- published: 28 Aug 2010
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- author: UltimateChase
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17th Street Canal
The 17th Street Canal is a drainage canal in Greater New Orleans, Louisiana, that flows into Lake Pontchartrain. The canal forms a significant portion of the boundary between the city of New Orleans and Metairie, Louisiana. The canal has also been known as the Metairie Outlet Canal and the Upperline Canal.
The canal that was to become later known as the 17th Street Canal seems to have had its origin at the start of the 1850s as a canal dug through swampy ground to raise a parallel right of way where the Jefferson and Lake Pontchartrain Railway was built. The railway, in business from 1853 through 1864, connected the town of Carrollton, Louisiana (along the Mississippi River front) with a shipping port on Lake Pontchartrain at what became Bucktown, Louisiana, a distance of about 8 km (5.0 mi). At the time, most of the land between the two terminals was undeveloped swamp.
Meanwhile, in 1858, a secondary canal was built to aid in drainage in the low swampy area in "back of town" from Carrollton, with its head at what is now the intersection of Dublin and Palmetto streets, connecting to the Railway canal a short distance on the river side of the Metairie Ridge.
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Alabama
Alabama (
i/ˌæləˈbæmə/) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered by Tennessee to the north, Georgia to the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico to the south, and Mississippi to the west. Alabama is the 30th-most extensive and the 23rd-most populous of the 50 United States. Alabama ranks second in the area of its inland waterways.
From the American Civil War until World War II, Alabama, like many Southern states, suffered economic hardship, in part because of continued dependence on agriculture. Despite the growth of major industries and urban centers, white rural interests dominated the state legislature until the 1960s, while urban interests and African Americans were under-represented. Following World War II, Alabama experienced growth as the economy of the state transitioned from agriculture to diversified interests in heavy manufacturing, mineral extraction, education, and technology. In addition, the establishment or expansion of multiple military installations, primarily those of the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, added to state jobs.
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Arkansas
Arkansas (i/ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw) is a state located in the Southern region of the United States. Its name is an Algonquian name of the Quapaw Indians. Arkansas shares borders with six states (N: Missouri; E: Tennessee, Mississippi; S: Louisiana; SW: Texas; W: Oklahoma), and its eastern border is largely defined by the Mississippi River. Its diverse geography ranges from the mountainous regions of the Ozarks and the Ouachita Mountains, which make up the U.S. Interior Highlands, to the eastern lowlands along the Mississippi River. Arkansas is the 29th most extensive and the 32nd most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and most populous city is Little Rock, located in the central portion of the state.
The name “Arkansas” derives from the same root as the name for the state of Kansas. The Kansa tribe of Native Americans are closely associated with the Sioux tribes of the Great Plains. The word “Arkansas” itself is a French pronunciation (“Arcansas”) of a Quapaw (a related “Kaw” tribe) word, akakaze, meaning “land of downriver people” or the Sioux word akakaze meaning “people of the south wind”. The pronunciation of Arkansas was made official by an act of the state legislature in 1881, after a dispute between two U.S. Senators from Arkansas. One wanted to pronounce the name /ɑrˈkænzəs/ ar-KAN-zəs and the other wanted /ˈɑrkənsɔː/ AR-kən-saw.
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Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
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Bangladesh
Coordinates: 23°N 90°E / 23°N 90°E / 23; 90
Bangladesh (i/ˈbɑːŋɡlədɛʃ/ or i/bæŋɡləˈdɛʃ/ (Anglicized pronunciation); Bengali: বাংলাদেশ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ Gônoprojatontri Bangladesh) is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India and Burma and by the Bay of Bengal to the south. The capital (and largest city) is Dhaka, located in central Bangladesh. The official state language is Bengali. The name Bangladesh means "Land of Bengal" or "Country of Bengal" the in the Bengali language, from Bangla "Bengal" and desh holding a dual meaning of "land" and "country" as English "country," German land, French pays, etc.
The borders of present-day Bangladesh were established with the partition of Bengal during the reign and demise of the British India. Its map was chartered by Sir Cyril Radcliffe during the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947, when the region became East Pakistan, part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan. Due to political exclusion and economic exploitation by the politically dominant West Pakistan, popular agitation grew against West Pakistan and led to the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, after the Bangladeshi Declaration of Independence on 26 March 1971. With the intervention of the Indian Army, the war came to an end on 16 December 1971 with the surrender of the Pakistan Army at Ramna Race Course.
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Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
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Breton Sound
Breton Sound (French: Détroit Breton) is a sound of the Gulf of Mexico and a part of the coastline of the U.S. state of Louisiana. It lies off the southeast coast of the state and is partially enclosed by the Breton Islands.
Two ships in the United States Navy have been named the USS Breton after this area.
On August 29, 2005, Hurricane Katrina crossed the sound before making its third landfall near Pearlington, Mississippi.
Coordinates: 29°30′03″N 89°15′02″W / 29.50083°N 89.25056°W / 29.50083; -89.25056
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Camp Shelby
Camp Shelby is a military post whose North Gate begins at the southern boundary of Hattiesburg, Mississippi, on United States Highway 49. It is the largest state owned training site in the nation. During wartime, the camp's mission is to serve as a major, independent mobilization station of the United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM). Camp Shelby Joint Forces Training Center is the largest reserve component training site, covering 136,000 acres (550 km2), allowing up to battalion level maneuver training, Gunnery Table 8-12, field artillery firing points and a wide range of support facilities. This is the normal Annual Training location for National Guard and Reserve units located in Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee. However, units from across the country use its assets to support a variety of missions. The 2nd Battalion, 114th Field Artillery conducts its gunnery and has the bulk of its combat equipment stored in the Mobilization and Annual Training Equipment Site (MATES) located there.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Chandeleur Islands
The Chandeleur Islands (French: Les Îles de Chandeleur) are a chain of uninhabited barrier islands approximately 50 miles (80 km) long, located in the Gulf of Mexico. They form the easternmost point of the state of Louisiana, USA and are a part of the Breton National Wildlife Refuge. They are an important migrating point for many birds on their way south, and are a prime marsh and forest wildlife area.
The islands were formed over two thousand years ago as the rim of the St. Bernard Lobe of the Mississippi River delta.
The islands were named when explorer, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville, was sailing in search of the mouth of the Mississippi River along the Gulf Coast. He christened the islands on the eve of La Fête de la Chandeleur—also know as Candlemas, a Christian feast day—on February 1, 1700.
The Breton National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1904 and includes all of the Chandeleur Islands in the Gulf of Mexico. The refuge is the second-oldest in the National Wildlife Refuge System.
Prior to destruction by a hurricane in 1915 there was a fishing settlement on the islands, and even earlier there had been farming on the islands. The Chandeleur Island Light, built in 1895, stood as a landmark and recognizable location for mariners at sea and pilots flying over the Gulf of Mexico. The islands, were constantly eroded and changed by wave action, and most dramatically after the storm surges following hurricanes.
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Chicago
Chicago (
i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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Cuba
Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, (i/ˈkjuːbə/; Spanish: República de Cuba, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈkuβa] (
listen)) is an island country in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city. To the north of Cuba lies the United States (140 km or 90 mi away) and the Bahamas, Mexico is to the west, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica are to the south, and Haiti and the Dominican Republic are to the southeast.
In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed on and claimed the island now occupied by Cuba, for the Kingdom of Spain. Cuba remained a territory of Spain until the Spanish–American War ended in 1898, and gained formal independence from the U.S. in 1902. A fragile democracy, increasingly dominated by radical politics eventually evolved, solidified by the Cuban Constitution of 1940, but was definitely quashed in 1952 by former president Fulgencio Batista, and an authoritarian regime was set up, intensifying and catalyzing already rampant corruption, political repression and crippling economic regulations.Batista was ousted in January 1959 by the July 26 movement, and a new administration under Fidel Castro established, which had by 1965 evolved into a single-party state under the revived Communist Party of Cuba, which holds power to date.
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Danziger Bridge
The Danziger Bridge is a vertical lift bridge named for Mendy Danziger, a New Orleans lawyer and businessman, which carries seven vehicular lanes of U.S. Route 90 (Chef Menteur Highway) across the Industrial Canal in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was built to replace the old Danziger Bridge, a draw bridge constructed in 1931–1932. The current Danziger Bridge was constructed on the south side of the old bridge between 1983 and 1987, officially opening in February 1988, becoming the widest lift bridge in the world. Most marine traffic is accommodated in the down position.
Attorney Alfred Danziger, a member of a prominent New Orleans Jewish family, served as personal attorney for Governor Huey Long, as well as assistant attorney general in 1934, and executive counsel for Mayor Robert Maestri from 1936-1946. He was also a principal fundraiser for the historically black Dillard University which was founded in 1930 by merging Straight University and other African American serving institutions.
In 2005, the bridge was the site of the Danziger Bridge shootings, in which two unarmed civilians were gunned down and killed by members of the New Orleans Police Department.
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Florida
Florida (i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
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Florida Keys
The Florida Keys are a coral archipelago in southeast United States. They begin at the southeastern tip of the Florida peninsula, about 15 miles (24 km) south of Miami, and extend in a gentle arc south-southwest and then westward to Key West, the westernmost of the inhabited islands, and on to the uninhabited Dry Tortugas. The islands lie along the Florida Straits, dividing the Atlantic Ocean to the east from the Gulf of Mexico to the west, and defining one edge of Florida Bay. At the nearest point, the southern tip of Key West is just 90 miles (140 km) from Cuba. The Florida Keys are between about 23.5 and 25.5 degrees North latitude, in the subtropics. The climate of the Keys, however, is defined as tropical according to Köppen climate classification. More than 95 percent of the land area lies in Monroe County, but a small portion extends northeast into Miami-Dade County, such as Totten Key. The total land area is 137.3 square miles (356 km2). As of the 2000 census the population was 79,535, with an average density of 579.27 per square mile (223.66 /km2), although much of the population is concentrated in a few areas of much higher density, such as the city of Key West, which has 32% of the entire population of the Keys.
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Florida Panhandle
The Florida Panhandle, an informal, unofficial term for the northwestern part of Florida, is a strip of land roughly 200 miles long and 50 to 100 miles wide (320 km by 80 to 160 km), lying between Alabama on the north and the west, Georgia also on the north, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Its eastern boundary is arbitrarily defined. The terms West Florida and Northwest Florida are today generally synonymous with the Panhandle, although historically West Florida was the name of a British colony (1763-1783), later a Spanish colony (1783-1821), both of which included modern-day Florida west of the Apalachicola River as well as portions of what are now Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.
As is the case with the other eight U.S. states that have panhandles, the geographic meaning of the term is inexact and elastic. References to the Florida Panhandle always include the ten counties west of the Apalachicola River, a natural geographic boundary, which was the historic dividing line between the British colonies of West Florida and East Florida. These western counties also lie in the Central Time Zone, while the rest of the state is in the Eastern Time Zone. Pensacola, home of the University of West Florida, is the largest metropolitan area west of the Apalachicola (453,451 in 2007).
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada–United States border which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes Waterway. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth comprising 21% of the world's surface fresh water. The total surface is 94,250 square miles (244,106 km2), and the total volume (measured at the low water datum) is 5,439 cubic miles (22,671 km3). The lakes are sometimes referred to as the North Coast or "Third Coast" by some citizens of the United States.
The lakes have been a major source of trade through this area, and they are home to a large number of aquatic species. Many invasive species have been introduced due to trade in the area, and some threaten the biodiversity of the area.
Though the five lakes reside in separate basins, they form a single, naturally interconnected body of fresh water. The lakes form a chain connecting the east-central interior of North America to the Atlantic Ocean. From the interior to the outlet at the St. Lawrence River, water flows from Superior to Michigan-Huron (in the hydrological sense, a single body of water), southward to Erie, and finally northward to Lake Ontario. The lakes drain a large watershed via many rivers, and are studded with approximately 35,000 islands. The Great Lakes region contains not only the five themselves but also many thousands of smaller lakes, often called inland lakes. Of the five lakes, Lake Michigan is the only one that is located entirely within the United States; the others form a water border between the United States and Canada.
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Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico (Spanish: Golfo de México) is an ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent and the island of Cuba. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. In Texas and Louisiana it is often called the "Third Coast," in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The shape of its basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km) wide and filled with sedimentary rocks and debris. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucatan Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With this narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 615,000 mi² (1.6 million km²). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. At its deepest it is 14,383 ft (4,384 m) at the Sigsbee Deep, an irregular trough more than 300 nautical miles (560 km) (550 km) long. The basin contains a volume of roughly 660 quadrillion gallons (2.5 × 106 km3). It was formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics.
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Houston
Houston ( /ˈhjuːstən/) (Alibamu: Yosti ) is the largest city in the state of Texas, and the fourth-largest city in the United States. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the city had a population of 2.1 million people within an area of 656.3 square miles (1,700 km2). Houston is the seat of Harris County and the economic center of Houston–Sugar Land–Baytown, which is the fifth-largest metropolitan area in the United States, with 6.08 million people as of July 1st, 2011.
Houston was founded in 1836 on land near the banks of Buffalo Bayou. It was incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837, and named after then-President of the Republic of Texas—former General Sam Houston—who had commanded at the Battle of San Jacinto, which took place 25 miles (40 km) east of where the city was established. The burgeoning port and railroad industry, combined with oil discovery in 1901, has induced continual surges in the city's population. In the mid-twentieth century, Houston became the home of the Texas Medical Center—the world's largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA's Johnson Space Center, where the Mission Control Center is located.
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India
India (i/ˈɪndiə/), officially the Republic of India (Bhārat Gaṇarājya), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the south-west, and the Bay of Bengal on the south-east, it shares land borders with Pakistan to the west;China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Burma and Bangladesh to the east. In the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives; in addition, India's Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a maritime border with Thailand and Indonesia.
Home to the ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and a region of historic trade routes and vast empires, the Indian subcontinent was identified with its commercial and cultural wealth for much of its long history. Four of the world's major religions—Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism—originated here, whereas Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived in the 1st millennium CE and also helped shape the region's diverse culture. Gradually annexed by and brought under the administration of the British East India Company from the early 18th century and administered directly by the United Kingdom from the mid-19th century, India became an independent nation in 1947 after a struggle for independence that was marked by non-violent resistance led by Mahatma Gandhi.
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Industrial Canal
The Industrial Canal is a 5.5 mile (9 km) waterway in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. The waterway's proper name, as used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and on NOAA nautical charts, is Inner Harbor Navigation Canal (IHNC). The more common "Industrial Canal" name is used locally, both by commercial mariners and by landside residents.
The canal connects the Mississippi River to Lake Pontchartrain. It separates New Orleans East from the rest of the city of New Orleans, and the Lower 9th Ward from the Upper 9th Ward. Approximately half of the waterway's course, from Industrial Lock to a point north of the Florida Avenue Bridge, is confluent with both the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway and the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO).
The entirety of the canal passes through the 9th Ward of the city. Along the riverfront, the canal constitutes the boundary of the Upper 9th Ward's Bywater neighborhood on the upriver side of the canal and the Lower 9th Ward neighborhood on the downriver side. Near the lake, it is generally considered to be the eastern boundary of the Gentilly neighborhood and the western boundary of New Orleans East.
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Israel
Coordinates: 31°N 35°E / 31°N 35°E / 31; 35
Israel, officially the State of Israel ( /ˈɪzriːəl/ or /ˈɪzreɪəl/; Hebrew: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Medīnat Yisrā'el, IPA: [me̞diˈnät jisʁäˈʔe̞l] ( listen); Arabic: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, IPA: [dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]), is a parliamentary republic in the Middle East, along the eastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea. It borders Lebanon in the north, Syria in the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank in the east, Egypt and the Gaza Strip on the southwest, and the Gulf of Aqaba in the Red Sea to the south, and it contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area. Israel is defined as a Jewish and Democratic State in its Basic Laws and is the world's only Jewish-majority state.
Following the adoption of a resolution by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 29 November 1947 recommending the adoption and implementation of the United Nations plan to partition Palestine, on 14 May 1948 David Ben-Gurion, the Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization and president of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel, a state independent from the British Mandate for Palestine. Neighboring Arab states invaded the next day in support of the Palestinian Arabs. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied the West Bank, Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Portions of these territories, including east Jerusalem, have been annexed by Israel, but the border with the neighboring West Bank has not yet been permanently defined.[neutrality is disputed] Israel has signed peace treaties with Egypt and Jordan, but efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have so far not resulted in peace.
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Kentucky
Kentucky (i/kɨnˈtʌki/), officially the Commonwealth of Kentucky, is a state located in the Upper South of the United States. Kentucky is one of four U.S. states constituted as a commonwealth (the others being Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts). Originally a part of Virginia, in 1792 Kentucky became the 15th state to join the Union. Kentucky is the 37th most extensive and the 26th most populous of the 50 United States.
Kentucky is known as the "Bluegrass State", a nickname based on the fact that bluegrass is present in many of the pastures throughout the state, because of the fertile soil. It made possible the breeding of high-quality livestock, especially thoroughbred racing horses. It is a land with diverse environments and abundant resources, including the world's longest cave system, Mammoth Cave National Park; the greatest length of navigable waterways and streams in the contiguous United States; and the two largest man-made lakes east of the Mississippi River. It is also home to the highest per capita number of deer and turkey in the United States, the largest free-ranging elk herd east of Montana, and the nation's most productive coalfield. Kentucky is also known for horse racing, bourbon distilleries, bluegrass music, automobile manufacturing, tobacco and college basketball.
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Kuwait
Kuwait, officially the State of Kuwaiti/kuːˈweɪt/ (Arabic: دولة الكويت, Dawlat al-Kuwayt) is a sovereign Arab state situated in the north-east of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia. It is bordered by Saudi Arabia to the south at Khafji, and Iraq to the north at Basra. It lies on the north-western shore of the Persian Gulf. The name Kuwait is derived from the Arabic أكوات ākwāt, the plural of كوت kūt, meaning a fortress built near water. The country covers an area of 17,820 square kilometers (6,880 sq mi) and has a population of about 3.5 million.
Historically, the region was the site of Characene, a major Parthian port for trade between Mesopotamia and India. The Bani Utbah tribe were the first permanent Arab settlers in the region, and laid the foundation of the modern emirate. By the 19th century, Kuwait came under the influence of the Ottoman Empire, and after World War I, it emerged as an independent sheikhdom under the protection of the British Empire. Kuwait's large oil fields were discovered in the late 1930s.
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London Avenue Canal
The London Avenue Canal is a drainage canal in New Orleans, Louisiana, used for pumping rain water into Lake Pontchartrain. The Canal runs through the 7th Ward of New Orleans from the Gentilly area to the Lakefront.
The Canal was constructed in the first half of the 19th century, commissioned by Alexander Milne, who owned large tracts of land that would later become part of the city of New Orleans but were at the time mostly swamp. The canal originally served to commerce of small boat traffic from Lake Pontchartrain to the "Back of Town" section of New Orleans in addition to swamp drainage (which early on it did little of). By the end of the 19th century, with most commerce shifted to other canals specifically designed for shipping, the London Avenue Canal had achieved its modern function to take flow of drainage mechanically pumped from the streets of the City. However early on this was mostly just water from the river-side of the Canal head; most of the area along the Canal in back of Gentilly Ridge remained cypress swamp with a few cow-pastures subject to periodic flooding.
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Louisiana
Louisiana (i/luːˌiːziˈænə/ or i/ˌluːziˈænə/; French: État de Louisiane, [lwizjan] ( listen); Louisiana Creole: Léta de la Lwizyàn) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by land area is Cameron Parish.
Much of the state was formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh and swamp. These contain a rich southern biota; typical examples include birds such as ibis and egrets. There are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a natural process in the landscape, and has produced extensive areas of longleaf pine forest and wet savannas. These support an exceptionally large number of plant species including many species of orchids and carnivorus plants.
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Marshall University
Coordinates: 38°25′30″N 82°25′14″W / 38.42508°N 82.42046°W / 38.42508; -82.42046
Marshall University is a coeducational public research university in Huntington, West Virginia, United States founded in 1837, and named after John Marshall, the fourth Chief Justice of the United States.
The university is composed of eight undergraduate colleges and schools: the College of Liberal Arts (COLA), the College of Fine Arts (COFA), the College of Education and Human Services (COEHS), the College of Information Technology and Engineering (CITE), the Elizabeth McDowell Lewis College of Business (LCOB), the College of Science (COS), the College of Health Professions (COHP), and the W. Page Pitt School of Journalism and Mass Communications (SOJMC), and four graduate colleges, the general Graduate College, the Graduate School of Education and Professional Development, the School of Pharmacy, and the Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, a regional center for cancer research which has a national reputation for its programs in rural health care delivery. The forensic science graduate program is one of a small number of post-graduate-level academic programs in the United States accredited by the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and considered by many to be an acceptable Forensic Science program in the United States. The University's digital forensics program is the first program in the world to receive accreditation in digital forensics from the Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation Commission (FEPAC). The Elizabeth McDowell Lewis College of Business has achieved AACSB accreditation.
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Michigan
Michigan (i/ˈmɪʃɨɡən/) is a state located in the Great Lakes region of the Midwestern United States. The name Michigan is the French form of the Ojibwa word mishigamaa, meaning "large water" or "large lake". Michigan is the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, with the 11th most extensive total area. Its capital is Lansing, and the largest city is Detroit. Michigan was admitted into the Union on January 26, 1837 as the 26th state.
Michigan has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair. Michigan is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating. The state has 64,980 inland lakes and ponds. A person in the state is never more than six miles (9.7 km) from a natural water source or more than 85 miles (137 km) from a Great Lakes shoreline. It is the largest state by total area east of the Mississippi River.
Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as "the U.P.") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The Upper Peninsula is economically important due to its status as a tourist destination. There is also a variety of natural resources to be found there, including a sizable amount of iron ore.
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Mississippi
Mississippi (i/ˌmɪsɨˈsɪpi/) is a U.S. state located in the Southern United States. Jackson is the state capital and largest city. The name of the state derives from the Mississippi River, which flows along its western boundary, whose name comes from the Ojibwe word misi-ziibi ("Great River"). Mississippi is the 32nd most extensive and the 31st most populous of the 50 United States. The state is heavily forested outside of the Mississippi Delta area, which was cleared for cotton cultivation in the 19th century. Today, its catfish aquaculture farms produce the majority of farm-raised catfish consumed in the United States. The state symbol is the magnolia grandiflora tree.
Mississippi is bordered on the north by Tennessee, on the east by Alabama, on the south by Louisiana and a narrow coast on the Gulf of Mexico and on the west, across the Mississippi River, by Louisiana and Arkansas.
In addition to its namesake, major rivers in Mississippi include the Big Black River, the Pearl River, the Yazoo River, the Pascagoula River, and the Tombigbee River. Major lakes include Ross Barnett Reservoir, Arkabutla Lake, Sardis Lake and Grenada Lake. The largest lake in Mississippi is Grenada Lake.
