about restoring security for middle class families after a lost decade of declining wages, eroding retirement security and escalating ...
http://wn.com/The_2010_State_of_the_Union_Address
President Obama speaks about restoring security for middle class families after a lost decade of declining wages, eroding retirement security and escalating ...
- published: 28 Jan 2010
- views: 485719
- author: whitehouse
Nike Write The Future - World Cup 2010 Commercial
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
The 2010 FIFA World Cup will be the 19th FIFA World Cup, the premier international football tournament. RONALDINHO RONALDO DROGBA ROONEY PORTUGAL FABREGAS.
http://wn.com/Nike_Write_The_Future_World_Cup_2010_Commercial
The 2010 FIFA World Cup will be the 19th FIFA World Cup, the premier international football tournament. RONALDINHO RONALDO DROGBA ROONEY PORTUGAL FABREGAS.
- published: 22 May 2010
- views: 3046031
- author: pedro neves
Apple iPad: Steve Jobs Keynote Jan 27 2010 Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:00
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
http://www.iPadInsider.com Apple iPad: Steve Jobs Keynote Jan 27 2010 Part 1 I skipped the video right before Steve talks about the iPad.
http://wn.com/Apple_iPad_Steve_Jobs_Keynote_Jan_27_2010_Part_1
http://www.iPadInsider.com Apple iPad: Steve Jobs Keynote Jan 27 2010 Part 1 I skipped the video right before Steve talks about the iPad.
- published: 28 Jan 2010
- views: 2541938
- author: iPadInsider
Damien Walters 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:44
- Updated: 11 Mar 2013
Training and new things early in 2010 Tumbling Gymnastics Freerunning Stunts "Derby City Gymnastics Club" parkour PK l'art du déplacement traceur traceuse éq...
http://wn.com/Damien_Walters_2010
Training and new things early in 2010 Tumbling Gymnastics Freerunning Stunts "Derby City Gymnastics Club" parkour PK l'art du déplacement traceur traceuse éq...
- published: 01 May 2010
- views: 20401134
- author: damienwalters
Opening Ceremony - Complete Event - Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 189:48
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
See every second of the memorable opening ceremony at the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games. http://www.olympic.org/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-...
http://wn.com/Opening_Ceremony_Complete_Event_Vancouver_2010_Winter_Olympic_Games
See every second of the memorable opening ceremony at the Vancouver 2010 Winter Olympic Games. http://www.olympic.org/content/Olympic-Games/All-Past-Olympic-...
- published: 11 Apr 2010
- views: 585031
- author: olympicvancouver2010
Lena - Satellite (Germany)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 10 Mar 2013
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Lena will represent Germany with the song Satellite at the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest in Oslo (Norway), taking place on...
http://wn.com/Lena_Satellite_Germany
Powered by http://www.eurovision.tv Lena will represent Germany with the song Satellite at the 2010 Eurovision Song Contest in Oslo (Norway), taking place on...
- published: 24 Mar 2010
- views: 38847755
- author: eurovision
BATTLE OF THE YEAR 2010 BBOY 1on1 BATTLE | YAK FILMS + KRADDY + BOTY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:20
- Updated: 10 Mar 2013
Song "Android Porn" by Kraddy. LIKE US ON FACEBOOK http://www.facebook.com/pages/YAKfilmscom/343407395450 BOTY DVD COMING SOON - visit: http://www.battleofth...
http://wn.com/BATTLE_OF_THE_YEAR_2010_BBOY_1on1_BATTLE_|_YAK_FILMS_+_KRADDY_+_BOTY
Song "Android Porn" by Kraddy. LIKE US ON FACEBOOK http://www.facebook.com/pages/YAKfilmscom/343407395450 BOTY DVD COMING SOON - visit: http://www.battleofth...
- published: 25 Nov 2010
- views: 6559519
- author: YAKfilms
Ну погоди (Новый сезон 2010/20)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:53
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
Полюбившийся мультфильм, продолжение.
http://wn.com/Ну_погоди_Новый_сезон_2010_20
Полюбившийся мультфильм, продолжение.
- published: 04 Dec 2010
- views: 26790930
- author: multserialofficial
Sir Ken Robinson: Bring on the learning revolution!
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 20:57
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
http://www.ted.com In this poignant, funny follow-up to his fabled 2006 talk, Sir Ken Robinson makes the case for a radical shift from standardized schools t...
http://wn.com/Sir_Ken_Robinson_Bring_on_the_learning_revolution!
http://www.ted.com In this poignant, funny follow-up to his fabled 2006 talk, Sir Ken Robinson makes the case for a radical shift from standardized schools t...
- published: 24 May 2010
- views: 572349
- author: TEDtalksDirector
The Regurgitator - Britain's Got Talent 2010 - Auditions Week 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:32
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
Britain's Got Talent: The act featured in this clip is extremely dangerous. Under no circumstances should this act be attempted at home. 47-year-old Stevie S...
http://wn.com/The_Regurgitator_Britain's_Got_Talent_2010_Auditions_Week_2
Britain's Got Talent: The act featured in this clip is extremely dangerous. Under no circumstances should this act be attempted at home. 47-year-old Stevie S...
- published: 24 Apr 2010
- views: 17552881
- author: BritainsGotTalent09
APA Format Setup in Word 2010
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:13
- Updated: 08 Mar 2013
UPDATED VERSION: http://bit.ly/ogujTD Recorded and produced by Patrick S. Love for the Daytona State College Writing Center, 2011. NOTE: At 4:12, I didn't re...
http://wn.com/APA_Format_Setup_in_Word_2010
UPDATED VERSION: http://bit.ly/ogujTD Recorded and produced by Patrick S. Love for the Daytona State College Writing Center, 2011. NOTE: At 4:12, I didn't re...
- published: 25 Aug 2011
- views: 25559
- author: DSCWritingCenter
YouTube Rewind 2010: Year in Review
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:26
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
See what the world watched on YouTube in 2010 with YouTube Rewind: http://www.youtube.com/rewind Re-watch the year's most popular videos and use the interact...
http://wn.com/YouTube_Rewind_2010_Year_in_Review
See what the world watched on YouTube in 2010 with YouTube Rewind: http://www.youtube.com/rewind Re-watch the year's most popular videos and use the interact...
- published: 13 Dec 2010
- views: 1001855
- author: YouTube
The Experiment (2010) - Official Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:16
- Updated: 10 Mar 2013
A great psychological thriller, produced by none other than KADDAFI'S son...(Saadi Kaddafi). 26 men are chosen to participate in the roles of guards and pris...
http://wn.com/The_Experiment_2010_Official_Trailer
A great psychological thriller, produced by none other than KADDAFI'S son...(Saadi Kaddafi). 26 men are chosen to participate in the roles of guards and pris...
- published: 17 Mar 2011
- views: 1482365
- author: triviatrailers
Tobias Mead - Britain's Got Talent 2010 - Auditions Week 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:45
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
Britain's Got Talent: At first you wonder why Tobias' hoody is on the wrong way around, but soon it becomes clear. With his body popping and fluid movements ...
http://wn.com/Tobias_Mead_Britain's_Got_Talent_2010_Auditions_Week_1
Britain's Got Talent: At first you wonder why Tobias' hoody is on the wrong way around, but soon it becomes clear. With his body popping and fluid movements ...
- published: 17 Apr 2010
- views: 19887013
- author: BritainsGotTalent09
Tutorial - Excel 2010 - 10 Things you must know
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:22
- Updated: 09 Mar 2013
Tutorial explaining 10 of the most common must-know features in Microsoft Excel 2010, Excel is used world-wide and this tutorial shows slightly beyond the ba...
http://wn.com/Tutorial_Excel_2010_10_Things_you_must_know
Tutorial explaining 10 of the most common must-know features in Microsoft Excel 2010, Excel is used world-wide and this tutorial shows slightly beyond the ba...
- published: 07 Aug 2011
- views: 338127
- author: Ilan Patao
Invention of Love (2010) - Animated Short Film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:45
- Updated: 11 Mar 2013
A love story from the world of gears and bolts. Animated short 2010 (Graduation project) Inspired by Lotte Reiniger works and Antony Lucas's Jasper Morello f...
http://wn.com/Invention_of_Love_2010_Animated_Short_Film
A love story from the world of gears and bolts. Animated short 2010 (Graduation project) Inspired by Lotte Reiniger works and Antony Lucas's Jasper Morello f...
- published: 25 Aug 2010
- views: 4055840
- author: Andrey Shushkov
Robocup 2010 Germany / Germany (Final)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:24
- Updated: 08 Mar 2013
Robocup 2010 Singapore: Day 4 (Final) Robot Soccer: Humanoid League (Kid size) Darmstadt Dribblers (Germany): 7 FUmanoids (Germany): 1 Full Version (5 camera...
http://wn.com/Robocup_2010_Germany_Germany_Final
Robocup 2010 Singapore: Day 4 (Final) Robot Soccer: Humanoid League (Kid size) Darmstadt Dribblers (Germany): 7 FUmanoids (Germany): 1 Full Version (5 camera...
- published: 24 Jun 2010
- views: 304680
- author: BotSportTV
photo: WN / Aruna Mirasdar
10 Mar 2013
A staple storyline of popular Bollywood films over the years has been about siblings getting lost in a village fair or being forcibly separated by a hideous villain, only to be reunited years later ... In 2010, the impoverished Central American country passed the Alba-Keneth Law, requiring the government to create a DNA databank of missing children and giving the relatives of missing children the right to have their DNA analysed ... Share ... ....(size: 11.6Kb)
photo: AP / Vahid Salemi
09 Mar 2013
By JAY SOLOMON. WASHINGTON—Obama administration officials are raising alarms about a scientific-cooperation pact between North Korea and Iran that officials said could advance the nuclear and missile programs of both countries. The agreement, reached in September, bears a close resemblance to one North Korea signed with Syria in 2002, U.S ... nuclear watchdog agency. Enlarge Image. Close. The U.S ... officials said ... and U.N. officials ... Mr ... U.S ... U.S....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: AP / Site Intelligence Group
09 Mar 2013
WASHINGTON — One morning in late September 2011, a group of American drones took off from an airstrip the C.I.A. had built in the remote southern expanse of Saudi Arabia. The drones crossed the border into Yemen, and were soon hovering over a group of trucks clustered in a desert patch of Jawf Province, a region of the impoverished country once renowned for breeding Arabian horses. Multimedia. Map. Connect With Us on Twitter ... ....(size: 8.5Kb)
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
07 Mar 2013
LAHAD DATU. Malaysia has given an ultimatum to the remnants of the Sulu armed group. “Lay down your arms or be eliminated.'' ... “These operations will continue for as long as it takes,” the Prime Minister said at a press conference after getting a closer look at the offensive against the Sulu gunmen, which entered its third day yesterday ... “This should not arise at all ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: US Army
10 Mar 2013
President Hamid Karzai has issued a stinging rebuke to the US and the Taliban, saying they are both guilty of sowing fears for post-2014 Afghanistan. He said Taliban suicide attacks on Saturday were aimed at intimidation that would prolong the presence of international troops in Afghanistan. The troops are scheduled to end combat missions in 2014 ... The Presidential Palace cited scheduling pressures. US officials cited security concerns ... ....(size: 2.9Kb)
Newsday
11 Mar 2013
... 2012 August 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 February 2011 January 2011 December 2010 November 2010 October 2010 September 2010 August 2010 June 2010 May 2010 April 2010 March 2010 February 2010 January 2010....(size: 2.4Kb)
The New York Times
11 Mar 2013
Select Month March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 January 2011 ......(size: 7.9Kb)
The New York Times
11 Mar 2013
Select Month March 2013 February 2013 January 2013 December 2012 November 2012 October 2012 September 2012 August 2012 July 2012 June 2012 May 2012 April 2012 March 2012 February 2012 January 2012 December 2011 November 2011 October 2011 September 2011 August 2011 July 2011 June 2011 May 2011 April 2011 March 2011 February 2011 January 2011 ......(size: 10.5Kb)
Huffington Post
11 Mar 2013
Susana Martinez, a Republican, was elected in 2010, becoming the first female governor of New Mexico and first female Hispanic governor in the United States ... Before her successful Senate election in 2010, she served as New Hampshire's attorney general ... The current Republican governor of South Carolina, Haley won her first term in 2010 after serving for five years as a member of the state house....(size: 18.0Kb)
Huffington Post
11 Mar 2013
22, 2010 email ... As Tellez noted in the letter, the Bradley Foundation had already contributed to the planning stage of the New Family Structures Study through a 2010 grant given to Witherspoon for a project on marriage and sexual ethics ... In 2010, Regnerus tried to recruit several scholars who study LGBT families to work as consultants on his study....(size: 23.3Kb)
The New York Times
11 Mar 2013
Connect with NYTMetro ... It rose from 64 in 2010 to 75 in 2012, when the group’s surveyors fanned out to examine the parks. But there were 17 parks in which the condition of the fountains in 2012 was actually worse than in 2010 ... “Many problems that we identified in 2010 had been remedied, including broken benches in sitting areas and separating safety surfacing in the playgrounds,” the report said of Marcus Garvey ... St ... ....(size: 8.1Kb)
Ohio
11 Mar 2013
An Akron police officer has been paid more than $83,000 to stay home while state and department investigators have spent about 19 months probing his conduct ... The suspension came after he confronted a woman videotaping him as he made an arrest in 2010 ... Schismenos, a former gang unit member on the department and once a frequent expert speaker on street gangs, was the subject of a series of Beacon Journal articles in 2010 ... ....(size: 4.4Kb)
BBC News
11 Mar 2013
... (Australia) 1986, Edinburgh (Scotland) 1990, Auckland (New Zealand) 1994, Victoria (Canada) 1998, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) 2002, Manchester (England) 2006, Melbourne (Australia) 2010, Delhi (India) ... In 2010, it spent 100 days touring the 28 states of India before it arrived at the opening ceremony in Delhi ... The Delhi relay in 2010 continued this....(size: 8.3Kb)
Lexington Herald-Leader
11 Mar 2013
No one is disputing that David Prater was knocked down and trampled by a Lexington Division of Police horse while waiting in line for the bathroom at a 2009 University of Kentucky football game ... In 2010, Prater sued Catt and her supervisor, former Sgt ... Fayette Circuit Judge James Ishmael Jr ... Prater and Shelton said last week that they would appeal, a process that probably will add years to a case that has been in litigation since 2010 ... ....(size: 5.1Kb)
Bloomberg
11 Mar 2013
Think again ... 17. “The Pope would fight abortions and contraceptives since they are condemned by the faith.” ... The number of baptized Catholics on the continent more than tripled between 1980 and 2010 to 185.6 million, offsetting a decline in the flock in Europe and slower growth in the U.S ... 11 interview in the capital, Accra ... The church’s ranks grew about 40 percent in the three countries between 2000 and 2010 ... 16 interview ... ....(size: 5.5Kb)
Stuff
11 Mar 2013
Philippa Lynette Lindsay, 32, appeared before Judge Michael Turner in the Queenstown District Court this morning to face a representative charge of theft in a special relationship between September 2010 and November 2012 ... ....(size: 1.0Kb)
Fresno Bee
11 Mar 2013
As budget talks ramp up, Americans should not allow the highly successful Medicare health insurance program for retirees to get caught in the buzz saw of Beltway politics ... Some Democrats take a "been there, done that" attitude, standing pat with Medicare savings from the Affordable Care Act of 2010 ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
The Daily Telegraph Australia
11 Mar 2013
NEWLYWEDS Rachael Finch and Michael Minizer have told of their "baby shock" just two months after tying the knot ... The pair met when they partnered on Dancing With The Stars in 2010. ....(size: 1.0Kb)
This article is about the year 2010. For other uses, see 2010 (disambiguation).
| 2010 : January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
| Millennium: | 3rd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 20th century – 21st century – 22nd century |
| Decades: | 1980s 1990s 2000s – 2010s – 2020s 2030s 2040s |
| Years: | 2007 2008 2009 – 2010 – 2011 2012 2013 |
| Gregorian calendar | 2010 MMX |
| Ab urbe condita | 2763 |
| Armenian calendar | 1459 ԹՎ ՌՆԾԹ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6760 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 166–167 |
| Bengali calendar | 1417 |
| Berber calendar | 2960 |
| British Regnal year | 58 Eliz. 2 – 59 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2554 |
| Burmese calendar | 1372 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7518–7519 |
| Chinese calendar | 己丑年十一月十七日 (4646/4706-11-17) — to —
庚寅年十一月廿六日(4647/4707-11-26) |
| Coptic calendar | 1726–1727 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 2002–2003 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5770–5771 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2066–2067 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1932–1933 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5111–5112 |
| Holocene calendar | 12010 |
| Iranian calendar | 1388–1389 |
| Islamic calendar | 1431–1432 |
| Japanese calendar | Heisei 22 (平成22年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4343 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 99 民國99年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2553 |
| Unix time | 1262304000–1293839999 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 2010 |
2010 (MMX) was a common year that started on a Friday in the Gregorian calendar. It was the 2010th year of Anno Domini or the Common Era designation; the 10th year of the 3rd millennium and of the 21st century; and the 1st of the 2010s.
2010 was designated the:
Pronouncing 2010 and subsequent years[link]
Main article: 2010s
Among experts and the general public, there is a debate as to how specific years of the 21st century should be pronounced in English. The year 2010 is pronounced either "two thousand (and) ten",[1] or "two thousand ten" or "twenty ten". 2010 was the first year to have a wide variation in pronunciation, as the years 2000–09 were generally pronounced "two thousand (and one, two, three, etc....") or "two thousand (one, two, three, etc.") as opposed to the less common "twenty oh...."
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 3 – The United States and the United Kingdom close their embassies in Yemen due to the ongoing security threat by Al Qaeda.
- January 4 – The tallest man-made structure to date, the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, is officially opened.[2][3][4]
- January 8 – The Togo national football team is involved in an attack in Angola, and as a result withdraws from the Africa Cup of Nations.[5]
- January 12 – A 7.0-magnitude earthquake occurs in Haiti, devastating the nation's capital, Port-au-Prince. With a confirmed death toll over 230,000[6][7][8] it is one of the deadliest on record.
- January 15 – The longest annular solar eclipse of the 3rd millennium occurs.
- January 25 – Ethiopian Airlines Flight 409 crashes into the Mediterranean Sea shortly after take-off from Beirut Rafic Hariri International Airport, killing all 90 people on board.
February[link]
- February 3 – The sculpture L'Homme qui marche I by Alberto Giacometti sells in London for £65 million (US$103.7 million), setting a new world record for a work of art sold at auction.[9][10][11]
- February 12 – February 28 – The 2010 Winter Olympics are held in Vancouver and Whistler, Canada.
- February 18 – The President of Niger, Tandja Mamadou, is overthrown after a group of soldiers storms the presidential palace[12] and form a ruling junta, the Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy headed by chef d'escadron Salou Djibo.[13]
- February 27 – An 8.8-magnitude earthquake occurs in Chile, triggering a tsunami over the Pacific and killing at least 525.[14] The earthquake is one of the largest in recorded history.
March[link]
- March 16 – The Kasubi Tombs, Uganda's only cultural World Heritage Site, are destroyed by fire.[15]
- March 26 – The ROKS Cheonan, a South Korean Navy ship carrying 104 personnel, sinks off the country's west coast, killing 46. In May, an independent investigation blames North Korea, which denies the allegations.[16][17]
April[link]
- April 7 – Kyrgyz President Kurmanbek Bakiyev flees Bishkek amid fierce rioting, sparking a sociopolitical crisis. Former foreign minister Roza Otunbayeva is placed at the head of an interim government as the opposition seizes control.[18]
- April 10 – The President of Poland, Lech Kaczyński, is among 96 killed when their airplane crashes in western Russia.[19][20]
- April 13 – A 6.9-magnitude earthquake occurs in Qinghai, China, killing at least 2,000 and injuring more than 10,000.[21]
- April 14 – Volcanic ash from one of several eruptions beneath Eyjafjallajökull, an ice cap in Iceland, begins to disrupt air traffic across northern and western Europe.[22][23][24]
- April 20 – The Deepwater Horizon oil platform explodes in the Gulf of Mexico, killing eleven workers. The resulting Horizon oil spill, one of the largest in history, spreads for several months, damaging the waters and the United States coastline, and prompting international debate and doubt about the practice and procedures of offshore drilling.[25][26]
- April 27 – Standard & Poor's downgrades Greece's sovereign credit rating to junk four days after the activation of a €45-billion EU–IMF bailout, triggering the decline of stock markets worldwide and of the euro's value,[27][27][28] and furthering a European sovereign debt crisis.
May[link]
- May 2 – The eurozone and the International Monetary Fund agree to a €110 billion bailout package for Greece. The package involves sharp Greek austerity measures.[29]
- May 4 – Nude, Green Leaves and Bust by Pablo Picasso sells in New York for US$106.5 million, setting another new world record for a work of art sold at auction.[30][31][32]
- May 7 – Scientists conducting the Neanderthal genome project announce that they have sequenced enough of the Neanderthal genome to suggest that Neanderthals and humans may have interbred.[33][34]
- May 12 – Afriqiyah Airways Flight 771 crashes at runway at Tripoli International Airport in Libya, killing 103 of the 104 people on board.[35]
- May 19 – Protests in Bangkok, Thailand, end with a bloody military crackdown, killing 91 and injuring more than 2,100.[36][37]
- May 20
- Scientists announce that they have created a functional synthetic genome.[38]
- Five paintings worth €100 million are stolen from the Musée d'Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris.[39][40]
- May 22 – Air India Express Flight 812 overshoots the runway at Mangalore International Airport in India, killing 158 and leaving 8 survivors.[41]
- May 31 – Nine activists are killed in a clash with soldiers when Israeli Navy forces raid and capture a flotilla of ships attempting to break the Gaza blockade.[42][43]
June[link]
- June 9 – Ethnic riots in Kyrgyzstan between Kyrgyz and Uzbeks results in the deaths of hundreds.[44]
- June 11 – July 11 – The 2010 FIFA World Cup is held in South Africa, and is won by Spain.
July[link]
- July 8 – The first 24-hour flight by a solar-powered plane is completed by the Solar Impulse.[45]
- July 25 – Wikileaks, an online publisher of anonymous, covert, and classified material, leaks to the public over 90,000 internal reports about the United States-led involvement in the War in Afghanistan from 2004 to 2010.[46]
- July 29 – Heavy monsoon rains begin to cause widespread flooding (pictured) in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Over 1,600 are killed, and more than one million are displaced by the floods.[47]
August[link]
- August 10 – The World Health Organization declares the H1N1 influenza pandemic over, saying worldwide flu activity has returned to typical seasonal patterns.[48]
October[link]
- October 10 – The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved, with the islands being split up and given a new constitutional status.[49]
- October 13 – Thirty-three miners near Copiapó, Chile, trapped 700 metres underground in a mining accident in San José Mine, are brought back to the surface after surviving for a record 69 days.[50]
- October 22 – The International Space Station surpasses the record for the longest continuous human occupation of space, having been continuously inhabited since November 2, 2000 (3641 days).[51][52]
- October 23 – In preparation for the Seoul summit, finance ministers of the G-20 agree to reform the International Monetary Fund and shift 6% of the voting shares to developing nations and countries with emerging markets.[53]
- October 25 – An earthquake and consequent tsunami off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia, kills over 400 people and leaves hundreds missing.[54]
- October 26 – ongoing[when?] – Repeated eruptions of Mount Merapi volcano in Central Java, Indonesia, and accompanying pyroclastic flows of scalding gas, pumice, and volcanic ash descending the erupting volcano kill three hundred people and force hundreds of thousands of residents to evacuate.[55][56][57]
November[link]
- November 4 – Aero Caribbean Flight 883 crashes in central Cuba, killing all 68 people on board.[58]
- November 11 – November 12 – The G-20 summit is held in Seoul, South Korea. Korea becomes the first non-G8 nation to host a G-20 leaders summit.[59]
- November 13 – Burmese opposition politician Aung San Suu Kyi is released from her house arrest.[60]
- November 17 – Researchers at CERN trap 38 antihydrogen atoms for a sixth of a second, marking the first time in history that humans have trapped antimatter.[61]
- November 20 – Participants of the 2010 NATO Lisbon summit issued the Lisbon Summit Declaration.