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Mississippi Sound
The Mississippi Sound is a sound along the Gulf Coast of the United States. It runs east-west along the southern coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, from Waveland, Mississippi, to the Dauphin Island Bridge, a distance of about 145 kilometers (90 mi). The sound is bordered on its southern edge by the barrier islands - Cat, Ship, Horn, Petit Bois and Dauphin Islands - which are part of the National Park Service's Gulf Islands National Seashore. Those islands separate the sound from the Gulf of Mexico.
Large portions of the Mississippi Sound reach depths of about 6 meters (20 ft). Part of the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway traverses the sound with a project depth of 3.6 meters (12 ft). The waterway, maintained by the US Army Corps of Engineers, is designed for towboat and barge traffic. Most of its route through the sound is merely an imaginary line through water whose depth exceeds the project depth. A section west of Cat Island and the portion north of Dauphin Island rely on dredged channels marked by aids to navigation maintained by the US Coast Guard.
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Mobile Bay
Mobile Bay is an inlet of the Gulf of Mexico, lying within the state of Alabama in the United States. Its mouth is formed by the Fort Morgan Peninsula on the eastern side and Dauphin Island, a barrier island on the western side. The Mobile River and Tensaw River empty into the northern end of the bay, making it an estuary. Several smaller rivers also empty into the bay: Dog River, Deer River, and Fowl River on the western side of the bay, and Fish River on the eastern side. Mobile Bay is the fourth largest estuary in the United States with a discharge of 62,000 cubic feet (1,800 m3) of water per second.
Mobile Bay is 413 square miles (1,070 km2) in area. It is 31 miles (50 km) long by a maximum width of 24 miles (39 km). The deepest areas of the bay are located within the shipping channel, sometimes in excess of 75 feet (23 m) deep, but the average depth of the bay is 10 feet (3 m).
Spanish explorers were sailing into the area of Mobile Bay as early as 1500, with the bay being marked on early maps as the Bahía del Espíritu Santo (Bay of the Holy Spirit). The area was explored in more detail in 1516 by Diego de Miruelo and in 1519 by Alonso Álvarez de Pineda. In 1528, Pánfilo de Narváez travelled through what was likely the Mobile Bay area, encountering Native Americans who fled and burned their towns at the approach of the expedition. This response was a prelude to the journeys of Hernando de Soto, more than eleven years later.
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Mobile River
The Mobile River is located in southern Alabama in the United States. Formed out of the confluence of the Tombigbee and Alabama rivers, the approximately 45-mile-long (72 km) river drains an area of 44,000 square miles (110,000 km2) of Alabama, with a watershed extending into Mississippi, Georgia, and Tennessee. Its drainage basin is the fourth-largest of primary stream drainage basins entirely in the United States. The river has historically provided the principal navigational access for Alabama. Since construction of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway, it also provides an alternative route into the Ohio River watershed.
The Tombigbee and Alabama River join to form the Mobile River approximately 50 miles (80 km) north-northeast of Mobile, along the county line between Mobile and Baldwin counties. The combined stream flows south, in a winding course. Approximately 6 miles (10 km) downstream from the confluence, the channel of the river divides, with the Mobile flowing along the western channel. The Tensaw River, a bayou of the Mobile River, flows alongside to the east, separated from 2 to 5 miles (3 to 8 km) as they flow southward. The Mobile River flows through the Mobile-Tensaw River Delta and reaches Mobile Bay on the Gulf of Mexico just east of downtown Mobile.
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NASA
Coordinates: 38°52′59″N 77°0′59″W / 38.88306°N 77.01639°W / 38.88306; -77.01639
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is the agency of the United States government that is responsible for the nation's civilian space program and for aeronautics and aerospace research. Since February 2006, NASA's mission statement has been to "pioneer the future in space exploration, scientific discovery and aeronautics research." On September 14, 2011, NASA announced that it had selected the design of a new Space Launch System that it said would take the agency's astronauts farther into space than ever before and provide the cornerstone for future human space exploration efforts by the U.S.
NASA was established by the National Aeronautics and Space Act on July 29, 1958, replacing its predecessor, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The agency became operational on October 1, 1958. U.S. space exploration efforts have since been led by NASA, including the Apollo moon-landing missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle and Commercial Crew vehicles. The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program (LSP) which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches.
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Nevada
Nevada (i/nəˈvædə/ or /nəˈvɒdə/) is a state in the western, mountain west, and southwestern regions of the United States. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 35th most populous, and the 9th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Over two-thirds of Nevada's people live in one single county, Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area, where the state's three largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada's capital is Carson City.
Nevada is largely desert and semiarid, with much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe and the Sierra Nevada mountains lie on the western edge. Approximately 86% of the state's land is owned by the US government under various jurisdictions, both civilian and military.
The name Nevada is derived from the nearby Sierra Nevada mountains, which means "snow-capped mountain range" in Spanish. The land comprising the modern state was inhabited by Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, and Washoe tribes prior to European contact. It was subsequently claimed by Spain as a part of Alta California until the Mexican War of Independence brought it under Mexican control. The United States gained the territory in 1848 following its victory in the Mexican-American War and the area was eventually incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a population boom that was an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31, 1864.
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New Orleans
New Orleans ( /nuː ˈɔrliənz/ or /ˈnuː ɔrˈliːnz/, locally /nuː ˈɔrlənz/ or /ˈnɔrlənz/; French: La Nouvelle-Orléans [la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃] ( listen)) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city proper was 343,829 as of the 2010 U.S. Census. The New Orleans metropolitan area (New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area) had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a larger trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,214,932.
The city is named after Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans, Regent of France, and is well known for its distinct French Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music (particularly as the birthplace of jazz), and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is often referred to as the "most unique" in America.
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New York
New York (/njuː ˈjɔrk/; locally IPA: [nɪu ˈjɔək] or [nuː ˈjɔɹk] (
listen)) is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. New York is the 27th most extensive, the 3rd most populous, and the 7th most densely populated of the 50 United States. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east. The state has a maritime border with Rhode Island east of Long Island, as well as an international border with the Canadian provinces of Ontario to the west and north, and Quebec to the north. The state of New York is often referred to as New York State to distinguish it from New York City.
New York City, with a population of over 8.1 million, is the most populous city in the United States. Alone, it makes up over 40 percent of the population of New York state. It is known for its status as a center for finance and culture and for its status as the largest gateway for immigration to the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, New York City is also a destination of choice for many foreign visitors. Both the state and city were named for the 17th century Duke of York, James Stuart, future James II and VII of England and Scotland.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Māori: Aotearoa) is an island country located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses ‒ that of the North and South Islands ‒ as well as numerous smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres (900 mi) east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres (600 mi) south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. Because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans.
During its long isolation, New Zealand developed a distinctive biodiversity of both animal and plant life. Most notable are the large number of unique bird species, many of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and introduced mammals. With a mild maritime climate, the land was mostly covered in forest. The country's varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions caused by the Pacific and Indo-Australian Plates clashing beneath the earth's surface.
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Ohio
Ohio (i/oʊˈhaɪ.oʊ/) is a state in the Midwestern United States. Ohio is the 34th most extensive, the 7th most populous, and the 10th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's capital and largest city is Columbus.
The name "Ohio" originated from Iroquois word ohi-yo’, meaning "great river". The state, originally partitioned from the Northwest Territory, was admitted to the Union as the 17th state (and the first under the Northwest Ordinance) on March 1, 1803. Although there are conflicting narratives regarding the origin of the nickname, Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" (relating to the Ohio buckeye tree) and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".
The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the Governor; the legislative branch, which comprises the Ohio General Assembly; and the judicial branch, which is led by the Supreme Court. Currently, Ohio occupies 18 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Ohio is known for its status as both a swing state and a bellwether in national elections.
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Ontario
Ontario /ɒnˈtɛərioʊ/ is one of the provinces of Canada, located in east-central Canada. It is Canada's most populous province or territory and fourth largest in total area. It is home to the nation's most populous city, Toronto, and the nation's capital, Ottawa.
Ontario is bordered by the province of Manitoba to the west, Hudson Bay to the north, Quebec to the east, and to the south by the U.S. states of Minnesota, Michigan (portions to the west), New York (portions to the east), Ohio and Pennsylvania. All but a small part of Ontario's 2,700 km (1,677 mi) border with the United States follow inland waterways: from the west at Lake of the Woods, eastward along the major rivers and lakes of the Great Lakes/St. Lawrence River drainage system. These are the Rainy River, the Pigeon River, Lake Superior, the St. Mary's River, Lake Huron, the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, the Detroit River, Lake Erie, the Niagara River, Lake Ontario, and along the St. Lawrence River from Kingston, Ontario to the Quebec boundary just east of Cornwall, Ontario.
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Pakistan
Pakistan (i/ˈpækɨstæn/ or i/pɑːkiˈstɑːn/; Urdu: پاکستان) (Urdu pronunciation: [paːkɪˈst̪aːn] ( listen)), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Urdu: اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان), is a sovereign country in South Asia. It sits at the crossroads of the strategically important regions of South Asia, Central Asia and the Middle East. It has a 1,046-kilometre (650 mi) coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by India to the east, Afghanistan to the west and north, Iran to the southwest and China in the far northeast. It is separated from Tajikistan by Afghanistan's narrow Wakhan Corridor in the north, and it shares a marine border with Oman.
The territory of modern Pakistan was the site of several ancient cultures, including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation, and has undergone invasions or settlements by Hindu, Persian, Indo-Greek, Islamic, Turco-Mongol, Afghan and Sikh cultures. Thus the area has been ruled by numerous empires and dynasties, including the Indian Mauryan Empire, the Persian Achaemenid Empire, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate, the Mongol Empire, the Mughal Empire, the Durrani Empire, the Sikh Empire and the British Empire. As a result of the Pakistan Movement led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and India's struggle for independence, Pakistan was created in 1947 as an independent nation for Muslims from the regions in the east and west of India where there was a Muslim majority. Initially a dominion, Pakistan adopted a new constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic. A civil war in 1971 resulted in the secession of East Pakistan as the new country of Bangladesh.
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Pascagoula River
The Pascagoula River is a river, about 80 mi (130 km) long, in southeastern Mississippi in the United States. The river drains an area of about 8,800 sq mi (23,000 km²) and flows into Mississippi Sound of the Gulf of Mexico.
It is significant as the only unaffected (or nearly so) river flowing into the Gulf of Mexico from the United States and the only one the Cfa Köppen climate zone. As a result, the Pascagoula has in modern times been the focus of a great deal of effort regarding its conservation to prevent the constructions of dams on it.
The Pascagoula River is formed in northwestern George County by the confluence of the Leaf and Chickasawhay Rivers and flows generally southward through swampy bottomlands in George and Jackson Counties. In its lower course the river forms several channels and bayous; its largest such distributary is the West Pascagoula River, which flows into the Mississippi Sound at Gautier. The main channel passes Escatawpa and Moss Point and flows into the sound at Pascagoula.
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Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania (i/ˌpɛnsɨlˈveɪnjə/), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a US state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, and the Great Lakes Region. The state borders Delaware to the southeast, Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, Ontario, Canada to the northwest, New York to the north, and New Jersey to the east.
Pennsylvania is the 33rd most extensive, the 6th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state's four most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, and Erie. The state capital is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of shoreline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
Pennsylvania is 170 miles (274 km) north to south and 283 miles (455 km) east to west. Of a total 46,055 square miles (119,282 km2), 44,817 square miles (116,075 km2) are land, 490 square miles (1,269 km2) are inland waters, and 749 square miles (1,940 km2) are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States. Pennsylvania has 51 miles (82 km) of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles (92 km) of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary.
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Qatar
Qatar (i/ˈkɑːtɑr/ or i/kəˈtɑr/;Arabic: قطر [ˈqɑtˤɑr]; local vernacular pronunciation: [ɡɪtˤɑr]), also known as the country or State of Qatar or locally Dawlat Qaṭar, is a sovereign Arab state, located in Western Asia, occupying the small Qatar Peninsula on the northeasterly coast of the much larger Arabian Peninsula. Its sole land border is with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. A strait of the Persian Gulf separates Qatar from the nearby island state of Bahrain.
Qatar has been ruled as an absolute monarchy by Al Thani family since the mid-19th century. Formerly a British protectorate noted mainly for pearling, it became independent in 1971, and has become one of the region's wealthiest states due to its enormous oil and natural gas revenues. In 1995, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani became Emir when he seized power from his father, Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani, in a peaceful coup d'état. The most important positions in Qatar are held by the members of the Al Thani family, or close confidants of the al-Thani family. Beginning in 1992, Qatar has built intimate military ties with the United States, and is now the location of U.S. Central Command’s Forward Headquarters and the Combined Air Operations Center.
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Quebec
Coordinates: 53°45′N 071°59′W / 53.75°N 71.983°W / 53.75; -71.983 (Quebec)
Quebec /kwəˈbɛk/ or /kəˈbɛk/ (French: Québec [kebɛk] ( listen)) is a province in east-central Canada. It is the only Canadian province with a predominantly French-speaking population and the only one whose sole official language is French at the provincial level.
Quebec is Canada's largest province by area and its second-largest administrative division; only the territory of Nunavut is larger. It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario, James Bay and Hudson Bay, to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay, to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the provinces of Newfoundland and Labrador and New Brunswick. It is bordered on the south by the US states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York. It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia.
Quebec is Canada's second most populous province, after Ontario. Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City, the capital. English-speaking communities and English-language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais, Eastern Townships, and Gaspé regions. The Nord-du-Québec region, occupying the northern half of the province, is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples.
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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South Korea
South Korea ( listen), officially the Republic of Korea (Hangul: 대한민국; Hanja: 大韓民國; Daehan Minguk listen), is a sovereign state in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The name "Korea" is derived from Goryeo, a dynasty which ruled in the Middle Ages (an initial "G" in Korean is pronounced like an English "K").
Its neighbors are China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the Korea Strait to the south. South Korea lies in the north temperate zone with a predominantly mountainous terrain. It covers a total area of 99,392 square kilometers and has a population of almost 50 million. The capital and largest city is Seoul, with a population of 9,794,304.
Archaeological findings show that the Korean Peninsula was occupied by the Lower Paleolithic period.Korean history begins with the founding of Gojoseon in 2333 BC by the legendary Dan-gun. Following the unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea under Silla 668 AD, Korea went through the Goryeo Dynasty and Joseon Dynasty as one nation until the end of the Korean Empire in 1910, when it was annexed by Japan. After liberation and occupation by Soviet and U.S. forces at the end of World War II, the nation was divided into North and South Korea. The latter was established in 1948 as a democracy, though political turmoil and times of military rule and martial law characterized much of the period until the foundation of the Sixth Republic in 1987.
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Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka, officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (i/ʃriː ˈlɑːŋkə/, /sriːˈlɑːŋkə/, or /sriːˈlæŋkə/;Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව, Tamil: இலங்கை), is a country off the southern coast of the Indian subcontinent in South Asia. Known until 1972 as Ceylon ( /sɨˈlɒn/, /seɪˈlɒn/, or /siːˈlɒn/), Sri Lanka is an island surrounded by the Indian Ocean, the Gulf of Mannar, the Palk Strait, and lies in the vicinity of India and the Maldives.
As a result of its location in the path of major sea routes, Sri Lanka is a strategic naval link between West Asia and South East Asia. It was an important stop on the ancient Silk Road. Sri Lanka has also been a center of the Buddhist religion and culture from ancient times, being the nation where the Buddhist teachings were first written down as well as the oldest continually Buddhist country. Sri Lanka boasts a diverse range of cultures, languages and religions. The Sinhalese people form the majority of the population; Tamils, who are concentrated in the north and east of the island, form the largest ethnic minority. Other communities include Moors, Burghers, Kaffirs, Malays and the aboriginal Vedda people.
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Tennessee
Tennessee (i/tɛnɨˈsiː/) (Cherokee: ᏔᎾᏏ) is a U.S. state located in the Southeastern United States. Tennessee is the 36th most extensive and the 17th most populous of the 50 United States. Tennessee is bordered by Kentucky and Virginia to the north, North Carolina to the east, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi to the south, and Arkansas and Missouri to the west. The Appalachian Mountains dominate the eastern part of the state, and the Mississippi River forms the state's western border. Tennessee's capital and second largest city is Nashville, which has a population of 626,144.Memphis is the state's largest city, with a population of 670,902.
The state of Tennessee is rooted in the Watauga Association, a 1772 frontier pact generally regarded as the first constitutional government west of the Appalachians. What is now Tennessee was initially part of North Carolina, and later part of the Southwest Territory. Tennessee was admitted to the Union as the 16th state on June 1, 1796. Tennessee was the last state to leave the Union and join the Confederacy at the outbreak of the U.S. Civil War in 1861, and the first state to be readmitted to the Union at the end of the war.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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The Bahamas
The Bahamasi/bəˈhɑːməz/, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is a country consisting of more than 3,000 islands, cays, and islets. It is located in the Atlantic Ocean north of Cuba and Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), northwest of the Turks and Caicos Islands, and southeast of the United States (nearest to the state of Florida). Its land area is 13,939 km2 (5,382 sq mi), with a population of 353,658. Its capital is Nassau. Geographically, the Bahamas lie in the same island chain as Cuba, Hispaniola and the Turks and Caicos Islands; the designation of Bahamas refers normally to the Commonwealth and not the geographic chain.
Originally inhabited by the Lucayans, a branch of the Arawakan-speaking Taino people, the Bahamas were the site of Columbus' first landfall in the New World in 1492. Although the Spanish never colonized the Bahamas, they shipped the native Lucayans to slavery in Hispaniola. The islands were mostly deserted from 1513 to 1648, when English colonists from Bermuda settled on the island of Eleuthera.
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United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emiratesi/juːˌnaɪtɨd ˌærəb ˈɛmɪrɨts/ (Arabic: دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة, Al Imārāt al ‘Arabīyah al Muttaḥidah), sometimes simply called the Emirates or the UAE, is a country situated in the southeast of the Arabian Peninsula in Western Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering Oman to the east and Saudi Arabia to the south, as well as sharing sea borders with Qatar to the west and Iran to the north.
The UAE is a federation of seven emirates (equivalent to principalities), each governed by a hereditary emir, with a single national president. The constituent emirates are Abu Dhabi, Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras al-Khaimah, Sharjah, and Umm al-Quwain. The capital is Abu Dhabi, which is also the state's center of political, industrial, and cultural activities.
Prior to independence in 1971, the UAE was known as the Trucial States or Trucial Oman, in reference to a 19th-century truce between the local sheikhs, hereditary rulers of the territories, and the United Kingdom. The term Pirate Coast was also used by some to refer to the emirates from the 18th to the early 20th century, owing to the preponderance of pirates operating from Emirati ports.
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Venezuela
Venezuela (i/ˌvɛnɨˈzweɪlə/ VEN-ə-ZWAY-lə), officially called the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish: República Bolivariana de Venezuela [repuˈβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]), is a tropical country on the northern coast of South America. It borders Colombia to the west, Guyana to the east, and Brazil to the south. Its northern coastline of roughly 2,800 kilometres (1,700 mi) includes numerous islands in the Caribbean Sea, and in the north east borders the northern Atlantic Ocean. Caribbean islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Grenada, Curaçao, Bonaire, Aruba and the Leeward Antilles lie near the Venezuelan coast. Venezuela's territory covers around 916,445 square kilometres (353,841 sq mi) with an estimated population of 29,105,632. Venezuela is considered a state with extremely high biodiversity, with habitats ranging from the Andes mountains in the west to the Amazon Basin rainforest in the south, via extensive llanos plains and Caribbean coast in the center and the Orinoco River Delta in the east.
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West Virginia
West Virginia (i/ˌwɛst vərˈdʒɪnjə/) is a state in the Appalachian region of the Eastern United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the southeast, Kentucky to the southwest, Ohio to the northwest, Pennsylvania to the northeast and Maryland to the east. West Virginia is the 41st most extensive and the 37th most populous of the 50 United States. The capital and largest city is Charleston.
West Virginia became a state following the Wheeling Conventions and broke away from Virginia during the American Civil War. The new state was admitted to the Union on June 20, 1863, and was a key Civil War border state. West Virginia was the only state to form by seceding from a Confederate state, and was one of two states formed during the American Civil War (the other one being Nevada, which separated from Utah Territory).
The Census Bureau and the Association of American Geographers classify West Virginia as part of the South. The northern panhandle extends adjacent to Pennsylvania and Ohio, with the West Virginia cities of Wheeling and Weirton just across the border from the Pittsburgh metropolitan area, while Bluefield is less than 70 miles (110 km) from North Carolina. Huntington in the southwest is close to the states of Ohio and Kentucky, while Martinsburg and Harpers Ferry in the Eastern Panhandle region are considered to be a part of the Washington metropolitan area, in between the states of Maryland and Virginia. The unique position of West Virginia means that it is often included in several geographical regions, including the Mid-Atlantic, the Upland South, and the Southeastern United States. Notably, it is the only state that is entirely within the area served by the Appalachian Regional Commission; the area is commonly defined as "Appalachia".
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White House
The White House is the official residence and principal workplace of the President of the United States. Located at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C., the house was designed by Irish-born James Hoban, and built between 1792 and 1800 of white-painted Aquia sandstone in the Neoclassical style. It has been the residence of every U.S. president since John Adams. When Thomas Jefferson moved into the house in 1801, he (with architect Benjamin Henry Latrobe) expanded the building outward, creating two colonnades that were meant to conceal stables and storage.
In 1814, during the War of 1812, the mansion was set ablaze by the British Army in the Burning of Washington, destroying the interior and charring much of the exterior. Reconstruction began almost immediately, and President James Monroe moved into the partially reconstructed house in October 1817. Construction continued with the addition of the South Portico in 1824 and the North in 1829. Because of crowding within the executive mansion itself, President Theodore Roosevelt had all work offices relocated to the newly constructed West Wing in 1901. Eight years later, President William Howard Taft expanded the West Wing and created the first Oval Office which was eventually moved as the section was expanded. The third-floor attic was converted to living quarters in 1927 by augmenting the existing hip roof with long shed dormers. A newly constructed East Wing was used as a reception area for social events; Jefferson's colonnades connected the new wings. East Wing alterations were completed in 1946, creating additional office space. By 1948, the house's load-bearing exterior walls and internal wood beams were found to be close to failure. Under Harry S. Truman, the interior rooms were completely dismantled and a new internal load-bearing steel frame constructed inside the walls. Once this work was completed, the interior rooms were rebuilt.
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Bill Clinton
William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III; August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Inaugurated at age 46, he was the third-youngest president. He took office at the end of the Cold War, and was the first president of the baby boomer generation. Clinton has been described as a New Democrat. Many of his policies have been attributed to a centrist Third Way philosophy of governance.
Born and raised in Arkansas, Clinton became both a student leader and a skilled musician. He is an alumnus of Georgetown University where he was Phi Beta Kappa and earned a Rhodes Scholarship to attend the University of Oxford. He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, who has served as the United States Secretary of State since 2009 and was a Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009. Both Clintons received law degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the state's education system, and served as Chair of the National Governors Association.