- November 21 – Eurozone countries agree to a rescue package for the Republic of Ireland from the European Financial Stability Facility in response to the country's financial crisis.[62][63][64]
- November 22 – A stampede during Bon Om Thook (Khmer Water Festival) celebrations in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, kills 347.[65]
- November 23 – North Korea shells Yeonpyeong Island, prompting a military response by South Korea. The incident caused an escalation of tension on the Korean Peninsula and prompted widespread international condemnation. The United Nations declared it to be one of the most serious incidents since the end of the Korean War.[66][67][68]
- November 28 – WikiLeaks releases a collection of more than 250,000 American diplomatic cables, including 100,000 marked "secret" or "confidential".[69][70]
- November 29 – The European Union agree to an €85 billion rescue deal for Ireland from the European Financial Stability Facility, the International Monetary Fund and bilateral loans from the United Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden.[71]
- November 29 – December 10 – The 2010 United Nations Climate Change Conference is held in Cancún, Mexico. Also referred to as the 16th Conference of the Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 16), it served too as the 6th meeting of the Parties to the Kyoto Protocol (CMP 6).[72][73]
December[link]
- December 21 – The first total lunar eclipse to occur on the day of the Northern winter solstice and Southern summer solstice since 1638 takes place.[74][75]
Deaths[link]
Main article: Deaths in 2010
Further information: Category:2010 deaths
January[link]
- January 4
- Johan Ferrier, 1st President of Suriname (b. 1910)
- Tsutomu Yamaguchi, Japanese dual atomic bomb survivor (b. 1916)
- January 9 – Armand Razafindratandra, Malagasy cardinal (b. 1925)
- January 11
- Miep Gies, Dutch humanitarian (b. 1909)
- Éric Rohmer, French film director (b. 1920)
- January 12 – Zilda Arns, Brazilian pediatrician and aid worker (b. 1934)
- January 13 – Teddy Pendergrass, American R&B and soul singer (b. 1950)
- January 15 – Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American biologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1927)
- January 17
- Jyoti Basu, Indian politician (b. 1914)
- Erich Segal, American author, screenwriter, and educator (b. 1937)
- January 18 – Kate McGarrigle, Canadian folk singer (b. 1946)
- January 19 – Panajot Pano, Albanian footballer (b. 1939)
- January 22
- Iskandar of Johor, 8th King of Malaysia (b. 1932)
- Jean Simmons, British actress (b. 1929)
- January 25 – Ali Hassan al-Majid, Iraqi politician and military commander (b. 1941)
- January 27
- Zelda Rubinstein, American actress and human rights activist (b. 1933)
- J. D. Salinger, American author (b. 1919)
- Howard Zinn, American historian (b. 1922)
February[link]
- February 1 – Steingrímur Hermannsson, 19th Prime Minister of Iceland (b. 1928)
- February 6 – John Dankworth, British jazz musician and composer (b. 1927)
- February 7 – André Kolingba, 4th President of the Central African Republic (b. 1936)
- February 10 – Charlie Wilson, American politician (b. 1933)
- February 11 – Alexander McQueen, British fashion designer (b. 1969)
- February 14 – Dick Francis, British author and jockey (b. 1920)
- February 17 – Kathryn Grayson, American singer (b. 1922)
- February 18 – Ariel Ramírez, Argentine composer (b. 1921)
- February 20 – Alexander Haig, 59th United States Secretary of State (b. 1924)
March[link]
- March 3 – Michael Foot, British politician (b. 1913)
- March 4 – Vladislav Ardzinba, Soviet-born politician (b. 1945)
- March 10
- Corey Haim, Canadian actor (b. 1971)
- Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy, Egyptian Muslim cleric (b. 1928)
- March 12 – Miguel Delibes, Spanish author and journalist (b. 1920)
- March 14 – Peter Graves, American actor (b. 1926)
- March 20 – Girija Prasad Koirala, Nepalese politician (b. 1925)
- March 21 – Wolfgang Wagner, German festival director (b. 1919)
- March 22
- James Black, British pharmacologist and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1924)
- Valentina Tolkunova, Soviet and Russian singer (b. 1946)
- March 24 – Robert Culp, American actor, screenwriter and director (b. 1930)
- March 27 – Vasily Smyslov, Soviet-Russian chess grandmaster (b. 1921)
- March 28
- Herb Ellis, American jazz guitarist (b. 1921)
- June Havoc, Canadian-born American actress (b. 1912)
- March 30 – Martin Sandberger, German army officer (b. 1911)
April[link]
- April 1 – John Forsythe, American actor (b. 1918)
- April 3 – Eugene Terre'Blanche, South African politician and white supremacist (b. 1941)
- April 5 – Vitali Sevastyanov, Soviet cosmonaut (b. 1935)
- April 6 – Corin Redgrave, British actor and political activist (b. 1939)
- April 8
- Malcolm McLaren, British musician and manager (b. 1946)
- Abel Muzorewa, Zimbabwean politician (b. 1925)
- April 10
- Ryszard Kaczorowski, Polish statesman (b. 1919)
- Lech Kaczyński, President of Poland (b. 1949)
- April 14 – Peter Steele, American musician (b. 1962)
- April 16 – Tomáš Špidlík, Czech cardinal (b. 1919)
- April 19 – Guru, American rapper (b. 1966)
- April 21 – Juan Antonio Samaranch, Spanish sports official (b. 1920)
- April 25 – Alan Sillitoe, British writer (b. 1928)
- April 30 – Paul Mayer, German cardinal (b. 1911)
May[link]
- May 2 – Lynn Redgrave, British actress (b. 1943)
- May 4 – Luigi Poggi, Italian cardinal (b. 1917)
- May 5
- Giulietta Simionato, Italian opera singer (b. 1910)
- Umaru Yar'Adua, President of Nigeria (b. 1951)
- May 8 – Andor Lilienthal, Hungarian chess grandmaster (b. 1911)
- May 9 – Lena Horne, American singer and actress (b. 1917)
- May 10 – Frank Frazetta, American artist (b. 1928)
- May 15 – Besian Idrizaj, Austrian footballer (b. 1987)
- May 16
- Ronnie James Dio, American musician (b. 1942)
- Oswaldo López Arellano, Honduran two-time former president (b. 1921)
- Hank Jones, American pianist (b. 1918)
- May 17
- Bobbejaan Schoepen, Belgian singer (b. 1925)
- Khattiya Sawasdipol, Thai army general (b. 1951)
- Yvonne Loriod, French pianist (b. 1924)
- May 18 – Edoardo Sanguineti, Italian writer (b. 1930)
- May 22 – Martin Gardner, American science author (b. 1914)
- May 24 – Paul Gray, American musician (b. 1972)
- May 28 – Gary Coleman, American actor (b. 1968)
- May 29 – Dennis Hopper, American actor and film director (b. 1936)
- May 31 – Louise Bourgeois, French-born American sculptor (b. 1911)
June[link]
- June 1 – Andrey Voznesensky, Soviet-Russian poet (b. 1933)
- June 2 – Giuseppe Taddei, Italian baritone (b. 1916)
- June 3
- Vladimir Arnold, Soviet-Russian mathematician (b. 1937)
- Rue McClanahan, American actress (b. 1934)
- June 9 – Marina Semyonova, Russian ballerina (b. 1908)
- June 10 – Sigmar Polke, German painter and photographer (b. 1941)
- June 14 – Leonid Kizim, Soviet-Ukrainian cosmonaut (b. 1941)
- June 16 – Ronald Neame, British cinematographer, producer and director (b. 1911)
- June 18
- Marcel Bigeard, French military officer (b. 1916)
- José Saramago, Portuguese writer and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1922)
- June 19 – Manute Bol, Sudanese basketball player (b. 1962)
- June 23 – Mohammed Mzali, former Prime Minister of Tunisia (b. 1925)
- June 26 – Algirdas Brazauskas, 9th President of Lithuania (b. 1932)
- June 28 – Robert Byrd, American politician (b. 1917)
July[link]
- July 2 – Beryl Bainbridge, British novelist (b. 1934)
- July 3 – Abu Daoud, Palestinian militia commander (b. 1937)
- July 4 – Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah, Lebanese spiritual leader (b. 1935)
- July 5
- Cesare Siepi, Italian opera singer (b. 1923)
- Nasr Abu Zayd, Egyptian Qur'anic theologian (b. 1943)
- July 12 – Harvey Pekar, American comic book writer (b. 1939)
- July 14 – Charles Mackerras, Australian conductor (b. 1925)
- July 17 – Bernard Giraudeau, French actor and film director (b. 1947)
- July 21 – Luis Corvalán, Chilean politician (b. 1916)
- July 24 – Alex Higgins, Northern Irish snooker player (b. 1949)
August[link]
- August 5 – Godfrey Binaisa, 5th President of Uganda (b. 1920)
- August 6 – Tony Judt, British historian (b. 1948)
- August 7 – Bruno Cremer, French actor (b. 1929)
- August 8 – Patricia Neal, American actress (b. 1926)
- August 9 – Ted Stevens, American politician (b. 1923)
- August 10 – Antonio Pettigrew, American athlete (b. 1967)
- August 12 – Guido de Marco, 6th President of Malta (b. 1931)
- August 16 – Nicola Cabibbo, Italian physicist (b. 1935)
- August 17 – Francesco Cossiga, 63rd Prime Minister and 8th President of Italy (b. 1928)
- August 18 – Carlos Hugo of Bourbon-Parma, Spanish aristrocrat (b. 1930)
- August 22 – Stjepan Bobek, Yugoslav footballer (b. 1923)
- August 23 – Satoshi Kon, Japanese anime film director (b. 1963)
- August 26 – Raimon Panikkar, Spanish theologian (b. 1918)
- August 27 – Anton Geesink, Dutch judoka (b. 1934)
- August 28 – Sinan Hasani, 10th President of Yugoslavia (b. 1922)
- August 30
- Alain Corneau, French filmmaker (b. 1943)
- Francisco Varallo, Argentine footballer (b. 1910)
- August 31 – Laurent Fignon, French road bicycle racer (b. 1960)
September[link]
- September 5 – Shoya Tomizawa, MotoGP racer (b. 1990)
- September 9 – Bent Larsen, Danish chess grandmaster (b. 1935)
- September 11 – Kevin McCarthy, American actor (b. 1914)
- September 12 – Claude Chabrol, French film director (b. 1930)
- September 22 – Eddie Fisher, American entertainer and singer (b. 1928)
- September 24 – Gennady Yanayev, Soviet politician (b. 1937)
- September 26 – Gloria Stuart, American actress (b. 1910)
- September 28 – Arthur Penn, American film director (b. 1922)
- September 29
- Georges Charpak, French physicist (b. 1924)
- Tony Curtis, American actor (b. 1925)
- September 30 – Stephen J. Cannell, American writer and television producer (b. 1941)
October[link]
- October 4 – Norman Wisdom, British actor and comedian (b. 1915)
- October 7 – Milka Planinc, former Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (b. 1924)
- October 9 – Maurice Allais, French economist (b. 1911)
- October 10
- Solomon Burke, American soul musician (b. 1940)
- Hwang Jang-yop, North Korean politician and defector (b. 1923)
- October 11 – Joan Sutherland, Australian opera singer (b. 1926)
- October 14 – Benoît Mandelbrot, French-American mathematician (b. 1924)
- October 19 – Tom Bosley, American actor (b. 1927)
- October 20 – Farooq Leghari, 9th President of Pakistan (b. 1940)
- October 23 – David Thompson, 6th Prime Minister of Barbados (b. 1961)
- October 25 – Gregory Issacs, Jamaican musician (b. 1951)
- October 27 – Néstor Kirchner, 54th President of Argentina (b. 1950)
- October 28 – Jonathan Motzfeldt, 1st Prime Minister of Greenland (b. 1938)
- October 30 – Harry Mulisch, Dutch writer (b. 1927)
November[link]
- November 2 – Rudolf Barshai, Soviet-Russian conductor and violist (b. 1924)
- November 3 – Viktor Chernomyrdin, 31st Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1938)
- November 5
- Jill Clayburgh, American actress (b. 1944)
- Hajo Herrmann, German fighter pilot and lawyer (b. 1913)
- November 10 – Dino De Laurentiis, Italian film producer (b. 1919)
- November 12 – Henryk Górecki, Polish composer (b. 1933)
- November 13 – Luis García Berlanga, Spanish film director (b. 1921)
- November 27 – Irvin Kershner, American film director (b. 1923)
- November 28 – Leslie Nielsen, Canadian-American actor (b. 1926)
- November 29 – Bella Akhmadulina, Soviet-Russian poet (b. 1937)
December[link]
- December 12 – Tom Walkinshaw, British racing car driver and team owner (b. 1946)
- December 13 – Richard Holbrooke, American diplomat (b. 1941)
- December 15 – Blake Edwards, American film director (b. 1922)
- December 17 – Captain Beefheart, American musician (b. 1941)
- December 21 – Enzo Bearzot, Italian footballer and coach (b. 1927)
- December 25 – Carlos Andrés Pérez, 55th President of Venezuela (b. 1922)
- December 26
- Salvador Jorge Blanco, 48th President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1926)
- Teena Marie, American singer-songwriter (b. 1956)
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Chemistry – Richard F. Heck, Ei-ichi Negishi and Akira Suzuki
- Economics – Peter A. Diamond, Dale T. Mortensen and Christopher A. Pissarides
- Literature – Mario Vargas Llosa
- Peace – Liu Xiaobo
- Physics – Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov
- Physiology or Medicine – Robert G. Edwards
Major religious holidays[link]
- January 7 (January 6 in Armenia) – Orthodox Christmas.
- February 1 – Imbolc, a Cross-quarter day (Celebrated on February 2 in some places).
- February 2 – Candlemas commemorating the Purification of the Virgin. It marks the liturgical end of the Christmas season.
- February 16 – Shrove Tuesday / Mardi Gras, end of Mardi Gras / Carnival season.
- February 17 – Ash Wednesday (first day of Lent).
- March 1 – Holi.
- March 20 (March 21 in the Far East) – Vernal Equinox, also known as Nowruz.
- March 24 – Rama Navami.
- March 29 (evening) – Passover.
- March 30 – Hanuman Jayanti.
- April 4 – Easter (Western and Orthodox).
- May 1 – Beltane, a Cross-quarter day.
- May 18–May 19 – Shavuot.
- August 1 – Lammas, a Cross-quarter day.
- August 11 – Ramadan begins.
- August 24 – Raksha Bandhan.
- September 2 – Krishna Janmashtami.
- September 8–September 10 – Rosh Hashanah.
- September 10 – Eid ul-Fitr.
- September 17–September 18 – Yom Kippur.
- September 22–September 29/September 30 – Sukkot.
- September 23 – Autumnal Equinox, also known as Mabon.
- November 5 – Diwali.
- November 16–November 19 – Eid al-Adha.
- December 25 – Western Christmas.
In fiction[link]
Main article: Works of fiction set in 2010
References[link]
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- ^ Stanglin, Douglas (January 2, 2010). "Dubai opens world's tallest building". USA Today (Dubai). http://content.usatoday.com/communities/ondeadline/post/2010/01/dubai-opens-world-tallest-building/1. Retrieved 4 January 2010.
- ^ "Official Opening of Iconic Burj Dubai Announced". Gulfnews. 4 November 2009. Archived from the original on 6 November 2009. http://gulfnews.com/business/property/uae/official-opening-of-iconic-burj-dubai-announced-1.523471. Retrieved 4 November 2009.
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- ^ "Hundreds of thousands may have died in Haiti quake, PM says". CNN. 13 January 2010. Archived from the original on 14 January 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/13/haiti.earthquake/index.html. Retrieved 13 January 2010.
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- ^ Subsecretaría del Interior de Chile (January 31 2011). «Informe final de fallecidos y desaparecidos por comuna»
- ^ Allvoices.com
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- ^ "Cancellations due to volcanic ash in the air". Norwegian Air Shuttle. 2010-04-15. Archived from the original on 18 April 2010. http://www.norwegian.com/en/landingssider/cancellations-due-to-volcanic-ash-in-the-air/. Retrieved 2010-04-15. [dead link]
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- ^ "At least 11 missing after blast on oil rig in Gulf". CNN. April 22, 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. http://www.cnn.com/2010/US/04/21/oil.rig.explosion/index.html. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ Wardell, J. (2010). "Nations rethink offshore drilling". msnbc.com. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/37815518/. Retrieved 2010-09-06.
- ^ a b "Greek bonds rated 'junk' by Standard & Poor's". BBC News. April 27, 2010. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8647441.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-28.
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- ^ Thesing, Gabi; Krause-Jackson, Flavia (May 2, 2010). "Greece Accepts Terms of EU-Led Bailout, ‘Savage’ Cuts (Update1)". Bloomberg.com. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a9f8X9yDMcdI&pos=1. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
- ^ "Picasso painting fetches record $106m at auction". BBC News. 2010-05-05. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/arts_and_culture/8661338.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-05.
- ^ Crow, Kelly (2010-05-05). "Picasso sets auction record; Portrait of mistress sells for $106.5 million, providing opening spark to season". The Wall Street Journal: p. A3. Archived from the original on 8 May 2010. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703866704575224873880379734.html. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
- ^ Cotter, Holland (2010-05-06). "Another auction, another trophy". The New York Times: p. C1. Archived from the original on 11 May 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/06/arts/06cotter.html. Retrieved 2010-06-11.
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- ^ Green, R.E.; Krause, J.; Briggs, A.W.; Maricic, T.; Stenzel, U.; Kircher, M.; et al. (2010-05-07). "A draft sequence of the Neanderthal genome". Science 328 (5979): 710–722. DOI:10.1126/science.1188021. PMID 20448178. Archived from the original on 9 May 2010. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/328/5979/710. Retrieved 2010-05-06.
- ^ "Briton among Libya air crash dead". BBC News. May 13, 2010. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8676898.stm. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ Booth, Jenny; Gray, Sadie; Joanna Sugden and Sian Powell (15 May 2010). "Death toll rises as anti-government protests escalate in Thailand". London: Times Newspapers Ltd. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article7126802.ece. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
- ^ McElroy, Damien; MacKinnon, Ian (19 May 2010). "Bangkok in flames as protesters refuse to back down". The Daily Telegraph (London). Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/thailand/7741635/Bangkok-in-flames-as-protesters-refuse-to-back-down.html. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ "How scientists made 'artificial life'". BBC News. 2010-05-20. Archived from the original on 23 May 2010. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/8695992.stm. Retrieved 2010-05-21.
- ^ Hewage, Tim (20 May 2010). "Thief Steals Paintings In Paris Art Heist". Sky News. http://news.sky.com/skynews/Home/World-News/Thief-Steals-Paintings-In-Paris-Art-Heist-Valued-at-Five-Million-Euros-From-Modern-Art-Museum/Article/201005315635454?lpos=World_News_First_World_News_Article_Teaser_Region_0&lid=ARTICLE_15635454_Thief_Steals_Paintings_In_Paris_Art_Heist_Valued_at_Five_Million_Euros_From_Modern_Art_Museum. Retrieved 20 May 2010.
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- ^ "Plane crashes in India, 158 feared dead, 8 alive". Associated Press. 2010-05-22. http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AS_INDIA_PLANE_CRASH?SITE=NYMID&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT. Retrieved 2010-05-22. [dead link]
- ^ CNN Wire Staff (31 May 2010). "Israeli assault on Gaza-bound flotilla leaves at least 9 dead". CNN. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/meast/05/31/gaza.protest/index.html?hpt=T1. Retrieved 2 June 2010.
- ^ Edmund Sanders (June 1, 2010). "Israel criticized over raid on Gaza flotilla". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2 June 2010. http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-israel-flotilla-20100531,0,1839736.story. Retrieved June 2, 2010. [dead link]
- ^ Leonard P. (June 19, 2010). "Ethnic Uzbeks in squalid camps fear returning home". Yahoo! News. http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/as_kyrgyzstan;_ylt=Api9XZ8yeOTfejBWw3re1JH9xg8F;_ylu=X3oDMTMyaDJuaDlrBGFzc2V0A2FwLzIwMTAwNjE2L2FzX2t5cmd5enN0YW4EY2NvZGUDbW9zdHBvcHVsYXIEY3BvcwMzBHBvcwMzBHNlYwN5bl90b3Bfc3RvcmllcwRzbGsDa3lyZ3l6YXJteXRy. Retrieved June 19, 2010. [dead link]
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- ^ CNN Wire Staff (2010-08-04). "More rain, gushing flood waters threaten Pakistanis". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/08/04/pakistan.flooding/index.html?iref=allsearch. Retrieved 2010-08-04.
- ^ "CIDRAP News - WHO says H1N1 pandemic is over". Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/swineflu/news/aug1010who.html. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ Officielebekendmakingen.nl - Besluit van 23 september 2010 tot vaststelling van het tijdstip van inwerkingtreding van de artikelen I en II van de Rijkswet wijziging Statuut in verband met de opheffing van de Nederlandse Antillen
- ^ "All 33 Chile miners freed in flawless rescue". Chile: MSNBC. October 13, 2010. Archived from the original on 13 October 2010. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/39625809/ns/world_news-americas/. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
- ^ "ISS Beats Mir Record". Russian Federal Space Agency. October 26, 2010. http://www.federalspace.ru/main.php?id=2&nid=10661&lang=en. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
- ^ "Time is fixed on Friday, 22 October 2010, 11:13 Cheboksary time". Timeanddate.com. http://timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?day=22&month=10&year=2010&hour=11&min=13&sec=0&p1=1927. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
- ^ G20 summit agrees to reform IMF BBC.
- ^ "Major earthquake strikes off Indonesia". BBC News. 2010-10-25. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11621977. Retrieved 2010-10-26.
- ^ Riyadi, Slamet (11 November 2010). "Flights resume to Indonesia as volcano spews ash". Associated Press. http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/A/AS_INDONESIA_VOLCANO?SITE=VASTR&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
- ^ Weaver, Matthew; Tran, Mark & agencies (5 November 2010). "Mount Merapi death toll rises". The Guardian (London). Archived from the original on 7 November 2010. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/nov/05/mount-merapi-death-toll-rises. Retrieved 5 November 2010.
- ^ BNPB (5 November 2010). "(Death toll as of 15:00hrs 05/112010 stands at 122)-Korban Meninggal Akibat Letusan Merapi Mencapai 122 Orang" (in Indonesian). Badan Koordinasi Nasional Penanganan Bencana-Indonesian Disaster Management Office. http://bnpb.go.id/irw/berita.asp?id=119. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ Malkin, Elisabeth (November 5, 2010). "Cuban Plane Crash Kills 68 People". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 November 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/06/world/americas/06cuba.html?ref=world. Retrieved 6 November 2010.
- ^ Oliver, Christian (25 June 2010). "Seoul: S Korea looks forward to its own party". Financial Times (London).
- ^ "Burma releases Aung San Suu Kyi". BBC News. 13 November 2010. Archived from the original on 15 April 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11749661. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ "Antimatter atom trapped for first time, say scientists". BBC News. 17 November 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11773791. Retrieved 17 April 2011.
- ^ Ireland confirms EU financial rescue deal. BBC News. 21 November 2010. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-11807730. Retrieved 17 April 2011 .
- ^ "Plan will have policy conditions - ECB". RTÉ News and Current Affairs (Raidió Teilifís Éireann). 21 November 2010. http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/1121/imf2-business.html. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
- ^ "Euro zone ministers approve rescue package for Ireland". Irish Times. 21 November 2010. Archived from the original on 26 April 2011. http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2010/1121/breaking26.html. Retrieved 17 April 2011 .
- ^ "Government decreases death toll in Cambodian stampede". CNN. 25 November 2010. Archived from the original on 27 November 2010. http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/11/25/cambodia.festival.deaths/index.html. Retrieved 25 November 2010.
- ^ "Tensions high as North, South Korea trade shelling". Dawn. 24 November 2010. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. http://www.dawn.com/2010/11/24/tensions-high-as-north-south-korea-trade-shelling.html. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
- ^ Kim, Dong (2010-11-23). "北 해안포 도발 감행, 연평도에 포탄 200여발 떨어져" (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/11/23/2010112301235.html?Dep1=news&Dep2=top&Dep3=top. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
- ^ "Two Koreas exchange fire across maritime border". Reuters. 2010-11-23. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE6AM0YS20101123?loomia_ow=t0:s0:a49:g43:r1:c0.586538:b39750226:z0. Retrieved 2010-11-23.
- ^ Leaked Cables Offer Raw Look at U.S. Diplomacy, New York Times, Nov 28, 2010
- ^ 1,796 memos from US embassy in Manila in WikiLeaks 'Cablegate' | ABS-CBN News | Latest Philippine Headlines, Breaking News, Video, Analysis, Features
- ^ "Eurozone agrees €85bn deal for Ireland". RTÉ News and Current Affairs (Raidió Teilifís Éireann). 29 November 2010. http://www.rte.ie/news/2010/1128/economy.html. Retrieved 29 November 2010.