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Black people
The term black people is used in some socially-based systems of racial classification for humans of a dark-skinned phenotype, relative to other racial groups represented in a particular social context. Different societies apply different criteria regarding who is classified as "black", and often social variables such as class and socio-economic status also play a role, so that relatively dark-skinned people can be classified as white if they fulfill other social criteria of "whiteness" and relatively light-skinned people can be classified as black if they fulfill the social criteria for "blackness" in a particular setting.
As a biological phenotype being "black" is often associated with the very dark skin colors of some people who are classified as "black". But, particularly in the United States, the racial or ethnic classification also refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have African ancestry, or to exhibit cultural traits associated with being "African-American". As a result, in the United States the term "black people" is not an indicator of skin color but of socially based racial classification.
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Cathy Scott
Cathy Scott is an American true crime writer and investigative journalist, born and raised in San Diego, United States growing up in nearby La Mesa, California. She later moved to Mission Beach, California, where she was a single parent to a son, Raymond Somers Jr.
Scott, a graduate of the University of Redlands, is a Las Vegas-based journalist and author best known for penning the biographies and true crime books The Killing of Tupac Shakur (Huntington Press, ISBN 0-929712-20-X) and The Murder of Biggie Smalls (St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-26620-0), both bestsellers in the United States and United Kingdom.
Her first two books are based on the drive-by shootings that killed the rappers six months apart in the midst of what has been called a West Coast-East Coast rap war (see East Coast-West Coast hip hop rivalry). Scott's hip hop books are each dedicated to the rappers' mothers. In 2005, an article first published in George, was released in the 2005 book Tupac: A Thug's Life, a compilation of national magazine writers. She regularly coaches writers, including at the Flathead River Writers Conference in Montana and San Diego State University's Writers' Conference. In January 2011, Anderson Cooper 360°'s blog included Scott in an update on the Tupac and Smalls cases, quoting her as saying "the failure to secure the actual scene of the shooting and interview witnesses immediately doomed the investigation."
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Dave Eggers
Dave Eggers (born March 12, 1970) is an American writer, editor, and publisher. He is known for the best-selling memoir A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius and for his more recent work as a screenwriter. He is also the co-founder of the literacy project 826 Valencia.
Eggers was born in Boston, Massachusetts, one of four siblings. His father was John K. Eggers (1936–1991), an attorney. His mother, Heidi McSweeney Eggers (1940–1992), was a school teacher. When Eggers was still a child, the family moved to the upscale suburb of Lake Forest, near Chicago. He attended high school there and was a classmate of the actor Vince Vaughn. Eggers attended the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, intending to get a degree in journalism, but his studies were interrupted by the deaths of both of his parents in 1991-1992 — his father in 1991 from brain and lung cancer, and his mother in January 1992 from stomach cancer. Both were in their 50s.
These events were chronicled in his first book, the lightly fictionalized A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius. At the time, Eggers was 21, and his younger brother, Christopher ("Toph"), was 8 years old. The two eldest siblings, Bill and Beth, were unable to commit to care for Toph; his older brother had a full-time job and his sister was enrolled in law school. As a result, Dave Eggers took the responsibility. He left the University of Illinois and moved to Berkeley, California, with his girlfriend Kirsten and his brother. They initially moved in with Eggers's sister, Beth, and her roommate, but eventually found a place in another part of town, which they paid for with money left to them by their parents. Toph attended a small private school, and Eggers did temp work and freelance graphic design for a local newspaper. Eventually, with his friend David Moodie, he took over a local free newspaper called Cups. This gradually evolved into the satirical magazine Might.
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Donald Rumsfeld
Donald Henry Rumsfeld (born July 9, 1932) is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford, and as the 21st Secretary of Defense from 2001 to 2006 under President George W. Bush. He is both the youngest and the oldest person to have served as Secretary of Defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a four-term U.S. Congressman from Illinois (1962–1969), Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity (1969–1970), Counsellor to the President (1969–1973), the United States Permanent Representative to NATO (1973–1974), and White House Chief of Staff (1974–1975).
Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science. After serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois' 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. Reelected four times, he was a leading co-sponsor of the Freedom of Information Act. Rumsfeld was reluctantly appointed by President Richard Nixon to head the Office of Economic Opportunity in 1969; appointed Counselor by Nixon and entitled to Cabinet-level status, he would also head up the Economic Stabilization Program before being appointed Ambassador to NATO. Called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed Chief of Staff by President Ford, recruiting a young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney, to succeed him when Ford nominated Rumsfeld Secretary of Defense in 1975.
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Eddie Compass
Edwin P. Compass, III is a former Chief of Police of the New Orleans Police Department.
He resigned as Chief of Police on September 27, 2005. Compass, who earlier said he was organizing a tribunal to handle the cases of 249 officers who left their posts without permission during Hurricane Katrina, did not give any reason for his resignation. Compass's resignation followed a few days after an emergency injunction was handed down, prohibiting him “from confiscating lawfully-possessed firearms from citizens ... “ His actions subsequently led to the passage of the Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act.
Compass has been widely criticized for not cracking down on corruption in the New Orleans Police Department.
He was working with his team on restoring order in the city, which was hit by Hurricane Katrina.
Compass has declared that he was actually forced to resign his post.
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Elaine Chao
Elaine Lan Chao (traditional Chinese: 趙小蘭; simplified Chinese: 赵小兰; pinyin: Zhào Xiǎolán; Wade–Giles: Chao Hsiao-lan; born March 26, 1953) served as the 24th United States Secretary of Labor in the Cabinet of President George W. Bush from 2001 to 2009. She was the first Asian Pacific American woman and first Chinese American to be appointed to a President's cabinet in American history. Chao was the only cabinet member to serve under George W. Bush for his entire administration. She is married to U.S. Sen. Mitch McConnell (R-Kentucky), the current U.S. Senate Minority Leader.
The eldest of six daughters, Chao was born in Taipei, Taiwan, to Ruth Mulan Chu Chao (趙朱木蘭 Zhào Zhū Mùlán), a historian, and Dr. James S.C. Chao (趙錫成博士 Zhào Xīchéng), who began his career as a merchant mariner and later, after getting established in New York, built a successful shipping company (Foremost Shipping Co.). Elaine Chao’s parents had fled to Taiwan from mainland China after the Chinese Communists took over after the Chinese Civil War in 1949. Chao attended Taipei’s Tsai Hsing Elementary School in kindergarten and first grade. Chao, her mother and two eldest sisters came to the U.S. aboard a freight ship in 1961, when she was eight years old. Her father had arrived in New York three years earlier after receiving a scholarship. It took three years for her father to save enough money to pay for his family’s passage from Taiwan and for visas to be obtained for them.
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Ernie Fletcher
Ernest Lee "Ernie" Fletcher (born November 12, 1952) is a Republican politician from the U.S. state of Kentucky. In 1999, he was elected to the first of three consecutive terms in the United States House of Representatives; he resigned in 2003 after being elected the 60th governor of Kentucky and served in that office until 2007. Prior to his entry into politics, Fletcher was a family practice physician and a Baptist lay minister. He is only the second physician to be elected governor of Kentucky; the first was Luke P. Blackburn in 1879.
Fletcher graduated from the University of Kentucky and joined the United States Air Force to pursue his dream of becoming an astronaut. He left the Air Force after budget cuts reduced his squadron's flying time and earned a degree in medicine, hoping to earn a spot as a civilian on a space mission. Deteriorating eyesight eventually ended those hopes, and he entered private practice as a physician and conducted services as a Baptist lay minister. He became active in politics and was elected to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1994. Two years later he ran for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives, but lost to incumbent Scotty Baesler. When Baesler retired to run for a seat in the U.S. Senate, Fletcher again ran for the congressional seat and defeated Democratic state Senator Ernesto Scorsone. He soon became one of the House Republican caucus' top advisors regarding health care legislation, particularly the Patients' Bill of Rights.
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Geraldo Rivera
Geraldo Rivera (born Gerald Michael Riviera; July 4, 1943) is an American attorney, journalist, author, reporter, and talk show host. Rivera hosts the newsmagazine program Geraldo at Large and appears regularly on Fox News Channel.
Rivera was born at Beth Israel Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Lillian (née Friedman), a waitress, and the late Cruz "Allen" Rivera (October 1, 1915 – November 1987), a restaurant worker and cab driver. Rivera's father was a Catholic Puerto Rican of Spanish ancestry, and his mother is of Ashkenazi Russian Jewish descent. He was raised "mostly Jewish" and had a Bar Mitzvah. He grew up in Brooklyn and West Babylon, New York. He has four siblings: Wilfredo, Sharon, Irene, and Craig.
Rivera is an alumnus of the University of Arizona, where he played varsity lacrosse as goalie. From September 1961 to May 1963, he attended the State University of New York Maritime College, where he was a member of the rowing team. He received his J.D. from Brooklyn Law School in 1969, did postgraduate work at the University of Pennsylvania that same year.
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Jabbar Gibson
Jabbar Gibson (reported also as Jabbor or Jabar) is a man who, on September 1, 2005, drove an abandoned New Orleans school bus after Hurricane Katrina from the flooded area to Houston, Texas, to rescue victims of the flooded city. He was 18 years old at the time.
He gained widespread media attention when he commandeered the bus in New Orleans and picked up around 70 passengers, driving them a long time, probably 7 hours to Houston, stopping for fuel three times. When asked how he paid for fuel, Jabbar replied, "we passed a hat around until we had enough money". More notoriety followed when it was reported he might be in trouble for appropriating the vehicle illegally, as driving a commercial vehicle weighing over 26,000 pounds (12,000 kg) requires a class A, B, or C Louisiana license.
Gibson's story was reported by Salatheia Bryant and Cynthia Leonor Garza, reporters for the Houston Chronicle newspaper.
Gibson has an extensive criminal history, including numerous arrests, and a prior conviction for possession of a stolen automobile. He had two pending cases before Hurricane Katrina for possession of cocaine and aggravated assault with a firearm with discharge. He was released from jail on the assault charge nine days before the storm hit on a personal recognizance bond issued by Judge Charles Elloie.
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Jeb Bush
John Ellis "Jeb" Bush (born February 11, 1953) is an American politician who served as the 43rd Governor of Florida from 1999 to 2007. He is a prominent member of the Bush family: the second son of former President George H. W. Bush and former First Lady Barbara Bush; the younger brother of former President George W. Bush; and the older brother of Neil Bush, Marvin Bush, and Dorothy Bush Koch.
Jeb Bush was born in Midland, Texas. When he was six years old, the family relocated to Houston, Texas.
Following in the footsteps of older brother, George, Jeb Bush attended high school at the private Massachusetts boarding school, Phillips Academy Andover. At the age of 17, he taught English as a second language in León, Guanajuato, Mexico, as part of Phillips Academy's student exchange program. While in Mexico, he met wife, Columba Garnica Gallo.
In 1973, Bush graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of Texas at Austin with a BA in Latin American Studies. He completed his coursework in two and a half years with generally excellent grades. After considering a career in Hollywood, he instead chose to pursue politics.
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Kanye West
Kanye Omari West ( /ˈkɑːnjeɪ/; born June 8, 1977) is an American musician, film director and fashion designer. West first rose to fame as a producer for Roc-A-Fella Records, where he eventually achieved recognition for his work on Jay-Z's album The Blueprint, as well as hit singles for musical artists including Alicia Keys, Ludacris, and Janet Jackson. His style of production originally used pitched-up vocal samples from soul songs incorporated with his own drums and instruments. However, subsequent productions saw him broadening his musical palette and expressing influences encompassing '70s R&B, baroque pop, trip hop, arena rock, folk, alternative, electronica, synthpop, and classical music.
West released his debut album The College Dropout in 2004, his second album Late Registration in 2005, his third album Graduation in 2007, his fourth album 808s & Heartbreak in 2008, and his fifth album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy in 2010. West released a collaborative album, Watch the Throne with Jay-Z in 2011, which is the duo's first collaborative album. His five solo albums, all of which have gone platinum, have received numerous awards and critical acclaim. As of 2012, West has won a total of eighteen Grammy Awards, making him one of the most awarded artists of all-time. All albums have been very commercially successful, with My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy becoming his fourth consecutive No. 1 album in the U.S. upon release. West has had 5 songs exceed 3 million in digital sales as of July 2011, with "Gold Digger" selling 3,086,000, "Stronger" selling 4,402,000, "Heartless" selling 3,742,000, "E.T." selling over 4,000,000 and "Love Lockdown" selling over 3,000,000 placing him third in overall digital sales of the past decade. He has sold over 30 million digital songs in the United States making him one of the best-selling digital artists of all-time.
wn.com/Kanye_West -
Kathleen Blanco
Kathleen Babineaux Blanco (born December 15, 1942) was the 78th Governor of Louisiana (54th since US Statehood), having served from January 2004 until January 2008. She was the first woman to be elected to the office of governor of Louisiana.
When first elected, Blanco outlined her top priorities as providing affordable healthcare, improving the education system in the state, and helping to create a strong and vibrant economy through aggressive economic development initiatives. Her work as governor changed dramatically when, in 2005, coastal Louisiana was severely damaged by two hurricanes that stuck less than a month apart. In August, Hurricane Katrina devastated the New Orleans region, an urban area of 1.4 million people. Then, in September, Hurricane Rita struck the southwestern coast, displacing another 300,000 people. More than 200,000 housing units were destroyed, 81,000 businesses closed, entire electrical and telecommunication systems were torn apart, and one million people were made homeless as a result of severe flooding caused by levee failures and storm surges.
wn.com/Kathleen_Blanco -
Max Mayfield
Britt Max Mayfield (born on September 19, 1948 in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) is a meteorologist who served as the director of the National Hurricane Center from 2000 to 2007. As director, Mayfield became a trusted voice in preparing for weather-related disasters, particularly those involving tropical storms and hurricanes.
Mayfield began his forecasting career with the United States Air Force in 1970, after graduating from the University of Oklahoma with a bachelor's degree in mathematics, serving as a first lieutenant until 1972. In 1972, Mayfield joined the National Weather Service as a satellite meteorologist. Mayfield earned his master’s degree in meteorology at Florida State University in 1987, becoming a hurricane specialist. Max became the director of the National Hurricane Center in January 2000 after the retirement of Jerry Jarrell.
Mayfield is the current chairman of the World Meteorological Organization's Regional Association-IV, which supports 26 members from Atlantic and eastern Pacific countries. He is one subject of an upcoming documentary titled New Orleans Story concerning Hurricane Katrina, which is currently in post-production.
wn.com/Max_Mayfield -
Michael Chertoff
Michael Chertoff (born November 28, 1953) was the second United States Secretary of Homeland Security under President George W. Bush and co-author of the USA PATRIOT Act. He previously served as a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, as a federal prosecutor, and as assistant U.S. Attorney General. He succeeded Tom Ridge as United States Secretary of Homeland Security on February 15, 2005.
Since leaving government service, Chertoff has worked as Senior Of Counsel at the Washington, D.C. law firm of Covington & Burling. He also co-founded the Chertoff Group, a risk management and security consulting company, which employs several senior officials from his time as Secretary of Homeland Security as well as Michael Hayden, a former Director of the National Security Agency and the Central Intelligence Agency.
Chertoff is a member of the Advisory Board of the Institute for Cultural Diplomacy.
Chertoff was born in Elizabeth, New Jersey to Rabbi Gershon Baruch Chertoff (1915–1996), the former leader of the Congregation B'nai Israel in Elizabeth and Talmud scholar, and Livia Chertoff (née Eisen), El Al flight attendant. His paternal grandfather, Rabbi Paul Chertoff (emigrated with his parents from czarist Russia, present day Belarus) was a noted Talmud scholar.
wn.com/Michael_Chertoff -
Michael Eric Dyson
Michael Eric Dyson (born October 23, 1958) is an American academic, author, and radio host. He is a professor of sociology at Georgetown University. Described by Michael A. Fletcher as "a Princeton Ph.D. and a child of the streets who takes pains never to separate the two", Dyson has so far authored and edited 18 books dealing with subjects such as Malcolm X, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., Marvin Gaye, Nas’s debut album Illmatic, Bill Cosby, and Hurricane Katrina.
Dyson was born to African-American parents, Everett and Addie Dyson. He attended Cranbrook School in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan on academic scholarship but left and completed his education at Northwestern High School. He became an ordained Baptist minister at 19 years of age. Having worked in factories in Detroit to support his family, he entered Knoxville College as a freshman at age 21. Dyson received his Bachelor's from Carson–Newman College (magna cum laude) in 1985, and his Master's and Doctorate in religion, from Princeton University. Dr. Dyson serves on the board of directors of the Common Ground Foundation, a project dedicated to empowering urban youth in the United States. Dr. Dyson and his wife, writer and ordained minister Marcia L. Dyson, are regular guests and speakers at the Aspen Institute Conferences and Ideas Festival. Together, they lecture on many on the nation's college campuses.
wn.com/Michael_Eric_Dyson -
Mike Leavitt
Michael Okerlund "Mike" Leavitt (born February 11, 1951) is an American Republican politician. He served as the 14th Governor of Utah from 1993 to 2003, as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency from 2003 to 2005 and as Secretary of Health and Human Services from 2005 to 2009.
Leavitt serves as a co-leader of the Nutrition and Physical Activity Initiative at the Bipartisan Policy Center.
Leavitt was born in Cedar City, Utah. Leavitt graduated with a degree in and from [[]] and married Jacalyn Smith. They have five children.
Leavitt is a member of [[]].
Leavitt is a descendant of an old Indonesian European family, and a direct descendant of Dudley Leavitt, a Mormon pioneer named for his ancestor Thomas Dudley, the second colonial governor of Massachusetts.
Leavitt's business career started with his joining The Leavitt Group, a regional insurance company founded by his father. He rose to become the company's president and CEO and presided over a period of expansion. He was subsequently appointed to the boards of directors of numerous local and regional companies, including Utah Power and Light, as well as a member of the Utah State Board of Regents. As a regent, he helped oversee Utah's nine public colleges and universities. For four years, he was chair of Southern Utah University's board of trustees.
wn.com/Mike_Leavitt -
Paul Steiger
Paul Steiger (born 1942) was managing editor of The Wall Street Journal from 1991 until May 15, 2007.
Steiger graduated from the Hun School of Princeton and attended Trumbull College at Yale University, where he was an editor of the Yale News and Review and a member of Manuscript Society.
He is currently editor at large for The Wall Street Journal and a vice president of Dow Jones & Company. He chairs the Committee to Protect Journalists and has won numerous journalism awards. He is editor-in-chief of ProPublica, an "independent, non-profit newsroom", which commenced operations in 2008.
He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.
wn.com/Paul_Steiger -
Ray Nagin
Clarence Ray Nagin, Jr. (born June 11, 1956) is an American consultant, entrepreneur, author, and public speaker. He served as mayor of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States from 2002 to 2010. Nagin gained international note in 2005 in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, a historic, catastrophic disaster which devastated the New Orleans area.
Nagin was first elected on March 2, 2002 and received significant crossover vote from just about every segment of the population. He was re-elected in 2006 even though the election was held with at least two-thirds of New Orleans citizens still displaced after the storm hit. He was term limited by law and left office on May 3, 2010.
After leaving office, Nagin founded CRN Initiatives LLC, a firm that focuses on Emergency Preparedness, Green Energy product development, Publishing and Public Speaking. He has written and published his first book, Katrina Secrets: Storms after the Storms which gives a first-hand account on how New Orleans overcame unimaginable devastation.
wn.com/Ray_Nagin -
Spike Lee
Shelton Jackson "Spike" Lee (born March 20, 1957) is an American film director, producer, writer, and actor. His production company, 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, has produced over 35 films since 1983.
Lee's movies have examined race relations, the role of media in contemporary life, urban crime and poverty, and other political issues. Lee has won numerous awards, including an Emmy Award. He has also received two Academy Award nominations.
Spike Lee was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the son of Jacqueline Carroll (née Shelton), a teacher of arts and black literature, and William James Edward Lee III, a jazz musician and composer. Lee moved with his family to Brooklyn, New York when he was a small child. (The Fort Greene neighborhood is home to Lee's production company, 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, and other Lee-owned or related businesses.) As a child, his mother nicknamed him "Spike." In Brooklyn, he attended John Dewey High School. Lee enrolled in Morehouse College where he made his first student film, Last Hustle in Brooklyn. He took film courses at Clark Atlanta University and graduated with a B.A. in Mass Communication from Morehouse College. He then enrolled in New York University's Tisch School of the Arts, where he earned a Master of Fine Arts in Film & Television.
wn.com/Spike_Lee
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Hurricane Katrina Historic Storm Surge Video - Gulfport, Mississippi
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:39
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
www.UltimateChase.com Exclusive video shot by Mike Theiss from ground zero of Hurricane Katrina's historic 28 foot storm surge that ripped through Gulfport, Mississippi on August 29th, 2005. This video has a time stamp to give a complete and accurate timeline from the Holiday Inn beachfront hotel located directly on the beach in Gulfport. Also, included are shots from the Theiss-Device which is a camera housing designed by Mike to be placed in a place that would be too dangerous from any human to survive. This 13 minute video will give you a sense of just how bad Katrina was on the Gulf Coast without actually putting you in harms way !!! To see the entire version of this video about 2 hours in duration please purchase the DVD "Battle at the Beachfront". http Jim Reed and Mike Theiss hope this documentation helps enforce a sense of storm awareness and a respect for the power of mother nature. When local officials ask you to evacuate just think of this video and ask yourself do you want to risk being put in a situation like this ?
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Katrina_Historic_Storm_Surge_Video_Gulfport,_Mississippi
www.UltimateChase.com Exclusive video shot by Mike Theiss from ground zero of Hurricane Katrina's historic 28 foot storm surge that ripped through Gulfport, Mississippi on August 29th, 2005. This video has a time stamp to give a complete and accurate timeline from the Holiday Inn beachfront hotel located directly on the beach in Gulfport. Also, included are shots from the Theiss-Device which is a camera housing designed by Mike to be placed in a place that would be too dangerous from any human to survive. This 13 minute video will give you a sense of just how bad Katrina was on the Gulf Coast without actually putting you in harms way !!! To see the entire version of this video about 2 hours in duration please purchase the DVD "Battle at the Beachfront". http Jim Reed and Mike Theiss hope this documentation helps enforce a sense of storm awareness and a respect for the power of mother nature. When local officials ask you to evacuate just think of this video and ask yourself do you want to risk being put in a situation like this ?
Hurricane Katrina Day by Day
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Follow a day-by-day account of Hurricane Katrina's wrath, from its birth in the Atlantic Ocean to its catastrophic effects: flooded streets, flattened homes, and horrific loss of life.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Katrina_Day_by_Day
Follow a day-by-day account of Hurricane Katrina's wrath, from its birth in the Atlantic Ocean to its catastrophic effects: flooded streets, flattened homes, and horrific loss of life.
- published: 29 Aug 2012
- views: 41835
- author: NationalGeographic
Hurricane Katrina DVD Documentary, from Miami to New Orleans and Biloxi.
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 74:06
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
The only independent video production that documents Hurricane Katrina from both sides of the eye as the storm devastated the United States Gulf Coast. Filmed in Miami, FL at Katrina's first land fall and in the air with the NOAA Hurricane Hunters, we chart Katrina's path towards the record breaking landfall. The footage continues in New Orleans, LA prior to Katrina to document the evacuation of the region. As the storm nears the Gulf Coast, it also continues in Biloxi, MS before the record breaking storm surge destroys the coast. We bring you through the storm and after the storm for an in-depth look at what was really happening 24 hours after Katrina in New Orleans. This production was filmed and produced by the videographers who were on the ground and in the middle of Katrina the storm and storm surge came on shore on the morning of 08/29/2005. To license footage from our production, please contact us at www.StormChasingVideo.com No part of this production or any of our footage on our YouTube channel can be rebroadcast without prior written authorization.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Katrina_DVD_Documentary,_from_Miami_to_New_Orleans_and_Biloxi
The only independent video production that documents Hurricane Katrina from both sides of the eye as the storm devastated the United States Gulf Coast. Filmed in Miami, FL at Katrina's first land fall and in the air with the NOAA Hurricane Hunters, we chart Katrina's path towards the record breaking landfall. The footage continues in New Orleans, LA prior to Katrina to document the evacuation of the region. As the storm nears the Gulf Coast, it also continues in Biloxi, MS before the record breaking storm surge destroys the coast. We bring you through the storm and after the storm for an in-depth look at what was really happening 24 hours after Katrina in New Orleans. This production was filmed and produced by the videographers who were on the ground and in the middle of Katrina the storm and storm surge came on shore on the morning of 08/29/2005. To license footage from our production, please contact us at www.StormChasingVideo.com No part of this production or any of our footage on our YouTube channel can be rebroadcast without prior written authorization.
- published: 18 Oct 2010
- views: 174897
- author: bnvn1
Hurricane Katrina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:23
- Updated: 23 Feb 2013
Video taken during Katrina from the Beau Rivage Casino on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. I didn't take it. It was one of many circulalted thru my familys inboxes.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Katrina
Video taken during Katrina from the Beau Rivage Casino on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. I didn't take it. It was one of many circulalted thru my familys inboxes.
- published: 11 Feb 2006
- views: 665397
- author: pcampo
Refuge of Last Resort - The true Hurricane Katrina Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 60:15
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
This no holds documentary chronicles the days before, during and after Hurricane Katrina. Told from the viewpoint of several families stuck in New Orleans, this moving and unflinching story says so much by saying so little. Most of this footage has never been seen by the public, and there is absolutely no stock footage used in this film.
http://wn.com/Refuge_of_Last_Resort_The_true_Hurricane_Katrina_Story
This no holds documentary chronicles the days before, during and after Hurricane Katrina. Told from the viewpoint of several families stuck in New Orleans, this moving and unflinching story says so much by saying so little. Most of this footage has never been seen by the public, and there is absolutely no stock footage used in this film.
- published: 14 Jan 2012
- views: 20687
- author: TheyClownPeopleDown
Hurricane Katrina - The Untold Story
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 27:26
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
See Hurricane Katrina first hand through the eyes of Brian Williams, MSNBC's news reporter. Hopefully your racism and prejudices become a thing of the past.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Katrina_The_Untold_Story
See Hurricane Katrina first hand through the eyes of Brian Williams, MSNBC's news reporter. Hopefully your racism and prejudices become a thing of the past.
- published: 14 May 2011
- views: 22846
- author: Travis Vadon
Hurricane Katrina - YOU MUST WATCH THIS
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:54
- Updated: 25 Feb 2013
an edit of news feed - the footage they didn't show you
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Katrina_YOU_MUST_WATCH_THIS
an edit of news feed - the footage they didn't show you
- published: 07 Apr 2008
- views: 264905
- author: tuffghosts
Anderson Cooper biatching out Mary Landrieu over Katrina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:42
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
A video recorded before the Katrina victims were evacuated from New Orleans to the Astrodome. At this time the people that chose to stay were still at the Superdome and the convention center. Before the flaming starts, let me say that I really lean right and I really don't like Cooper that much but it was just awesome to see someone bitch out a leader for their lack of concern over those victims.
http://wn.com/Anderson_Cooper_biatching_out_Mary_Landrieu_over_Katrina
A video recorded before the Katrina victims were evacuated from New Orleans to the Astrodome. At this time the people that chose to stay were still at the Superdome and the convention center. Before the flaming starts, let me say that I really lean right and I really don't like Cooper that much but it was just awesome to see someone bitch out a leader for their lack of concern over those victims.
- published: 10 Aug 2006
- views: 223934
- author: Jason Harris
Hurricane Katrina at peak intensity: ultra hi-rez computer simulation
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:30
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
Watch this and other space videos at SpaceRip.com Follow streamers of air into the eye of Katrina. Produced for our giant screen fulldome planetarium show, Dynamic Earth, for global release later in 2011. Sequence by the Advanced Visualization Lab, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois in collaboration with NCAR. Project collaborators include NASA Scientific Visualization Studio and Spitz, Inc. To learn more about the project, visit extranet.spitzinc.com www.ncsa.illinois.edu
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Katrina_at_peak_intensity_ultra_hi-rez_computer_simulation
Watch this and other space videos at SpaceRip.com Follow streamers of air into the eye of Katrina. Produced for our giant screen fulldome planetarium show, Dynamic Earth, for global release later in 2011. Sequence by the Advanced Visualization Lab, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois in collaboration with NCAR. Project collaborators include NASA Scientific Visualization Studio and Spitz, Inc. To learn more about the project, visit extranet.spitzinc.com www.ncsa.illinois.edu
- published: 31 Mar 2011
- views: 63380
- author: SpaceRip
Hurricane Katrina Part One
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 22:28
- Updated: 30 Jan 2013
www.hurricanetrack.com This segment is from my 2005 DVD entitled "Tracking the Hurricanes: 2005". Here, in part one, I begin tracking hurricane Katrina with my colleague, Mike Watkins, in south Florida. From there, Mike and I head over to the coast of Mississippi to complete the mission of observing and documenting one of the deadliest hurricanes in US history. However, the story does not end with landfall as we will see in part two.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Katrina_Part_One
www.hurricanetrack.com This segment is from my 2005 DVD entitled "Tracking the Hurricanes: 2005". Here, in part one, I begin tracking hurricane Katrina with my colleague, Mike Watkins, in south Florida. From there, Mike and I head over to the coast of Mississippi to complete the mission of observing and documenting one of the deadliest hurricanes in US history. However, the story does not end with landfall as we will see in part two.
- published: 04 Feb 2007
- views: 237521
- author: hurricanetrack
HURRICANE KATRINA Documentary (PART 4)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:37
- Updated: 19 Feb 2013
SPOTLIGHT: KATRINA PET AND ANIMAL RESCUE FOOTAGE! Ride Hamilton shows the FOURTH intense video excerpt from his in-progress Hurricane Katrina Documentary. The only tapestry of stories filmed LIVE as it was and STILL IS happening. It covers in tragic, emotional, and honest detail - everyday of the storm from DAY ONE to TODAY. --------------------- THIS PODCAST: Ride walks with Janice White of the Red Cross through the worst hit area of the 9th Ward. He asks, "Why is the section locked off?" She answers, "There's too many dead bodies in these houses, and we also don't know which ones may fall down on you." She continues, "Maybe by December we can find the bodies and let residents in." Then, Ride continues with the dedicated pet and animal rescue volunteers as they try to save a dog desperately trapped between houses that are collided together. It's literally a maze of wood, nails, metal, and debris. The dog was spotted by boat weeks ago, and now as some land is beginning to dry, the pet rescue volunteers come back to try again to rescue this same dog. Alas, it is still trapped, and all they can do is leave food and water. --------------------- ABOUT THE FILM MAKER: Ride Hamilton was the only photo-journalist to never evacuate - and stay living and participating in the New Orleans community throughout Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the electricity-less, water-less, and MRE, heat, and mosquito-filled months afterwards. While instantly becoming a citizen first-responder and ...
http://wn.com/HURRICANE_KATRINA_Documentary_PART_4
SPOTLIGHT: KATRINA PET AND ANIMAL RESCUE FOOTAGE! Ride Hamilton shows the FOURTH intense video excerpt from his in-progress Hurricane Katrina Documentary. The only tapestry of stories filmed LIVE as it was and STILL IS happening. It covers in tragic, emotional, and honest detail - everyday of the storm from DAY ONE to TODAY. --------------------- THIS PODCAST: Ride walks with Janice White of the Red Cross through the worst hit area of the 9th Ward. He asks, "Why is the section locked off?" She answers, "There's too many dead bodies in these houses, and we also don't know which ones may fall down on you." She continues, "Maybe by December we can find the bodies and let residents in." Then, Ride continues with the dedicated pet and animal rescue volunteers as they try to save a dog desperately trapped between houses that are collided together. It's literally a maze of wood, nails, metal, and debris. The dog was spotted by boat weeks ago, and now as some land is beginning to dry, the pet rescue volunteers come back to try again to rescue this same dog. Alas, it is still trapped, and all they can do is leave food and water. --------------------- ABOUT THE FILM MAKER: Ride Hamilton was the only photo-journalist to never evacuate - and stay living and participating in the New Orleans community throughout Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the electricity-less, water-less, and MRE, heat, and mosquito-filled months afterwards. While instantly becoming a citizen first-responder and ...
- published: 29 Mar 2008
- views: 15057
- author: podcastingneworleans
Hurricane Katrina Day 4 Vid 5 CNN News Live Wolf Blitzer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:03
- Updated: 23 Oct 2012
Live News Hurricane Katrina aftermath of suffering 4 days after the storm hit. Thursday 9 1 2005. Watch my other Day 4 Vids as the scope of this disaster quickly becomes a nightmare..Please leave comments and ratings..
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Katrina_Day_4_Vid_5_CNN_News_Live_Wolf_Blitzer
Live News Hurricane Katrina aftermath of suffering 4 days after the storm hit. Thursday 9 1 2005. Watch my other Day 4 Vids as the scope of this disaster quickly becomes a nightmare..Please leave comments and ratings..
- published: 27 Apr 2009
- views: 6108
- author: pvtjokerusmc
The Truth About Hurricane Katrina - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:31
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
The untold story told by a New Orleans native and Hurricane Survivor. This is a true account, as witnessed by me. I encourage EVERYONE to watch this video; This is the most important one that I have ever done. Part 1- The Beginning
http://wn.com/The_Truth_About_Hurricane_Katrina_Part_1
The untold story told by a New Orleans native and Hurricane Survivor. This is a true account, as witnessed by me. I encourage EVERYONE to watch this video; This is the most important one that I have ever done. Part 1- The Beginning
- published: 26 Feb 2007
- views: 28556
- author: EricArceneaux
WWL-TV Hurricane Katrina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:34
- Updated: 19 Oct 2012
This a video we produced for our station. It never aired but it has been seen many times.
http://wn.com/WWL-TV_Hurricane_Katrina
This a video we produced for our station. It never aired but it has been seen many times.
- published: 17 Apr 2008
- views: 9061
- author: wwltvchannel4
HURRICANE KATRINA Documentary (PART 7)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:12
- Updated: 19 Aug 2012
Ride walks with Janice White of the Red Cross in GROUND ZERO of the 9th Ward, talking about what the public is not being told and has been left unknown to the rest of the world. She is amazed when finding an intact glass bowl, yet the house around it is completely destroyed. New Orleans Firefighter Adam Woodruff digs through the rubble on his daily USAR mission, however Urban Search and Rescue has turned to Recovery of the more than 1000 missing bodies. He tells how the houses he scours for cadavers is no different than his own in New Orleans East - even as a first responding Firefighter - like over 80% of the rescuers and city itself, he lost everything he owns as well. In Arabi, a grandmother Ride meets cries as she mourns the loss of the 100s of photographs she took of her grandchildren. Elsewhere at GROUND ZERO of Lakeview, Ride talks to another woman, whose mother's house was directly in front of the levee break. She searches for a single whole teacup - anything in one piece to bring back to her mom. In this episode, we see how personal loss is, and nearly no one in the city was immune - firefighter or civilian, rescuer or victim. ABOUT THE FILM MAKER: Ride Hamilton was the only photo-journalist to never evacuate - and stay living and participating in the New Orleans community throughout Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the electricity-less, water-less, and MRE, heat, and mosquito-filled months afterwards. While instantly becoming a citizen first-responder and the ...
http://wn.com/HURRICANE_KATRINA_Documentary_PART_7
Ride walks with Janice White of the Red Cross in GROUND ZERO of the 9th Ward, talking about what the public is not being told and has been left unknown to the rest of the world. She is amazed when finding an intact glass bowl, yet the house around it is completely destroyed. New Orleans Firefighter Adam Woodruff digs through the rubble on his daily USAR mission, however Urban Search and Rescue has turned to Recovery of the more than 1000 missing bodies. He tells how the houses he scours for cadavers is no different than his own in New Orleans East - even as a first responding Firefighter - like over 80% of the rescuers and city itself, he lost everything he owns as well. In Arabi, a grandmother Ride meets cries as she mourns the loss of the 100s of photographs she took of her grandchildren. Elsewhere at GROUND ZERO of Lakeview, Ride talks to another woman, whose mother's house was directly in front of the levee break. She searches for a single whole teacup - anything in one piece to bring back to her mom. In this episode, we see how personal loss is, and nearly no one in the city was immune - firefighter or civilian, rescuer or victim. ABOUT THE FILM MAKER: Ride Hamilton was the only photo-journalist to never evacuate - and stay living and participating in the New Orleans community throughout Hurricanes Katrina and Rita and the electricity-less, water-less, and MRE, heat, and mosquito-filled months afterwards. While instantly becoming a citizen first-responder and the ...
- published: 17 Jul 2007
- views: 15182
- author: podcastingneworleans
8/29/2005 Hurricane Katrina, Eye Wall On Canal Street, New Orleans, LA.- Raw Master 20
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:09
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
8/29/2005 Raw B-Roll footage shot on Canal Street in New Orleans, LA as the eye wall of Hurricane Katrina slams into the area a the height of the high winds. POV footage and main camera video while on Canal Street with large debris was being tossed into the air. Video shows extreme high winds causing whiteout conditions on Canal Street as the city was being ripped apart by Hurricane Katrina. Catalog ID: Katrina_Raw_Master_20 Total Run Time: 08;03;09 To license this footage, contact www.StormChasingVideo.com
http://wn.com/8_29_2005_Hurricane_Katrina,_Eye_Wall_On_Canal_Street,_New_Orleans,_LA_Raw_Master_20
8/29/2005 Raw B-Roll footage shot on Canal Street in New Orleans, LA as the eye wall of Hurricane Katrina slams into the area a the height of the high winds. POV footage and main camera video while on Canal Street with large debris was being tossed into the air. Video shows extreme high winds causing whiteout conditions on Canal Street as the city was being ripped apart by Hurricane Katrina. Catalog ID: Katrina_Raw_Master_20 Total Run Time: 08;03;09 To license this footage, contact www.StormChasingVideo.com
- published: 08 Mar 2010
- views: 5460
- author: bnvn1
8/25/2005 Hurricane Katrina, Miami, Florida, part 1 of 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 12:28
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
8/25/2005 Hurricane Katrina, Miami, Florida, part 1 of 3 of the raw footage shot during Hurricane Katrina's first landfall in the Miami, Florida area on Thursday August 25th, 2005 Catalog ID: Katrina_Miami_CC_1 Total Run Time: 12;28;00 Screen Format: 16:9 Video Format: Standard Definition License Type: Rights Managed To license this footage, visit www.stormchasingvideo.com
http://wn.com/8_25_2005_Hurricane_Katrina,_Miami,_Florida,_part_1_of_3
8/25/2005 Hurricane Katrina, Miami, Florida, part 1 of 3 of the raw footage shot during Hurricane Katrina's first landfall in the Miami, Florida area on Thursday August 25th, 2005 Catalog ID: Katrina_Miami_CC_1 Total Run Time: 12;28;00 Screen Format: 16:9 Video Format: Standard Definition License Type: Rights Managed To license this footage, visit www.stormchasingvideo.com
- published: 06 Sep 2010
- views: 3266
- author: bnvn1
Hurricane Katrina Eyewall Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 01 Dec 2012
I shot this video from the top deck of the parking garage in Gulfport, Mississippi. The eyewall was finally coming ashore and I was hiding in the far stairwell. When I looked around the corner, all I could see was a swirling mass of white - a tornado was about 30 feet from me. It took me a minute to realize that it was being created by the hurricane winds coming around the side of the bank.
http://wn.com/Hurricane_Katrina_Eyewall_Part_2
I shot this video from the top deck of the parking garage in Gulfport, Mississippi. The eyewall was finally coming ashore and I was hiding in the far stairwell. When I looked around the corner, all I could see was a swirling mass of white - a tornado was about 30 feet from me. It took me a minute to realize that it was being created by the hurricane winds coming around the side of the bank.
- published: 30 Sep 2007
- views: 157391
- author: Mark Robinson
KOCO: Watch Hurricane Katrina Make Landfall
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:23
- Updated: 21 Nov 2012
KOCO was the only Oklahoma City station in New Orleans on Aug. 29, 2005, as Hurricane Katrina made landfall. This is raw video from that morning, featuring photojournalist Chris Lee and reporter Mark Opgrande.
http://wn.com/KOCO_Watch_Hurricane_Katrina_Make_Landfall
KOCO was the only Oklahoma City station in New Orleans on Aug. 29, 2005, as Hurricane Katrina made landfall. This is raw video from that morning, featuring photojournalist Chris Lee and reporter Mark Opgrande.
- published: 30 Aug 2007
- views: 13908
- author: kocotv
08/29/2005 Hurricane Katrina Flooding Video, Kenner, LA
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:54
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
08/29/2005 Raw B-Roll footage shot at Interstate 10 and Williams Blvd just north of the New Orleans, LA International Airport that shows the massive flooding from Hurricane Katrina's heavy rains. The water is several feet deep in places and cut off access to the airport via Williams Blvd. Catalog ends with footage of a home destroyed by Katrina's high winds in Kenner, LA.
http://wn.com/08_29_2005_Hurricane_Katrina_Flooding_Video,_Kenner,_LA
08/29/2005 Raw B-Roll footage shot at Interstate 10 and Williams Blvd just north of the New Orleans, LA International Airport that shows the massive flooding from Hurricane Katrina's heavy rains. The water is several feet deep in places and cut off access to the airport via Williams Blvd. Catalog ends with footage of a home destroyed by Katrina's high winds in Kenner, LA.
- published: 08 Mar 2010
- views: 3771
- author: bnvn1
The Truth About Hurricane Katrina - Part 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:02
- Updated: 01 Feb 2013
Details about the great injustices experienced by myself and many others during Hurricane Katrina. Part 2 - The Harsh Reality of Injustice
http://wn.com/The_Truth_About_Hurricane_Katrina_Part_2
Details about the great injustices experienced by myself and many others during Hurricane Katrina. Part 2 - The Harsh Reality of Injustice
- published: 26 Feb 2007
- views: 15412
- author: EricArceneaux
Dauphin Island - Day BEFORE Hurricane Katrina
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:59
- Updated: 16 Nov 2012
This is a clip of the west end of Dauphin Island, AL the day before Hurricane Katrina. Even 24 hours before the storm, waves had already breached the gulf-side berm.
http://wn.com/Dauphin_Island_Day_BEFORE_Hurricane_Katrina
This is a clip of the west end of Dauphin Island, AL the day before Hurricane Katrina. Even 24 hours before the storm, waves had already breached the gulf-side berm.
- published: 06 Oct 2006
- views: 15744
- author: David C. Webb
Animations of Hurricane Katrina at landfall on the central Gulf coast
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:02
- Updated: 14 Feb 2012
Hurricane Katrina made landfall on the central Gulf coast in the morning of August 29, 2005 with devastating impacts. This video shows animations of the landfall of Katrina using satellite and radar reflecivity composites from various perspectives. This video is available in full high definition (1920x1080 pixels). You can select the appropriate viewing resolution on the lower-right part of the video panel.
http://wn.com/Animations_of_Hurricane_Katrina_at_landfall_on_the_central_Gulf_coast
Hurricane Katrina made landfall on the central Gulf coast in the morning of August 29, 2005 with devastating impacts. This video shows animations of the landfall of Katrina using satellite and radar reflecivity composites from various perspectives. This video is available in full high definition (1920x1080 pixels). You can select the appropriate viewing resolution on the lower-right part of the video panel.