- ^ Dates and venues of future sessions
- ^ COP 16
- ^ NASA Science News: Solstice Lunar Eclipse
- ^ Lunar eclipse, winter solstice to coincide
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, (born 30 March 1945) is an English guitarist and singer-songwriter. Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time.[2] Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time"[3] and fourth in Gibson's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time.[4]
In the mid 1960s, Clapton departed from the Yardbirds to play blues with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. In his one-year stay with Mayall, Clapton gained the nickname "Slowhand". Immediately after leaving Mayall, Clapton formed Cream, a power trio with drummer Ginger Baker and bassist Jack Bruce in which Clapton played sustained blues improvisations and "arty, blues-based psychedelic pop." For most of the 1970s, Clapton's output bore the influence of the mellow style of J.J. Cale and the reggae of Bob Marley. His version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff" helped reggae reach a mass market.[5] Two of his most popular recordings were "Layla", recorded by Derek and the Dominos, another band he formed and Robert Johnson's "Crossroads", recorded by Cream. A recipient of seventeen Grammy Awards,[6] in 2004 Clapton was awarded a CBE for services to music.[7] In 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers.[8]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Eric Patrick Clapton was born in Ripley, Surrey, England, the son of 16-year-old Patricia Molly Clapton (b. 7 January 1929 d. March 1999) and Edward Walter Fryer (21 March 1920 – 15 May 1985), a 25-year-old soldier from Montreal, Quebec.[9] Fryer shipped off to war prior to Clapton's birth and then returned to Canada. Clapton grew up with his grandmother, Rose, and her second husband, Jack Clapp, who was stepfather to Patricia Clapton and her brother Adrian, believing they were his parents and that his mother was actually his older sister. The similarity in surnames gave rise to the erroneous belief that Clapton's real surname is Clapp (Reginald Cecil Clapton was the name of Rose's first husband, Eric Clapton's maternal grandfather).[10] Years later, his mother married another Canadian soldier and moved to Germany,[11] leaving young Eric with his grandparents in Surrey.[12]
Clapton received an acoustic Hoyer guitar, made in Germany, for his thirteenth birthday, but the inexpensive steel-stringed instrument was difficult to play and he briefly lost interest.[12] Two years later Clapton picked it up again and started playing consistently.[12] Clapton was influenced by the blues from an early age, and practised long hours to learn the chords of blues music by playing along to the records.[13] He preserved his practice sessions using his portable Grundig reel-to-reel tape recorder, listening to them over and over until he felt he'd got it right.[13][14]
After leaving Hollyfield School, in Surbiton, in 1961, Clapton studied at the Kingston College of Art but was dismissed at the end of the academic year because his focus remained on music rather than art. His guitar playing was so advanced that by the age of 16 he was getting noticed.[14] Around this time Clapton began busking around Kingston, Richmond, and the West End.[15] In 1962, Clapton started performing as a duo with fellow blues enthusiast David Brock in pubs around Surrey.[14] When he was seventeen years old Clapton joined his first band, an early British R&B group, "The Roosters", whose other guitarist was Tom McGuinness. He stayed with this band from January through August 1963.[16] In October of that year, Clapton did a seven-gig stint with Casey Jones & The Engineers.[16]
Career[link]
1960s[link]
The Yardbirds and the Bluesbreakers[link]
Main articles: The Yardbirds and John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers
In October 1963 Clapton joined The Yardbirds, a blues-influenced rock and roll band, and stayed with them until March 1965. Synthesising influences from Chicago blues and leading blues guitarists such as Buddy Guy, Freddie King, and B. B. King, Clapton forged a distinctive style and rapidly became one of the most talked-about guitarists in the British music scene.[17] The band initially played Chess/Checker/Vee-Jay blues numbers and began to attract a large cult following when they took over the Rolling Stones' residency at the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond. They toured England with American bluesman Sonny Boy Williamson II; a joint LP album, recorded in December 1963, was issued in 1965.
It was during this time period that Clapton's Yardbirds rhythm guitarist, Chris Dreja, recalled that whenever Clapton broke a guitar string during a concert, he would stay on stage and replace it. The English audiences would wait out the delay by doing what is called a "slow handclap". Clapton told his official biographer, Ray Coleman, that, "My nickname of 'Slowhand' came from Giorgio Gomelsky. He coined it as a good pun. He kept saying I was a fast player, so he put together the slow handclap phrase into Slowhand as a play on words".[18]
In March 1965 the Yardbirds had their first major hit, "For Your Love", on which Clapton played guitar. The Yardbirds elected to move toward a pop-oriented sound, in part because of the success of "For Your Love", written by pop songwriter-for-hire Graham Gouldman, who had also written hit songs for Herman's Hermits and The Hollies. Still musically devoted to the blues, Clapton was opposed to the move, and left the band. He recommended fellow guitarist Jimmy Page as his replacement, but Page was at that time unwilling to relinquish his lucrative career as a freelance studio musician, so Page in turn recommended Clapton's successor, Jeff Beck.[17] While Beck and Page played together in the Yardbirds, the trio of Beck, Page, and Clapton were never in the group together. However, the trio did appear on the 12-date benefit tour for Action for Research into Multiple Sclerosis in 1983, as well as on the album Guitar Boogie.
Clapton joined John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers in April 1965, only to quit a few months later. In the summer of 1965 he left for Greece with a band called The Glands, which included his old friend Ben Palmer on piano. In November 1965 he rejoined John Mayall. During his second Bluesbreakers stint, Clapton gained a reputation as the best blues guitarist on the club circuit. Although Clapton gained world fame for his playing on the influential album, Blues Breakers – John Mayall – With Eric Clapton, this album was not released until Clapton had left the Bluesbreakers for the last time. Having swapped his Fender Telecaster and Vox AC30 amplifier for a 1960 Gibson Les Paul Standard guitar and Marshall amplifier, Clapton's sound and playing inspired a well-publicised graffiti that deified him with the famous slogan "Clapton is God". The phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington Underground station in the autumn of 1967. The graffiti was captured in a now-famous photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall. Clapton is reported to have been embarrassed by the slogan, saying in his The South Bank Show profile in 1987, "I never accepted that I was the greatest guitar player in the world. I always wanted to be the greatest guitar player in the world, but that's an ideal, and I accept it as an ideal". The phrase began to appear in other areas of Islington throughout the mid 1960s.[19]
Cream[link]
Main article: Cream (band)
Clapton left the Bluesbreakers in July 1966 (to be replaced by Peter Green) and formed Cream, one of the earliest supergroups, with Jack Bruce on bass (also of Manfred Mann, the Bluesbreakers, and the Graham Bond Organisation) and Ginger Baker on drums (another member of the Graham Bond Organisation). Before the formation of Cream, Clapton was not well known in the United States; he left the Yardbirds before "For Your Love" hit the American Top Ten, and had yet to perform there.[20] During his time with Cream, Clapton began to develop as a singer, songwriter, and guitarist, though Bruce took most of the lead vocals and wrote the majority of the material with lyricist Pete Brown.[17] Cream's first gig was an unofficial performance at the Twisted Wheel Club in Manchester on 29 July 1966 before their full debut two nights later at the National Jazz and Blues Festival in Windsor. Cream established its enduring legend with the high-volume blues jamming and extended solos of their live shows.
In early 1967 Clapton's status as Britain's top guitarist was rivalled by the emergence of Jimi Hendrix, an acid rock-infused guitarist who used wailing feedback and effects pedals to create new sounds for the instrument. Hendrix attended a performance of the newly-formed Cream at the Central London Polytechnic on 1 October 1966, during which Hendrix sat in on a double-timed version of "Killing Floor". Top UK stars including Clapton, Pete Townshend, and members of The Rolling Stones and The Beatles avidly attended Hendrix's early club performances. Hendrix's arrival had an immediate and major effect on the next phase of Clapton's career, although Clapton continued to be recognised in UK music polls as the premier guitarist.
Clapton first visited the United States while touring with Cream. In March 1967, Cream performed a nine-show stand at the RKO Theater in New York. They recorded Disraeli Gears in New York from 11–15 May 1967. Cream's repertoire varied from hard rock ("I Feel Free") to lengthy blues-based instrumental jams ("Spoonful"). Disraeli Gears featured Clapton's searing guitar lines, Bruce's soaring vocals and prominent, fluid bass playing, and Baker's powerful, polyrhythmic jazz-influenced drumming. Together, Cream's talents secured them as an influential power trio.
In 28 months, Cream had become a commercial success, selling millions of records and playing throughout the U.S. and Europe. They redefined the instrumentalist's role in rock and were one of the first blues-rock bands to emphasise musical virtuosity and lengthy jazz-style improvisation sessions. Their U.S. hit singles include "Sunshine of Your Love" (#5, 1968), "White Room" (#6, 1968) and "Crossroads" (#28, 1969) – a live version of Robert Johnson's "Cross Road Blues". Though Cream was hailed as one of the greatest groups of its day, and the adulation of Clapton as a guitar hero reached new heights, the supergroup was short-lived. Drug and alcohol use escalated tension between the three members, and conflicts between Bruce and Baker eventually led to Cream's demise. A strongly critical Rolling Stone review of a concert of the group's second headlining U.S. tour was another significant factor in the trio's demise, and it affected Clapton profoundly.[21]
Cream's farewell album, Goodbye, featuring live performances recorded at The Forum, Los Angeles, 19 October 1968, was released shortly after Cream disbanded; it also featured the studio single "Badge", co-written by Clapton and George Harrison. Clapton met Harrison and became friends with him after the Beatles shared a bill with the Clapton-era Yardbirds at the London Palladium. The close friendship between Clapton and Harrison resulted in Clapton's playing on Harrison's "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" from the Beatles' White Album (1968). Harrison also released his solo debut album, Wonderwall Music, in 1968. It became the first of many Harrison solo records to feature Clapton on guitar. Clapton would go largely uncredited for his contributions to Harrison's albums due to contractual restraints. The pair would often play live together as each other's guest. A year after Harrison's death in 2001, Clapton helped organise a tribute concert, for which he was musical director.[22]
Cream briefly reunited in 1993 to perform at the ceremony inducting them into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; a full reunion took place in May 2005, with Clapton, Bruce, and Baker playing four sold-out concerts at London's Royal Albert Hall,[23] and three shows at New York's Madison Square Garden that October.[24] Recordings from the London shows, Royal Albert Hall London May 2-3-5-6, 2005, were released on CD, LP, and DVD in September/December 2005.[25]
Blind Faith and Delaney and Bonnie and Friends[link]
Main articles: Blind Faith and Delaney and Bonnie and Friends
Clapton's next group, Blind Faith (1969), was composed of Cream drummer Ginger Baker, Steve Winwood of Traffic, and Ric Grech of Family, and yielded one LP and one arena-circuit tour. The supergroup debuted before 100,000 fans in London's Hyde Park on 7 June 1969. They performed several dates in Scandinavia and began a sold-out American tour in July before their only album was released. The LP Blind Faith consisted of just six songs, one of them a 15-minute jam entitled "Do What You Like". The album's jacket image of a topless pubescent girl was deemed controversial in the United States and was replaced by a photograph of the band. Blind Faith dissolved after less than seven months.
Clapton subsequently toured as a sideman for an act that had opened for Blind Faith, Delaney and Bonnie and Friends. He also played two dates as a member of The Plastic Ono Band that autumn, including a recorded performance at the Toronto Rock and Roll Revival in September 1969 released as the album Live Peace in Toronto 1969.[26] On 15 December 1969 Clapton performed with John Lennon, George Harrison, and others as the Plastic Ono Band at a fundraiser for UNICEF in London.[26]
Delaney Bramlett encouraged Clapton in his singing and writing. During the summer of 1969, Clapton and Bramlett contributed to the Music From Free Creek "supersession" project. Clapton, appearing as "King Cool" for contractual reasons, played with Dr. John on three songs, joined by Bramlett on two tracks.
Using the Bramletts' backing group and an all-star cast of session players (including Leon Russell and Stephen Stills), Clapton recorded his first solo album during two brief tour hiatuses, fittingly named Eric Clapton. Delaney Bramlett co-wrote six of the songs with Clapton,[27] and Bonnie Bramlett co-wrote "Let It Rain".[28] The album yielded the unexpected U.S. #18 hit, J. J. Cale's "After Midnight". Clapton went with Delaney and Bonnie from the stage to the studio with the Dominos to record George Harrison's All Things Must Pass in spring 1970. During this busy period, Clapton also recorded with other artists including Dr. John, Leon Russell, Plastic Ono Band, Billy Preston, and Ringo Starr.
1970s[link]
Derek and the Dominos[link]
Main article: Derek and the Dominos
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With the intention to counteract the "star" cult faction that had begun to form around him, Clapton assembled a new band composed of Delaney and Bonnie's former rhythm section, Bobby Whitlock as keyboardist and vocalist, Carl Radle as the bassist, and drummer Jim Gordon, with Clapton playing guitar. It was his intention to show that he need not fill a starring role, and functioned well as a member of an ensemble.[29] Naming the band, "Eric Clapton and Friends" at first, the name "Derek and the Dominos" was a fluke. It occurred when the band's provisional name of "Del and the Dynamos" was misread as Derek and the Dominos.[30] Clapton's biography states that Tony Ashton of Ashton, Gardner and Dyke told Clapton to call the band "Del and the Dominos", since "Del" was his nickname for Eric Clapton. Del and Eric were combined and the final name became "Derek and the Dominos".[31]
Clapton's close friendship with George Harrison brought him into contact with Harrison's wife, Pattie Boyd, with whom he became deeply infatuated. When she spurned his advances, Clapton's unrequited affections prompted most of the material for the Dominos' album, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (1970). Heavily blues-influenced, the album features the twin lead guitars of Duane Allman and Clapton, with Allman's slide guitar as a key ingredient of the sound. Working at Criteria Studios in Miami with Atlantic Records producer Tom Dowd, who had worked with Clapton on Cream's Disraeli Gears, the band recorded a double album.
The album features the hit love song "Layla", inspired by the classical poet of Persian literature, Nizami Ganjavi's The Story of Layla and Majnun, a copy of which Ian Dallas had given to Clapton. The book moved Clapton profoundly, as it was the tale of a young man who fell hopelessly in love with a beautiful, unavailable woman and who went crazy because he could not marry her.[32][33] The two parts of "Layla" were recorded in separate sessions: the opening guitar section was recorded first, and for the second section, laid down several months later, drummer Jim Gordon composed and played the piano part.[31]
The Layla LP was actually recorded by a five-piece version of the group, thanks to the unforeseen inclusion of guitarist Duane Allman of The Allman Brothers Band. A few days into the Layla sessions, Dowd—who was also producing the Allmans—invited Clapton to an Allman Brothers outdoor concert in Miami. The two guitarists met first on stage, then played all night in the studio, and became friends. Duane first added his slide guitar to "Tell the Truth" and "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out". In four days, the five-piece Dominos recorded "Key to the Highway", "Have You Ever Loved a Woman" (a blues standard popularised by Freddie King and others), and "Why Does Love Got to be So Sad". In September, Duane briefly left the sessions for gigs with his own band, and the four-piece Dominos recorded "I Looked Away", "Bell Bottom Blues", and "Keep on Growing". Duane returned to record "I am Yours", "Anyday", and "It's Too Late". On 9 September, they recorded Hendrix's "Little Wing" and the title track. The following day, the final track, "It's Too Late", was recorded.[34]
Tragedy dogged the group throughout its brief career. During the sessions, Clapton was devastated by news of the death of Jimi Hendrix; eight days previously the band had cut a cover of "Little Wing" as a tribute to Hendrix. On 17 September 1970, one day before Hendrix's death, Clapton had purchased a left-handed Fender Stratocaster that he had planned to give to Hendrix as a birthday gift. Adding to Clapton's woes, the Layla album received only lukewarm reviews upon release. The shaken group undertook a U.S. tour without Allman, who had returned to the Allman Brothers Band. Despite Clapton's later admission that the tour took place amidst a veritable blizzard of drugs and alcohol, it resulted in the live double album In Concert.[35] The band had recorded several tracks for a second album in London during the spring of 1971 (five of which were released on the Eric Clapton box-set Crossroads), but the results were mediocre.
A second record was in the works when a clashing of egos took place and Clapton walked, thus disbanding the group. Allman was killed in a motorcycle accident on 29 October 1971. Although Radle would remain Clapton's bass player until the summer of 1979 (Radle died in May 1980 from the effects of alcohol and narcotics), it would be 2003 before Clapton and Whitlock appeared together again (Clapton guested on Whitlock's appearance on the Later with Jools Holland show). Another tragic footnote to the Dominos story was the fate of drummer Jim Gordon, who was an undiagnosed schizophrenic and years later murdered his mother during a psychotic episode. Gordon was confined to 16-years-to-life imprisonment, later being moved to a mental institution, where he remains today.[17]
Solo career[link]
Clapton's career successes in the 1970s were in stark contrast with his personal life, which was troubled by romantic longings and drug and alcohol addiction.[36] While suffering his (temporarily) unrequited and intense attraction to Pattie Boyd, he withdrew from recording and touring to isolation in his Surrey, England, residence. There he nursed his heroin addiction, which resulted in a career hiatus interrupted only by the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 (where he passed out on stage, was revived, and continued his performance).[17] In January 1973, The Who's Pete Townshend organised a comeback concert for Clapton at London's Rainbow Theatre, aptly titled the "Rainbow Concert", to help Clapton kick his addiction. Clapton would return the favour by playing 'The Preacher' in Ken Russell's film version of The Who's Tommy in 1975; his appearance in the film (performing "Eyesight to the Blind") is notable as he is clearly wearing a fake beard in some shots, the result of deciding to shave off his real beard after the initial takes in an attempt to force the director to remove his earlier scene from the movie and leave the set.[31]
In 1974, now partnered with Pattie (they would not actually marry until 1979) and no longer using heroin (although starting to drink heavily), Clapton put together a more low-key touring band that included Radle, Miami guitarist George Terry, keyboardist Dick Sims (who died in 2011 [37]), drummer Jamie Oldaker, and vocalists Yvonne Elliman and Marcy Levy (also known as Marcella Detroit). With this band Clapton recorded 461 Ocean Boulevard (1974), an album with an emphasis on more compact songs and fewer guitar solos; the cover version of "I Shot The Sheriff" was Clapton's first #1 hit and was important in bringing reggae and the music of Bob Marley to a wider audience. The 1975 album There's One in Every Crowd continued this trend. The album's original title, The World's Greatest Guitar Player (There's One In Every Crowd), was changed before pressing, as it was felt its ironic intention would be misunderstood. The band toured the world and subsequently released the 1975 live LP, E.C. Was Here.[38] Clapton continued to release albums and toured regularly. Highlights of the period include No Reason to Cry (a collaboration with Bob Dylan and The Band); Slowhand, which featured "Wonderful Tonight" (another song inspired by Boyd);[39] and a second J.J. Cale cover, "Cocaine". In 1976 he performed, alongside a string of notable guests, to pay tribute to the farewell performance of The Band, filmed in a Martin Scorsese documentary called the Last Waltz.
1980s[link]
In 1981 Clapton was invited by producer Martin Lewis to appear at the Amnesty International benefit The Secret Policeman's Other Ball. Clapton accepted the invitation and teamed up with Jeff Beck to perform a series of duets—reportedly their first-ever billed stage collaboration. Three of the performances were released on the album of the show, and one of the songs was featured in the film. The performances heralded a return to form and prominence for Clapton in the new decade. Many factors had influenced Clapton's comeback, including his "deepening commitment to Christianity", to which he had converted prior to his heroin addiction.[40][41]
After an embarrassing fishing incident, Clapton finally called his manager and admitted he was an alcoholic. In January 1982 Roger and Clapton flew to Minneapolis – St. Paul; Clapton would be checked in at Hazelden Treatment Center, located in Center City, Minnesota. On the flight over, Clapton indulged in a large number of drinks, for fear he would never be able to drink again. Clapton is quoted as saying from his autobiography, "In the lowest moments of my life, the only reason I didn't commit suicide was that I knew I wouldn't be able to drink any more if I was dead. It was the only thing I thought was worth living for, and the idea that people were about to try and remove me from alcohol was so terrible that I drank and drank and drank, and they had to practically carry me into the clinic."[42]
After being discharged, it was recommended by doctors of Hazelden that Clapton not partake in any activities that would act as triggers for his alcoholism or stress, until he was fully situated back at Hurtwood. A few months after his discharge, Clapton began working on his next album, against the Hazelden doctors' orders. Working with Tom Dowd, Clapton produced what he thought as his "most forced" album to date, Money and Cigarettes.
In 1984 he performed on Pink Floyd member Roger Waters' solo album, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, and went on tour with Waters following the release of the album. Since then Waters and Clapton have had a close relationship. In 2005 they performed together for the Tsunami Relief Fund. In 2006 they performed at the Highclere Castle, in aid of the Countryside Alliance, playing two set pieces of "Wish You Were Here" and "Comfortably Numb". Clapton, now a seasoned charity performer, played at the Live Aid concert on 13 July 1985.[43] When offered a slot close to peak viewing hours, he was apparently flattered. As Clapton recovered from his addictions, his album output continued in the 1980s, including two produced with Phil Collins, 1985's Behind the Sun, which produced the hits "Forever Man" and "She's Waiting", and 1986's August.
August was suffused with Collins's trademark drum and horn sound, and became Clapton's biggest seller in the UK to date, matching his highest chart position, number 3. The album's first track, the hit "It's In The Way That You Use It", was featured in the Tom Cruise – Paul Newman movie The Color of Money. The horn-peppered "Run" echoed Collins' "Sussudio" and rest of the producer's Genesis/solo output, while "Tearing Us Apart" (with Tina Turner) and the unimpressed "Miss You" echoed Clapton's angry sound. This rebound kicked off Clapton's two-year period of touring with Collins and their August collaborates, bassist Nathan East and keyboard player/songwriter Greg Phillinganes. While on tour for August, two concert videos were recorded of the four-man band, Eric Clapton Live from Montreux and Eric Clapton and Friends. Clapton later remade "After Midnight" as a single and a promotional track for the Michelob beer brand, which had also marketed earlier songs by Collins and Steve Winwood. Clapton won a British Academy Television Award for his collaboration with Michael Kamen on the score for the 1985 BBC Television thriller serial Edge of Darkness. In 1989, Clapton released Journeyman, an album which covered a wide range of styles including blues, jazz, soul and pop. Collaborators included George Harrison, Phil Collins, Daryl Hall, Chaka Khan, Mick Jones, David Sanborn and Robert Cray.
In 1984, while still married to Pattie Boyd, Clapton began a year-long relationship with Yvonne Kelly. The two had a daughter, Ruth, who was born in January 1985, but her existence was kept a secret by her parents. She was not publicly revealed as his child until 1991.[44] Boyd criticised Clapton because he had not revealed the child's existence.[45]
At the 1987 Brit Awards in London, Clapton picked up the prize for Outstanding Contribution to Music.[46] Hurricane Hugo hit Montserrat in 1989, and this resulted in the closure of Sir George Martin and John Burgess's recording studio AIR Montserrat, where Kelly was Managing Director. Kelly and Ruth moved back to England, and stories about Eric's secret daughter began as a result of newspaper articles published at the time.[44] Clapton and Boyd divorced in 1988 following his affair with Italian model Lory Del Santo, who gave birth to their son, Conor, on 21 August 1986.[47] Boyd was never able to conceive children, despite attempts at in vitro fertilisation.[45][47] Their divorce was granted on grounds of "infidelity and unreasonable behaviour."[45]
Clapton was known to date a host of beautiful women, including Krissy Wood (ex-wife of Ron Wood), actress Charlotte Martin, socialite Alice Ormsby-Gore, Paula Boyd (the younger sister of his future wife Pattie), singer Janis Joplin, singer Marianne Faithfull, rock muses Catherine James, Cyrinda Fox, and Geraldine Edwards, the inspiration for Penny Lane in Almost Famous, singer Rosanne Cash, the First Lady of France and former model Carla Bruni, and actresses Patsy Kensit, Sharon Stone, and Alicia Witt.[48]
1990s[link]
The 1990s brought a series of 32 concerts to the Royal Albert Hall, such as the 24 Nights series of concerts that took place around January through February 1990, and February through March 1991. On 27 August 1990, fellow blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan, who was touring with Clapton, and three members of their road crew were killed in a helicopter crash between concerts. Then, on 20 March 1991, Clapton's four-year-old son, Conor, died after falling from the 53rd-floor window of his mother's friend's New York City apartment at 117 East 57th Street. He landed on the roof of an adjacent four-story building. Clapton's grief was expressed in the song "Tears in Heaven", which was co-written by Will Jennings. At the 35th Grammy Awards, Clapton received six Grammy Awards for the single "Tears in Heaven" and his Unplugged album.[49] The album reached number one on the Billboard 200, and has since been certified Diamond by the RIAA for selling over 10 million copies in the United States.[50] On 9 September 1992, Clapton performed "Tears in Heaven" at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards in Los Angeles, and won the award for Best Male Video.[51][52]
In October 1992 Clapton was among the dozens of artists performing at Bob Dylan's 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration. Recorded at Madison Square Garden in New York City, the live two-disk CD/DVD captured a show full of celebrities performing classic Dylan songs, before ending with a few performances from Dylan himself. Despite the presence of 10 other guitarists on stage, including George Harrison, Neil Young, Roger McGuinn, Steve Cropper, Tom Petty, and Dylan, Clapton played the lead on a nearly 7-minute version of Dylan's "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" as part of the finale.