- published: 31 Jul 2011
- views: 2535
- author: kykong
photo: AP / Mary Altaffer
26 Feb 2013
Jesus Diaz - . Scientists have found proof of a sunken continent in the Indian Ocean. According to a study published in Nature Geoscience, the continent “was separated from Madagascar and fragmented into a ribbon-like configuration by a series of mid-ocean ridge jumps during the opening of the Mascarene ocean basin.”. Its name is not Atlantis, though ... [Nature Geoscience via BBC News]. Image by Shutterstock ... Related Posts ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
photo: Creative Commons / John Harrison
25 Feb 2013
Just like Angelina Jolie's right leg last year, Oscar-winner Anne Hathaway's apparently 'alert' nipples inspired their own Twitter account and a flurry of cheeky hashtags last night. BY Bibby Sowray . 25 February 2013. Anne Hathaway's seemingly pointy nipples attracted a lot of attention. Photo. Getty. Poor Anne Hathaway, she's not been served well by fashion of late ... Related articles. Oscars 2013 fashion. red carpet hits and misses ... Photo ... ....(size: 4.9Kb)
photo: USAF / Tech. Sgt. Effrain Lopez
26 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. During the 19th and early 20th centuries developments in technology vastly transformed warfare. The age of machine guns, steam-powered battle ships, and tanks replaced the era of flintlock muskets, sailing wooden ships, and cannonballs. But these new and more lethal innovations also altered humanity and political systems ... World War I and II ... They will subversively disrupt entire societies....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Ibrahim Zayed
26 Feb 2013
Updated. February 26, 2013 8.35AM. LUXOR, Egypt — A hot air balloon flying over Egypt’s ancient city of Luxor caught fire and crashed into a sugar cane field on Tuesday, killing at least 19 foreign tourists in one of the world’s deadliest ballooning accidents and handing a new blow to Egypt’s ailing tourism industry ... The balloon then shot up in the air, the investigator said ... The security official said all 18 bodies have been recovered ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: AP / Manu Fernandez
27 Feb 2013
Angel Di Maria tamed the aging lion at the heart of the Barcelona defense in the decisive sequence of Real Madrid's 3-1 win in the second leg of the Copa del Rey semifinal. After receiving a long outlet pass from Sami Khedira in the 57th minute, Di Maria shook down the 34-year-old Barcelona captain, leaving him behind on the turf as he headed for goal ... twitter.com/Dominic777775/…— Dominic (@Dominic777775) February 26, 2013 ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
San Francisco Chronicle
27 Feb 2013
HATTIESBURG, Miss ... "The reason we have closed the (nursing) program in New Orleans is that the enrollment since (Hurricane>) Katrina has not come back as we expected ... At the time of Katrina, enrollment on the New Orleans campus was 337 students. The hurricane caused the campus to close for six months from August 2005 until February 2006, hurting enrollment ... ___. Information from....(size: 1.9Kb)
NZ Herald
27 Feb 2013
"Sometimes contractors manage that risk. Sometimes we do ... "It's a classic failure of management and leadership in BP," said Bea, a former BP consultant who also investigated the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill and New Orleans levee breaches after Hurricane> Katrina in 2005 ... "Undoubtedly." ... Just last year, Bea testified for plaintiffs who sued the US Army Corps of Engineers over broken levees in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina ... ....(size: 5.0Kb)
London Evening Standard
27 Feb 2013
"Sometimes contractors manage that risk. Sometimes we do ... "It's a classic failure of management and leadership in BP," said Prof Bea, a former BP consultant who also investigated the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill and New Orleans levee breaches after Hurricane> Katrina in 2005 ... Just last year, Prof Bea gave evidence for people who sued the US Army Corps of Engineers over broken levees in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina ... ....(size: 4.8Kb)
WorldNetDaily
27 Feb 2013
Although many Americans don’t know it, that is exactly what happened in New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane> Katrina ... The government, he said, appears to want ever more control over people’s lives, which “is crippling the ability of people to defend themselves … in situations like a Hurricane Katrina where the police were nowhere around and people were taking up arms to protect their property.”....(size: 13.1Kb)
The Washington Post
27 Feb 2013
Loading... Comments Weigh In Corrections?. Recommend. Personal Post. Gallery. Celebrity tax woes ... More news from Post Business ... U.S ... “It’s a classic failure of management and leadership in BP,” said Bea, a former BP consultant who also investigated the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill and New Orleans levee breaches after Hurricane> Katrina in 2005 ... Army Corps of Engineers over broken levees in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina ... ....(size: 6.6Kb)
Belfast Telegraph
27 Feb 2013
A BP executive has told a court that the oil giant and its contractors shared responsibility for preventing blowouts like the one that killed 11 workers in 2010 and sparked America's worst offshore spill ... Sometimes we do ... "It's a classic failure of management and leadership in BP," said Prof Bea, a former BP consultant who also investigated the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill and New Orleans levee breaches after Hurricane> Katrina in 2005 ... ....(size: 2.1Kb)
The Columbus Dispatch
27 Feb 2013
Environment Blog. Scientists are still piecing together where that meteor that blew apart over Russia on Feb. 15 came from. What a day. For weeks, NASA was telling peop... Other news. Helpful Links ... Local Stories from ThisWeek ... U.S ... “It’s a classic failure of management and leadership in BP,” said Bea, a former BP consultant who also investigated the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill and New Orleans levee breaches after Hurricane> Katrina in 2005 ... ....(size: 2.7Kb)
U~T San Diego
27 Feb 2013
Rig owner Transocean Ltd. and cement contractor Halliburton also are defendants at the trial, which opened Monday before U.S. District Judge Carl Barbier ... "Sometimes contractors manage that risk. Sometimes we do ... "It's a classic failure of management and leadership in BP," said Bea, a former BP consultant who also investigated the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill and New Orleans levee breaches after Hurricane> Katrina in 2005. Page.. ....(size: 3.1Kb)
The Examiner
27 Feb 2013
It has all the amenities one can expect from a MGM property and, if price is not a concern, offers guests the best gambling experience in town ... When Hurricane> Katrina hit the Gulf Coast, it was one of the hardest hit and the impact is still felt today as the casino relies upon a makeshift gaming area. Treasure Bay Casino and Hotel – Without a doubt, the cramped and smoky casino of Treasure Bay still feels the sting of Katrina ... Tweet ... ....(size: 6.8Kb)
News24
27 Feb 2013
Swiss-based rig owner Transocean and cement contractor Halliburton also are defendants ... Two BP rig supervisors have been indicted on manslaughter charges for the workers' deaths and are awaiting a separate trial ... " ... Sometimes we do ... "It's a classic failure of management and leadership in BP," said Bea, a former BP consultant who also investigated the 1989 Exxon Valdez spill and New Orleans levee breaches after Hurricane> Katrina in 2005 ... ....(size: 3.8Kb)
Independent online (SA)
27 Feb 2013
New Orleans - After hearing claims that BP put profits above safety in the first day of court testimony over the 2010 Gulf of Mexico disaster, a senior executive for the oil company insisted the blame should be shared ... Bea is well known in New Orleans, site of the trial, because he was a key witness in litigation over failed levees when Hurricane> Katrina hit in 2005, flooding much of the city and leaving more than 1 800 people dead ... ....(size: 4.1Kb)
Reuters
27 Feb 2013
By Kristen Hays ... "The key point to me is it doesn't mean sole exclusive, it means shared responsibility," said McKay, called by plaintiffs in the federal civil trial in New Orleans centered on the spill and its aftermath ... Bea is well known in New Orleans, site of the trial, because he was a key witness in litigation over failed levees when Hurricane> Katrina hit in 2005, flooding much of the city and leaving more than 1,800 people dead....(size: 4.3Kb)
Reuters
27 Feb 2013
Lamar McKay, BP's global head of exploration, production and development, said on Tuesday the company's role as designated operator on the doomed Macondo well did not mean it was the only company at fault ... WALK THE TALK ... Bea is well known in New Orleans, site of the trial, because he was a key witness in litigation over failed levees when Hurricane> Katrina hit in 2005, flooding much of the city and leaving more than 1,800 people dead....(size: 4.3Kb)
This article is about the Atlantic hurricane of 2005. For other storms of the same name, see Tropical Storm Katrina.
| Category 5 hurricane (SSHS) | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Hurricane Katrina at peak strength on August 28, 2005 | |
| Formed | August 23, 2005 |
| Dissipated | August 30, 2005 |
| Highest winds | 1-minute sustained: 175 mph (280 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 902 mbar (hPa); 26.64 inHg |
| Fatalities | 1,833 confirmed[1] |
| Damage | $108 billion (2005 USD) (Costliest hurricane in US history[2]) |
| Areas affected | Bahamas, South Florida, Cuba, Louisiana (especially Greater New Orleans), Mississippi, Alabama, Florida Panhandle, most of eastern North America |
| Part of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season | |
| Hurricane Katrina |
|---|
 |
| 2005 Atlantic hurricane season |
| General |
| Impact |
| Relief |
| Analysis |
| External links |
|
Media related to 
Works related to Hurricane Katrina was the deadliest and most destructive Atlantic hurricane of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It is the costliest natural disaster, as well as one of the five deadliest hurricanes, in the history of the United States.[3] Among recorded Atlantic hurricanes, it was the sixth strongest overall. At least 1,836 people died in the actual hurricane and in the subsequent floods, making it the deadliest U.S. hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane; total property damage was estimated at $81 billion (2005 USD),[3] nearly triple the damage wrought by Hurricane Andrew in 1992.[4]
Hurricane Katrina formed over the Bahamas on August 23, 2005 and crossed southern Florida as a moderate Category 1 hurricane, causing some deaths and flooding there before strengthening rapidly in the Gulf of Mexico. The storm weakened before making its second landfall as a Category 3 storm on the morning of Monday, August 29 in southeast Louisiana. It caused severe destruction along the Gulf coast from central Florida to Texas, much of it due to the storm surge. The most significant number of deaths occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana, which flooded as the levee system catastrophically failed, in many cases hours after the storm had moved inland.[5] Eventually 80% of the city and large tracts of neighboring parishes became flooded, and the floodwaters lingered for weeks.[5] However, the worst property damage occurred in coastal areas, such as all Mississippi beachfront towns, which were flooded over 90% in hours, as boats and casino barges rammed buildings, pushing cars and houses inland, with waters reaching 6–12 miles (10–19 km) from the beach.
The hurricane surge protection failures in New Orleans are considered the worst civil engineering disaster in U.S history[6] and prompted a lawsuit against the US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), the designers and builders of the levee system as mandated by the Flood Control Act of 1965. Responsibility for the failures and flooding was laid squarely on the Army Corps in January 2008 by Judge Stanwood Duval, US District Court,[7] but the federal agency could not be held financially liable due to sovereign immunity in the Flood Control Act of 1928. There was also an investigation of the responses from federal, state and local governments, resulting in the resignation of Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. Brown, and of New Orleans Police Department (NOPD) Superintendent Eddie Compass.
Several agencies including the United States Coast Guard (USCG), National Hurricane Center (NHC), and National Weather Service (NWS) were commended for their actions. They provided accurate hurricane weather tracking forecasts with sufficient lead time.[8] Unfortunately, even the most insistent appeals from national, state and local public officials to residents to evacuate before the storm did not warn that the levees could breach and fail.[9]
Contents |
Meteorological history[link]
Main article: Meteorological history of Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina formed as Tropical Depression Twelve over the southeastern Bahamas on August 23, 2005 as the result of an interaction of a tropical wave and the remains of Tropical Depression Ten. The system was upgraded to tropical storm status on the morning of August 24 and at this point, the storm was given the name Katrina. The tropical storm continued to move towards Florida, and became a hurricane only two hours before it made landfall between Hallandale Beach and Aventura on the morning of August 25. The storm weakened over land, but it regained hurricane status about one hour after entering the Gulf of Mexico.[3]
The storm rapidly intensified after entering the Gulf, growing from a Category 3 hurricane to a Category 5 hurricane in just nine hours. This rapid growth was due to the storm's movement over the "unusually warm" waters of the Loop Current, which increased wind speeds.[10] On Saturday, August 27, the storm reached Category 3 intensity on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale, becoming the third major hurricane of the season. An eyewall replacement cycle disrupted the intensification, but caused the storm to nearly double in size. Katrina again rapidly intensified, attaining Category 5 status on the morning of August 28 and reached its peak strength at 1800 UTC that day, with maximum sustained winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) and a minimum central pressure of 902 mbar (26.6 inHg). The pressure measurement made Katrina the fourth most intense Atlantic hurricane on record at the time, only to be surpassed by Hurricanes Rita and Wilma later in the season; it was also the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico at the time. However, this record was later broken by Hurricane Rita.[3]
Katrina made its second landfall at 1110 UTC (6:10 a.m. CDT) on Monday, August 29 as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h) near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana. At landfall, hurricane-force winds extended outward 120 miles (190 km) from the center and the storm's central pressure was 920 mbar (27 inHg). After moving over southeastern Louisiana and Breton Sound, it made its third landfall near the Louisiana/Mississippi border with 120 mph (195 km/h) sustained winds, still at Category 3 intensity. Katrina maintained strength well into Mississippi, finally losing hurricane strength more than 150 miles (240 km) inland near Meridian, Mississippi. It was downgraded to a tropical depression near Clarksville, Tennessee, but its remnants were last distinguishable in the eastern Great Lakes region on August 31, when it was absorbed by a frontal boundary. The resulting extratropical storm moved rapidly to the northeast and affected eastern Canada.[3]
Preparations[link]
Main article: Preparations for Hurricane Katrina
Federal government[link]
On the morning of Friday, August 26, at 10 am CDT (1500 UTC), Katrina had strengthened to a Category 3 storm in the Gulf of Mexico. Later that afternoon, the NHC realized that Katrina had yet to make the turn toward the Florida Panhandle and ended up revising the predicted track of the storm from the panhandle to the Mississippi coast.[11][12] The NHC issued a hurricane watch for southeastern Louisiana, including the New Orleans area at 10 am CDT Saturday, August 27. That afternoon the NHC extended the watch to cover the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines as well as the Louisiana coast to Intracoastal City.
The United States Coast Guard began prepositioning resources in a ring around the expected impact zone and activated more than 400 reservists. On August 27, it moved its personnel out of the New Orleans region prior to the mandatory evacuation.[13] Aircrews from the Aviation Training Center, in Mobile, staged rescue aircraft from Texas to Florida.[14] All aircraft were returning towards the Gulf of Mexico by the afternoon of August 29. Air crews, many of whom lost their homes during the hurricane, began a round-the-clock rescue effort in New Orleans, and along the Mississippi and Alabama coastlines.[15]
President of the United States George W. Bush declared a state of emergency in selected regions of Louisiana, Alabama, and Mississippi on Saturday, the 27th, two days before the hurricane made landfall.[16] That same evening, the NHC upgraded the storm alert status from hurricane watch to hurricane warning over the stretch of coastline between Morgan City, Louisiana to the Alabama-Florida border, 12 hours after the watch alert had been issued, and also issued a tropical storm warning for the westernmost Florida Panhandle.[3]
During video conferences involving the president on August 28 and 29, the director of the National Hurricane Center, Max Mayfield, expressed concern that Katrina might push its storm surge over the city's levees and flood walls. In one conference, he stated, "I do not think anyone can tell you with confidence right now whether the levees will be topped or not, but that's obviously a very, very great concern."[17]
On Sunday, August 28, as the sheer size of Katrina became clear, the NHC extended the tropical storm warning zone to cover most of the Louisiana coastline and a larger portion of the Florida Panhandle. The National Weather Service's New Orleans/Baton Rouge office issued a vividly worded bulletin predicting that the area would be "uninhabitable for weeks" after "devastating damage" caused by Katrina, which at that time rivaled the intensity of Hurricane Camille.[18] "On Sunday, August 28, President Bush spoke with Governor Blanco to encourage her to order a mandatory evacuation of New Orleans." (Per page 235 of Special Report of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs)[19]
Voluntary and mandatory evacuations were issued for large areas of southeast Louisiana as well as coastal Mississippi and Alabama. About 1.2 million residents of the Gulf Coast were covered under a voluntary or mandatory evacuation order.[3]
Investigation of State of Emergency declaration[link]
In a September 26, 2005 hearing, former FEMA chief Michael Brown testified before a U.S. House subcommittee about FEMA's response. During that hearing, Representative Stephen Buyer (R-IN) inquired as to why President Bush's declaration of state of emergency of August 27 had not included the coastal parishes of Orleans, Jefferson, and Plaquemines.[20] (In fact, the declaration did not include any of Louisiana's coastal parishes, whereas the coastal counties were included in the declarations for Mississippi[21] and Alabama.[22]) Brown testified that this was because Louisiana Governor Blanco had not included those parishes in her initial request for aid, a decision that he found "shocking." After the hearing, Blanco released a copy of her letter, which showed she had requested assistance for "all the southeastern parishes including the City of New Orleans" as well specifically naming 14 parishes including Jefferson, Orleans and Plaquemines.[23]
Gulf Coast[link]
On August 26, the state of Mississippi activated its National Guard in preparation for the storm's landfall. Additionally, the state government activated its Emergency Operations Center the next day, and local governments began issuing evacuation orders. By 6:00 pm CDT on August 28, 11 counties and eleven cities issued evacuation orders, a number which increased to 41 counties and 61 cities by the following morning. Moreover, 57 emergency shelters were established on coastal communities, with 31 additional shelters available to open if needed.[8] Louisiana's hurricane evacuation plan calls for local governments in areas along and near the coast to evacuate in three phases, starting with the immediate coast 50 hours before the start of tropical storm force winds. Persons in areas designated Phase II begin evacuating 40 hours before the onset of tropical storm winds and those in Phase III areas (including New Orleans) evacuate 30 hours before the start of such winds.[24]
Many private caregiving facilities that relied on bus companies and ambulance services for evacuation were unable to evacuate their charges because they waited too long. Louisiana's Emergency Operations Plan Supplement 1C(Part II, section II paragraph D) calls for use of school and other public buses in evacuations.[25] Although buses that later flooded were available to transport those dependent upon public transportation, not enough bus drivers were available to drive them as Governor Blanco did not sign an emergency waiver to allow any licensed driver to transport evacuees on school buses.[26] However, 20 year old Jabbar Gibson armed with only a standard operator's permit took it upon himself to take a school bus and drive it to Houston with 50 to 70 evacuees.[27][28] Some estimates claimed that 80% of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated, leaving behind substantially fewer people than remained in the city during the Hurricane Ivan evacuation.[29]
By Sunday, August 28, most infrastructure along the Gulf Coast had been shut down, including all Canadian National Railway and Amtrak rail traffic into the evacuation areas as well as the Waterford Nuclear Generating Station.[30] The NHC maintained the coastal warnings until late on August 29, by which time Hurricane Katrina was over central Mississippi.[3]
City of New Orleans[link]
See also: Hurricane preparedness for New Orleans
File:New Orleans Elevations.jpg
Vertical cross-section of New Orleans, showing maximum levee height of 23 feet (7 m). Vertical scale exaggerated.
By August 26, the possibility of unprecedented cataclysm was already being considered. Many of the computer models had shifted the potential path of Katrina 150 miles (240 km) westward from the Florida Panhandle, putting the city of New Orleans directly in the center of their track probabilities; the chances of a direct hit were forecast at 17%, with strike probability rising to 29% by August 28.[31] This scenario was considered a potential catastrophe because some parts of New Orleans and the metro area are below sea level. Since the storm surge produced by the hurricane's right-front quadrant (containing the strongest winds) was forecast to be 28 feet (8.5 m), emergency management officials in New Orleans feared that the storm surge could go over the tops of levees protecting the city, causing major flooding.[32]
At a news conference at 10 am on August 28, shortly after Katrina was upgraded to a Category 5 storm, New Orleans mayor Ray Nagin ordered the first-ever mandatory evacuation of the city, calling Katrina "a storm that most of us have long feared."[33] The city government also established several "refuges of last resort" for citizens who could not leave the city, including the massive Louisiana Superdome, which sheltered approximately 26,000 people and provided them with food and water for several days as the storm came ashore.[34][35]
Florida[link]
Many people living in the South Florida area were unaware when Katrina strengthened from a tropical storm to a hurricane in one day and struck southern Florida near the Miami-Dade – Broward county line. The hurricane struck between the cities of Aventura, in Miami-Dade County, and Hallandale, in Broward County, on Thursday, August 25, 2005. However, National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecasts had correctly predicted that Katrina would intensify to hurricane strength before landfall, and hurricane watches and warnings were issued 31.5 hours and 19.5 hours before landfall, respectively — only slightly less than the target thresholds of 36 and 24 hours.[3]
Florida Governor Jeb Bush declared a state of emergency on August 24 in advance of Hurricane Katrina's landfall in Florida. Shelters were opened and schools closed in several counties in the southern part of the state. A number of evacuation orders were also issued, mostly voluntary, although a mandatory evacuation was ordered for vulnerable housing in Martin County.[36]
Impact[link]
Main article: Hurricane Katrina effects by region
| Alabama | 2 |
| Florida | 14 |
| Georgia | 2 |
| Kentucky | 1 |
| Louisiana | 1,577* |
| Mississippi | 238 |
| Ohio | 2 |
| Total | 1,836 |
|---|---|
| Missing | 135[37] |
| *Includes out-of-state evacuees counted by Louisiana |
|
On August 29, Katrina's storm surge caused 53 different levee breaches in greater New Orleans, submerging eighty percent of the city. A June 2007 report by the American Society of Civil Engineers indicated that two-thirds of the flooding were caused by the multiple failures of the city's floodwalls.[38] Not mentioned were the flood gates that were not closed. The storm surge also devastated the coasts of Mississippi and Alabama, making Katrina the most destructive and costliest natural disaster in the history of the United States, and the deadliest hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee Hurricane. The total damage from Katrina is estimated at $81.2 billion (2005 U.S. dollars), nearly double the cost of the previously most expensive storm, Hurricane Andrew, when adjusted for inflation.[3][39]
The confirmed death toll (total of direct and indirect deaths) is 1,836, mainly from Louisiana (1,577) and Mississippi (238).[37][40] However, 135 people remain categorized as missing in Louisiana,[37] and many of the deaths are indirect, but it is almost impossible to determine the exact cause of some of the fatalities.
Federal disaster declarations covered 90,000 square miles (233,000 km2) of the United States, an area almost as large as the United Kingdom. The hurricane left an estimated three million people without electricity. On September 3, 2005, Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff described the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina as "probably the worst catastrophe, or set of catastrophes," in the country's history, referring to the hurricane itself plus the flooding of New Orleans.[41]
Even in 2010, debris remained in some coastal communities.[42]
South Florida and Cuba[link]
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Florida
Hurricane Katrina first made landfall on August 25, 2005 in South Florida where it hit as a Category 1 hurricane, with 80 mph (130 km/h) winds. Rainfall was heavy in places and exceeded 14 inches (350 mm) in Homestead, Florida,[3] and a storm surge of 3 – 5 feet (1.5 m) was measured in parts of Monroe County.[39] More than 1 million customers were left without electricity, and damage in Florida was estimated from $1 – $2 billion, with most of the damage coming from flooding and overturned trees. There were 14 fatalities reported in Florida as a result of Hurricane Katrina.[3]
Most of the Florida Keys experienced tropical-storm force winds from Katrina as the storm's center passed to the north, with hurricane force winds reported in the Dry Tortugas. Rainfall was also high in the islands, with 10 inches (250 mm) falling on Key West. On August 26, a strong F1 tornado formed from an outer rain band of Katrina and struck Marathon. The tornado damaged a hangar at the airport there and caused an estimated $5 million in damage.[43]
Although Hurricane Katrina stayed well to the north of Cuba, on August 29 it brought tropical-storm force winds and rainfall of over 8 inches (200 mm) to western regions of the island. Telephone and power lines were damaged and around 8,000 people were evacuated in the Pinar del Río Province. According to Cuban television reports the coastal city of Surgidero de Batabano was 90% underwater.[44]
Louisiana[link]
On August 29, Hurricane Katrina made landfall near Buras-Triumph, Louisiana with 125 mph (205 km/h) winds, as a strong Category 3 storm. However, as it had only just weakened from Category 4 strength and the radius of maximum winds was large, it is possible that sustained winds of Category 4 strength briefly impacted extreme southeastern Louisiana. Although the storm surge to the east of the path of the eye in Mississippi was higher, a very significant surge affected the Louisiana coast. The height of the surge is uncertain because of a lack of data, although a tide gauge in Plaquemines Parish indicated a storm tide in excess of 14 feet (4.3 m) and a 12-foot (3 m) storm surge was recorded in Grand Isle. Hurricane Katrina made final landfall near the mouth of the Pearl River, with the eye straddling St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana and Hancock County, Mississippi, on the morning of August 29 at about 9:45M CST.[3]
Hurricane Katrina also brought heavy rain to Louisiana, with 8 – 10 inches (200 – 250 mm) falling on a wide swath of the eastern part of the state. In the area around Slidell, the rainfall was even higher, and the highest rainfall recorded in the state was approximately 15 inches (380 mm). As a result of the rainfall and storm surge the level of Lake Pontchartrain rose and caused significant flooding along its northeastern shore, affecting communities from Slidell to Mandeville. Several bridges were destroyed, including the I-10 Twin Span Bridge connecting Slidell to New Orleans.[3] Almost 900,000 people in Louisiana lost power as a result of Hurricane Katrina.[45]
Katrina’s storm surge inundated all parishes surrounding Lake Pontchartrain, including St. Tammany, Tangipahoa, St. John the Baptist and St. Charles Parishes. St. Tammany Parish received a two-part storm surge. The first surge came as Lake Pontchartrain rose and the storm blew water from the Gulf of Mexico into the lake. The second came as the eye of Katrina passed, westerly winds pushed water into a bottleneck at the Rigolets Pass, forcing it farther inland. The range of surge levels in eastern St. Tammany Parish is estimated at 13 to 16 feet (4.9 m), not including wave action.[46]
Hard-hit St. Bernard Parish was flooded due to breaching of the levees that contained a navigation channel called the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) and the breach of the Levee Board designed and built 40 Arpent canal levee. The search for the missing was undertaken by the St. Bernard Fire Department due to the assets of the United States Coast Guard being diverted to New Orleans. Many of the missing in the months after the storm were tracked down by searching flooded homes, tracking credit card records, and visiting homes of family and relatives.[47]
According to the U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, in St. Bernard Parish, 81% (20,229) of the housing units were damaged. In St. Tammany Parish, 70% (48,792) were damaged and in Placquemines Parish 80% (7,212) were damaged.[48]
In addition, the combined effect of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita was the destruction of an estimated 562 square kilometres (217 sq mi) of coastal wetlands in Louisiana.[49]
New Orleans[link]
Main articles: Effects of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans and 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans
As the eye of Hurricane Katrina swept to the northeast, it subjected the city to hurricane conditions for hours. Although power failures prevented accurate measurement of wind speeds in New Orleans, there were a few measurements of hurricane-force winds. From this the NHC concluded that it is likely that much of the city experienced sustained winds of Category 1 or Category 2 strength.