While Unplugged featured Clapton playing acoustic guitar, his 1994 album From the Cradle contained new versions of old blues standards, highlighted by his electric guitar playing.[53] Clapton's 1996 recording of the Wayne Kirkpatrick/Gordon Kennedy/Tommy Sims tune "Change the World" (featured in the soundtrack of the movie Phenomenon) won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1997, the same year he recorded Retail Therapy (an album of electronic music with Simon Climie under the pseudonym TDF). The following year, Clapton released the album Pilgrim, the first record featuring new material for almost a decade.[41] Clapton finished the twentieth century with collaborations with Carlos Santana and B. B. King.
In 1996 Clapton had a relationship with singer/songwriter Sheryl Crow. They remain friends, and Clapton appeared as a guest on Crow's Central Park Concert. The duo performed a Cream hit single, "White Room". Later, Clapton and Crow performed an alternate version of "Tulsa Time" with other guitar legends at the Crossroads Guitar Festival in June 2007.
In 1998 Clapton, then 53, met 22-year-old administrative assistant Melia McEnery in Columbus, Ohio, at a party given for him after a performance. He quietly dated her for a year, and went public with the relationship in 1999. They married on 1 January 2002 at St Mary Magdalene church in Clapton's birthplace, Ripley. As of 2005 they have three daughters, Julie Rose (13 June 2001), Ella May (14 January 2003), and Sophie Belle (1 February 2005).
At the 41st Grammy Awards on 24 February 1999, Clapton received his third Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, for his song "My Father's Eyes".[54] In October 1999, the compilation album, Clapton Chronicles: The Best of Eric Clapton, was released, which contained a new song, "Blue Eyes Blue", that also appears in soundtrack for the film, Runaway Bride.[55][56]
2000s[link]
Following the release of the 2001 record Reptile, in June 2002, Clapton performed "Layla" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" at the Party at the Palace concert in the grounds of Buckingham Palace.[57] On 29 November 2002, the Concert for George was held at the Royal Albert Hall, a tribute to George Harrison, who had died a year earlier of cancer.[58] Clapton was a performer and the musical director. The concert featured Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Jeff Lynne, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Ravi Shankar, Gary Brooker, Billy Preston, Joe Brown and Dhani Harrison.[58] In 2004, Clapton released two albums of covers of songs by bluesman Robert Johnson, Me and Mr. Johnson and Sessions for Robert J. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Clapton #53 on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".[59]
On 22 January 2005, Clapton performed in the Tsunami Relief Concert held at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, in aid of the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. In May 2005 Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker reunited as Cream for a series of concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Concert recordings were released on CD and DVD. Later, Cream performed in New York at Madison Square Garden. Back Home, Clapton's first album of new original material in nearly five years, was released on Reprise Records on 30 August. In 2006 he invited Derek Trucks and Doyle Bramhall II to join his band for his 2006–2007 world tour. Trucks is the third member of the Allman Brothers Band to tour supporting Clapton, the second being pianist/keyboardist Chuck Leavell, who appeared on the MTV Unplugged album and the 24 Nights performances at the Royal Albert Hall theatre of London in 1990 and 1991, as well as Clapton's 1992 U.S. tour.
On 20 May 2006, Clapton performed with Queen drummer Roger Taylor and former Pink Floyd bassist/songwriter Roger Waters at the Highclere Castle, Hampshire, in support of the Countryside Alliance.[60] On 13 August 2006, Clapton made a guest appearance at the Bob Dylan concert in Columbus, Ohio, playing guitar on three songs in Jimmie Vaughan's opening act.[61] A collaboration with guitarist J. J. Cale, titled The Road to Escondido, was released on 7 November 2006, featuring Derek Trucks and Billy Preston. The 14-track CD was produced and recorded by the duo in August 2005 in California. The chemistry between Trucks and Clapton convinced him to invite The Derek Trucks Band to open for Clapton's set at his 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival. Trucks remained on set afterward, performed with Clapton's band throughout his performances, and later embarked on a world tour with him.
The rights to Clapton's official memoirs, written by Christopher Simon Sykes and published in 2007, were sold at the 2005 Frankfurt Book Fair for US$4 million.[62]
On 26 February 2008, it was reported that North Korean officials had invited Clapton to play a concert in the communist state.[63] Clapton's management received the invitation and passed it on to the singer, who agreed in principle and suggested it take place sometime in 2009.[64] Kristen Foster, a spokesperson, said, "Eric Clapton receives numerous offers to play in countries around the world," and "[t]here is no agreement whatsoever for him to play in North Korea."[65]
In 2007 Clapton learned more about his father, a Canadian soldier who left the UK after the war. Although Clapton's grandparents eventually told him the truth about his parentage, he only knew that his father's name was Edward Fryer. This was a source of disquiet for Clapton, as witnessed by his 1998 song "My Father's Eyes". A Montreal journalist named Michael Woloschuk researched Canadian Armed Forces service records and tracked down members of Fryer's family, and finally pieced together the story. He learned that Clapton's father was Edward Walter Fryer, born 21 March 1920, in Montreal and died 15 May 1985 in Newmarket, Ontario. Fryer was a musician (piano and saxophone) and a lifelong drifter who was married several times, had several children, and apparently never knew that he was the father of Eric Clapton.[66] Clapton thanked Woloschuk in an encounter at Macdonald Cartier Airport, in Ottawa, Canada.[67]
In February 2008 Clapton performed with his long-time friend Steve Winwood at Madison Square Garden and guested on his recorded single, "Dirty City", on Winwood's album Nine Lives. The two former Blind Faith bandmates met again for a series of 14 concerts throughout the United States in June 2009.
Clapton's 2008 Summer Tour began on 3 May at the Ford Amphitheatre, Tampa Bay, Florida, and then moved to Canada, Ireland, England, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Poland, Germany, and Monaco. On 28 June 2008, he headlined Saturday night for Hard Rock Calling 2008 in London's Hyde Park (previously Hyde Park Calling) with support from Sheryl Crow and John Mayer.[68][69] In September 2008 Clapton performed at a private charity fundraiser for The Countryside Alliance at Floridita in Soho, London, that included such guests as the London Mayor Boris Johnson.
In March 2009, the Allman Brothers Band (amongst many notable guests) celebrated their 40th year, dedicating their string of concerts to the late Duane Allman on their annual run at the Beacon Theatre. Eric Clapton was one of the performers, with drummer Butch Trucks remarking that the performance was not the typical Allman Brothers experience, given the number and musical styles of the guests who were invited to perform. Songs like "In Memory of Elizabeth Reed" were punctuated with others, including "The Weight", with Levon Helm; Johnny Winter sitting in on Hendrix's "Red House"; and "Layla". On 4 May 2009 Clapton appeared as a featured guest at the Royal Albert Hall, playing "Further on Up the Road" with Joe Bonamassa.
Clapton was scheduled to be one of the performers at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th anniversary concert in Madison Square Garden on 30 October 2009, but cancelled due to gallstone surgery.[70] Van Morrison (who also cancelled)[71] said in an interview that he and Clapton were to do a "couple of songs", but that they would do something else together at "some other stage of the game".[72]
2010s[link]
Clapton performed a two-night show with Jeff Beck at London's O2 Arena on 13–14 February 2010.[73] The two former Yardbirds extended their 2010 tour with stops at Madison Square Garden,[74] the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, and the Bell Centre in Montreal.[75] Clapton performed a series of concerts in 11 cities throughout the United States from 25 February to 13 March 2010, including Roger Daltrey as opening act. His third European tour with Steve Winwood began on 18 May and ended 13 June, including Tom Norris as opening act. He then began a short North American tour lasting from 26 June to 3 July, starting with his third Crossroads Guitar Festival on 26 June at Toyota Park in Bridgeview, Illinois. Clapton released a new studio album, Clapton, on 27 September 2010 in the United Kingdom and 28 September 2010 in the United States. On 17 November 2010, Clapton performed as guest on the Prince's Trust rock gala held at the Royal Albert Hall, supported by the house band for the evening, which included Jools Holland, Midge Ure and Mark King.[76]
On 24 June 2011 Clapton was in concert with Pino Daniele in Cava de' Tirreni stadium, Italy, with an audience of 15,000 people before performing a series of concerts in South America from 6 to 16 October 2011. He spent the November and December 2011 touring Japan with Steve Winwood, playing 13 shows in various cities throughout the country. On 24 February 2012 Clapton, Keith Richards, Gary Clark Jr., Derek Trucks, Doyle Bramhall II, Kim Wilson and other artists performed together in the Howlin' For Hubert Tribute concert held at the Apollo Theater of NYC honoring blues guitarist Hubert Sumlin who died at age 80 in 4 December.
Influences[link]
Clapton cites Freddie King, B.B. King, Albert King, Buddy Guy, and Hubert Sumlin as guitar playing influences. Clapton stated blues musician Robert Johnson to be his single most important influence. In 2004 Clapton released CDs and DVDs entitled Sessions for Robert Johnson, featuring Clapton covering Robert Johnson songs using electric and acoustic guitars.[77]
Clapton co-authored with others the book Discovering Robert Johnson, in which Clapton said Johnson was[78]
"...the most important blues musician who ever lived. He was true, absolutely, to his own vision, and as deep as I have gotten into the music over the last 30 years, I have never found anything more deeply soulful than Robert Johnson. His music remains the most powerful cry that I think you can find in the human voice, really. ... it seemed to echo something I had always felt."
Legacy[link]
Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time.[2][79][80][81] Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream.[82] He ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time"[3] and fourth in Gibson's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time.[4]
Guitarists influenced by Clapton include Richie Sambora, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Gary Moore, Duane Allman, Derek Trucks,[83] Eddie Van Halen, Brian May, Tony Iommi, Lenny Kravitz, Slash, Orianthi,Vince Gill, Brad Paisley, Jonny Buckland, Joe Don Rooney, Alex Lifeson, Jonny Lang, John Mayer, Joe Satriani, Joe Bonamassa, Davy Knowles, and George Harrison.
Guitars[link]
Clapton's choice of electric guitars has been as notable as the man himself; alongside Hank Marvin, The Beatles and Jimi Hendrix, Clapton exerted a crucial and widespread influence in popularising particular models of electric guitar.[84] With the Yardbirds, Clapton played a Fender Telecaster, a Fender Jazzmaster, a double-cutaway Gretsch 6120, and a 1964 Cherry-Red Gibson ES-335. He became exclusively a Gibson player for a period beginning in mid-1965, when he purchased a used sunburst Gibson Les Paul guitar from a guitar store in London. Clapton commented on the slim profile of the neck, which would indicate it was a 1960 model.[85]
Early during his stint in Cream, Clapton's first Les Paul Standard was stolen. He continued to play Les Pauls exclusively with Cream (one bought from Andy Summers was almost identical to the stolen guitar)[86] until 1967, when he acquired his most famous guitar in this period, a 1964 Gibson SG.[87] Just before Cream's first U.S. appearance in 1967, Clapton's SG, Bruce's Fender VI, and Baker's drum head were all repainted in psychedelic designs created by the visual art collective known as The Fool. In 1968 Clapton bought a Gibson Firebird and started using the 1964 Cherry-Red Gibson ES-335 again.[87] The aforementioned 1964 ES-335 had a storied career. Clapton used it at the last Cream show in November 1968 as well as with Blind Faith, played it sparingly for slide pieces in the 1970s, used it on "Hard Times" from Journeyman, the Hyde Park live concert of 1996, and the From the Cradle sessions and tour of 1994–95. It was sold for US$847,500 at a 2004 auction.[88] Gibson produced a limited run of 250 "Crossroads 335" replicas. The 335 was only the second electric guitar Clapton bought.[89]
In July 1968 Clapton gave George Harrison a 1957 'goldtop' Gibson Les Paul that been refinished with a red colour. The following September, Clapton played the guitar on the Beatles' studio recording of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". His SG found its way into the hands of George Harrison's friend Jackie Lomax, who subsequently sold it to musician Todd Rundgren for US$500 in 1972. Rundgren restored the guitar and nicknamed it "Sunny", after "Sunshine of Your Love". He retained it until 2000, when he sold it at an auction for US$150,000.[87] At the 1969 Blind Faith concert in Hyde Park, London Clapton played a Fender Custom Telecaster, which was fitted with "Brownie"'s neck.
In late 1969 Clapton made the switch to the Fender Stratocaster. "I had a lot of influences when I took up the Strat. First there was Buddy Holly, and Buddy Guy. Hank Marvin was the first well known person over here in England who was using one, but that wasn't really my kind of music. Steve Winwood had so much credibility, and when he started playing one, I thought, oh, if he can do it, I can do it."[90] The first—used during the recording of Eric Clapton—was "Brownie", which in 1974 became the backup to the most famous of all Clapton's guitars, "Blackie". In November 1970 Eric bought six Fender Stratocasters from the Sho-bud guitar shop in Nashville, Tennessee while on tour with the Dominos. He gave one each to George Harrison, Steve Winwood, and Pete Townshend.
Clapton assembled the best components of the remaining three to create "Blackie", which was his favourite stage guitar until its retirement in 1985. It was first played live 13 January 1973 at the Rainbow Concert.[91] Clapton called the 1956/57 Strat a "mongrel".[92] On 24 June 2004, Clapton sold "Blackie" at Christie's Auction House, New York, for US$959,500 to raise funds for his Crossroads Centre for drug and alcohol addictions. "Brownie" is now on display at the Experience Music Project.[93] The Fender Custom Shop has since produced a limited run of 275 'Blackie' replicas, correct in every detail right down to the 'Duck Brothers' flight case, and artificially aged using Fender's 'Relic' process to simulate years of hard wear. One was presented to Eric upon the model's release and was used for three numbers during a concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 17 May 2006.[94]
In 1981 Clapton gave his signed Fender Lead II guitar to the Hard Rock Cafe to designate his favourite bar stool. Pete Townshend also donated his own Gibson Les Paul guitar, with a note attached: "Mine's as good as his! Love, Pete."[95]
In 1988 Fender honoured Clapton with the introduction of his signature Eric Clapton Stratocaster.[96] These were the first two artist models in the Stratocaster range. Since then, the artist series has grown to include models inspired by Clapton's contemporaries such as Rory Gallagher, Mark Knopfler, Jeff Beck, and Stevie Ray Vaughan, and by those who have influenced him, such as Buddy Guy. Clapton uses Ernie Ball Slinky and Super Slinky strings, gauge .10 to.46.[97] Clapton has been honoured with several signature-model 000-sized acoustic guitars made by the American firm of C.F. Martin & Company. The first, of these, introduced in 1995, was a limited edition 000-42EC Eric Clapton signature model with a production run of 461. As of December 2007, Martin had produced seven EC signature models.[98] His 1939 000-42 Martin that he played on the Unplugged album sold for US$791,500 at auction.[88] Clapton plays a custom 000-ECHF Martin these days.
In 1999, Clapton auctioned off some of his guitar collection to raise more than US$5 million for continuing support of the Crossroads Centre in Antigua, which he founded in 1997.[99] The Crossroads Centre is a treatment base for addictive disorders such as drugs and alcohol. In 2004 Clapton organised and participated in the Crossroads Guitar Festival to benefit the Centre. A second guitar auction, including the "Cream" of Clapton's collection – as well as guitars donated by famous friends – was held on 24 June 2004. His Lowden acoustic guitar sold for US$41,825. The revenue garnered by this auction at Christie's was US$7,438,624.[88]
In 2010 Eric Clapton announced that he would be auctioning off over 150 items at a New York auction in 2011. Proceeds will benefit his Crossroads Centre in Antigua. Items include Clapton's guitar from the Cream reunion tour in 2005, speaker cabinets used in the early 1970s from his days with Derek and the Dominoes, and some guitars from Jeff Beck, J.J. Cale, and Joe Bonamassa.[100] In March 2011 Clapton raised more than US$2.15 million when he auctioned off key items, including a 1984 Gibson hollow body guitar, a Gianni Versace suit from his 1990 concert at the Royal Albert Hall, and a replica of the famous Fender Stratocaster known as "Blackie", which fetched more than $30,000. All proceeds from the auction were donated to Clapton's Crossroads drug and rehabilitation centre in Antigua.
The "woman tone" is the informal term used by Clapton to refer to his distinctive mid- to late-1960s electric guitar sound, created using his Gibson SG solid body guitar (with Humbucker pick-ups) and a Marshall tube amplifier.[101] It is an overdriven sound that is articulate yet thick. It is characterised by being quite distorted (or even achieved with a fuzz) but muted, in contrast to the bright and twangy distortion that most guitarists were using at the time. Many players have tried to duplicate it, usually without success, in part because Clapton's playing technique had a lot to do with the tone.
Among the techniques used to replicate Clapton's sound is a technique by which the amplifier's volume is turned up to full, while the guitar's tone knob is turned down to zero or one.[102]
Perhaps the best example of the "woman tone" is Clapton's famous riff and solo from Cream's 1967 hit "Sunshine of Your Love". Clapton has explained that he obtained the tone with his Gibson's tone control rolled all the way down, switching to the neck pick-up (closest to the fretboard) and the volume all the way up, with his distortion turned all the way up. The treble, mids and bass controls on the amplifier were also maxed out. Some versions of the "woman tone" may also have involved strategic positioning of Clapton's wah-wah pedal.
Other media appearances[link]
Clapton frequently appears as a guest on the albums of other musicians. For example, he is credited on Dire Straits's Brothers in Arms album, as he lent Mark Knopfler one of his guitars. He played lead guitar and synthesiser on The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, Roger Waters' debut solo album. Other media appearances include the Toots & the Maytals album True Love, where he played guitar on the track "Pressure Drop". He can also be heard at the beginning of Frank Zappa's album, We're Only in It for the Money, repeating the phrase, "Are you hung up?" over and over again. In 1985, Clapton appeared on the charity concert Live Aid in Philadelphia with Phil Collins, Tim Renwick, Chris Stainton, Jamie Oldaker, Marcy Levy, Shaun Murphy, and Donald 'Duck' Dunn. In 1988 he played with Dire Straits and Elton John at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute at Wembley Stadium and the Prince's Trust rock gala at the Royal Albert Hall. On 30 June 1990, Dire Straits, Clapton, and Elton John made a guest appearance in the Nordoff-Robbins charity show held at Knebworth.[103] In 1991 Clapton was featured on Richie Sambora's album, Stranger In This Town, in a song dedicated to him, called "Mr. Bluesman". He contributed guitar and vocals to "Runaway Train", a duet with Elton John on the latter's The One album the following year.
On 12 September 1996 Clapton played a party for Armani at New York City's Lexington Armory with Greg Phillinganes, Nathan East, and Steve Gadd. Sheryl Crow appeared on one number, performing "Tearing Us Apart", a track from August, which was first performed by Tina Turner during the Prince's Trust All-Star Rock show in 1986. It was Clapton's sole US appearance that year, following the open-air concert held at Hyde Park.[104] The concert was taped and the footage was released both on VHS video cassette and later, on DVD.[104]
Clapton was featured in the movie version of Tommy, the first full length rock opera, written by The Who. The movie version gave Clapton a cameo appearance as The Preacher, performing Sonny Boy Williamson's song, "Eyesight to the Blind". He appeared in Blues Brothers 2000 as one of the Louisiana Gator Boys. In addition to being in the band, he had a small speaking role. Clapton has appeared in an advertisement for the Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen. In March 2007 Clapton appeared in an advertisement[105] for RealNetwork's Rhapsody online music service. In 2010 Clapton started appearing as a spokesman for T-Mobile, advertising their MyTouch Fender cell phone.
Eric Clapton was compared to God's image in the episode "Holy Crap!" of season two of That '70s Show when characters Eric Forman and Steven Hyde are asked by their minister to draw a picture of God.
Political views and advocacy[link]
Clapton is a supporter of the Countryside Alliance, he has played in concerts to raise funds for the organisation and he publicly opposed the Labour Party’s ban on fox hunting. A spokesperson for Clapton said, "Eric supports the Countryside Alliance. He doesn't hunt himself, but does enjoy rural pursuits such as fishing and shooting. He supports the Alliance's pursuit to scrap the ban on the basis that he doesn't agree with the state's interference with people's private pursuits."[106]
In 2008, he donated a song to Aid Still Required's CD to assist with the restoration of the devastation done to Southeast Asia from the 2004 Tsunami.
Controversy over remarks on immigration[link]
On 5 August 1976 Clapton provoked an uproar and lingering controversy when he spoke out against increasing immigration during a concert in Birmingham. Visibly intoxicated, Clapton voiced his support of controversial political candidate Enoch Powell, and announced on stage that Britain was in danger of becoming a "black colony". Clapton was quoted as saying, "I think Enoch's right ... we should send them all back. Throw the wogs out! Keep Britain white!"[107] The latter phrase was at the time a British National Front slogan.[108] Clapton continued:
"I used to be into dope, now I’m into racism. It’s much heavier, man. Fucking wogs, man. Fucking Saudis taking over London. Bastard wogs. Britain is becoming overcrowded and Enoch will stop it and send them all back. The black wogs and coons and Arabs and fucking Jamaicans and fucking [indecipherable] don’t belong here, we don’t want them here. This is England, this is a white country, we don’t want any black wogs and coons living here. We need to make clear to them they are not welcome. England is for white people, man. We are a white country. I don’t want fucking wogs living next to me with their standards. This is Great Britain, a white country, what is happening to us, for fuck's sake? We need to vote for Enoch Powell, he’s a great man, speaking truth. Vote for Enoch, he’s our man, he’s on our side, he’ll look after us. I want all of you here to vote for Enoch, support him, he’s on our side. Enoch for Prime Minister! Throw the wogs out! Keep Britain white!"[109]
This incident, along with some explicitly pro-fascism remarks made around the same time by David Bowie as well as uses of Nazi-related imagery by Sid Vicious and Siouxsie Sioux, were the main catalysts for the creation of Rock Against Racism, which occurred on 30 April 1978.[110]
In response to the comments, rock photographer Red Saunders and others published an open letter in NME, Melody Maker, Sounds, and the Socialist Worker. It read "Come on Eric... Own up. Half your music is black. You're rock music's biggest colonist". It concluded, "P.S. Who shot the Sheriff, Eric? It sure as hell wasn't you!"[110]
In an interview from October 1976 with Sounds magazine, Clapton remarked, "I thought it was quite funny actually. I don't know much about politics. I don't even know if it would be good or bad for him to get in. I don't even know who the Prime Minister is now. I just don't know what came over me that night. It must have been something that happened in the day but it came out in this garbled thing... I thought the whole thing was like Monty Python. There's this rock group playing on-stage and the singer starts talking about politics. It's so stupid. Those people who paid their money sittin' listening to this madman dribbling on and the band meanwhile getting fidgety thinking 'oh dear'."[111]
In a 2004 interview with Uncut, Clapton referred to Powell as "outrageously brave", and stated that his "feeling about this has not changed", because the UK is still "... inviting people in as cheap labour and then putting them in ghettos." In 2004 Clapton told an interviewer for Scotland on Sunday, "There's no way I could be a racist. It would make no sense".[112] In his 2007 autobiography, Clapton called himself "deliberately oblivious to it all" and wrote, "I had never really understood or been directly affected by racial conflict ... when I listened to music, I was disinterested in where the players came from or what colour their skin was. Interesting, then, that 10 years later, I would be labelled a racist ... Since then, I have learnt to keep my opinions to myself. Of course, it might also have had something to do with the fact that Pattie had just been leered at by a member of the Saudi royal family."[113] In a December 2007 interview with Melvyn Bragg on The South Bank Show, Clapton reiterated his support for Enoch Powell and again denied that Powell's views were "racist".[114]
Wealth and assets[link]
In 2009 Surrey Life Magazine ranked Eric Clapton as number 17 in their list of richest Surrey residents, estimating Clapton's fortune at £120 million in assets. This was a compilation of property and income which include a £9 million yacht, "Va Bene" (previously owned by Bernie Ecclestone), his back music catalogue, his touring income, and his Marshbrook holding company, which had earned him £110 million since 1989.[115] In 2003, he purchased a 50 per cent share of gentleman's outfitters Cordings Piccadilly.[116] At the time, owner Noll Uloth was trying to save the shop from closure and thought 'I will go and talk to my best client". He is reported to have contacted Eric and within five minutes he had a reply saying 'I can't let this happen."[116]
Awards and honours[link]
| Year | Award / Recognition |
|---|---|
| 1983 |
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| 1985 |
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| 1993 |
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| 1994 | |
| 2000 |
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| 2006 |
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Football[link]
In 1982 he performed a concert before West Bromwich Albion player John Wile's testimonial game at the Hawthorns, and it is often reported by various sources that Clapton is an Albion supporter. Credence for this notion can be taken from the cover pictures to the "Backless" solo album, where he is seen on the front cover to be wearing a football scarf; the rear cover photograph reveals the slogan "ALBION" on the scarf. It has been reported that the club rejected his offer to invest cash in the club around this time, and that he has since expressed more of an interest in Chelsea.[124]
Clapton's music in film and TV[link]
- Mean Streets (1973) – "I Looked Away"
- Private Lessons (1981 film) (1981) – Next Time You See Her
- Purple Haze (1983) – "I Feel Free"
- The Hit (1984) – Score
- Miami Vice (1984–1989) – Four songs over the course of the show's five seasons: "Wonderful Tonight", "Knock On Wood", "She's Waiting", and "Layla"
- Back to the Future (1985) – "Heaven Is One Step Away"
- Edge of Darkness (1985) – Soundtrack
- The Color of Money (1986) – "It's In The Way That You Use It"
- SpaceCamp (1986 film) – "Forever Man" plays when Tate Donovan's character arrives at the Space Camp
- The German car manufacturer Opel and Vauxhall in the UK used the guitar riff of Clapton's "Layla" in its advertising campaign throughout in 1987–95.