Katrina's storm surge led to 53 levee breaches in the federally built levee system protecting metro New Orleans and the failure of the 40 Arpent Canal levee. Nearly every levee in metro New Orleans was breached as Hurricane Katrina passed just east of the city limits. Failures occurred in New Orleans and surrounding communities, especially St. Bernard Parish. The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MR-GO) breached its levees in approximately 20 places, flooding much of east New Orleans, most of Saint Bernard Parish and the East Bank of Plaquemines Parish. The major levee breaches in the city included breaches at the 17th Street Canal levee, the London Avenue Canal, and the wide, navigable Industrial Canal, which left approximately 80% of the city flooded.[50]
Most of the major roads traveling into and out of the city were damaged. The only routes out of the city were the westbound Crescent City Connection and the Huey P. Long Bridge, as large portions of the I-10 Twin Span Bridge traveling eastbound towards Slidell, Louisiana had collapsed. Both the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway and the Crescent City Connection only carried emergency traffic.[51]
On August 29, at 7:40 am CDT, it was reported that most of the windows on the north side of the Hyatt Regency New Orleans had been blown out, and many other high rise buildings had extensive window damage.[52] The Hyatt was the most severely damaged hotel in the city, with beds reported to be flying out of the windows. Insulation tubes were exposed as the hotel's glass exterior was completely sheared off.[53]
The Superdome, which was sheltering many people who had not evacuated, sustained significant damage.[54] Two sections of the Superdome's roof were compromised and the dome's waterproof membrane had essentially been peeled off. Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport was closed before the storm but did not flood. On August 30, it was reopened to humanitarian and rescue operations. Limited commercial passenger service resumed at the airport on September 13 and regular carrier operations resumed in early October.[55]
Levee breaches in New Orleans also caused a significant amount of deaths, with over 700 bodies recovered in New Orleans by October 23, 2005.[56] Some survivors and evacuees reported seeing dead bodies lying in city streets and floating in still-flooded sections, especially in the east of the city. The advanced state of decomposition of many corpses, some of which were left in the water or sun for days before being collected, hindered efforts by coroners to identify many of the dead.[57]
The first deaths reported from the city were reported shortly before midnight on August 28, as three nursing home patients died during an evacuation to Baton Rouge, most likely from dehydration. While there were also early reports of fatalities amid mayhem at the Superdome, only six deaths were confirmed there, with four of these originating from natural causes, one from a drug overdose, and one a suicide. At the Convention Center, four bodies were recovered. One of the four is believed to be the result of a homicide.[58]
Mississippi[link]
Main article: Effects of Hurricane Katrina in Mississippi
The Gulf coast of Mississippi suffered massive damage from the impact of Hurricane Katrina on August 29, leaving 238 people dead, 67 missing, and billions of dollars in damage: bridges, barges, boats, piers, houses and cars were washed inland.[59] Katrina traveled up the entire state, and afterwards, all 82 counties in Mississippi were declared disaster areas for federal assistance, 47 for full assistance.[59]
After making a brief initial landfall in Louisiana, Katrina had made its final landfall near the state line, and the eyewall passed over the cities of Bay St. Louis and Waveland as a Category 3 hurricane with sustained winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).[3] Katrina's powerful right-front quadrant passed over the west and central Mississippi coast, causing a powerful 27-foot (8.2 m) storm surge, which penetrated 6 miles (10 km) inland in many areas and up to 12 miles (20 km) inland along bays and rivers; in some areas, the surge crossed Interstate 10 for several miles.[3] Hurricane Katrina brought strong winds to Mississippi, which caused significant tree damage throughout the state. The highest unofficial reported wind gust recorded from Katrina was one of 135 mph (217 km/h) in Poplarville, in Pearl River County.[3]
The storm also brought heavy rains with 8 – 10 inches (200 – 250 mm) falling in southwestern Mississippi and rain in excess of 4 inches (100 mm) falling throughout the majority of the state. Katrina caused eleven tornadoes in Mississippi on August 29, some of which damaged trees and power lines.[3]
Battered by wind, rain and storm surge, some beachfront neighborhoods were completely leveled. Preliminary estimates by Mississippi officials calculated that 90% of the structures within half a mile of the coastline were completely destroyed,[60] and that storm surges traveled as much as six miles (10 km) inland in portions of the state's coast.[39] One apartment complex with approximately thirty residents seeking shelter inside collapsed. More than half of the 13 casinos in the state, which were floated on barges to comply with Mississippi land-based gambling laws, were washed hundreds of yards inland by waves.[60]
A number of streets and bridges were washed away. On U.S. Highway 90 along the Mississippi Gulf Coast, two major bridges were completely destroyed: the Bay St. Louis — Pass Christian[3] bridge, and the Biloxi - Ocean Springs bridge. In addition, the eastbound span of the I-10 bridge over the Pascagoula River estuary was damaged. In the weeks after the storm, with the connectivity of the coastal U.S. Highway 90 shattered, traffic traveling parallel to the coast was reduced first to State Road 11 (parallel to I-10) then to two lanes on the remaining I-10 span when it was opened.
All three coastal counties of the state were severely affected by the storm. Katrina's surge was the most extensive, as well as the highest, in the documented history of the United States; large portions of both Hancock, Harrison, and Jackson Counties were inundated by the storm surge, in all three cases affecting most of the populated areas.[61] Surge covered almost the entire lower half of Hancock County, destroying the coastal communities of Clermont Harbor and Waveland, much of Bay St. Louis, and flowed up the Jourdan River, flooding Diamondhead and Kiln. In Harrison County, Pass Christian was completely inundated, along with a narrow strip of land to the east along the coast, which includes the cities of Long Beach and Gulfport; the flooding was more extensive in communities such as D'Iberville, which borders Back Bay. Biloxi, on a peninsula between the Back Bay and the coast, was particularly hard hit, especially the low-lying Point Cadet area. In Jackson County, storm surge flowed up the wide river estuary, with the combined surge and freshwater flooding cutting the county in half. Remarkably, over 90% of Pascagoula, the easternmost coastal city in Mississippi, and about 75 miles (121 km) east of Katrina's landfall near the Louisiana-Mississippi border, was flooded from surge at the height of the storm. Other large Jackson County neighborhoods such as Porteaux Bay and Gulf Hills were severely damaged with large portions being completely destroyed, and St. Martin was hard hit; Ocean Springs, Moss Point, Gautier, and Escatawpa also suffered major surge damage.
Mississippi Emergency Management Agency officials also recorded deaths in Forrest, Hinds, Warren, and Leake counties. Over 900,000 people throughout the state experienced power outages.[45]
Southeast United States[link]
Although Hurricane Katrina made landfall well to the west, Alabama and the Florida Panhandle were both affected by tropical-storm force winds and a storm surge varying from 12 to 16 feet (3–5 m) around Mobile Bay,[3] with higher waves on top. Sustained winds of 67 mph (107 km/h) were recorded in Mobile, Alabama, and the storm surge there was approximately 12 feet (3.7 m).[3] The surge caused significant flooding several miles inland along Mobile Bay. Four tornadoes were also reported in Alabama.[3] Ships, oil rigs, boats and fishing piers were washed ashore along Mobile Bay: the cargo ship M/V Caribbean Clipper and many fishing boats were grounded at Bayou La Batre.
An oil rig under construction along the Mobile River broke its moorings and floated 1.5 miles (2 km) northwards before striking the Cochrane Bridge just outside Mobile. No significant damage resulted to the bridge and it was soon reopened. The damage on Dauphin Island was severe, with the surge destroying many houses and cutting a new canal through the western portion of the island. An offshore oil rig also became grounded on the island. As in Mississippi, the storm surge caused significant beach erosion along the Alabama coastline.[3] More than 600,000 people lost power in Alabama as a result of Hurricane Katrina and two people died in a traffic accident in the state. Residents in some areas, such as Selma, were without power for several days.[45]
Along the Florida Panhandle the storm surge was typically about five feet (1.5 m) and along the west-central Florida coast there was a minor surge of 1 – 2 feet (0.3 – 0.6 m). In Pensacola, Florida 56 mph (90 km/h) winds were recorded on August 29. The winds caused damage to some trees and structures and there was some minor flooding in the Panhandle. There were two indirect fatalities from Katrina in Walton County as a result of a traffic accident.[3] In the Florida Panhandle, 77,000 customers lost power.[62]
Northern and central Georgia were affected by heavy rains and strong winds from Hurricane Katrina as the storm moved inland, with more than 3 inches (75 mm) of rain falling in several areas. At least 18 tornadoes formed in Georgia on August 29, the most on record in that state for one day in August. The most serious of these tornadoes was an F2 tornado which affected Heard County and Carroll County. This tornado caused 3 injuries and one fatality and damaged several houses. In addition this tornado destroyed several poultry barns, killing over 140,000 chicks. The other tornadoes caused significant damages to buildings and agricultural facilities. In addition to the fatality caused by the F2 tornado, there was another fatality in a traffic accident.[63]
Other U.S. States and Canada[link]
Hurricane Katrina weakened as it moved inland, but tropical-storm force gusts were recorded as far north as Fort Campbell, Kentucky on August 30, and the winds damaged trees in New York. The remnants of the storm brought high levels of rainfall to a wide swath of the eastern United States, and rain in excess of 2 inches (50 mm) fell in parts of 20 states.[64] A number of tornadoes associated with Katrina formed on August 30 and August 31, which caused minor damages in several regions. In total, 62 tornadoes formed in eight states as a result of Katrina.[39]
Eastern Arkansas received light rain from the passage of Katrina.[65] Gusty winds downed some trees and power lines, though damage was minimal.[66] In Kentucky, a storm that had moved through the weekend before had already produced flooding and the rainfall from Katrina added to this. As a result of the flooding, Kentucky Governor Ernie Fletcher declared three counties disaster areas and a statewide state of emergency.[67][68] One person was killed in Hopkinsville, Kentucky and part of a high school collapsed.[69] Flooding also prompted a number of evacuations in West Virginia and Ohio, the rainfall in Ohio leading to two indirect deaths. Katrina also caused a number of power outages in many areas, with over 100,000 customers affected in Tennessee, primarily in the Memphis and Nashville areas.[70]
The remnants of Katrina were absorbed by a new cyclone to its east across Pennsylvania. This second cyclone continued north and affected Canada on August 31. In Ontario there were a few isolated reports of rain in excess of 100 mm (4 inches) and there were a few reports of damage from fallen trees.[71] Flooding also occurred in both Ontario and Quebec, cutting off a number of isolated villages in Quebec, particularly in the Côte-Nord region.[72]
Aftermath[link]
See also: Social effects of Hurricane Katrina, Political effects of Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Katrina disaster relief, and IDPs in the United States
Economic effects[link]
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Main article: Economic effects of Hurricane Katrina
The economic effects of the storm were far-reaching. The Bush Administration sought $105 billion for repairs and reconstruction in the region,[73] which did not account for damage to the economy caused by potential interruption of the oil supply, destruction of the Gulf Coast's highway infrastructure, and exports of commodities such as grain. Katrina damaged or destroyed 30 oil platforms and caused the closure of nine refineries;[39] the total shut-in oil production from the Gulf of Mexico in the six-month period following Katrina was approximately 24% of the annual production and the shut-in gas production for the same period was about 18%.[74] The forestry industry in Mississippi was also affected, as 1.3 million acres (5,300 km2) of forest lands were destroyed.[75] The total loss to the forestry industry from Katrina is calculated to rise to about $5 billion.[75] Furthermore, hundreds of thousands of local residents were left unemployed, which will have a trickle-down effect as fewer taxes are paid to local governments. Before the hurricane, the region supported approximately one million non-farm jobs, with 600,000 of them in New Orleans. It is estimated that the total economic impact in Louisiana and Mississippi may exceed $150 billion.[76]
Katrina redistributed over one million people from the central Gulf coast elsewhere across the United States, which became the largest diaspora in the history of the United States.[77] Houston, Texas, had an increase of 35,000 people; Mobile, Alabama, gained over 24,000; Baton Rouge, Louisiana, over 15,000; and Hammond, Louisiana received over 10,000, nearly doubling its size. Chicago received over 6,000 people, the most of any non-southern city.[78] By late January 2006, about 200,000 people were once again living in New Orleans, less than half of the pre-storm population.[79] By July 1, 2006, when new population estimates were calculated by the U.S. Census Bureau, the state of Louisiana showed a population decline of 219,563, or 4.87%.[80] Additionally, some insurance companies have stopped insuring homeowners in the area because of the high costs from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, or have raised homeowners' insurance premiums to cover their risk.[81]
Environmental effects[link]
See also: Murphy Oil USA refinery spill
Katrina also had a profound impact on the environment. The storm surge caused substantial beach erosion, in some cases completely devastating coastal areas. In Dauphin Island, approximately 90 miles (150 km) to the east of the point where the hurricane made landfall, the sand that comprised the barrier island was transported across the island into the Mississippi Sound, pushing the island towards land.[82] The storm surge and waves from Katrina also obliterated the Chandeleur Islands, which had been affected by Hurricane Ivan the previous year.[83] The US Geological Survey has estimated 217 square miles (560 km2) of land was transformed to water by the hurricanes Katrina and Rita.[84]
The lands that were lost were breeding grounds for marine mammals, brown pelicans, turtles, and fish, as well as migratory species such as redhead ducks.[75] Overall, about 20% of the local marshes were permanently overrun by water as a result of the storm.[75]
The damage from Katrina forced the closure of 16 National Wildlife Refuges. Breton National Wildlife Refuge lost half its area in the storm.[85] As a result, the hurricane affected the habitats of sea turtles, Mississippi sandhill cranes, Red-cockaded woodpeckers and Alabama Beach mice.[85]
| Large oil spills caused by Hurricane Katrina Spills exceeding 10,000 US gallons (38,000 L)[86] |
||
|---|---|---|
| Spill Location | Quantity | |
| (US gal) | (L) | |
| Bass Enterprises (Cox Bay) | 3,780,000 | 14,300,000 |
| Shell (Pilot Town) | 1,050,000 | 4,000,000 |
| Chevron (Empire) | 991,000 | 3,750,000 |
| Murphy Oil (Meraux and Chalmette) | 819,000 | 3,100,000 |
| Bass Enterprises (Pointe à la Hache) | 461,000 | 1,750,000 |
| Chevron (Port Fourchon) | 53,000 | 200,000 |
| Venice Energy Services (Venice) | 25,000 | 95,000 |
| Shell Pipeline Oil (Nairn) | 13,440 | 50,900 |
| Sundown Energy (West Potash) | 13,000 | 49,000 |
The storm caused oil spills from 44 facilities throughout southeastern Louisiana, which resulted in over 7 million U.S. gallons (26 million L) of oil being leaked. Some spills were as small as a few hundred gallons; the largest are tabulated to the right. While most of the spills were contained on-site, some oil entered the ecosystem, and the town of Meraux was flooded with a blend of water and oil.[86] Unlike Hurricane Ivan no offshore oil spills were officially reported after Hurricane Katrina. However, Skytruth reported some signs of surface oil in the Gulf of Mexico.[86]
Finally, as part of the cleanup effort, the flood waters that covered New Orleans were pumped into Lake Pontchartrain, a process that took 43 days to complete.[39] These residual waters contained a mix of raw sewage, bacteria, heavy metals, pesticides, toxic chemicals, and oil, which sparked fears in the scientific community of massive numbers of fish dying.[75]
Prior to the storm, subsidence and erosion caused erosion in the Louisiana wetlands and bayous. This, along with the canals built in the area, allowed for Katrina to maintain more of its intensity when it struck.[87]
Looting and violence[link]
Further information: Effects of Hurricane Katrina on New Orleans
Shortly after the hurricane moved away on August 30, 2005, some residents of New Orleans who remained in the city began looting stores. Many were in search of food and water that were not available to them through any other means, as well as non-essential items.[88]
Reports of carjacking, murders, thefts, and rapes in New Orleans flooded the news. Some sources later determined that many of the reports were inaccurate, because of the confusion.[89] Thousands of National Guard and federal troops were mobilized (the total went from 7,841 in the area the day Katrina hit to a maximum of 46,838 on September 10) and sent to Louisiana along with numbers of local law enforcement agents from across the country who were temporarily deputized by the state. "They have M16s and are locked and loaded. These troops know how to shoot and kill and I expect they will," Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco said. Congressman Bill Jefferson (D-LA) told ABC News: "There was shooting going on. There was sniping going on. Over the first week of September, law and order were gradually restored to the city."[90] Several shootings occurred between police and New Orleans residents, some involving police misconduct; including a fatal incident at Danziger Bridge.[91]
A number of arrests were made throughout the affected area, including some near the New Orleans Convention Center. A temporary jail was constructed of chain link cages in the city train station.[92]
In Texas, where more than 300,000 refugees were located, local officials ran 20,000 criminal background checks on the refugees, as well as on the relief workers helping them and people who opened up their homes. The background checks found that 45% of the refugees had a criminal record of some nature, and that 22% had a violent criminal record.[93] The number of homicides in Houston from September 2005 through February 22, 2006 went up by 23% relative to the same period a year before; 29 of the 170 murders involved displaced Louisianans as victims or suspects.[94]
Government response[link]
Within the United States and as delineated in the National Response Plan, disaster response and planning is first and foremost a local government responsibility. When local government exhausts its resources, it then requests specific additional resources from the county level. The request process proceeds similarly from the county to the state to the federal government as additional resource needs are identified. Many of the problems that arose developed from inadequate planning and back-up communications systems at various levels.[95]
Some disaster recovery response to Katrina began before the storm, with Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) preparations that ranged from logistical supply deployments to a mortuary team with refrigerated trucks. A network of volunteers began rendering assistance to local residents and residents emerging from New Orleans and surrounding parishes as soon as the storm made landfall (even though many were directed to not enter the area), and continued for more than six months after the storm.[95]
Of the 60,000 people stranded in New Orleans, the Coast Guard rescued more than 33,500.[96] Congress recognized the Coast Guard's response with an official entry in the Congressional Record,[97] and the Armed Service was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation.[98]
The United States Northern Command established Joint Task Force (JTF) Katrina based out of Camp Shelby, Mississippi, to act as the military's on-scene response on Sunday, August 28, with US Army Lieutenant General Russel L. Honoré as commander.[99] Approximately 58,000 National Guard personnel were activated to deal with the storm's aftermath, with troops coming from all 50 states.[100] The Department of Defense also activated volunteer members of the Civil Air Patrol.
Michael Chertoff, Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, decided to take over the federal, state, and local operations officially on August 30, 2005, citing the National Response Plan.[101] This was refused by Governor Blanco who indicated that her National Guard could manage. Early in September, Congress authorized a total of $62.3 billion in aid for victims.[102] Additionally, President Bush enlisted the help of former presidents Bill Clinton and George H.W. Bush to raise additional voluntary contributions, much as they did after the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.[103] American flags were also ordered to be half-staff from September 2, 2005 to September 20, 2005 in honor of the victims.[104]
FEMA provided housing assistance (rental assistance, trailers, etc.) to more than 700,000 applicants—families and individuals. However, only one-fifth of the trailers requested in Orleans Parish were supplied, resulting in an enormous housing shortage in the city of New Orleans.[105] Many local areas voted to not allow the trailers, and many areas had no utilities, a requirement prior to placing the trailers. To provide for additional housing, FEMA has also paid for the hotel costs of 12,000 individuals and families displaced by Katrina through February 7, 2006, when a final deadline was set for the end of hotel cost coverage. After this deadline, evacuees were still eligible to receive federal assistance, which could be used towards either apartment rent, additional hotel stays, or fixing their ruined homes, although FEMA no longer paid for hotels directly.[106] As of March 30, 2010, there were still 260 families living in FEMA-provided trailers in Louisiana and Mississippi.[107]
Law enforcement and public safety agencies, from across the United States, provided a "mutual aid" response to Louisiana and New Orleans in the weeks following the disaster. Many agencies responded with manpower and equipment from as far away as California, Michigan, Nevada, New York, and Texas. This response was welcomed by local Louisiana authorities as their staff were either becoming fatigued, stretched too thin, or even quitting from the job.[108]
Two weeks after the storm, more than half of the states were involved in providing shelter for evacuees. By four weeks after the storm, evacuees had been registered in all 50 states and in 18,700 zip codes—half of the nation's residential postal zones. Most evacuees had stayed within 250 miles (400 km), but 240,000 households went to Houston and other cities over 250 miles (400 km) away and another 60,000 households went over 750 miles (1,200 km) away.[109]
Criticism of government response[link]
Main article: Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina
The criticisms of the government's response to Hurricane Katrina primarily consisted of criticism of mismanagement and lack of leadership in the relief efforts in response to the storm and its aftermath. More specifically, the criticism focused on the delayed response to the flooding of New Orleans, and the subsequent state of chaos in the Crescent City.[58] The neologism Katrinagate was coined to refer to this controversy, and was a runner-up for "2005 word of the year."[110]
Within days of Katrina's August 29, 2005 landfall, public debate arose about the local, state and federal governments' role in the preparations for and response to the hurricane. Criticism was initially prompted by televised images of visibly shaken and frustrated political leaders, and of residents who remained stranded by flood waters without water, food or shelter. Deaths from thirst, exhaustion, and violence, days after the storm had passed, fueled the criticism, as did the dilemma of the evacuees at facilities such as the Louisiana Superdome (designed to handle 800, yet 30,000 arrived) and the New Orleans Civic Center (not designed as an evacuation center, yet 25,000 arrived). Some alleged that race, class, and other factors could have contributed to delays in government response.