- Lethal Weapon (1987) – Soundtrack with Michael Kamen
- Lethal Weapon 2 (1989) – "Knockin' On Heaven's Door"
- Goodfellas (1990) – "Layla" and "Sunshine of Your Love"[125]
- Rush (1991) – Clapton wrote the score
- Wayne's World (1992) – "Loving your Loving"
- Peter's Friends (1992) – "Give Me Strength"
- Lethal Weapon 3 (1992) – Clapton contributed to the score and co-wrote and co-performed the song "It's Probably Me" with Sting and "Runaway Train" with Elton John.
- True Lies (1994) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- The Simpsons episode "Mother Simpson" (1995) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- Twister (1996) – "Motherless Child"
- Phenomenon (1996) – "Change the World"
- The Van (1996) – Soundtrack
- Happy Gilmore (1996) – "Wonderful Tonight"
- Patch Adams (1998) – "Let It Rain"
- Lethal Weapon 4 (1998) – "Pilgrim"
- City of Angels (1998) – "Further On Up The Road"
- Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes "Band Candy" and "Forever" (1998) – "Tales of Brave Ulysses"
- Runaway Bride (1999) – "Blue Eyes Blue"
- The Story of Us (1999) – "(I) Get Lost" (featured multiple times)
- Friends episode "The One with the Proposal, Part 2" (2000) – "Wonderful Tonight"
- Dancing At The Blue Iguana (2000) – "River of Tears"
- A Knight's Tale (2001) – "Further On Up The Road"
- Blow (2001) – "Strange Brew"
- Friends episode "The One Where Rachel Has a Baby, Part Two" (2002) – "River of Tears"
- Futurama episode "The 30% Iron Chef" (2002) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- The Sopranos episode "Whitecaps" (2002) – Tony Soprano is seen listening to "Layla" in his Suburban.
- School Of Rock (2003) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- Starsky & Hutch (2004) – "Cocaine"
- Anger Management (2004) – "Strange Brew"
- Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) – "Cocaine"
- Bad News Bears (2005) – "Cocaine"
- Lords of Dogtown (2005) – "Strange Brew"
- Lord of War (2005) – "Cocaine"
- United States of Tara episode – "Cocaine"
- Community episode – "Layla"
- The Good Guys Episode Silvio's Way – "Layla"
- Due Date (2010) – "White Room"
- Shameless (U.S. TV series) (2011) – "White Room"
Discography[link]
Main article: Eric Clapton discography
References[link]
- ^ "Rock & Roll Library – Eric Clapton's Releases". List. Rock & Roll Library. http://www.rocklibrary.com/Library/qs/releases.aspx?id=de20a9f0-1c31-4632-a807-336d3a4c537b. Retrieved 25 August 2008.
- ^ a b "55 – Eric Clapton". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-artists-of-all-time-19691231/eric-clapton-19691231. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ a b "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time – 2. Eric Clapton". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-guitarists-20111123/eric-clapton-19691231. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
- ^ a b "Top 50 Guitarists of All Time – 10 to 1". Gibson Guitar Company. http://www.gibson.com/en-us/lifestyle/Features/Top-50-Guitarists-528/. Retrieved 22 July 2011.
- ^ Inductee: Eric Clapton. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. 23 February 2010.
- ^ Eric Clapton, All Music: Grammy Awards Retrieved 29 December 2010
- ^ Ex-rebel Clapton receives his CBE The Telegraph Retrieved 30 December 2010
- ^ "Retrieved 4 January 2011". Rollingstone.com. http://www.rollingstone.com/music/artists/eric-clapton/biography. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
- ^ Harry Shapiro (1992) Eric Clapton: Lost in the Blues pg. 29. Guinness, 1992
- ^ Ladies and gentlemen, Eric Clapton msnbc Retrieved 30 December 2010
- ^ Profiles in Popular Music pg. 71. Sura Books, 2005. Retrieved 29 December 2010
- ^ a b c Bob Gulla (2008) Guitar Gods: The 25 Players Who Made Rock History pgs. 40–41. Retrieved 29 December 2010
- ^ a b Clapton, Eric (2007) Eric Clapton: The Autobiography, pg. 22. Century, 2007
- ^ a b c Thompson, Dave (2006) Cream: How Eric Clapton Took the World by Storm pgs. 31–32. Virgin Books, 2006
- ^ Welch, Chris (1994) Extract
- ^ a b Eric Clapton: Biography[dead link] Rolling Stone Retrieved 30 December 2010
- ^ a b c d e Romanowski, Patricia (2003)
- ^ "Where's Eric?". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070927223253/http://www.whereseric.com/ecfaq/biography-ecs-life-career/slowhand-nickname.html. Retrieved 11 October 2007.
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- ^ Unterberger, Richie. "AllMusic". AllMusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p3983. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Welch, Chris: "Cream" (2000), page 131
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- ^ Billboard 23 Jul 2005 Billboard Retrieved 30 December 2010
- ^ Cream, Rising to the Occasion at Madison Square Garden The Washington Post Retrieved 30 December 2010
- ^ Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Royal Albert Hall: London May 2–3–5–6 2005". Allmusic. Rovi Corporation. http://www.allmusic.com/album/royal-albert-hall-london-may-2-3-5-6-2005-main-entry-r794100. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ a b The words and music of John Lennon p.15. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007
- ^ "allmusic ((( Eric Clapton > Overview )))". http://www.allmusic.com/album/r4028. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ "allmusic ((( Let It Rain )))". http://www.allmusic.com/song/t2546826. Retrieved 5 December 2009.
- ^ The Layla Sessions liner notes, page 4.
- ^ "Derek And The Dominoes". Artistfacts. http://www.artistfacts.com/detail.php?id=100. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
- ^ a b c Schumacher, Michael (1992)
- ^ William McKeen, "Rock and roll is here to stay: an anthology", Published by W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. pg 127: "Clapton poured all he had into Layla's title track, which was inspired by the Persian love story he had read, the story of Layla and Majnun.
- ^ Gene Santoro, "Dancing in Your Head: Jazz, Blues, Rock, and Beyond", Published by Oxford University Press US, 1995. Excerpt page 62: "At the time, he started to read The story of Layla and Majnun by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi
- ^ "The Layla Sessions" CD liner notes.
- ^ The Layla Sessions liner notes, page 12.
- ^ Marc Roberty, Chris Charlesworth (1995) The complete guide to the music of Eric Clapton p.67. Omnibus Press, 1995
- ^ "Longtime Eric Clapton Keyboardist Dick Sims Dies". Gibson.com. 2008-06-24. http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/News/dick-sims-death-1209-2011/. Retrieved 2011-12-30.
- ^ Legends of rock guitar: the essential reference of rock's greatest guitarists p.70. Hal Leonard Corporation, 1997
- ^ Janet Maslin (27 August 2007). "The Muse Who Made the Guitars Gently Weep". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/27/books/27masl.html?_r=1&ref=review&oref=slogin. Retrieved 30 December 2010.
- ^ Moritz, Charles (1987)
- ^ a b Ruhlmann, William. "Eric Clapton". Allmusic. http://www.allmusic.com/artist/p64692. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
- ^ Clapton, Eric (2007 and 2008). Clapton, The Autobiography. Broadway Books. p. 198.
- ^ Legends of Rock Guitar: The Essential Reference of Rock's Greatest Guitarists p.69. Hal Leonard Corporation, 1 Mar 1997
- ^ a b Daily Mail, The truth about Eric Clapton's 'Secret Daughter'. Consulted on 12 August 2007.
- ^ a b c The Daily Mail, 'I'd pray Eric would pass out and not touch me': Part 2 of Pattie Boyd's sensational autobiography. Consulted on 12 August 2007.
- ^ Brit Awards 1987 Brits.co.uk. Retrieved 1 December 2011
- ^ a b Daily Telegraph, It's amazing we're still alive[dead link]. Consulted on 12 August 2007.
- ^ Mark D'Ambrosio (20 June 2006). "Eric Clapton Talks". The Boston Globe. http://articles.TheBostonGlobe.com/2006/June/20/local/me-clapton11/6.
- ^ Billboard 6 Mar 1993 Billboard Retrieved 30 December 2010
- ^ Diamond Awards RIAA Retrieved 28 January 2011
- ^ 1992 MTV Video Music Awards MTV.com. Retrieved 4 December 2011
- ^ 1992 MTV VMAS Rock On The Net. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ D. Dicaire, More blues singers: biographies of 50 artists from the later 20th century (McFarland, 2001), p. 203.
- ^ Past Winners Search: Eric Clapton Grammy.com. Retrieved 29 December 2011
- ^ Clapton Chronicles: The Best of Eric Clapton All music. Retrieved 29 December 2011
- ^ The Runaway Bride (Original Soundtrack) All music. Retrieved 29 December 2011
- ^ "Palace party draws 15m viewers". BBC. Retrieved 15 May 2012
- ^ a b Stephen Thomas Erlewine. "Concert for George". Allmusic. Retrieved 15 May 2012
- ^ "The Immortals". Rolling Stone (946). Archived from the original on 2006-10-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20061017054537/http://www.rollingstone.com/news/coverstory/the_immortals.
- ^ Glenn Povey (2007). Echoes: the complete history of Pink Floyd Mind Head Publishing, Retrieved 29 December 2011
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- ^ "Joel Rickett on the latest news from the publishing industry". The Guardian (London). 22 October 2005. http://books.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,,1597895,00.html. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
- ^ "Eric Clapton 'receives North Korean invite'". CNN. 26 February 2008. Archived from the original on 3 March 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080303060303/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/SHOWBIZ/Music/02/26/clapton.northkorea.ap/index.html. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
- ^ "Clapton asked to play in North Korea". BBC News. 26 February 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7265467.stm. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
- ^ "North Korea Seeks A Clapton Concert". The New York Times. 27 February 2008. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980DE2DE113FF934A15751C0A96E9C8B63. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ Woloschuk, Michael. "His Father's Eyes". Ottawa Citizen. http://www.eric-clapton.co.uk/interviewsandarticles/hisfatherseyes.htm. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
- ^ Woloschuk, Michael. "Clapton Thanks Reporter". Canoe Jam. http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/C/Clapton_Eric/1998/09/16/743979.html. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
- ^ "Hard Rock Calling". Live Nation (Music) UK Limited (Hard Rock Calling). http://2008.hardrockcalling.co.uk/. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ "Hard Rock Calling, Hyde Park, London Saturday 28 June 2008". Eric Clapton Online. http://www.ericclapton-online.com/2008-summer-tour/hard-rock-calling-hyde-park-london-saturday-28-june-2008.html. Retrieved 7 May 2010.
- ^ "Eric Clapton pulls out of rock and roll gig". entertainment.oneindia.in. http://entertainment.oneindia.in/music/international/2009/eric-out-rocknroll-hall-gig-281009.html. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ "Leonard Cohen and Van Morrison at MSG this weekend but Van will not be back for Rock Hall of Fame". brooklynvegan.com. http://www.brooklynvegan.com/archives/2009/10/leonard_cohen_a_2.html. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ "Imus in the morning: highlights and interviews". wabcradio.com. http://www.wabcradio.com/sectional.asp?id=22807. Retrieved 30 October 2009.
- ^ McCormick, Neil (14 February 2010). "Eric Clapton & Jeff Beck at the O2 Arena, review: A meeting of guitar geniuses Eric Clapton and Jeff Beck at the O2 Arena felt too formal and polite. Rating: * * *". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/live-music-reviews/7238056/Eric-Clapton-and-Jeff-Beck-at-the-O2-Arena-review.html. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ Ratliff, Ben (20 February 2010). "Yes, Two Guitar Idols Are Better Than One". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/20/arts/music/20clapton.html. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Eric Clapton and Jeff Beck announce London O2 Arena gig". New Musical Express. UK: IPC Media. 23 November 2009. http://www.nme.com/news/eric-clapton/47471. Retrieved 21 October 2009.
- ^ In pictures: The Prince's Trust Rock Gala 2010 The Telegraph Retrieved 1 Jan 2010
- ^ Eric Clapton: Me and Mr. Johnson All music. Retrieved 29 December 2011
- ^ Caviness, Crystal; Dan Kimpel, Eric Clapton David A. Mitchell Lisa Zhito, Kevin Zimmerman (Fall 2003). "Sesac Focus Fall 2003" (PDF). Magazine. Sesac. http://sesac.com/pdf/Focus_Fall_2003.pdf. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
- ^ Meisel, Perry (2010) The myth of popular culture from Dante to Dylan p.143. Retrieved 30 December 2010
- ^ Eric Clapton: Blues guitar legend BBC News Retrieved 30 December 2010
- ^ Kenn Chipkin (1998-03). Real Blues Guitar. Alfred Music Publishing, 1998. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-89898-579-5. http://books.google.com/?id=wPmuwEWoqyMC&pg=PA58&dq=Eric+Clapton+important+guitarist#v=onepage&q&f=false. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
- ^ "Eric Clapton: inducted in 2000". The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum. Retrieved 31 May 2012
- ^ Tatangelo, Wade (4 January 2007). "Derek Trucks on playing with Allman, Clapton, Dylan". PopMatters.com. McClatchy Newspapers. http://www.popmatters.com/pm/article/derek-trucks-on-playing-with-allman-clapton-dylan. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
- ^ "Clapton – The early years". Legendarytones.com. 31 July 1966. http://www.legendarytones.com/claptonearly1.html. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Clapton's Bluesbreakers Guitar Was A 1960 Gibson Les Paul Standard". Xs4all.nl. http://www.xs4all.nl/~slowhand/ecfaq/Le%20Paul.htm. Retrieved 22 August 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Andy Summers". Guitarplayer.com. http://www.guitarplayer.com/article/andy-summers/apr-07/27240. Retrieved 2011-10-23.
- ^ a b c Bob Gulla (2008) Guitar Gods: The 25 Players Who Made Rock History p.45. Retrieved 30 December 2010
- ^ a b c Published 18 March 2004 9:09 PM. (18 March 2004). "Strat Collector News Desk: Eric Clapton Guitar Auction, 24 June 2004: More Information and Images". Stratcollector.com. http://www.stratcollector.com/newsdesk/archives/000180.html. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Published 27 June 2004 6:03 PM. (27 June 2004). "Strat Collector News Desk: 2004 Eric Clapton Crossroads Guitar Auction: the Auction, the Burst Brothers, and Lee Dickson". Stratcollector.com. http://www.stratcollector.com/newsdesk/archives/000257.html. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Tom Wheeler (2004) The Stratocaster chronicles: Fender : celebrating 50 years of the Fender Strat p.8. Hal Leonard Corporation, 2004
- ^ Published 28 June 2004 8:08 PM. (28 June 2004). "Strat Collector News Desk: An Interview with Eric Clapton Guitar Technician Lee Dickson". Stratcollector.com. http://www.stratcollector.com/newsdesk/archives/000259.html. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "The Eric Clapton FAQ – Guitars". Xs4all.nl. 3 September 2001. http://www.xs4all.nl/~slowhand/ecfaq/guitars.html. Retrieved 22 August 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Rock Memorabilia Market Booms: Eric Clapton". Rolling Stone. http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/ericclapton/articles/story/8928554/rock_memorabilia_market_booms. Retrieved 22 August 2010. [dead link]
- ^ "Eric Clapton's Blackie – Guitar Center". Gc.guitarcenter.com. http://gc.guitarcenter.com/clapton/detail.cfm. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Clapton's guitar: watching Wayne Henderson build the perfect instrument p.164. Simon and Schuster, 2005
- ^ Snogod. "Eric Clapton – ClaptonWeb.com – E.C. Mainline Florida". Claptonweb.com. http://www.claptonweb.com/guitares_ang.php. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Ernie Ball – Artists". Ernie Ball. Archived from the original on 5 August 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080805040814/http://www.ernieball.com/artists.php. Retrieved 21 August 2008.
- ^ Where's Eric! Magazine (2010). Martin Guitars: Eric Clapton Acoustic Models. Retrieved on: 18 August 2011.
- ^ Christie's – Eric Clapton Guitars[dead link]
- ^ "Eric Clapton Will Auction Vintage Guitars & Amps For His Crossroads Centre". http://iknowjack.radio.com/2010/12/10/eric-clapton-will-auction-vintage-guitars-amps-for-his-crossroads-centre/.
- ^ Ted Drozdowski (9 January 2009). "How to Get Clapton's Classic 'Woman Tone'". Lifestyle. Gibson.com. http://www.gibson.com/en-us/Lifestyle/ProductSpotlight/Tone-Tips/how-to-get-claptons-classic/. Retrieved 6 August 2010.
- ^ "Eric Clapton Shows Some Guitar Skills". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rq6r23-le5o. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ Tobler, John: Who's who in rock & roll p.1988. Crescent Books, 1991
- ^ a b Live in Hyde Park (Video/DVD) All music. Retrieved 29 December 2011
- ^ "Rhapsody.com Eric Clapton advert". 2007. http://play.rbn.com/?url=realguide/music/ads/clapton.smi. Retrieved 23 March 2007.
- ^ "Clapton headlines pro-hunt concert". http://www.contactmusic.com/new/xmlfeed.nsf/story/clapton-headlines-pro-hunt-concert_30_04_2006.
- ^ Bainbridge, Luke (14 October 2007). "The ten right-wing rockers". The Guardian (London). http://observer.guardian.co.uk/print/0,,330925087-111639,00.html. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ Hall, John (19 August 2009). "Dabbling in right wing politics – David Bowie, Brian Ferry and Eric Clapton". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/the-ten-worst-rocknroll-career-moves-1774270.html?action=Popup&ino=3. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ Rebel Rock by J. Street. First Edition (1986).Oxford Press Basil Blackwell.pp.74–75.
- ^ a b Manzoor, Sarfraz (20 April 2008). "The year rock found the power to unite". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/apr/20/popandrock.race. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ Charone, Barbara (October 1976, (again, 1996)). "Eric Clapton: Farther On Up The Road". Reprint for the web, article from Sounds Magazine. Sounds Magazine. http://theband.hiof.no/articles/clapton_interview_sounds_oct_1976.html. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
- ^ "dead link". Scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com. http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/review.cfm?id=408192004. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "The gospel according to God". The Guardian (London). 21 October 2007. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2195792,00.html. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Eric Clapton". The South Bank Show. 2 December 2007. ITV.
- ^ Beresford, Philip (June 2009). "Surrey's Richest 50; The Top Ten". Rank of the wealthiest residents of Surrey, England. Surrey Life Magazine. http://surrey.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/surreys-richest-50-the-top-ten-2497/. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Clapton rescues gentlemen's shop". BBC. 2 August 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3528296.stm.
- ^ Michael Schumacher, Crossroads: The Life and Music of Eric Clapton. Consulted on 12 August 2007.
- ^ "Awards Database – The BAFTA site". BAFTA. http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?year=1985&category=Television&award=Original+Television+Music. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
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Further reading[link]
- On Eric Clapton's career:
-
- Robin Bextor, Eric Clapton: Now & Then, Carlton Books, 2006, 144 pp.
- Eric Clapton, Clapton, The Autobiography, 2007 and 2008, Broadway Books, 352 pp. / Arrow, 400 pages / Century, 384 pp.
- Eric Clapton, Derek Taylor and Peter Blake, 24 Nights, Genesis Publications, 2 volumes, 1992, 198 and 64 pp. Eric Clapton's signed limited edition books, in a Solander box with 2 live CD
- Ray Coleman, Clapton!: The Authorized Biography, Warner Books, 368 pp, or Futura, 336 pages, 1986; originally publ. as "Survivor: The Authorized Biography", Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985, 300 pp.
- Geoffrey Giuliano, Brenda Giuliano and Deborah Lynn Black, The Illustrated Eric Clapton, Sunburst Books, 1994, 96 pp.
- George Harrison, Eric Clapton & al, Live in Japan: A celebration of George Harrison’s ‘Rock Legends’ Tour with Eric Clapton Band, Genesis Publications, 1993, 274 pp. George Harrison's signed limited black leather edition book, in a box with 2 live CD.
- Christopher Hjort w/ a foreword by John Mayall, Strange brew: Eric Clapton and the British Blues Boom, 1965–1970, Jawbone, 2007, 352 pp.
- John Pidgeon, Eric Clapton: A Biography, Panther, 1976, ... pages; rev. & upd. Vermilion, 1985 or 1987, 123 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton: The Complete Recording Sessions 1963–1992, Blandford or St. Martin’s Press, 1993, 192 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Slowhand: The Life & Music of Eric Clapton, Octopus or Harmony, 1991, 176 pp; upd. ed. Crown, 1993, 192 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton in His Own Words, Omnibus Press, 1993, 96 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton: The New Visual Documentary, Omnibus Press, 1990, 128 pp.; rev. ed., 1994, ...pp.; originally publ. as Eric Clapton: A Visual Documentary, 1986, ... pp.
- Marc Roberty, Clapton: The Complete Chronicle, Pyramid, 1991, 176 pp. / Mitchell Beazley 1993, 192 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton: The Man, the Music and the Memorabilia, Paper Tiger-Dragon’s World, 1994, 226 pp.
- Marc Roberty, The Complete Guide to the Music of Eric Clapton, Omnibus Press, 1995, 152 pp. CD format; rev. ed., 2005, 128 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton, CD Books, Orion, 1994, ...pp or MBS (Miami), 1996, 120 pp. CD format
- Marc Roberty and Chris Welch, Eric Clapton: The Illustrated Disco/Biography, Omnibus Press, 1984, 80 pp. or Beekman (New York), 1990, ...pp.
- Christopher Sandford, Clapton: Edge of Darkness, Victor Gollancz, 1994, 322 pp.
- Michael Schumacher, Crossroads: The Life and Music of Eric Clapton, Hyperion, 1995, 388 pp.; rev. ed, Time Warner p'backs, 1998, 411 pp.; new ed. titled Eric Clapton, Sphere, 2008, 432 pp.
- Harry Shapiro, Eric Clapton: Lost in The Blues, Guinness Books or Muze, 1992, 256 pp.; rev. ed. Da Capo press, 1193, 225 pp.; originally publ. as Slowhand: The Story of Eric Clapton, Proteus Books, 1985, 160 pp.
- Dave Thompson, Cream: The World's First Supergroup, Virgin Books, 2005, 256 pp.; rev., upd. & illustr. ed. titled Cream: How Eric Clapton Took the World By Storm, 2006, 320 pp.
- Steve Turner, Conversations with Eric Clapton, London: Abacus, 1976, 116 pp.
- Fred Weiler, Eric Clapton, Smithmark-Penguin or Bison Books, 1992, ... pp.
- Chris Welch, Cream: Stange Brew, Castle Communications or Sanctuary or Penguin, 1994, 176 pp.; Backbeat Books, 2000, 192 pp.
- About Clapton's playing and sound:
-
- David M. Brewster (2003). "Eric Clapton". Introduction to Guitar Tone & Effects. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-634-06046-5.
- H. P. Newquist and Richard Maloof (2003). "Eric Clapton". The Blues-Rock Masters. Backbeat Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-87930-735-6.
- Pete Prown and Lisa Sharken (2003). "Eric Clapton". Gear Secrets of the Guitar Legends. Backbeat Books. p. 6. ISBN 0-87930-751-X.
External links[link]
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Eric Clapton |
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eric Clapton |
- Official website
- Eric Clapton discography at MusicBrainz
- Eric Clapton at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Eric Clapton in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Eric Clapton collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Eric Clapton collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood at Bucharest (review)
- An Interview with Eric Clapton guitar technician Lee Dickson
- Article on Bluesbreakers Les Paul[dead link]
- Gibson article on obtaining the "Woman Tone"
- Review: Eric Clapton at Floridita
- Eric Clapton FAQ[dead link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Clapton, Eric |
| Alternative names | Clapton, Eric Patrick; Slowhand |
| Short description | guitarist, singer, and composer |
| Date of birth | 30 March 1945 |
| Place of birth | Ripley, Surrey, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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For the biography, see Steve Jobs (book).
| Steve Jobs | |
|---|---|
 Jobs holding a white iPhone 4 at Worldwide Developers Conference 2010 |
|
| Born | Steven Paul Jobs (1955-02-24)February 24, 1955[1][2] San Francisco, California, U.S.[1][2] |
| Died | October 5, 2011(2011-10-05) (aged 56)[2] Palo Alto, California, U.S. |
| Cause of death | Pancreatic cancer |
| Nationality | American |
| Ethnicity | Syrian, German[3] |
| Alma mater | Reed College (dropped out) |
| Occupation | Co-founder, Chairman and CEO, Apple Inc. Co-founder and CEO, Pixar Co-founder and CEO, NeXT Inc. |
| Years active | 1974–2011 |
| Board member of | The Walt Disney Company[4] Apple Inc. |
| Religion | Zen Buddhism |
| Spouse | Laurene Powell (1991–2011, his death) |
| Children | Lisa Brennan-Jobs Reed Erin Eve |
| Relatives | Mona Simpson (sister) |
| Signature |  |
Steven Paul "Steve" Jobs (/ˈdʒɒbz/; February 24, 1955 – October 5, 2011)[5][6] was an American businessman, designer and inventor. He is best known as the co-founder, chairman, and chief executive officer of Apple Inc. Through Apple, he was widely recognized as a charismatic pioneer of the personal computer revolution[7][8] and for his influential career in the computer and consumer electronics fields. Jobs also co-founded and served as chief executive of Pixar Animation Studios; he became a member of the board of directors of The Walt Disney Company in 2006, when Disney acquired Pixar.
In the late 1970s, Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak engineered one of the first commercially successful lines of personal computers, the Apple II series. Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa and, one year later, the Macintosh. During this period he also led efforts that would begin the desktop publishing revolution, notably through the introduction of the LaserWriter and the associated PageMaker software.[9]
After losing a power struggle with the board of directors in 1985, Jobs left Apple and founded NeXT, a computer platform development company specializing in the higher-education and business markets. In 1986, he acquired the computer graphics division of Lucasfilm, which was spun off as Pixar.[10] He was credited in Toy Story (1995) as an executive producer. He remained CEO and majority shareholder at 50.1 percent until its acquisition by The Walt Disney Company in 2006,[11] making Jobs Disney's largest individual shareholder at seven percent and a member of Disney's Board of Directors.[12][13]
After difficulties developing a new Mac operating system, Apple purchased NeXT in 1996 in order to use NeXTSTEP as the basis for what became Mac OS X.[14] As part of the deal Jobs was named Apple advisor. As Apple floundered, Jobs took control of the company and was named "interim CEO" in 1997, or as he jokingly referred to it, "iCEO". Under his leadership, Apple was saved from near bankruptcy, and became profitable by 1998.[15][16] Over the next decade, Jobs oversaw the development of the iMac, iTunes, iPod, iPhone, and iPad, and on the services side, the company's Apple Retail Stores, iTunes Store and the App Store.[17] The success of these products and services, providing several years of stable financial returns, propelled Apple to become the world's most valuable publicly traded company in 2011.[18] The reinvigoration of the company is regarded by many commentators as one of the greatest turnarounds in business history.[19][20][21]
In 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with a pancreas neuroendocrine tumor. Though it was initially treated, he reported a hormone imbalance, underwent a liver transplant in 2009, and appeared progressively thinner as his health declined.[22] On medical leave for most of 2011, Jobs resigned as Apple CEO in August that year and was elected Chairman of the Board. He died of respiratory arrest related to his metastatic tumor on October 5, 2011.
Jobs has received a number of honors and public recognition for his influence in the technology and music industries. He has widely been referred to as "legendary", a "futurist" or simply "visionary",[23][24][25][26] and has been described as the "Father of the Digital Revolution",[27] a "master of innovation",[28][29] and a "design perfectionist".[30][31]
Contents |
Early life and education[link]
Steven Paul Jobs was born in San Francisco on February 24, 1955 to two university students, Joanne Carole Schieble and Syrian-born Abdulfattah "John" Jandali (Arabic: عبدالفتاح جندلي), who were both unmarried at the time.[32] Jandali, who was teaching in Wisconsin when Steve was born in 1955, said he had no choice but to put the baby up for adoption because his girlfriend's family objected to their relationship.[33] The baby was adopted at birth by Paul Reinhold Jobs (1922–1993) and Clara Jobs (1924–1986), an Armenian-American[3] whose maiden name was Hagopian.[34] Later, when asked about his "adoptive parents," Jobs replied emphatically that Paul and Clara Jobs "were my parents."[35] He stated in his authorized biography that they "were my parents 1,000%."[36] Unknown to him, his biological parents would subsequently marry (December 1955), have a second child Mona Simpson in 1957, and divorce in 1962.[36]
The Jobs family moved from San Francisco to Mountain View, California when Steve was five years old.[1][2] The parents later adopted a daughter, Patti. Paul was a machinist for a company that made lasers, and taught his son rudimentary electronics and how to work with his hands.[1] The father showed Steve how to work on electronics in the family garage, demonstrating to his son how to take apart and rebuild electronics such as radios and televisions. As a result, Steve became interested in and developed a hobby of technical tinkering.[37]
Clara was an accountant[35] who taught him to read before he went to school.[1] Clara Jobs had been a payroll clerk for Varian Associates, one of the first high-tech firms in what became known as Silicon Valley.[38]
Jobs's youth was riddled with frustrations over formal schooling. At Monta Loma Elementary school in Mountain View, he was a prankster whose fourth-grade teacher needed to bribe him to study. Jobs tested so well, however, that administrators wanted to skip him ahead to high school—a proposal his parents declined.[39]
Jobs then attended Cupertino Junior High and Homestead High School in Cupertino, California.[2] At Homestead, Jobs became friends with Bill Fernandez, a neighbor who shared the same interests in electronics. Fernandez introduced Jobs to another, older computer whiz kid, Stephen Wozniak (also known as "Woz"). In 1969 Woz started building a little computer board with Fernandez that they named “The Cream Soda Computer”, which they showed to Jobs; he seemed really interested.[40] Jobs frequented after-school lectures at the Hewlett-Packard Company in Palo Alto, California, and was later hired there, working with Wozniak as a summer employee.[41]
Following high school graduation in 1972, Jobs enrolled at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. Reed was an expensive college which Paul and Clara could ill afford. They were spending much of their life savings on their son’s higher education.[40] Jobs dropped out of college after six months and spent the next 18 months dropping in on creative classes, including a course on calligraphy.[42] He continued auditing classes at Reed while sleeping on the floor in friends' dorm rooms, returning Coke bottles for food money, and getting weekly free meals at the local Hare Krishna temple.[43] Jobs later said, "If I had never dropped in on that single calligraphy course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts."[43]
Early career[link]
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In 1974, Jobs took a job as a technician at Atari, Inc. in Los Gatos, California.[44] He traveled to India in mid-1974[45] to visit Neem Karoli Baba[46] at his Kainchi Ashram with a Reed College friend (and, later, an early Apple employee), Daniel Kottke, in search of spiritual enlightenment. When they got to the Neem Karoli ashram, it was almost deserted as Neem Karoli Baba had died in September 1973.[44] Then they made a long trek up a dry riverbed to an ashram of Hariakhan Baba. In India, they spent a lot of time on bus rides from Delhi to Uttar Pradesh and back, then up to Himachal Pradesh and back.[44]
After staying for seven months, Jobs left India[47] and returned to the US ahead of Daniel Kottke.[44] Jobs had changed his appearance; his head was shaved and he wore traditional Indian clothing.[48][49] During this time, Jobs experimented with psychedelics, later calling his LSD experiences "one of the two or three most important things [he had] done in [his] life".[50] He also became a serious practitioner of Zen Buddhism, engaged in lengthy meditation retreats at the Tassajara Zen Mountain Center, the oldest Sōtō Zen monastery in the US.[51] He considered taking up monastic residence at Eihei-ji in Japan, and maintained a lifelong appreciation for Zen.[52] Jobs would later say that people around him who did not share his countercultural roots could not fully relate to his thinking.[50]
Jobs then returned to Atari, and was assigned to create a circuit board for the arcade video game Breakout. According to Atari co-founder Nolan Bushnell, Atari offered $100 for each chip that was eliminated in the machine. At that time, Jobs had little specialized knowledge of circuit board design and made a deal with Wozniak to split the fee evenly between them if Wozniak could minimize the number of chips. Much to the amazement of Atari engineers, Wozniak reduced the number of chips by 50, a design so tight that it was impossible to reproduce on an assembly line.[further explanation needed] According to Wozniak, Jobs told him that Atari gave them only $700 (instead of the offered $5,000), and that Wozniak's share was thus $350.[53] Wozniak did not learn about the actual bonus until ten years later, but said that if Jobs had told him about it and had said he needed the money, Wozniak would have given it to him.[54]
In the early 1970s, Jobs and Wozniak were drawn to technology like a magnet. Wozniak had designed a low-cost digital "blue box" to generate the necessary tones to manipulate the telephone network, allowing free long-distance calls. Jobs decided that they could make money selling it. The clandestine sales of the illegal "blue boxes" went well, and perhaps planted the seed in Jobs's mind that electronics could be fun and profitable.[55]
In 1976, Jobs and Wozniak formed their own business, which they named “Apple Computer Company” in remembrance of a happy summer Jobs had spent picking apples. At first they started off selling circuit boards, but eventually they produced a complete computer prototype.[56] Jobs began attending meetings of the Homebrew Computer Club with Wozniak in 1975.[2] He greatly admired Edwin H. Land, the inventor of instant photography and founder of Polaroid Corporation, and would explicitly model his own career after that of Land's.[57][58]
Career[link]
Apple Computer[link]
See also: History of Apple
Jobs and Steve Wozniak met in 1971, when their mutual friend, Bill Fernandez, introduced 21-year-old Wozniak to 16-year-old Jobs. In 1976, Wozniak invented the Apple I computer. Jobs, Wozniak, and Ronald Wayne founded Apple computer in the garage of Jobs's parents in order to sell it.[59] They received funding from a then-semi-retired Intel product-marketing manager and engineer Mike Markkula.[60]
In 1978, Apple recruited Mike Scott from National Semiconductor to serve as CEO for what turned out to be several turbulent years. In 1983, Jobs lured John Sculley away from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Apple's CEO, asking, "Do you want to sell sugar water for the rest of your life, or do you want to come with me and change the world?"[61]
In the early 1980s, Jobs was among the first to see the commercial potential of Xerox PARC's mouse-driven graphical user interface, which led to the creation of the Apple Lisa. One year later, Apple employee Jef Raskin invented the Macintosh.[62][63]
The following year, Apple aired a Super Bowl television commercial titled "1984". At Apple's annual shareholders meeting on January 24, 1984, an emotional Jobs introduced the Macintosh to a wildly enthusiastic audience; Andy Hertzfeld described the scene as "pandemonium".[64]
While Jobs was a persuasive and charismatic director for Apple, some of his employees from that time described him as an erratic and temperamental manager. Disappointing sales caused a deterioration in Jobs's working relationship with Sculley and it eventually became a power struggle between Jobs and Sculley.[65] Jobs kept meetings running past midnight, sent out lengthy faxes, then called new meetings at 7:00 am.[66]
Sculley learned that Jobs—believing Sculley to be "bad for Apple" and the wrong person to lead the company—had been attempting to organize a boardroom coup, and on May 24, 1985, called a board meeting to resolve the matter.[65] Apple's board of directors sided with Sculley and removed Jobs from his managerial duties as head of the Macintosh division.[67][68] Jobs resigned from Apple five months later[65] and founded NeXT Inc. the same year.[66][69]
In a speech Jobs gave at Stanford University in 2005, he said being fired from Apple was the best thing that could have happened to him; "The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life." And he added, "I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful-tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it."[43][70][71]
NeXT Computer[link]
See also: NeXT
After leaving Apple, Jobs founded NeXT Computer in 1985, with $7 million. A year later, Jobs was running out of money, and with no product on the horizon, he appealed for venture capital. Eventually, he attracted the attention of billionaire Ross Perot who invested heavily in the company.[72] NeXT workstations were first released in 1990, priced at $9,999. Like the Apple Lisa, the NeXT workstation was technologically advanced, but was largely dismissed as cost-prohibitive by the educational sector for which it was designed.[73] The NeXT workstation was known for its technical strengths, chief among them its object-oriented software development system. Jobs marketed NeXT products to the financial, scientific, and academic community, highlighting its innovative, experimental new technologies, such as the Mach kernel, the digital signal processor chip, and the built-in Ethernet port. Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web on a NeXT computer at CERN.[74]
The revised, second-generation NeXTcube was released in 1990, also. Jobs touted it as the first "interpersonal" computer that would replace the personal computer. With its innovative NeXTMail multimedia email system, NeXTcube could share voice, image, graphics, and video in email for the first time. "Interpersonal computing is going to revolutionize human communications and groupwork", Jobs told reporters.[75] Jobs ran NeXT with an obsession for aesthetic perfection, as evidenced by the development of and attention to NeXTcube's magnesium case.[76] This put considerable strain on NeXT's hardware division, and in 1993, after having sold only 50,000 machines, NeXT transitioned fully to software development with the release of NeXTSTEP/Intel.[77] The company reported its first profit of $1.03 million in 1994.[72] In 1996, NeXT Software, Inc. released WebObjects, a framework for Web application development. After NeXT was acquired by Apple Inc. in 1997, WebObjects was used to build and run the Apple Store,[77] MobileMe services, and the iTunes Store.
Pixar and Disney[link]
In 1986, Jobs bought The Graphics Group (later renamed Pixar) from Lucasfilm's computer graphics division for the price of $10 million, $5 million of which was given to the company as capital.[78]
The first film produced by the partnership, Toy Story, with Jobs credited as executive producer,[79] brought fame and critical acclaim to the studio when it was released in 1995. Over the next 15 years, under Pixar's creative chief John Lasseter, the company produced box-office hits A Bug's Life (1998); Toy Story 2 (1999); Monsters, Inc. (2001); Finding Nemo (2003); The Incredibles (2004); Cars (2006); Ratatouille (2007); WALL-E (2008); Up (2009); and Toy Story 3 (2010). Finding Nemo, The Incredibles, Ratatouille, WALL-E, Up and Toy Story 3 each received the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, an award introduced in 2001.[80]
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In the years 2003 and 2004, as Pixar's contract with Disney was running out, Jobs and Disney chief executive Michael Eisner tried but failed to negotiate a new partnership,[82] and in early 2004, Jobs announced that Pixar would seek a new partner to distribute its films after its contract with Disney expired.
In October 2005, Bob Iger replaced Eisner at Disney, and Iger quickly worked to patch up relations with Jobs and Pixar. On January 24, 2006, Jobs and Iger announced that Disney had agreed to purchase Pixar in an all-stock transaction worth $7.4 billion. When the deal closed, Jobs became The Walt Disney Company's largest single shareholder with approximately seven percent of the company's stock.[12] Jobs's holdings in Disney far exceeded those of Eisner, who holds 1.7 percent, and of Disney family member Roy E. Disney, who until his 2009 death held about one percent of the company's stock and whose criticisms of Eisner — especially that he soured Disney's relationship with Pixar — accelerated Eisner's ousting. Jobs joined the company's board of directors upon completion of the merger and also helped oversee Disney and Pixar's combined animation businesses from a seat on a special six-person steering committee.[83] Upon Jobs's death his shares in Disney were transferred to the Steven P. Jobs Trust led by Laurene Jobs.[84]
Return to Apple[link]
In 1996, Apple announced that it would buy NeXT for $427 million. The deal was finalized in late 1996,[85] bringing Jobs back to the company he co-founded. Jobs became de facto chief after then-CEO Gil Amelio was ousted in July 1997. He was formally named interim chief executive in September.[86] In March 1998, to concentrate Apple's efforts on returning to profitability, Jobs terminated a number of projects, such as Newton, Cyberdog, and OpenDoc. In the coming months, many employees developed a fear of encountering Jobs while riding in the elevator, "afraid that they might not have a job when the doors opened. The reality was that Jobs's summary executions were rare, but a handful of victims was enough to terrorize a whole company."[87] Jobs also changed the licensing program for Macintosh clones, making it too costly for the manufacturers to continue making machines.
With the purchase of NeXT, much of the company's technology found its way into Apple products, most notably NeXTSTEP, which evolved into Mac OS X. Under Jobs's guidance, the company increased sales significantly with the introduction of the iMac and other new products; since then, appealing designs and powerful branding have worked well for Apple. At the 2000 Macworld Expo, Jobs officially dropped the "interim" modifier from his title at Apple and became permanent CEO.[88] Jobs quipped at the time that he would be using the title "iCEO".[89]
The company subsequently branched out, introducing and improving upon other digital appliances. With the introduction of the iPod portable music player, iTunes digital music software, and the iTunes Store, the company made forays into consumer electronics and music distribution. On June 29, 2007, Apple entered the cellular phone business with the introduction of the iPhone, a multi-touch display cell phone, which also included the features of an iPod and, with its own mobile browser, revolutionized the mobile browsing scene. While stimulating innovation, Jobs also reminded his employees that "real artists ship".[90]
Jobs was both admired and criticized for his consummate skill at persuasion and salesmanship, which has been dubbed the "reality distortion field" and was particularly evident during his keynote speeches (colloquially known as "Stevenotes") at Macworld Expos and at Apple Worldwide Developers Conferences. In 2005, Jobs responded to criticism of Apple's poor recycling programs for e-waste in the US by lashing out at environmental and other advocates at Apple's Annual Meeting in Cupertino in April. A few weeks later, Apple announced it would take back iPods for free at its retail stores. The Computer TakeBack Campaign responded by flying a banner from a plane over the Stanford University graduation at which Jobs was the commencement speaker.[43] The banner read "Steve, don't be a mini-player—recycle all e-waste".
In 2006, he further expanded Apple's recycling programs to any US customer who buys a new Mac. This program includes shipping and "environmentally friendly disposal" of their old systems.[91]
Resignation[link]
In August 2011, Jobs resigned as CEO of Apple, but remained with the company as chairman of the company's board.[92][93] Hours after the announcement, Apple Inc. (AAPL) shares dropped five percent in after-hours trading.[94] This relatively small drop, when considering the importance of Jobs to Apple, was associated with the fact that his health had been in the news for several years, and he had been on medical leave since January 2011.[95] It was believed, according to Forbes, that the impact would be felt in a negative way beyond Apple, including at The Walt Disney Company where Jobs served as director.[96] In after-hours trading on the day of the announcement, Walt Disney Co. (DIS) shares dropped 1.5 percent.[97]
Business life[link]
Wealth[link]
Jobs earned only $1 a year as CEO of Apple,[98] Jobs held 5.426 million Apple shares worth $2.1 billion, as well as 138 million shares in Disney (which he received in exchange for Disney's acquisition of Pixar) worth $4.4 billion.[99][100] Jobs quipped that the $1 per annum he was paid by Apple was based on attending one meeting for 50 cents while the other 50 cents was based on his performance.[101] Forbes estimated his net wealth at $8.3 billion in 2010, making him the 42nd wealthiest American.[102]
Stock options backdating issue[link]
.jpg)
In 2001, Jobs was granted stock options in the amount of 7.5 million shares of Apple with an exercise price of $18.30. It was alleged that the options had been backdated, and that the exercise price should have been $21.10. It was further alleged that Jobs had thereby incurred taxable income of $20,000,000 that he did not report, and that Apple overstated its earnings by that same amount. As a result, Jobs potentially faced a number of criminal charges and civil penalties. The case was the subject of active criminal and civil government investigations,[103] though an independent internal Apple investigation completed on December 29, 2006, found that Jobs was unaware of these issues and that the options granted to him were returned without being exercised in 2003.[104]
On July 1, 2008, a $7-billion class action suit was filed against several members of the Apple Board of Directors for revenue lost due to the alleged securities fraud.[105][106]
Management style[link]
Jobs was a demanding perfectionist[107][108] who always aspired to position his businesses and their products at the forefront of the information technology industry by foreseeing and setting trends, at least in innovation and style. He summed up that self-concept at the end of his keynote speech at the Macworld Conference and Expo in January 2007, by quoting ice hockey player Wayne Gretzky
-
There's an old Wayne Gretzky quote that I love. 'I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been.' And we've always tried to do that at Apple. Since the very very beginning. And we always will.[109]
Much was made of Jobs's aggressive and demanding personality. Fortune wrote that he was "considered one of Silicon Valley's leading egomaniacs".[110] Commentaries on his temperamental style can be found in Michael Moritz's The Little Kingdom, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, by Alan Deutschman; and iCon: Steve Jobs, by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon. In 1993, Jobs made Fortune's list of America's Toughest Bosses in regard to his leadership of NeXT.