In accordance with federal law, President George W. Bush directed the Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security, Michael Chertoff, to coordinate the Federal response. Chertoff designated Michael D. Brown, head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, as the Principal Federal Official to lead the deployment and coordination of all federal response resources and forces in the Gulf Coast region. However, the President and Secretary Chertoff initially came under harsh criticism for what some perceived as a lack of planning and coordination. Brown claimed that Governor Blanco resisted their efforts and was unhelpful. Governor Blanco and her staff disputed this.[111] Eight days later, Brown was recalled to Washington and Coast Guard Vice Admiral Thad W. Allen replaced him as chief of hurricane relief operations.[112] Three days after the recall, Michael D. Brown resigned as director of FEMA in spite of having received recent praise from President Bush.[113]
During A Concert for Hurricane Relief, a benefit concert for victims of the hurricane, rapper Kanye West veered off script and harshly criticized the government's response to the crisis, stating that "George Bush doesn't care about black people." Although the camera quickly cut away, and the scene was deleted from delayed broadcasts, West's comments still reached the East Coast broadcasts, and were replayed and discussed afterwards.[114] Bush later called West's remarks 'the worst moment in his presidency', feeling he was unjustly accused of racism.[115]
Criticism from politicians, activists, pundits and journalists of all stripes was directed at the local and state governments headed by Mayor Ray Nagin of New Orleans and Louisiana Governor Kathleen Blanco. Nagin and Blanco were criticized for failing to implement New Orleans' evacuation plan and for ordering residents to a shelter of last resort without any provisions for food, water, security, or sanitary conditions. Perhaps the most important criticism of Nagin was that he delayed his emergency evacuation order until 19 hours before landfall, which led to hundreds of deaths of people who (by that time) could not find any way out of the city.[8]
The destruction wrought by Hurricane Katrina raised other, more general public policy issues about emergency management, environmental policy, poverty, and unemployment. The discussion of both the immediate response and of the broader public policy issues may have affected elections and legislation enacted at various levels of government. The storm's devastation also prompted a Congressional investigation, which found that FEMA and the Red Cross "did not have a logistics capacity sophisticated enough to fully support the massive number of Gulf coast victims." Additionally, it placed responsibility for the disaster on all three levels of government.[8]
An ABC News poll conducted on September 2, 2005, showed more blame was being directed at state and local governments (75%) than at the Federal government (67%), with 44% blaming Bush's leadership directly.[116] A later CNN/USAToday/Gallup poll showed that respondents disagreed widely on who was to blame for the problems in the city following the hurricane — 13% said Bush, 18% said federal agencies, 25% blamed state or local officials and 38% said no one was to blame.[117]
Five former police officers have pleaded guilty to charges connected to the Danziger Bridge shootings in the aftermath of the hurricane. Six other former or current officers appeared in court in June 2011. Two unarmed civilians were killed and four others seriously wounded when police opened fire on people attempting to cross the bridge.[118]
International response[link]
Main article: International response to Hurricane Katrina
Over seventy countries pledged monetary donations or other assistance. Notably, Cuba and Venezuela (both considered as hostile to US government interest) were the first countries to offer assistance, pledging over $1 million, several mobile hospitals, water treatment plants, canned food, bottled water, heating oil, 1,100 doctors and 26.4 metric tons of medicine, though this aid was rejected by the U.S. government.[119][120][121][122] Kuwait made the largest single pledge, $500 million; other large donations were made by Qatar and United Arab Emirates (each $100 million), South Korea ($30 million), Australia ($10 million), India, China (both $5 million), New Zealand ($2 million),[123] Pakistan ($1.5 million),[124] and Bangladesh ($1 million).[125]
India sent tarps, blankets and hygiene kits. An Indian Air Force IL-76 aircraft delivered 25 tonnes of relief supplies for the Hurricane Katrina victims at the Little Rock Air Force Base, Arkansas on September 13, 2005.
Israel sent an IDF delegation to New Orleans to transport aid equipment including 80 tons of food, disposable diapers, beds, blankets, generators and additional equipment which were donated from different governmental institutions, civilian institutions and the IDF.[126] The Bush Administration announced in mid-September that it did not need Israeli divers and physicians to come to the United States for search and rescue missions, but a small team landed in New Orleans on September 10 to give assistance to operations already under way. The team administered first aid to survivors, rescued abandoned pets and discovered hurricane victims.[127]
Countries like Sri Lanka, which was still recovering from the Indian Ocean Tsunami, also offered to help. Countries including Canada, Mexico, Singapore, and Germany sent supplies, relief personnel (like Technisches Hilfswerk), troops, ships and water pumps to aid in the disaster recovery. Belgium sent in a team of relief personnel. Britain's donation of 350,000 emergency meals did not reach victims because of laws regarding mad cow disease.[128] Russia's initial offer of two jets was declined by the U.S. State Department but accepted later. The French offer was also declined and requested later.[129]
In addition to receiving aid from around the world, there was criticism to go along with it, including accusations of racism. Quoted from the UK Mirror, "Many things about the United States are wonderful, but it has a vile underbelly which is usually kept well out of sight. Now in New Orleans it has been exposed to the world."[130]
Non-governmental organization response[link]
| Rank | Hurricane | Year | Intensity | Size | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Carla | 1961 | 17 | 25 | 42 |
| 2 | Hugo | 1989 | 16 | 24 | 40 |
| Betsy | 1965 | 15 | 25 | 40 | |
| 4 | Camille | 1969 | 22 | 14 | 36 |
| Katrina | 2005 | 13 | 23 | 36 | |
| Opal | 1995 | 11 | 25 | 36 | |
| 7 | Miami | 1926 | 15 | 19 | 34 |
| 8 | Audrey | 1957 | 17 | 16 | 33 |
| Fran | 1996 | 11 | 22 | 33 | |
| Wilma | 2005 | 12 | 21 | 33 | |
| Source: Hurricane Severity Index | |||||
The American Red Cross, America's Second Harvest (now known as Feeding America), Southern Baptist Convention, Salvation Army, Oxfam, Common Ground Collective, Emergency Communities, Habitat for Humanity, Catholic Charities, Service International, "A River of Hope", The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons),[131][132][133] and many other charitable organizations provided help to the victims of the storm. They were not allowed into New Orleans proper by the National Guard for several days after the storm because of safety concerns. These organizations raised US$4.25 billion in donations by the public, with the Red Cross receiving over half of the donations.[134] Some smaller organizations and individuals ignored the access restrictions and provided early relief. For example, two privately chartered planes from FasterCures evacuated 200 patents from Charity Hospital in New Orleans.[135]
Volunteers from amateur radio's emergency service wing, the Amateur Radio Emergency Service, provided communications in areas where the communications infrastructure had been damaged or totally destroyed, relaying everything from 911 traffic to messages home.[136] In Hancock County, Mississippi, ham radio operators provided the only communications into or out of the area, and even served as 911 dispatchers.[137]
Many corporations also contributed to relief efforts. On September 13, 2005, it was reported that corporate donations to the relief effort were $409 million, and were expected to exceed $1 billion.[138]
During and after the Hurricanes Katrina, Wilma and Rita, the American Red Cross had opened 1,470 different shelters across and registered 3.8 million overnight stays. None were allowed in New Orleans however. A total of 244,000 Red Cross workers (95% of which were non-paid volunteers) were utilized throughout these three hurricanes. In addition, 346,980 comfort kits (such as toothpaste, soap, washcloths and toys for children) and 205,360 cleanup kits (containing brooms, mops and bleach) were distributed. For mass care, the organization served 68 million snacks and meals to victims of the disasters and to rescue workers. The Red Cross also had its Disaster Health services meet 596,810 contacts, and Disaster Mental Health services met 826,590 contacts. Red Cross emergency financial assistance was provided to 1.4 million families. Hurricane Katrina was the first natural disaster in the United States in which the American Red Cross utilized its "Safe and Well" family location website.[139][140]
In the year following Katrina's strike on the Gulf Coast, The Salvation Army allocated donations of more than $365 million to serve more than 1.7 million people in nearly every state. The organization's immediate response to Hurricane Katrina included more than 5.7 million hot meals served in and around New Orleans, 8.3 million sandwiches, snacks & drinks. Its SATERN network of amateur radio operators picked up where modern communications left off to help locate more than 25,000 survivors. Salvation Army pastoral care counselors were on hand to comfort the emotional and spiritual needs of 277,000 individuals. As part of the overall effort, Salvation Army officers, employees and volunteers contributed more than 900,000 hours of service.[141]
Analysis of New Orleans levee failures[link]
Main article: 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans
A June 2007 report released by the American Society of Civil Engineers states that the failures of the locally built and federally funded levees in New Orleans were found to be primarily the result of system design flaws.[38] The US Army Corps of Engineers who by federal mandate is responsible for the conception, design and construction of the region's flood-control system failed to pay sufficient attention to public safety.
According to modeling and field observations by a team from Louisiana State University, the Mississippi River Gulf Outlet (MRGO), a 200-meter-wide (660-foot-wide) canal designed to provide a shortcut from New Orleans to the Gulf of Mexico, helped provide a funnel for the storm surge, making it 20% higher and 100%-200% faster as it crashed into the city. St. Bernard Parish, one of the more devastated areas, lies just south of the MRGO. The Corps of Engineers disputes this causality and maintains Katrina would have overwhelmed the levees with or without the contributing effect of the MRGO.[142] The water flowing west from the storm surge was perpendicular to MRGO, and thus the canal had a negligible effect.
There was unfounded speculation made by residents concerning a possible planned levee breach. Many references are made to the 1927 flood in which a levee was breached south of New Orleans in order to divert floodwater to the Gulf of Mexico.[143] Recently,[when?] the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Nature Conservancy have developed a floodplain reconnection project in which the Ouachita River would be connected to its floodplain and the Gulf of Mexico.[144] A breach in the levee[vague] caused the water level downstream to drop six inches (152 mm) in a previous event in the early 1990s. Both cases show the many benefits of allowing the river to run its course.[improper synthesis?]
On April 5, 2006, months after independent investigators had demonstrated that levee failures were not caused by natural forces beyond intended design strength, Lieutenant General Carl Strock, Chief of Engineers and Commander of the Corps of Engineers, testified before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Energy and Water that "We have now concluded we had problems with the design of the structure."[145] He also testified that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers did not know of this mechanism of failure prior to August 29, 2005. The claim of ignorance is refuted, however, by the National Science Foundation investigators hired by the Corps of Engineers, who point to a 1986 study by the Corps itself that such separations were possible in the I-wall design.[146]
Many of the levees have been reconstructed since the time of Katrina. In reconstructing them, precautions were taken to bring the levees up to modern building code standards and to ensure their safety. For example, in every situation possible, the Corps of Engineers replaced I-walls with T-walls. T-walls have a horizontal concrete base that protects against soil erosion underneath the floodwalls.[147]
However, there are funding battles over the remaining levee improvements. In February 2008, the Bush administration requested that the state of Louisiana pay about $1.5 billion of an estimated $7.2 billion for Corps of Engineers levee work (in accordance with the principles of local cost sharing required by Congress as early as the Flood Control Act of 1928), a proposal which angered many Louisiana leaders.[148]
On May 2, 2008, Louisiana Gov. Bobby Jindal used a speech to The National Press Club to request that President Bush free up money to complete work on Louisiana's levees. Bush promised to include the levee funding in his 2009 budget, but rejected the idea of including the funding in a war bill, which would pass sooner.[149]
Media involvement[link]
Main article: Media coverage of Hurricane Katrina
File:Geraldo-Rivera-Katrina-Aftermath-FNC.jpg
Geraldo Rivera reporting from the New Orleans Convention Center on September 2, 2005.
Many representatives of the news media reporting on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina became directly involved in the unfolding events, instead of simply reporting. Because of the loss of most means of communication, such as land-based and cellular telephone systems, field reporters in many cases became conduits for information between victims and authorities.
The authorities, who monitored local and network news broadcasts, as well as internet sites, would then attempt to coordinate rescue efforts based on the reports. One illustration was when Geraldo Rivera of Fox News tearfully pleaded for authorities to either send help or evacuate the thousands of evacuees stranded at the Ernest N. Morial Convention Center.[150]
The storm also brought a dramatic rise in the role of Internet sites—especially blogging and community journalism. One example was the effort of NOLA.com, the web affiliate of New Orleans' Times-Picayune, which was awarded the Breaking News Pulitzer Prize,[151] and shared the Public Service Pulitzer with the Biloxi-based Sun Herald.[152] The newspaper's coverage was carried for days only on NOLA's blogs, as the newspaper lost its presses and evacuated its building as water rose around it on August 30. The site became an international focal point for news by local media, and also became a vital link for rescue operations and later for reuniting scattered residents, as it accepted and posted thousands of individual pleas for rescue on its blogs and forums. NOLA was monitored constantly by an array of rescue teams—from individuals to the Coast Guard—which used information in rescue efforts. Much of this information was relayed from trapped victims via the SMS functions of their cell phones, to friends and relatives outside the area, who then relayed the information back to NOLA.com. The aggregation of community journalism, user photos and the use of the internet site as a collaborative response to the storm attracted international attention, and was called a watershed moment in journalism.[153] In the wake of these online-only efforts, the Pulitzer Committee for the first time opened all its categories to online entries.[154]
The role of AM radio was of importance to the hundreds of thousands of persons with no other ties to news. AM radio provided emergency information regarding access to assistance for hurricane victims. Immediately after Hurricane Katrina, radio station WWL-AM (New Orleans) was one of the few area radio stations in the area remaining on the air. The 870 kHz frequency has a clear channel high power designation and the on-going nighttime broadcasts continued to be available up to 500 miles (800 km) away. Announcers continued to broadcast from improvised studio facilities after the storm damaged their main studios.[155]
During the period of several weeks when most area radio stations were off the air, WWL-AM's emergency coverage was simulcast on the frequencies of other area radio stations. This emergency service was named "The United Radio Broadcasters of New Orleans." To reach emergency radio operators in storm-ravaged areas, many of whom made their volunteer services available to the Red Cross and government entities, WWL-AM was simulcast on shortwave outlet WHRI, owned by World Harvest Radio International. The cellular phone antenna network was severely damaged and completely inoperable for several months.
As the U.S. military and rescue services regained control over the city, there were restrictions on the activity of the media. On September 9, the military leader of the relief effort announced that reporters would have "zero access" to efforts to recover bodies in New Orleans. Immediately following this announcement, CNN filed a lawsuit and obtained a temporary restraining order against the ban. The next day the government backed down and reversed the ban.[156]
Hurricane Katrina has also been the centerpiece of several documentary films, including Spike Lee's film, When the Levees Broke, and Darren Martinez's film, Hellp.[157] An episode of the Fox TV series House first broadcast on May 16, 2006, featured a teenage victim of Hurricane Katrina at the center of the main medical storyline. An episode of the BBC show Top Gear was praised by some for being one of the first to show the total scale of the destruction once the waters had receded.
Retirement[link]
See also: List of retired Atlantic hurricane names
Because of the large death toll and destruction of property along the Gulf Coast, the name Katrina was officially retired on April 6, 2006 by the World Meteorological Organization at the request of the U.S. government. The name will never again be used for another Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced by Katia on List III of the Atlantic hurricane naming lists, which was used in the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season.[158]
Reconstruction[link]
Main article: Reconstruction of New Orleans
Reconstruction of each section of the southern portion of Louisiana has been addressed in the Army Corps LACPR (Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration) Final Technical Report, which identifies areas to not be rebuilt and areas where buildings need to be elevated.[159]
The Technical Report includes:
- locations of possible new levees to be built
- suggested existing levee modifications
- "Inundation Zones", "Water depths less than 14 feet, Raise-In-Place of Structures", "Water depths greater than 14 feet, Buyout of Structures", "Velocity Zones" and "Buyout of Structures" areas for five different scenarios.
The Corps of Engineers submitted the report to Congress for consideration, planning, and response in mid-2009.
See also[link]
- Hurricane Katrina and global warming
- Hurricane Katrina in fiction
- Hurricane on the Bayou
- List of Atlantic hurricanes
- List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes
- List of charity songs for Hurricane Katrina relief
- List of Florida hurricanes (2000–present)
- List of storms in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
- Louisiana Department of Wildlife & Fisheries - Enforcement Division
- Louisiana State Police
- Timeline of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season
- U.S. Army Corps of Engineers civil works controversies (New Orleans)
- Wetlands of Louisiana
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- ^ a b United States Fish and Wildlife Service (September 9, 2005). "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Conducting Initial Damage Assessments to Wildlife and National Wildlife Refuges". USFWS. http://www.fws.gov/southeast/news/2005/r05-088.html. Retrieved 2006-06-05.
- ^ a b c Miguel Llanos (September 19, 2005). "44 oil spills found in southeast Louisiana". MSNBC (MSNBC). http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/9365607/. Retrieved 2006-06-15.
- ^ Mike Tidwell (2006). The Ravaging Tide: Strange Weather, Future Katrinas, and the Coming Death of America's Coastal Cities. Free Press. p. 22. ISBN 0-7432-9470-X. http://books.google.com/?id=NqfVpDFUDk4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Ravaging+Tide:+Strange+Weather,+Future+Katrinas,+and+the+Coming+Death+of+America%27s+Coastal+Cities+book&q=The%20Ravaging%20Tide%3A%20Strange%20Weather%2C%20Future%20Katrinas%2C%20and%20the%20Coming%20Death%20of%20America%27s%20Coastal%20Cities%20book. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ KLRT FOX 16, "Photos : Story in Pictures-- Hurricane Katrina : Aug 31: Looting in Mississippi." FOX16 Nowcaster Community (Little Rock, Arkansas). August 31, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-09-11.
- ^ Rosenblatt, Sarah; James Rainey (2005-09-27). "Rita's Aftermath; Katrina Takes a Toll on Truth, News Accuracy". Main News; Part A; National Desk (Los Angeles Times): p. A16. Archived from the original on 2005-10-04. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/902682211.html?dids=902682211:902682211&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Sep+27%2C+2005&author=Susannah+Rosenblatt+and+James+Rainey&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&edition=&startpage=A.16&desc=RITA%27S+AFTERMATH%3B+Katrina+Takes+a+Toll+on+Truth%2C+News+Accuracy%3B+Rumors+supplanted+accurate+information+and+media+magnified+the+problem.+Rapes%2C+violence+and+estimates+of+the+dead+were+wrong..
- ^ Tapper, Jake. "Amid Katrina Chaos, Congressman Used National Guard to Visit Home." ABC News. September 13, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ Staff Writer. "Police kill at least 5 in New Orleans." MSNBC. September 4, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ Staff Writer. "At the Train Station, New Orleans' Newest Jail is Open For Business." KOMO-TV. September 6, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ Schubert, Elizabeth. "Some Katrina Evacuees at Camp Dawson Have Criminal Records." Associated Press. September 18, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ "Louisiana Gangs That Fled Katrina Heighten Houston Murder Rate." Bloomberg.com. March 3, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
- ^ a b U.S. Government (2006). "The FEDERAL RESPONSE TO HURRICANE KATRINA: LESSONS LEARNED" (PDF). http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/reports/katrina-lessons-learned.pdf. Retrieved 2008-06-06. [dead link]
- ^ United States Government Accountability Office (July 2006) (PDF). Coast Guard: Observations on the Preparation, Response, and Recovery Missions Related to Hurricane Katrina. http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d06903.pdf. Retrieved 2006-08-27.
- ^ United States Congress (September 21, 2005) (PDF). Senate Resolution 246: To express the sense of the Senate regarding the missions and performance of the United States Coast Guard in responding to Hurricane Katrina.. Government Printing Office. http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=109_cong_bills&docid=f:sr246ats.txt.pdf. Retrieved 2006-08-27.
- ^ "USCG Message Traffic: Award of the Presidential Unit Citation to the Coast Guard". United States Coast Guard. May 25, 2006. http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg3/cg3pcx/publications/alcoast/alcoast-317-06.asp. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
- ^ "Special Defense Department Briefing with Commander of Joint Task Force Katrina". United States Department of Defense, News Transcript. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2010-04-14.
- ^ Phillips, Kyra. "Bush Discusses Displaced Students; Department of Defense Briefs Press on Katrina Response (CNN Live Transcript)." CNN. September 6, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ California Political Desk. "Pelosi: Davis Report on Katrina Leaves Unfinished Business." California Chronicle. February 15, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Goldstein, Amy. "Congress Approves $51.8 Billion For Victims." Washington Post. September 9, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ Bush, George W. "President Asks Bush and Clinton to Assist in Hurricane Relief." White House, Press Release. September 1, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ "Proclamation by the President: Honoring the Memory of the Victims of Hurricane Katrina". Whitehouse.gov. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050904-2.html. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ Times-Picayune, September 26, 2005, page A-12. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ Foster, Mary. "Judge: FEMA Off Hook For Hotel Costs." CBC News. February 13, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ Al Showers (2010-03-30). "Hancock Co. woman struggles to get out of FEMA trailer". WLOX Channel 13. http://www.wlox.com/Global/story.asp?S=12230906. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ Treaster, Joseph B. (September 4, 2005). "Law Officers, Overwhelmed, Are Quitting the Force". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/04/national/nationalspecial/04police.html?ei=5090&en=8bf8550c348bbc33&ex=1283486400&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss&pagewanted=print. Retrieved 2006-06-24.
- ^ Quigley, Bill (2006-02-21). "Six Months After Katrina: Who Was Left Behind Then and Who is Being Left Behind Now?". http://www.cwsworkshop.org/katrinareader/node/162. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
- ^ Clark, Heather. "Linguists Vote 'Truthiness' Word of 2005." ABC News. January 6, 2006. Retrieved on 2010-04-14.
- ^ David Kirkpatrick and Scott Shane (September 15, 2005). "Ex-FEMA Chief Tells of Frustration and Chaos". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/15/national/nationalspecial/15brown.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
- ^ Meserve, Jeanne; Barrett, Ted. "Admiral takes over Katrina relief." CNN. September 9, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ Office of the Press Secretary (September 2, 2005). "President Arrives in Alabama, Briefed on Hurricane Katrina". The White House. http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/09/20050902-2.html. Retrieved 2006-07-19.
- ^ de Moraes, Lisa (2005-09-03). "Kanye West's Torrent of Criticism, Live on NBC". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/03/AR2005090300165.html. Retrieved 2008-09-01.
- ^ CHAPPELL, BILL (2010-11-03). "Bush Says Kanye West's Attack Was Low Point Of His Presidency; West Agrees". NPR. http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/11/03/131052717/bush-says-kanye-west-s-attack-was-low-point-of-his-presidency. Retrieved 2011-08-28.