NeXT Cofounder Dan'l Lewin was quoted in Fortune as saying of that period, "The highs were unbelievable ... But the lows were unimaginable", to which Jobs's office replied that his personality had changed since then.[111]
In 2005, Jobs banned all books published by John Wiley & Sons from Apple Stores in response to their publishing an unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs.[112] In its 2010 annual earnings report, Wiley said it had "closed a deal ... to make its titles available for the iPad."[113] Jef Raskin, a former colleague, once said that Jobs "would have made an excellent king of France", alluding to Jobs's compelling and larger-than-life persona.[114] Floyd Norman said that at Pixar, Jobs was a "mature, mellow individual" and never interfered with the creative process of the filmmakers.[115]
Jobs had a public war of words with Dell Computer CEO Michael Dell, starting in 1987 when Jobs first criticized Dell for making "un-innovative beige boxes".[116] On October 6, 1997, in a Gartner Symposium, when Michael Dell was asked what he would do if he ran then-troubled Apple Computer, he said "I'd shut it down and give the money back to the shareholders."[117] In 2006, Jobs sent an email to all employees when Apple's market capitalization rose above Dell's. The email read:
Team, it turned out that Michael Dell wasn't perfect at predicting the future. Based on today's stock market close, Apple is worth more than Dell. Stocks go up and down, and things may be different tomorrow, but I thought it was worth a moment of reflection today. Steve.[118]
Jobs was also a board member at Gap Inc. from 1999 to 2002.[119]
Reality distortion field[link]
Main article: Reality distortion field
Apple's Bud Tribble coined the term "reality distortion field" in 1981, to describe Jobs's charisma and its effects on the developers working on the Macintosh project.[120] Tribble claimed that the term came from Star Trek.[120] Since then the term has also been used to refer to perceptions of Jobs's keynote speeches.[121]
The RDF was said by Andy Hertzfeld to be Steve Jobs's ability to convince himself and others to believe almost anything, using a mix of charm, charisma, bravado, hyperbole, marketing, appeasement, and persistence. Although the subject of criticism, Jobs's so-called reality distortion field was also recognized as creating a sense that the impossible was possible. Once the term became widely known, it was often used in the technology press to describe Jobs's sway over the public, particularly regarding new product announcements.[122][123]
Inventions and designs[link]
His design sense was greatly influenced by the Buddhism which he experienced in India while on a seven-month spiritual journey.[124] His sense of intuition was also influenced by the spiritual people with whom he studied.[124]
As of October 9, 2011 (2011 -10-09)[update], Jobs is listed as either primary inventor or co-inventor in 342 United States patents or patent applications related to a range of technologies from actual computer and portable devices to user interfaces (including touch-based), speakers, keyboards, power adapters, staircases, clasps, sleeves, lanyards and packages. Most of these are design patents (specific product designs) as opposed to utility patents (inventions).[125][126] He has 43 issued US patents on inventions.[127] The patent on the Mac OS X Dock user interface with "magnification" feature was issued the day before he died.[128]
Applying his Triple F Model to Apple under Steve Jobs, Anand Kurian opines that Job's contribution in the area of pure ‘Function’ are less significant, but that his contribution in the areas of ‘Functionality’ and ‘Form’ are major and substantial.[129]
Apple I Computer[link]
Main article: Apple I
The first significant invention that Steve Jobs was involved in was the Apple I which came along in 1976. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, who was at the time working for HP, scraped together some cash for printed circuit boards. Then they planned to sell the machine as a kit for $666.66. A store called the Byte Shop ordered 50 fully assembled devices, and sold them all.[130] The Apple’s first computer was for hobbyists and engineers so it was made in small numbers.[131]
Apple II Computer[link]
Main article: Apple II
During 1976, Steve Wozniak began work on the Apple II, and left HP to join Apple computer. In March 1977, Apple Computer moved from Jobs's garage to an office in Cupertino. Apple Computer delivered its first Apple II system, for US$1295 in April 1977.[132] Steve Jobs once said the Apple II could be described as an "appliance" computer. The Apple II was the first computer to be enclosed in plastic.[133] Jobs insisted that molded plastic was essential to the computer as a consumer item. The Apple II was “elegantly styled" and it became compared to an "overgrown pocket calculator".[134]
Ten months after its introduction, Apple Computer began work on an enhanced Apple II with custom chips, code-named Annie, in 1978. At the same year, they began work on a supercomputer named Lisa; it featured a bit-sliced architecture. After two and a half years, 50,000 Apple II units had been sold until 1979. Nearly one-third of Canadians credited the Apple II as the first personal computer which having the most impact on society.[135]
The Macintosh Computer[link]
The Macintosh was introduced in January 1984. The computer had no “Mac” name on the front, but rather just the Apple logo.[130] The Macintosh have a friendly appearance since it was meant to be easy to use. The disk drive is below the display, the Macintosh was taller, narrower, more symmetrical, and far more suggestive of a face. The Macintosh was identified as a computer that ordinary people could understand.[136]
The NeXT Computer[link]
Main article: NeXT Computer
After Jobs was forced out of Apple in 1985, he started a company that built workstation computers. The NeXT Computer was introduced in 1989. Sir Tim Berners-Lee created the world’s first web browser on the NeXT Computer. The NeXT Computer was the basis for today’s Macintosh OS X and iPhone operating system (iOS).[137]
iMac[link]
Main article: IMac
Apple iMac was introduced in 1998 and its innovative design was directly the result of Jobs's return to Apple. Apple boasted "the back of our computer looks better than the front of anyone else's".[138] Described as "cartoonlike" the first iMac, clad in Bondi Blue plastic, was unlike any personal computer that came before. In 1999, Apple introduced Graphite gray Apple iMac and since has switched to all-white. Design ideas were intended to create a connection with the user such as the handle and a breathing light effect when the computer went to sleep..[139] The Apple iMac sold for $1,299 at that time. There was some technical revolutions for iMac too. The USB ports being the only device inputs on the iMac. So the iMac’s success helped popularize the interface among third party peripheral makers, which is evidenced by the fact that many early USB peripherals were made of translucent plastic to match the iMac design.[140]
iPod[link]
Main article: IPod
The first generation of iPod was released October 23, 2001. The major innovation of the iPod was its small size achieved by using a 1.8" hard drive compared to the 2.5" drives common to players at that time. The capacity of the first generation iPod ranged from 5G to 10 Gigabytes.[141] The iPod sold for US$399 and more than 100,000 iPods were sold before the end of 2001. The introduction of the iPod resulted in Apple becoming a major player in the music industry.[142] Also, the iPod’s success prepared the way for the iTunes music store and the iPhone.[131] After the 1st generation of iPod, Apple released the hard drive-based iPod classic, the touchscreen iPod Touch, video-capable iPod Nano, screenless iPod Shuffle in the following years.[142]
iPhone[link]
Main article: IPhone
Jobs began work on the first iPhone in 2005 and the first iPhone was released on June 29, 2007. The iPhone created such a sensation that a survey indicated six out of ten Americans were aware of its release. Time magazine declared it "Invention of the Year" for 2007.[143] The Apple iPhone is a small device with multimedia capabilities and functions as a quad-band touch screen smartphone.[144] A year later, the iPhone 3G was released in July 2008 with the key feature was support for GPS, 3G data and quad-band UMTS/HSDPA. In June 2009, the iPhone 3GS, added voice control, a better camera, and a faster processor was introduced by Phil Schiller.[145] iPhone 4 was thinner than previous models, had a five megapixel camera which can record videos in 720p HD, and added a secondary front facing camera for video calls.[146] A major feature of the iPhone 4S, introduced in October 2011, was Siri, which is a virtual assistant that is capable of voice recognition.[143]
Philanthropy[link]
Arik Hesseldahl of BusinessWeek magazine stated that "Jobs isn't widely known for his association with philanthropic causes", compared to Bill Gates's efforts.[147] In contrast to Gates, Jobs did not sign the Giving Pledge of Warren Buffett which challenged the world’s richest billionaires to give at least half their wealth to charity.[148] In an interview with Playboy in 1985, Jobs said in respect to money that “the challenges are to figure out how to live with it and to reinvest it back into the world which means either giving it away or using it to express your concerns or values.”[149] Jobs also added that when he has some time we would start a public foundation but for now he does charitable acts privately.[150]
After resuming control of Apple in 1997, Jobs eliminated all corporate philanthropy programs initially.[151] Jobs’s friends told The New York Times that he felt that expanding Apple would have done more good than giving money to charity.[152] Later, under Jobs, Apple signed to participate in Product Red program, producing red versions of devices to give profits from sales to charity. Apple has gone on to become the largest contributor to the charity since its initial involvement with it. The chief of the Product Red project, singer Bono cited Jobs saying there was "nothing better than the chance to save lives," when he initially approached Apple with the invitation to participate in the program.[153] Through its sales, Apple has been the largest contributor to the Global Fund to fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, according to Bono.[154]
Personal life[link]
Jobs's birth parents met at the University of Wisconsin. Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, a Syrian Muslim,[155] taught there. Joanne Carole Schieble was his student; they were the same age because Jandali had "gotten his PhD really young." [156][157][158] Schieble had a career as a speech language pathologist. Jandali taught political science at the University of Nevada in the 1960s, and then made his career in the food and beverage industry, and since 2006, has been a vice president at a casino in Reno, Nevada.[159][160] In December 1955, ten months after giving up their baby boy, Schieble and Jandali married. In 1957 they had a daughter, Mona. They divorced in 1962, and Jandali lost touch with his daughter.[161] Her mother remarried and had Mona take the surname of her stepfather, so she became known as Mona Simpson.[157]
In the 1980s, Jobs found his birth mother, Joanne Schieble Simpson, who told him he had a biological sister, Mona Simpson. They met for the first time in 1985[161] and became close friends. The siblings kept their relationship secret until 1986, when Mona introduced him at a party for her first book.[35]
After deciding to search for their father, Simpson found Jandali managing a coffee shop. Without knowing who his son had become, Jandali told Mona that he had previously managed a popular restaurant in the Silicon Valley where "Even Steve Jobs used to eat there. Yeah, he was a great tipper." In a taped interview with his biographer Walter Isaacson, aired on 60 Minutes,[162] Jobs said: "When I was looking for my biological mother, obviously, you know, I was looking for my biological father at the same time, and I learned a little bit about him and I didn't like what I learned. I asked her to not tell him that we ever met...not tell him anything about me."[163] Jobs was in occasional touch with his mother Joanne Simpson,[151][164] who lives in a nursing home in Los Angeles.[157] When speaking about his biological parents, Jobs stated: "They were my sperm and egg bank. That's not harsh, it's just the way it was, a sperm bank thing, nothing more."[36] Jandali stated in an interview with the The Sun in August 2011, that his efforts to contact Jobs were unsuccessful. Jandali mailed in his medical history after Jobs's pancreatic disorder was made public that year.[165][166][167]
In her eulogy to Jobs at his memorial service, Mona Simpson stated:
- I grew up as an only child, with a single mother. Because we were poor and because I knew my father had emigrated from Syria, I imagined he looked like Omar Sharif. I hoped he would be rich and kind and would come into our lives (and our not yet furnished apartment) and help us. Later, after I'd met my father, I tried to believe he'd changed his number and left no forwarding address because he was an idealistic revolutionary, plotting a new world for the Arab people. Even as a feminist, my whole life I'd been waiting for a man to love, who could love me. For decades, I'd thought that man would be my father. When I was 25, I met that man and he was my brother.[161]
Jobs's first child, Lisa Brennan-Jobs, was born in 1978, the daughter of his longtime partner Chris Ann Brennan, a Bay Area painter.[151] For two years, she raised their daughter on welfare while Jobs denied paternity by claiming he was sterile; he later acknowledged Lisa as his daughter.[151] Jobs later married Laurene Powell on March 18, 1991, in a ceremony at the Ahwahnee Hotel in Yosemite National Park. Presiding over the wedding was Kobun Chino Otogawa, a Zen Buddhist monk. Their son, Reed, was born September 1991, followed by daughters Erin in August 1995, and Eve in 1998.[168] The family lives in Palo Alto, California.[169]
In the unauthorized biography, The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, author Alan Deutschman reports that Jobs once dated Joan Baez. Deutschman quotes Elizabeth Holmes, a friend of Jobs from his time at Reed College, as saying she "believed that Steve became the lover of Joan Baez in large measure because Baez had been the lover of Bob Dylan" (Dylan was the Apple icon's favorite musician). In another unauthorized biography, iCon: Steve Jobs by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon, the authors suggest that Jobs might have married Baez, but her age at the time (41) meant it was unlikely the couple could have children.
Jobs was also a fan of The Beatles. He referred to them on multiple occasions at Keynotes and also was interviewed on a showing of a Paul McCartney concert. When asked about his business model on 60 Minutes, he replied:
My model for business is The Beatles: They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check; they balanced each other. And the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are never done by one person, they are done by a team of people.[170]
In 1982, Jobs bought an apartment in The San Remo, an apartment building in New York City with a politically progressive reputation, where Demi Moore, Steven Spielberg, Steve Martin, and Princess Yasmin Aga Khan, daughter of Rita Hayworth, also had apartments. With the help of I.M. Pei, Jobs spent years renovating his apartment in the top two floors of the building's north tower, only to sell it almost two decades later to U2 singer Bono. Jobs never moved in.[171][172]
In 1984, Jobs purchased the Jackling House, a 17,000-square-foot (1,600 m2), 14-bedroom Spanish Colonial mansion designed by George Washington Smith in Woodside, California. Although it reportedly remained in an almost unfurnished state, Jobs lived in the mansion for almost ten years. According to reports, he kept a 1966 BMW R60/2 motorcycle in the living room, and let Bill Clinton use it in 1998. From the early 1990s, Jobs lived in a house in the Old Palo Alto neighborhood of Palo Alto. President Clinton dined with Jobs and 14 Silicon Valley CEOs there on August 7, 1996, at a meal catered by Greens Restaurant.[173][174] Clinton returned the favor and Jobs, who was a Democratic donor, slept in the Lincoln bedroom of the White House.[175]
Jobs allowed Jackling House to fall into a state of disrepair, planning to demolish the house and build a smaller home on the property; but he met with complaints from local preservationists over his plans. In June 2004, the Woodside Town Council gave Jobs approval to demolish the mansion, on the condition that he advertise the property for a year to see if someone would move it to another location and restore it. A number of people expressed interest, including several with experience in restoring old property, but no agreements to that effect were reached. Later that same year, a local preservationist group began seeking legal action to prevent demolition. In January 2007, Jobs was denied the right to demolish the property, by a court decision.[176] The court decision was overturned on appeal in March 2010, and the mansion was demolished beginning in February 2011.[177]
Jobs usually wore a black long-sleeved mock turtleneck made by Issey Miyake (that was sometimes reported to be made by St. Croix), Levi's 501 blue jeans, and New Balance 991 sneakers.[178][179] Jobs told Walter Isaacson "...he came to like the idea of having a uniform for himself, both because of its daily convenience (the rationale he claimed) and its ability to convey a signature style." [180] He was a pescetarian.[181]
Jobs's car was a silver Mercedes-Benz SL 55 AMG, which did not display its license plates, as he took advantage of a California law which gives a maximum of six months for new vehicles to receive plates; Jobs leased a new SL every six months.[182]
In a 2011 interview with biographer Walter Isaacson, Jobs revealed at one point he met with U.S. President Barack Obama, complained of the nation's shortage of software engineers, and told Mr. Obama that he was "headed for a one-term presidency." Jobs proposed that any foreign student who got an engineering degree at a U.S. university should automatically be offered a green card. After the meeting, Jobs commented, "The president is very smart, but he kept explaining to us reasons why things can't get done.... It infuriates me." [183]
Jobs contributed to a number of political candidates and causes during his life, giving $209,000 to Democrats, $45,700 to associated special interests and $1,000 to a Republican.[184]
Health issues[link]
In October 2003, Jobs was diagnosed with cancer,[185] and in mid-2004, he announced to his employees that he had a cancerous tumor in his pancreas.[186] The prognosis for pancreatic cancer is usually very poor;[187] Jobs stated that he had a rare, far less aggressive type known as islet cell neuroendocrine tumor.[186] Despite his diagnosis, Jobs resisted his doctors' recommendations for mainstream medical intervention for nine months,[151] instead consuming a special alternative medicine diet in an attempt to thwart the disease. According to Harvard researcher Dr. Ramzi Amir, his choice of alternative treatment "led to an unnecessarily early death."[185] According to Jobs's biographer, Walter Isaacson, "for nine months he refused to undergo surgery for his pancreatic cancer – a decision he later regretted as his health declined."[188] "Instead, he tried a vegan diet, acupuncture, herbal remedies and other treatments he found online, and even consulted a psychic. He also was influenced by a doctor who ran a clinic that advised juice fasts, bowel cleansings and other unproven approaches, before finally having surgery in July 2004."[189] He eventually underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy (or "Whipple procedure") in July 2004, that appeared to successfully remove the tumor.[190][191][192] Jobs apparently did not receive chemotherapy or radiation therapy.[186][193] During Jobs's absence, Tim Cook, head of worldwide sales and operations at Apple, ran the company.[186]
In early August 2006, Jobs delivered the keynote for Apple's annual Worldwide Developers Conference. His "thin, almost gaunt" appearance and unusually "listless" delivery,[194][195] together with his choice to delegate significant portions of his keynote to other presenters, inspired a flurry of media and Internet speculation about his health.[196] In contrast, according to an Ars Technica journal report, Worldwide Developers Conference (WWDC) attendees who saw Jobs in person said he "looked fine".[197] Following the keynote, an Apple spokesperson said that "Steve's health is robust."[198]
Two years later, similar concerns followed Jobs's 2008 WWDC keynote address.[199] Apple officials stated Jobs was victim to a "common bug" and was taking antibiotics,[200] while others surmised his cachectic appearance was due to the Whipple procedure.[193] During a July conference call discussing Apple earnings, participants responded to repeated questions about Jobs's health by insisting that it was a "private matter". Others, however, voiced the opinion that shareholders had a right to know more, given Jobs's hands-on approach to running his company.[201][202] The New York Times published an article based on an off-the-record phone conversation with Jobs, noting that "While his health problems amounted to a good deal more than 'a common bug', they weren't life-threatening and he doesn't have a recurrence of cancer."[203]
On August 28, 2008, Bloomberg mistakenly published a 2500-word obituary of Jobs in its corporate news service, containing blank spaces for his age and cause of death. (News carriers customarily stockpile up-to-date obituaries to facilitate news delivery in the event of a well-known figure's death.) Although the error was promptly rectified, many news carriers and blogs reported on it,[204] intensifying rumors concerning Jobs's health.[205] Jobs responded at Apple's September 2008 Let's Rock keynote by quoting Mark Twain: "Reports of my death are greatly exaggerated."[206] At a subsequent media event, Jobs concluded his presentation with a slide reading "110/70", referring to his blood pressure, stating he would not address further questions about his health.[207]
On December 16, 2008, Apple announced that marketing vice-president Phil Schiller would deliver the company's final keynote address at the Macworld Conference and Expo 2009, again reviving questions about Jobs's health.[208][209] In a statement given on January 5, 2009, on Apple.com,[210] Jobs said that he had been suffering from a "hormone imbalance" for several months.[211]
On January 14, 2009, in an internal Apple memo, Jobs wrote that in the previous week he had "learned that my health-related issues are more complex than I originally thought", and announced a six-month leave of absence until the end of June 2009, to allow him to better focus on his health. Tim Cook, who previously acted as CEO in Jobs's 2004 absence, became acting CEO of Apple,[212] with Jobs still involved with "major strategic decisions."[212]
In April 2009, Jobs underwent a liver transplant at Methodist University Hospital Transplant Institute in Memphis, Tennessee.[213][214] Jobs's prognosis was described as "excellent".[213]
On January 17, 2011, a year and a half after Jobs returned from his liver transplant, Apple announced that he had been granted a medical leave of absence. Jobs announced his leave in a letter to employees, stating his decision was made "so he could focus on his health". As during his 2009 medical leave, Apple announced that Tim Cook would run day-to-day operations and that Jobs would continue to be involved in major strategic decisions at the company.[215][216] Despite the leave, he made appearances at the iPad 2 launch event (March 2), the WWDC keynote introducing iCloud (June 6), and before the Cupertino city council (June 7).[217]
Jobs announced his resignation as Apple's CEO on August 24, 2011. "Unfortunately, that day has come," wrote Jobs, for he could "no longer meet [his] duties and expectations as Apple's CEO". Jobs became chairman of the board and named Tim Cook his successor.[218][219] Jobs had worked for Apple until the day before his death.[220]
Death[link]
Jobs died at his California home around 3 p.m. on October 5, 2011, due to complications from a relapse of his previously treated islet-cell neuroendocrine pancreatic cancer,[2][221][222] resulting in respiratory arrest.[223] He had lost consciousness the day before, and died with his wife, children and sister at his side.[224]
Both Apple and Microsoft flew their flags at half-staff throughout their respective headquarters and campuses.[225][226] Bob Iger ordered all Disney properties, including Walt Disney World and Disneyland, to fly their flags at half-staff, from October 6 to 12, 2011.[227]
His death was announced by Apple in a statement which read:
We are deeply saddened to announce that Steve Jobs passed away today.Steve's brilliance, passion and energy were the source of countless innovations that enrich and improve all of our lives. The world is immeasurably better because of Steve.
His greatest love was for his wife, Laurene, and his family. Our hearts go out to them and to all who were touched by his extraordinary gifts.[228]
For two weeks following his death, Apple's corporate Web site displayed a simple page, showing Jobs's name and lifespan next to his grayscale portrait.[229] Clicking on the image led to an obituary, which read:
Apple has lost a visionary and creative genius, and the world has lost an amazing human being. Those of us who have been fortunate enough to know and work with Steve have lost a dear friend and an inspiring mentor. Steve leaves behind a company that only he could have built, and his spirit will forever be the foundation of Apple.[229]
An email address was also posted for the public to share their memories, condolences, and thoughts.[230][231] Over a million tributes were sent, which are now displayed on the Steve Jobs memorial page.
Also dedicating its homepage to Jobs was Pixar, with a photo of Jobs, John Lasseter and Edwin Catmull, and the eulogy they wrote:[232]
Steve was an extraordinary visionary, our very dear friend, and our guiding light of the Pixar family. He saw the potential of what Pixar could be before the rest of us, and beyond what anyone ever imagined. Steve took a chance on us and believed in our crazy dream of making computer animated films; the one thing he always said was to 'make it great.' He is why Pixar turned out the way we did and his strength, integrity, and love of life has made us all better people. He will forever be part of Pixar's DNA. Our hearts go out to his wife Laurene and their children during this incredibly difficult time.[232]
A small private funeral was held on October 7, 2011, of which details were not revealed out of respect to Jobs's family.[233] Apple announced on the same day that they had no plans for a public service, but were encouraging "well-wishers" to send their remembrance messages to an email address created to receive such messages.[234] Sunday, October 16, 2011, was declared "Steve Jobs Day" by Governor Jerry Brown of California.[235] On that day, an invitation-only memorial was held at Stanford University. Those in attendance included Apple and other tech company executives, members of the media, celebrities, close friends of Jobs, and politicians, along with Jobs's family. Bono, Yo Yo Ma, and Joan Baez performed at the service, which lasted longer than an hour. The service was highly secured, with guards at all of the university's gates, and a helicopter flying overhead from an area news station.[236][237]
A private memorial service for Apple employees was held on October 19, 2011, on the Apple Campus in Cupertino. Present were Cook, Bill Campbell, Norah Jones, Al Gore, and Coldplay, and Jobs's widow, Laurene, was in attendance. Some of Apple's retail stores closed briefly so employees could attend the memorial. A video of the service is available on Apple's website.[238]
Jobs is buried at Alta Mesa Memorial Park, the only non-denominational cemetery in Palo Alto.[239][240]. He is survived by Laurene, his wife of 20 years, their three children, and Lisa Brennan-Jobs, his daughter from a previous relationship.[241] His family released a statement saying that he "died peacefully".[242][243] He "looked at his sister Patty, then for a long time at his children, then at his life's partner, Laurene, and then over their shoulders past them" (Mona Simpson). His last words, spoken hours before his death, were:
- "Oh wow. Oh wow. Oh wow."[161]
Media coverage[link]
Steve Jobs's death broke news headlines on ABC, CBS, and NBC. [244] Numerous newspapers around the world carried news of his death on their front pages the next day. Several notable people, including US President Barack Obama,[245] British Prime Minister David Cameron,[246] Microsoft founder Bill Gates,[247] and The Walt Disney Company's Bob Iger commented on the death of Jobs. Wired News collected reactions and posted them in tribute on their homepage.[248] Other statements of condolence were made by many of Jobs's friends and colleagues, such as Steve Wozniak and George Lucas.[249][250]
Major media published commemorative works. Time published a commemorative issue for Jobs on October 8, 2011. The issues cover featured a portrait of Jobs, taken by Norman Seeff, in which he is sitting in the lotus position holding the original Macintosh computer, first published in Rolling Stone in January 1984. The issue marked the eighth time Jobs has been featured on the cover of Time.[251] The issue included a photographic essay by Diana Walker, a retrospective on Apple by Harry McCracken and Lev Grossman, and a six-page essay by Walter Isaacson. Isaacson's essay served as a preview of his biography, Steve Jobs.[252]
Bloomberg Businessweek also published an commemorative, ad-free issue, featuring extensive essays by Steve Jurvetson, John Sculley, Sean Wisely, William Gibson, and Walter Isaacson. On its cover, Steve Jobs is pictured in gray scale, along with his name and lifespan.
Although reporters wrote glowing elegies after Jobs died, Los Angeles Times media critic James Rainey reported that they "came courtesy of reporters who—after deadline and off the record—would tell stories about a company obsessed with secrecy to the point of paranoia. They remind us how Apple shut down a youthful fanboy blogger, punished a publisher that dared to print an unauthorized Jobs biography and repeatedly ran afoul of the most basic tenets of a free press."[253]
Free software pioneer Richard Stallman drew attention to the tight corporate control Apple exercised over consumer computers and handheld devices, how Apple restricted news reporters, and persistently violated privacy: "Steve Jobs, the pioneer of the computer as a jail made cool, designed to sever fools from their freedom, has died".[254][255] Malcolm Gladwell in The New Yorker asserted that "Jobs's sensibility was editorial, not inventive. His gift lay in taking what was in front of him ... and ruthlessly refining it."[256]
Apple "has taken stances that, in my opinion, are outright hostile to the practice of journalism," said longtime Silicon Valley reporter Dan Gillmor.[253] Under Jobs, Apple sued three "small fry" bloggers who reported tips about the company and its unreleased products and tried to use the courts to force them to reveal their sources. Under Jobs, Apple even sued a teenager, Nicholas Ciarelli, who wrote enthusiastic speculation about Apple products beginning at age 13. His popular blog, ThinkSecret, was a play on Apple's slogan "Think Different." [253] Rainey wrote that Apple wanted to kill ThinkSecret as "It thought any leaks, even favorable ones, diluted the punch of its highly choreographed product launches with Jobs, in his iconic jeans and mock turtleneck outfit, as the star." [253]
Honors and public recognition[link]
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After Apple's founding, Jobs became a symbol of his company and industry. When Time named the computer as the 1982 "Machine of the Year", the magazine published a long profile of Jobs as "the most famous maestro of the micro".[257][258]
Jobs was awarded the National Medal of Technology by President Ronald Reagan in 1985, with Steve Wozniak (among the first people to ever receive the honor),[259] and a Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category "Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under" (also known as the Samuel S. Beard Award) in 1987.[260] On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune magazine.[261] On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.[262]
In August 2009, Jobs was selected as the most admired entrepreneur among teenagers in a survey by Junior Achievement,[263] having previously been named Entrepreneur of the Decade 20 years earlier in 1989, by Inc. magazine.[264] On November 5, 2009, Jobs was named the CEO of the decade by Fortune magazine.[265]
In November 2010, Jobs was ranked No.17 on Forbes: The World's Most Powerful People.[266] In December 2010, the Financial Times named Jobs its person of the year for 2010, ending its essay [267] by stating, "In his autobiography, John Sculley, the former PepsiCo executive who once ran Apple, said this of the ambitions of the man he had pushed out: 'Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. This was a lunatic plan. High-tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product.'".[268] The Financial Times closed by rhetorically asking of this quote, "How wrong can you be."[267]
At the time of his resignation, and again after his death, Jobs was widely described as a visionary, pioneer and genius[269][270][271][272]—perhaps one of the foremost—in the field of business,[265][273] innovation,[274] and product design,[275] and a man who had profoundly changed the face of the modern world,[269][271][274] revolutionized at least six different industries,[270] and who was an "exemplar for all chief executives".[270] His death was widely mourned[274] and considered a loss to the world by commentators across the globe.[272]
After his resignation as Apple's CEO, Jobs was characterized as the Thomas Edison and Henry Ford of his time.[276][277] In his The Daily Show eulogy, Jon Stewart said that unlike others of Jobs's ilk, such as Thomas Edison or Henry Ford, Jobs died young. He felt that we had, in a sense, "wrung everything out of" these other men, but his feeling on Jobs was that "we're not done with you yet."[278]
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On December 21, 2011, Graphisoft company in Budapest presented the world's first bronze statue of Steve Jobs, calling him one of the greatest personalities of the modern age.[279]
In January 2012, when young adults (ages 16 – 25) were asked to identify the greatest innovator of all time, Steve Jobs placed second behind Thomas Edison.[280]
On February 12, 2012, Jobs was posthumously awarded the Grammy Trustees Award, an award for those who have influenced the music industry in areas unrelated to performance.[281]
In March 2012, global business magazine Fortune named Steve Jobs the "greatest entrepreneur of our time", describing him as "brilliant, visionary, inspiring", and "the quintessential entrepreneur of our generation".[282]
The Disney movie John Carter is dedicated to Jobs[283], as well as the Pixar film Brave.
Portrayals and coverage in books, film, and theater[link]
Books[link]
- The Little Kingdom (1984) by Michael Moritz, documenting the founding of (then) Apple Computer.
- The Second Coming of Steve Jobs (2001), by Alan Deutschman
- iCon: Steve Jobs (2005), by Jeffrey S. Young & William L. Simon
- iWoz (2006), by Steve Wozniak, a co-founder of Apple. It is an autobiography of Steve Wozniak, but it covers much of Jobs's life and work at Apple.
- Steve Jobs (2011), an authorized biography written by Walter Isaacson.
- Inside Apple (2012), a book by Adam Lashinsky that reveals the secret systems, tactics, and leadership strategies that allowed Steve Jobs and his company to work.
Documentaries[link]
- The Machine That Changed the World – Part 3 of this 1992 five-part documentary, called The Paperback Computer, prominently featured Jobs and his role in the early days of Apple.
- Triumph of the Nerds – a 1996 three-part documentary for PBS, about the rise of the home computer/personal computer.
- Nerds 2.0.1 – a 1998 three-part documentary for PBS, (and sequel to Triumph of the Nerds) which chronicles the development of the Internet.
- iGenius: How Steve Jobs Changed the World – a 2011 Discovery Channel documentary hosted by Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman.[284]
- Steve Jobs: One Last Thing – a 2011 PBS documentary produced by Pioneer Productions.[285] A slightly shortened and localized[286] version of the show was broadcast[287] in the United Kingdom the following day titled, Steve Jobs: iChanged the World – on Channel 4.[288]
- In February 2012, the Federal Bureau of Investigation released a 191-page file on Steve Jobs. The report was compiled during a 1991 background investigation of Jobs by the FBI after former president George H. W. Bush recommended his appointment to the President's Export Council. It consists of interviews with co-workers, friends, family members and even neighbors of Jobs.[289]
Films[link]
- Jobs – an upcoming independent film by Joshua Michael Stern. Jobs will be portrayed by Ashton Kutcher.[290]
- Pirates of Silicon Valley – a 1999 TNT film which chronicles the rise of Apple and Microsoft from the early 1970s to 1997. Jobs is portrayed by Noah Wyle.[291]
Theater[link]
- The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs - The Public Theater, New York City, 2012, starring Mike Daisey.[292]
References[link]
- ^ a b c d e "Smithsonian Oral and Video Histories: Steve Jobs". Smithsonian Institution. April 20, 1995. http://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/comphist/sj1.html. Retrieved September 20, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f g Markoff, John (October 5, 2011). "Steven P. Jobs, 1955–2011: Apple's Visionary Redefined Digital Age". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/business/steve-jobs-of-apple-dies-at-56.html.
- ^ a b
- Joan Ferrante (2012). Sociology: A Global Perspective. Cengage Learning. p. 218. http://books.google.ca/books?id=JwvxLLrXGuMC&pg=PA218.
- Shirin Sadeghi (2011-10-6). "Steve Jobs' Arab-American background and the story of his adoption". New America Media. http://www.scpr.org/news/2011/10/06/29289/steve-jobs-arab-american-background-and-story-his-/.
- "Steve Jobs Dies: He Was The Most Famous Arab in the World". International Business Times. 2011-10-05. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/225891/20111005/steve-jobs-apple-dies-iphone-arab-syria.htm.
- ^ "The Walt Disney Company and Affiliated Companies – Board of Directors". The Walt Disney Company. http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/board_of_directors.html. Retrieved October 2, 2009.
- ^ Misa, T. J. (2011). "Steven P. Jobs (1955-2011)". Science 334 (6058): 919. DOI:10.1126/science.1216019. PMID 22096183. edit
- ^ O'Reilly, T. (2011). "Steve Jobs (1955–2011)". Nature 479 (7371): 42. DOI:10.1038/479042a. PMID 22051667. edit
- ^ "Inventor of the Week Archive". http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/apple.html. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
- ^ Allen, Frederick E. (November 9, 2011). "Malcolm Gladwell Gets Steve Jobs Wrong". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/sites/frederickallen/2011/11/09/malcolm-gladwell-gets-steve-jobs-wrong/. ""By Gladwell's definition, most of the greatest inventions would be tweaks.""
- ^ Brent Schlender, "25 most powerful people in business", CNN money,
- ^ "Pixar History". Pixar. http://www.pixar.com/companyinfo/history/1986.html. Retrieved April 25, 2008.
- ^ "Apple – Press Info – Bios – Steve Jobs". Apple Inc.. May 2006. http://www.apple.com/pr/bios/jobs.html. Retrieved September 20, 2006. [dead link]
- ^ a b January 25, 2006 Disney buys Pixar for $7.4 bn, rediff.com
- ^ "The Walt Disney Company – Steve Jobs Biography". http://corporate.disney.go.com/corporate/bios/steve_jobs.html.
Holson, Laura M. (January 25, 2006). "Disney Agrees to Acquire Pixar in a $7.4 Billion Deal". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/25/business/25disney.html. Retrieved January 17, 2010.
"Pixar Becomes Unit of Disney". The New York Times. Associated Press. May 6, 2006. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/06/business/media/06pixar.html. Retrieved January 17, 2010. - ^ "Life after Steve Jobs: What to Expect from the Next Generation at Apple". Knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu. http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2859. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ Zee Kane, "Steve Jobs: Apple Was 90 Days From Going Bankrupt", from an interview with Steve Jobs, TNW, 2 June 2010M
- ^ "Apple turnaround under way", cnet news, 5 June 1998
- ^ Vivek Kaul (May 11, 2009). "What Steve Jobs did when he was fired from Apple". DNA (newspaper). http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_what-steve-jobs-did-when-he-was-fired-from-apple_1254757.
- ^ Nick Bilton, "Apple Is the Most Valuable Company", New York Times, 9 August 2011
- ^ "The Greatest Turnaround in Corporate History?", oxygen, the turnaround magazine, Autumn 2011
- ^ Michael Hiltzik, "Steve Jobs: More than a turnaround artist", Los Angeles Times, 5 October 2011
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Apple was supposed to become a wonderful consumer products company. That's why it hired a soft-drinks guy in the first place. By now, however, I knew this was a lunatic plan; our race to realize it had been a death march. Technology companies are only superficially in the same category as consumer products companies. We couldn't bend reality to all our dreams of changing the world. The world would also have to change us. Our perspective had been hopelessly wrong. High tech could not be designed and sold as a consumer product. The consumer business had collapsed at the end of 1984. Most people who bought computers stuffed them in the closet because balancing a checkbook wasn't reason enough to flick on the switch. Consumers weren't ready to put computers in their homes as easily as they installed telephones, refrigerators, televisions, and even Cuisinarts. They weren't willing to pay a couple of thousand dollars for something they didn't know what to do with.—John Sculley and John A. Byrne, Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple – a journey of adventure, ideas and the future, Harper & Row, 1987
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- ^ a b c "Leading article: The sad loss of one of a kind". The Independent (London: INM). October 6, 2011. ISSN 0951-9467. OCLC 185201487. http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/leading-article-the-sad-loss-of-one-of-a-kind-2366636.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs revolutionised no fewer than six different industries: personal computers, mobile phones, music publishing, animated films, digital publishing and tablet computing ... His genius was unconfined ... an exemplar for all chief executives ... a visionary ... ""
- ^ a b Fairweather, Alastair (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs: A genius to the end". Mail & Guardian Online (South Africa). http://mg.co.za/article/2011-10-07-steve-jobs-a-genius-to-the-end/. Retrieved October 7, 2011. "Through sheer hard work... Jobs changed the world, not once, but three times. His companies and products have delighted and inspired hundreds of millions."
- ^ a b Rushton, Katherine (October 6, 2011). "Apple: can the company continue the magic of Steve Jobs?". The Daily Telegraph (London: TMG). ISSN 0307-1235. OCLC 49632006. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/apple/8810051/Apple-can-the-company-continue-the-magic-of-Steve-Jobs.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs encapsulated a rare union of technological genius and an instinctive and perfectionist eye for design ... his death is a major loss to the world at large"
- ^ Schuman, Michael (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs the businessman: Can Apple thrive without him?". Time. http://curiouscapitalist.blogs.time.com/2011/10/06/steve-jobs-the-businessman-can-apple-thrive-without-him. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "[I]n the world of business, he will also be honored as an absolutely brilliant CEO ... Jobs was probably unrivaled in the world today in matching great ideas with savvy marketing and pristine execution"
- ^ a b c Chapman, Glen (October 6, 2011). "Apple 'genius' Steve Jobs dies from cancer". WNCF TV. http://www.wncftv.com/news/entertainment/?feed=bim&id=131228449. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Tributes flowed in from around the world ... Ordinary people, many of whom learned of his death on their iPhones and iPads, swamped Twitter using the trending hashtag #thankyousteve to pay tribute..."
- ^ Gelernter, David (October 6, 2011). "Steve Jobs and the Coolest Show on Earth". The Wall Street Journal (New York: Dow Jones). ISSN 0099-9660. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203388804576614951355580150.html. Retrieved October 6, 2011. "Steve Jobs had a genius for seeing what was good and refining, repackaging and reselling it with dazzling panache. He knew what engineering was for, he understood elegance and he made machines that were works of art."
- ^ Cain Miller, Claire (August 25, 2011). "Where Some Earn Enmity, Jobs Won Affection". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/26/technology/jobs-rare-among-ceos-engendered-affection.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ Nocera, Joe (August 26, 2011). "What Makes Steve Jobs Great". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/27/opinion/nocera-what-makes-steve-jobs-great.html. Retrieved August 26, 2011.
- ^ Jon Stewart (October 6, 2011). October 06, 2011 – Jason Sudeikis. Comedy Partners. Event occurs at 19:45. http://www.thedailyshow.com/full-episodes/thu-october-6-2011-jason-sudeikis. Retrieved October 9, 2011.
- ^ a b "Steve Jobs statue unveiled in Hungary science park". GlobalPost. December 21, 2011. http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/weird-wide-web/steve-jobs-apple-iphone-statue-budapest-hungary-graphisoft. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "Thomas Edison, Steve Jobs top young adult list of greatest innovators". Los Angeles Times. 2012-01-27. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/thomas-edison-steve-jobs-top-young-adult-list-of-greatest-innovators.html. Retrieved 2012-04-09.
- ^ Arico, Joe (December 22, 2011). "Steve Jobs Wins Special Grammy". Mobiledia.com. http://www.mobiledia.com/news/121854.html. Retrieved December 28, 2011.
- ^ "Fortune Names Steve Jobs "Greatest Entrepreneur Of Our Time"". Fortune. 2012-03-26. http://www.everythingicafe.com/fortune-names-steve-jobs-greatest-entrepreneur-of-our-time/2012/03/26/. Retrieved 2012-04-07.
- ^ "John Carter Dedicated to Steve Jobs". Vulture. 2012-04-08. http://www.vulture.com/2012/02/john-carter-dedicated-to-steve-jobs.html. Retrieved 2012-02-28.
- ^ Nede, Jethro (October 10, 2011). ""MythBusters" stars Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman host the one-hour documentary". Hollywoodreporter.com. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/steve-jobs-documentary-on-discovery-246273. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ "Steve Jobs: One Last Thing PBS show website". Pbs.org. 2011-10-05. http://www.pbs.org/programs/steve-jobs-one-last-thing. Retrieved 2011-11-12.
- ^ The narrator in the UK version of the show has a British accent, for the purpose of catering to the local market.
- ^ Truta, Filip. "'Steve Jobs: iChanged the World' Documentary Airs Tonight in the UK". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Steve-Jobs-iChanged-the-World-Documentary-Airs-Tonight-in-the-UK-232019.shtml. Retrieved 2 December 2011.
- ^ "Steve Jobs: iChanged the World". http://www.channel4.com. http://www.channel4.com/programmes/steve-jobs-ichanged-the-world/4od. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
- ^ Hindustan Times- FBI releases file on Steve Jobs
- ^ Joshua Michael Stern will begin shooting the film in May, with Five Star Institute's Mark Hulme producing and financing; Sony is planning a separate Jobs biopic.
- ^ "Noah Wyle on playing Steve Jobs" Fortune
- ^ "The Agony and Ecstasy of Steve Jobs", The Public Theater website
Further reading[link]
- Butcher, Lee (1987). Accidental Millionaire: The rise and fall of Steve Jobs at Apple. Paragon House. ISBN 978-0-913729-79-3.
- Caddes, Carolyn (1986). Portraits of Success: Impressions of Silicon Valley Pioneers. Tioga Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-935382-56-9.
- Cringely, Robert X. (1996). Accidental Empires. HarperBusiness. ISBN 0-88730-855-4.
- Denning, Peter J.; Frenkel, Karen A. (1989). "A conversation with Steve Jobs". Communications of the ACM 32 (4): 436–433. DOI:10.1145/63334.63336.
- Deutschman, Alan (2001). The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. Broadway. ISBN 0-7679-0433-8.
- Freiberger, Paul; Swaine, Michael (1999). Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer. McGraw-Hill Trade. ISBN 0-07-135892-7.
- Hertzfeld, Andy (2004). Revolution in the Valley. O'Reilly Books. ISBN 0-596-00719-1.
- Kahney, Leander (2004). The Cult of Mac. No Starch Press. ISBN 1-886411-83-2.
- Levy, Steven (1984). Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution. Anchor Press, Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-19195-2.
- Levy, Steven (1994). Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer that Changed Everything. Penguin Books. ISBN 0-670-85244-9.
- Malone, Michael S. (1999). Infinite Loop. Aurum Press. ISBN 1-85410-638-4. Bantam Doubleday Dell. ISBN 0-385-48684-7.
- Markoff, John (2005). What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03382-0.
- Simon, William L.; Young, Jeffrey S. (2005). iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-72083-6.
- Stross, Randall E. (1993). Steve Jobs and The NeXT Big Thing. Atheneum Books. ISBN 0-689-12135-0.
- Slater, Robert (1987). Portraits in Silicon. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19262-4. Chapter 28
- Young, Jeffrey S. (1988). Steve Jobs: The Journey is the Reward. Scott, Foresman & Co.. ISBN 0-673-18864-7.
- Wozniak, Steve (2006). iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon: How I invented the personal computer, co-founded Apple and had fun doing it. W. W. Norton & Co.. ISBN 0-393-06143-4.
External links[link]
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Book: Apple Inc. |
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- Jobs's Macworld keynote in 1997 where he announced the partnership with Microsoft on YouTube
- Steve Jobs (June 2005). Steve Jobs's 2005 Stanford Commencement Address. Stanford University. http://news.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/videos/987.html.
- "Thoughts on Flash" by Steve Jobs, April 2010.
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Steve Jobs at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Steve Jobs in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at The Wall Street Journal
- Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs A 48 minute video on Steve Jobs by Bloomberg
- Steve Jobs Profile at Forbes
- Cammeron, Brenna (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs Dies: A Timeline Of His Health". The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/10/05/steve-jobs-health-timeline_n_997313.html.
- "Steve Jobs collected news and commentary at". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/tag/steve-jobs/.
- Steve Jobs remembrance notes from the community.
- Federal Bureau of Investigation dossier on Steven Paul Jobs.
Articles[link]
- "Thirty Years of Innovation at Apple: Jobs on the Job". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). 2007. http://www.time.com/time/photoessays/2007/steve_jobs/. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012. [dead link]
- Hertzfeld, Andy. "The Original Macintosh". folklore.org (Andy Hertzfeld). http://folklore.org/ProjectView.py?project=Macintosh&characters=Steve%20Jobs&detail=medium. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Lohr, Steve (January 12, 1997). "Creating Jobs". The New York Times Magazine (The New York Times Company). http://www.nytimes.com/1997/01/12/magazine/creating-jobs.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Booth, Cathy; Jackson, David S.; Marchant, Valerie (October 6, 2011). "STEVE'S JOB: RESTART APPLE". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986849,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- Elkind, Peter (March 5, 2008). "The trouble with Steve Jobs". Fortune (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://money.cnn.com/2008/03/02/news/companies/elkind_jobs.fortune/index.htm. Retrieved March 5, 2008.
- McCracken, Harry (October 5, 2011). "Steve Jobs, 1955–2011: Mourning Technology's Great Reinventor". Time (Time Inc. (Time Warner)). http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,2096251,00.html. Retrieved (secondly) February 21, 2012.
- "The FBI File on Steve Jobs". The Wall Street Journal (Dow Jones & Company). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970203646004577213042545376200.html. Retrieved February 21, 2012.
Interviews[link]
- Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview, Rolling Stone – 1994, republished January 17, 2011. Archived URL
- Smithsonian Institution Oral History InterviewPDF (143 KB) – April 20, 1995.
- The Seed of Apple's Innovation, BusinessWeek – October 12, 2004.
- How Big Can Apple Get?, Fortune – February 21, 2005.
- 'Good for the Soul' at the Wayback Machine (archived October 22, 2006) Newsweek, October 15, 2006.
- Bill Gates and Steve Jobs (video and transcript of on stage interview), AllThingsD, May 30, 2007.
- Videotaped Deposition of Steven P. Jobs in front of the Securities and Exchange Commission, March 18, 2008
- Interview with Abdulfattah "John" Jandali, Jobs's biological father, by Mohannad Al-Haj Ali, published in Al Hayat and reprinted by Ya Libnan, February 28, 2011
- Steve Jobs on Charlie Rose
- "Steve Jobs's Appearances at D, the Full Video Sessions". AllThingsD. http://allthingsd.com/20111005/steve-jobs-appearances-at-d-the-full-sessions/.
| Business positions | ||
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| Preceded by Gil Amelio |
CEO of Apple 1997–2011 |
Succeeded by Tim Cook |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Jobs, Steve |
| Alternative names | Jobs, Steven Paul |
| Short description | CEO and Co-Founder of Apple, Inc. |
| Date of birth | 1955-02-24 |
| Place of birth | San Francisco, California, United States |
| Date of death | 2011-10-05 |
| Place of death | Palo Alto, California, United States |
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Damien Gareth Walters (born 6 April 1982) is a British former gymnast from Derbyshire who specialises in tumbling.
Career[link]
Walters participated in four Trampoline World Championships. In 2003 he was one of four members of the British team winning the World Title in the team competition.[1][2] In the years 2001 and 2007 he ranked 4th with the team. He also finished 5th in singles competition in 2003 and 2005. In addition he won the European Title with the British team in 2006, just after he was placed 2nd in team and 8th in the singles competition two years earlier.[3]
Since 2007 Walters has not participated in further tournaments and has focused on his other projects, mainly his career as a stuntman. He also appeared, however, in a number of television commercials and has performed in acrobatic shows.[4]
Walters has had the role of stunt double or stunt performer in the films: Hellboy II: The Golden Army, Ninja Assassin, Scott Pilgrim vs. the World, The Eagle, I Am Number Four, Blitz, Colombiana, and Captain America: The First Avenger. In Kick-Ass, he was credited as both a stunt double and assistant fight coordinator. He will also appear in the films Sherlock Holmes: A Game of Shadows and 47 Ronin.[5]
In 2010 he won the Taurus World Stunt Awards for "Best Fight" in the film Ninja Assassin.[6]
Walters also has a passion for Parkour and Freerunning where he incorporates his gymnastic skills as well as his stuntman abilities. On YouTube he is one of the most watched Freerunners, with his videos having a total of over 60 million views.[7]
Currently Walters is running his own gym Derby City Gymnastics Club, Derby and shooting films.[5]
References[link]
- ^ "About BG". British Gymnastics. http://www.british-gymnastics.org/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=16&Itemid=32. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ Results of the 23rd Trampoline World Championships Hannover 2003 (page 46)
- ^ "UEG - European Union of Gymnastics". http://www.ueg-gymnastics.com/commstore/commstore2.pl/462d6a01f66fdbcc/en/statistics.html?k=234&block_id=head,P3,content&P1=236284&P2=52&P3=statistics&P4=6&P10=52&P9=234.
- ^ Window Cleaning with Damien Walters on YouTube
- ^ a b Damien Walters at the Internet Movie Database
- ^ "Damien Walters wins The 2010 Taurus World Stunt Award". British Gymnastics. http://www.british-gymnastics.org/site/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1379&Itemid=166. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ^ "YouTube - damienwalters's Channel". http://www.youtube.com/user/damienwalters.
Further reading[link]
- Staff (3 September 2005), "Damien tumbles to glory", Derby Evening Telegraph: p. 37, Factiva DEBTEL0020050904e19300019
- Hill, Ed (14 April 2009), "City gymnast tumbles into career as movie stuntman", Derby Evening Telegraph: p. 3, Factiva DEBTEL0020090415e54e0002p, http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/City-gymnast-tumbles-career-movie-stuntman/story-11640625-detail/story.html, retrieved 2 June 2011
- Hill, Ed (18 December 2009), "Damien tumbles on to big hit", Derby Evening Telegraph: p. 13, Factiva DEBTEL0020091219e5ci0001v, http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/Damien-tumbles-big-hit/story-11562349-detail/story.html, retrieved 2 June 2011
- Hill, Ed (5 January 2011), "Will Smith tells city stuntman 'make my son flipping good'", Derby Evening Telegraph: p. 3, Factiva DEBTEL0020110105e7150001s, http://www.thisisderbyshire.co.uk/Smith-tells-city-stuntman-make-son-flipping-good/story-11599347-detail/story.html, retrieved 2 June 2011
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Walters, Damien |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | British stunt performer |
| Date of birth | April 6, 1982 |
| Place of birth | |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
 |
This biographical article relating to a United Kingdom sportsperson is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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This biographical article related to gymnastics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
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http://fr.wn.com/Damien Walters
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http://de.wn.com/Damien Walters
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damien_Walters
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