- ^ Langer, Gary. "Poll: Bush Not Taking Brunt of Katrina Criticism." ABC News. September 12, 2005. Retrieved on July 15, 2006.
- ^ Staff Writer. "Poll: Most Americans believe New Orleans will never recover." CNN. September 8, 2005. Retrieved on July 15, 2006.
- ^ "Ex-cop gets 8 years for role in post-Katrina shootings". CNN. December 2, 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2010/CRIME/12/01/louisiana.katrina.shootings/.
- ^ "Venezuela and Cuba offer US aid ." Al Jazeera, September 7, 2005. Retrieved on 2010-04-14.
- ^ "Venezuela and Cuba offer aid to Katrina victims." The Free Press, Volume 1, Issue 4. Retrieved on 2010-04-14.
- ^ "From abroad, offers of aid for Katrina victims." People's Weekly World, September 10, 2005. Retrieved on 2010-04-14.
- ^ "France, Cuba, Venezuela among those offering aid." USA Today, Sept 2, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-08-05.
- ^ Tuesday, September 6, 2005, 3:47 pm Press Release: New Zealand Government. "Scoop: Further NZ assistance in wake of Hurricane Katrina". Scoop.co.nz. http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/PA0509/S00159.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-27.
- ^ Staff Writer. "U.S. Grateful for Pakistan's Assistance for Hurricane Katrina Victims."Embassy of the United States. September 8, 2005. Retrieved on 2010-04-14.
- ^ Staff Writer. "Asian nations offer U.S. assistance." BBC News. September 5, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs. "Israel Aids Hurricane Katrina Victims." MFA. September 5, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-12-17.
- ^ Jewish Virtual Library. "Israel's Aid to Hurricane Katrina Victims." Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ Staff Writer. "U.S. rejects British Katrina beef." BBC News. October 15, 2005.
- ^ Staff Writer. "U.S. receives aid offers from around the world." CNN. September 4, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ "KATRINA AND RACISM: The World View." Tolerance.org. September 19, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
- ^ "Church Providing Relief to Hurricane Katrina Victims". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. 2005-09-01. http://newsroom.lds.org/article/church-providing-relief-to-hurricane-katrina-victims. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
- ^ "Latter-day Saints to Mobilize Another 4,000 Volunteers in Chainsaw Brigade’s Second Wave". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 2005-09-16. http://newsroom.lds.org/article/latter-day-saints-to-mobilize-another-4,000-volunteers-in-chainsaw-brigade-s-second-wave. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- ^ "Mormon Helping Hands Make a Difference". Meridian Magazine. 2005. http://www.meridianmagazine.com/articles/051020helpinghands.html. Retrieved 2010-01-18. [dead link]
- ^ Staff writer (2006). "Where Did The Money Go?". Hurricane Katrina: One Year Later. Charity Navigator. http://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm/bay/katrina.main.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-05.
- ^ "Al Gore Airlifts Evacuees - Politics | Republican Party | Democratic Party | Political Spectrum - FOXNews.com". Webcache.googleusercontent.com. 2005-09-09. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:XkcI43WOMN0J:www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,168978,00.html+&cd=5&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us. Retrieved 2012-02-19.
- ^ Staff Writer (2005-09-16). ARRL President Submits Congressional Testimony on Hams' Katrina Response. 24. American Radio Relay League. http://www.arrl.org/arrlletter?issue=2005-09-16. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ Rick Palm. "ARES E-Letter for September 22, 2005." The American Radio Relay League. September 22, 2005. Retrieved on 2010-04-14.
- ^ "Corporate Katrina gifts could top $1B." CNN. September 13, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ "A Year of Healing" (PDF). American Red Cross. 2006-09-29. http://www.redcross.org/images/pdfs/Katrina_OneYearReport.pdf.
- ^ "Hurricane Season 2005: Facts and Figures". American Red Cross. 2006-09-29. http://www.redcross.org/news/ds/hurricanes/2005/facts.html.
- ^ "Salvation Army Reflects on Largest Disaster Response Ever at One-Year Anniversary of Hurricane Katrina". The Salvation Army. August 28, 2006. http://www.salvationist.org/intnews.nsf/vw_web_articles/80D873B8CDAC8607802571D9003FDDEF?opendocument. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ Warrick, Joby; Grunwald, Michael. "Investigators Link Levee Failures to Design Flaws." Washington Post. October 24, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ "75th Anniversary of the Great Flood of 1927". Mvn.usace.army.mil. http://www.mvn.usace.army.mil/pao/RELEASES/02-06_1927_Flood_Anniversary2.htm. Retrieved 2011-11-03.
- ^ "Louisiana Nature Conservation, Environment Issues | The Nature Conservancy". Nature.org. 2011-03-07. http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/states/louisiana/press/press4039.html. Retrieved 2011-11-03.
- ^ Staff Writers "Problems with the design of levees." Unregistered News. September 29, 2005. Retrieved on 2010-04-14.
- ^ Walsh, Bill (April 6, 2006). "Corps chief admits to 'design failure'". Times Picayune. http://www.nola.com/news/t-p/frontpage/index.ssf?/base/news-5/1144306231230500.xml. Retrieved 2006-04-09.
- ^ Crenson, Matt (2006-02-02). "Levee Repairs to Be Finished By First Day of Hurricane Season". Associated Press. http://www.constructionequipmentguide.com/story.asp?story=6589. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
- ^ Burdeau, Cain (2008-02-12). "White House Budget for Levee Work Riles Many Louisiana Elected Officials". Associated Press. http://www.cegltd.com/story.asp?story=10045. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
- ^ Shields, Gerard (2008-05-03). "Jindal asks Bush for levee cash". 2theadvocate.com. http://www.2theadvocate.com/news/18539869.html. Retrieved 2008-05-12.
- ^ "Geraldo Rivera & Shepard Smith Unleashed[dead link]." — Video. 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ The Pulitzer Board (2006). "2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners — Breaking News Reporting". http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/2006,Breaking+News+Reporting. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
- ^ The Pulitzer Board (2006). "2006 Pulitzer Prize Winners — Public Service". http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/2006,Public+Service. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
- ^ Mark Glaser (September 13, 2005). "NOLA.com blogs and forums help save lives after Katrina". Online Journalism Review. http://www.ojr.org/ojr/stories/050913glaser/. Retrieved 2006-08-02.
- ^ Paul Steiger (May 22, 2006). "Remarks at Pulitzer Prize luncheon". The Pulitzer Board. http://www.pulitzer.org/2006_luncheon_steiger. Retrieved 2008-11-15.
- ^ Katy Bachman and Tony Sanders (2005-08-31). "Local Media Outlets Struggle to Carry On Post Katrina". Billboard Radio Monitor. http://radio.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&zTi=1&sdn=radio&cdn=gadgets&tm=58&f=00&su=p504.1.336.ip_&tt=2&bt=0&bts=0&st=23&zu=http%3A//www.mediaweek.com/mw/news/recent_display.jsp%3Fvnu_content_id%3D1001052023. Retrieved 2010-04-14.
- ^ Staff Writer. "U.S. won't ban media from New Orleans searches." CNN. September 11, 2005. Retrieved on 2006-06-05.
- ^ Britt, M. "Las Vegas Teen Helps Hurricane Victims In New Orleans", Las Vegas Daily Optic, December 19, 2005,
- ^ "Dennis, Katrina, Rita, Stan, and Wilma "Retired" from List of Storm Names". NOAA. April 6, 2006. http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2006/s2607.htm. Retrieved August 28, 2006.
- ^ United States Army Corps of Engineers (2009). "The LACPR Home Page". United States Army. http://www.lacpr.usace.army.mil/. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
Further reading[link]
- Brennan, Virginia (2009). Natural Disasters and Public Health: Hurricanes Katrina, Rita, and Wilma. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-9199-1
- Center for Public Integrity, ed. (2007). City Adrift: New Orleans Before and After Katrina. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3284-5
- Dyson, Michael Eric (2006). Come Hell or High Water: Hurricane Katrina and the Color of Disaster. New York: Perseus Books Group. ISBN 0-465-01761-4 .
- Eggers, Dave (2009). Zeitoun. San Francisco: McSweeney's Books. ISBN 978-1-934781-63-0.
- Hartman, Chester; Squires, Gregory D., eds. (2006). There Is No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster: Race, Class, and Hurricane Katrina. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-95487-8 .
- Saint-Saens, Alain (2010). Ordeal at the Superdome. Escaping Katrina's Wrath. New Orleans: University Press of the South. ISBN 1-889431-87-7 .
- Scott, Cathy (2008). Pawprints of Katrina: Pets Saved and Lessons Learned. Hoboken: Howell Book House. ISBN 978-0-470-22851-7
- Spielman, David G. (2007). Katrinaville Chronicles: Images and Observations from a New Orleans Photographer. Baton Rouge: LSU Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-3252-4
External links[link]
| Find more about Hurricane Katrina on Wikipedia's sister projects: | |
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Learning resources from Wikiversity |
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- Levees.Org non-profit flood protection group in New Orleans
- National Hurricane Center's archive on Hurricane Katrina
- Hydrometeorological Prediction Center's archive on Hurricane Katrina
- NASA's Hurricane Katrina Archive
- Updated Hurricane Katrina News and Wetlands Information
- Geology and Hurricane-Protection Strategies in the Greater New Orleans Area Louisiana Geological Survey publication on Hurricane Katrina
- Hurricane Katrina and Rita Web Archive. This archive contains websites (news, personal, relief, and government) documenting the historic devastation and massive relief effort due to Hurricane Katrina. These sites were crawled between the dates of September 4 - November 8, 2005 and are preserved in this collection.
Disaster recovery:
- Katrina's Angels Resource Coordination
- Houston's Noble Experiment - An article in the City Journal
- The KatrinaRitaVille Express Tour from Dollars & Sense magazine
- Hope Floats New Orleans - Disaster Relief - Helping Those In Need
- Beyond Katrina: The Voice of Recovery est. 8/28/2005
Images:
- Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath Photos by StreetGangs.com
- Photographs and Video of Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath
- Weather satellite imagery (University of Wisconsin–Madison)
- Photographs of Hurricane Katrina's Aftermath
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| Anderson Cooper | |
|---|---|
 Cooper at Wolfson Children's Hospital October 20, 2007 |
|
| Born | Anderson Hays Cooper (1967-06-03) June 3, 1967 (age 45) New York City, New York, United States |
| Education | Yale University (BA) |
| Occupation | Broadcast journalist Author Talk show host Game show host |
| Years active | 1990–present |
| Notable credit(s) | World News Now co-anchor (1999–2000) American Morning anchor (2002) Anderson Cooper 360° anchor (2003–present) Anderson host (2011–present) |
| Relatives | Gloria Vanderbilt (mother) Wyatt Emory Cooper (father) |
Anderson Hays Cooper (born June 3, 1967) is an American journalist, author, and television personality. He is the primary anchor of the CNN news show Anderson Cooper 360°. The program is normally broadcast live from a New York City studio; however, Cooper often broadcasts live on location for breaking news stories. As of September 2011, he also serves as host of his own eponymous syndicated daytime talk show, Anderson.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Anderson Hays Cooper was born on June 3, 1967,[1] the younger son of the writer Wyatt Emory Cooper and the artist, designer, writer, and heiress Gloria Vanderbilt, and is a great-great-great-grandson of Cornelius Vanderbilt of the prominent Vanderbilt shipping and railroad fortune.[2] Cooper's media experience began early. As a baby, he was photographed by Diane Arbus for Harper's Bazaar.[3][4] He is also a descendant, through his mother, of Brevet Major General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick who was with Union General William T. Sherman in his March through Georgia.
At the age of 3 Cooper was a guest on The Tonight Show on September 17, 1970, appearing with his mother.[5] At the age of 9, he appeared on To Tell the Truth as an impostor.[6] From age 10 to 13 Cooper modeled with Ford Models for Ralph Lauren, Calvin Klein and Macy's.[7]
Cooper's father suffered a series of heart attacks while undergoing open-heart surgery, and died January 5, 1978, at the age of 50. Cooper considers his father's book Families to be "sort of a guide on...how he would have wanted me to live my life and the choices he would have wanted me to make. And so I feel very connected to him."[7]
Cooper's older brother, Carter Vanderbilt Cooper, committed suicide on July 22, 1988, at age 23, by jumping from the 14th-floor terrace of Vanderbilt's New York City penthouse apartment. Gloria Vanderbilt later wrote about her son's death in the book A Mother's Story, in which she expresses her belief that the suicide was caused by a psychotic episode induced by an allergy to the anti-asthma prescription drug salbutamol. Anderson cites Carter's suicide for sparking his interest in journalism. "Loss is a theme that I think a lot about, and it’s something in my work that I dwell on. I think when you experience any kind of loss, especially the kind I did, you have questions about survival: Why do some people thrive in situations that others can’t tolerate? Would I be able to survive and get on in the world on my own?"[7]
Education[link]
Cooper was educated at the Dalton School, a co-educational independent school in New York City. During the second semester of his senior year at the School at the age of 17, Cooper went to southern Africa in a "13-ton British Army truck" during which time he contracted malaria and required hospitalization in Kenya. Describing the experience, Cooper wrote "Africa was a place to forget and be forgotten in."[7][8] Cooper graduated from the Dalton School in 1985. He went on to attend Yale University, where he resided in Trumbull College, and claimed membership in the Manuscript Society. He majored in political science and graduated in 1989.[9]
Life and career[link]
During college, Cooper spent two summers as an intern at the Central Intelligence Agency. Although he technically has no formal journalistic education, he opted to pursue a career in journalism rather than stay with the agency after school,[10] having been a self-proclaimed "news junkie" since he was "in utero."[11] After his first correspondence work in the early 1990s, he took a break from reporting and lived in Vietnam for a year, during which time he studied the Vietnamese language at the University of Hanoi.[12]
Career history[link]
Channel One[link]
After Cooper graduated from Yale University, he tried to gain entry-level employment with ABC answering telephones, but was unsuccessful. Finding it hard to get his foot in the door of on-air reporting, Cooper decided to enlist the help of a friend in making a fake press pass. At the time, Cooper was working as a fact checker for the small news agency Channel One, which produces a youth-oriented news program that is broadcast to many junior high and high schools in the United States.[13] Cooper then entered Myanmar on his own with his forged press pass and met with students fighting the Burmese government.[11] He was ultimately able to sell his home-made news segments to Channel One.
After reporting from Burma, Cooper lived in Vietnam for a year to study the Vietnamese language at the University of Hanoi. Persuading Channel One to allow him to bring a Hi-8 camera with him, Anderson soon began filming and assembling reports of Vietnamese life and culture that aired on Channel One. He later returned to filming stories from a variety of war-torn regions around the globe, including Somalia, Bosnia, and Rwanda.
On assignment for several years Cooper had very slowly become desensitized to the violence he was witnessing around him; the horrors of the Rwandan Genocide became trivial: "I would see a dozen bodies and think, you know, it's a dozen, it's not so bad."[8] One particular incident, however, snapped him out of it:
On the side of the road [Cooper] came across five bodies that had been in the sun for several days. The skin of a woman's hand was peeling off like a glove. Revealing macabre fascination, Cooper whipped out his disposable camera and took a closeup photograph for his personal album. As he did, someone took a photo of him. Later that person showed Cooper the photo, saying, "You need to take a look at what you were doing." "And that's when I realized I've got to stop, [...] I've got to report on some state fairs or a beauty pageant or something, to just, like, remind myself of some perspective."[8]
ABC[link]
In 1995, Cooper became a correspondent for ABC News, eventually rising to the position of co-anchor on its overnight World News Now program on September 21, 1999. In 2000 he switched career paths, taking a job as the host of ABC's reality show The Mole.
My last year at ABC, I was working overnights anchoring this newscast, then during the day at 20/20. So I was sleeping in two- or four-hour shifts, and I was really tired and wanted a change. I wanted to clear my head and get out of news a little bit, and I was interested in reality TV — and it was interesting.[11]
Cooper was also a fill-in co-host for Regis Philbin for the TV talk show Live with Regis and Kelly in 2007 when Philbin underwent triple-bypass heart surgery.[14]
CNN[link]
Cooper left The Mole after its second season to return to broadcast news in 2001 at CNN, commenting, "Two seasons was enough, and 9/11 happened, and I thought I needed to be getting back to news."[11] His first position at CNN was to anchor alongside Paula Zahn on American Morning. In 2002 he became CNN's weekend prime-time anchor. Since 2002, he has hosted CNN's New Year's Eve special from Times Square. On September 8, 2003, he was made anchor of Anderson Cooper 360°.
Describing his philosophy as an anchor, Cooper has said:
I think the notion of traditional anchor is fading away, the all-knowing, all-seeing person who speaks from on high. I don't think the audience really buys that anymore. As a viewer, I know I don't buy it. I think you have to be yourself, and you have to be real and you have to admit what you don't know, and talk about what you do know, and talk about what you don't know as long as you say you don't know it. I tend to relate more to people on television who are just themselves, for good or for bad, than I do to someone who I believe is putting on some sort of persona. The anchorman on The Simpsons is a reasonable facsimile of some anchors who have that problem.[11]
Cooper covered a number of important stories in 2005, including the tsunami damage in Sri Lanka; the Cedar Revolution in Beirut, Lebanon; the death of Pope John Paul II; and the royal wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles.
During CNN coverage of the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, he confronted Sen. Mary Landrieu, Sen. Trent Lott, and the Rev. Jesse Jackson about their perception of the government response. As Cooper said later in an interview with New York magazine, “Yeah, I would prefer not to be emotional and I would prefer not to get upset, but it’s hard not to when you’re surrounded by brave people who are suffering and in need.”[7] As Broadcasting & Cable magazine noted, "In its aftermath, Hurricane Katrina served to usher in a new breed of emo-journalism, skyrocketing CNN's Anderson Cooper to superstardom as CNN's golden boy and a darling of the media circles because of his impassioned coverage of the storm."[15]
In August 2005, he covered the Niger famine from Maradi. In September 2005 the format of CNN's NewsNight was changed from 60 to 120 minutes to cover the unusually violent hurricane season. To help distribute some of the increased workload, Cooper was temporarily added as co-anchor to Aaron Brown. This arrangement was reported to have been made permanent the same month by the president of CNN's U.S. operations, Jonathan Klein, who has called Cooper "the anchorperson of the future."[16] Following the addition of Cooper, the ratings for NewsNight increased significantly; Klein remarked that "[Cooper's] name has been on the tip of everyone's tongue."[17] To further capitalize on this, Klein announced a major programming shakeup on November 2, 2005. Cooper's 360° program would be expanded to 2 hours and shifted into the 10 p.m. ET slot formerly held by NewsNight, with the third hour of Wolf Blitzer's The Situation Room filling in Cooper's former 7 p.m. ET slot. With "no options" left for him to host shows, Aaron Brown left CNN, ostensibly having "mutually agreed" with Jonathan Klein on the matter.[18] In early 2007 Cooper signed a multi-year deal with CNN, which would allow him to continue as a contributor to 60 Minutes as well as doubling his salary from $2 million annually to a reported $4 million.[19]
In October 2007 Cooper began hosting the documentary Planet in Peril, with Sanjay Gupta and Jeff Corwin on CNN. In 2008 he, Gupta, and Lisa Ling from National Geographic Explorer teamed up for a sequel, "Planet in Peril: Battle Lines," which premiered in December 2008. In 2007 he also began hosting CNN Heroes: An All-Star Tribute, a show which honors and recognizes extraordinary deeds by ordinary people.
Syndicated talk show[link]
Warner Bros. and Telepictures (both corporate siblings of CNN) announced in September 2010 that Cooper had signed an agreement to host a nationally syndicated talk show. The New York Times' Brian Stelter reported on Twitter that the new Warner Bros. daytime talk show would be named Anderson.[20] The show premiered on September 12, 2011,[21] and, as part of negotiations over the talk show deal, Cooper signed a new multi-year contract with CNN to continue as the host of Anderson Cooper 360°.[22][23]
CBS[link]
Cooper has been a correspondent for the CBS News program 60 Minutes since 2007 while concurrently serving as a CNN correspondent.
Broadway[link]
Cooper can be heard as the voice of the narrator for the 2011 Broadway revival of How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying, directed by Rob Ashford and starring Daniel Radcliffe.[24]
Writings[link]
A freelance writer, Cooper has authored a variety of articles that have appeared in many other outlets, including Details magazine.[25]
In May 2006, Cooper published a memoir for HarperCollins, Dispatches from the Edge, detailing his life and work in Sri Lanka, Africa, Iraq and Louisiana over the previous year. Some of the book's proceeds are donated to charity.[26] The book topped the New York Times bestseller list on June 18, 2006.[27]
Personal life[link]
Cooper has two older half-brothers, Leopold Stanislaus "Stan" Stokowski (born 1950), and Christopher Stokowski (born 1952), from Gloria Vanderbilt's ten-year marriage to the conductor Leopold Stokowski.[28]
He lives in his home in Westhampton Beach on Long Island [29] and a penthouse duplex on New York City's 38th Street.[30]
In September 2009 Cooper bought a firehouse in Greenwich Village.[30]
He said to Oprah Winfrey – while promoting his book – that he had suffered from dyslexia as a child.[31] In August 2007 he confirmed his "mild dyslexia" on The Tonight Show to Jay Leno, who also has dyslexia.
Cooper has never married and has actively avoided discussing his private life, citing a desire to protect his neutrality as a journalist. His public reticence deliberately contrasts with his mother's life spent in the spotlight of tabloid journalists and her publication of memoirs explicitly detailing her affairs with celebrities. Cooper vowed "not to repeat that strategy." [32][33][34] Independent news media have reported that Cooper is gay,[35] and in May 2007, Out magazine ranked him second behind David Geffen in its list of the fifty "Most Powerful Gay Men and Women in America."[36] When asked about his sexuality, he stated, "I understand why people might be interested. But I just don’t talk about my personal life. It’s a decision I made a long time ago, before I ever even knew anyone would be interested in my personal life. The whole thing about being a reporter is that you're supposed to be an observer and to be able to adapt with any group you’re in, and I don’t want to do anything that threatens that."[7] He has, however, discussed his desire to have a family and children.[8]
Awards[link]
| Year | Award | Organization | Work | Category | Result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1993 | Bronze Telly | Telly Awards | Coverage of famine in Somalia | Won[37][38] | |
| 1997 | Emmy Award | ATAS/NATAS | Coverage of Princess Diana's funeral | Won[37][38][39] | |
| 2001 | GLAAD Media Award | GLAAD | 20/20 Downtown: "High School Hero" – report on high school athlete Corey Johnson | Outstanding TV Journalism | Won[40][37] |
| 2005 | Peabody Award | Henry W. Grady College of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Georgia | Coverage of Hurricane Katrina | Won[38][41] | |
| National Headliner Award | Press Club of Atlantic City | Anderson Cooper 360: "Wave of Destruction" – 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami coverage | Coverage of a Major News Event | Won[39][42][43] | |
| 2006 | Emmy Award | ATAS/NATAS | Anderson Cooper 360: "Charity Hospital" | Outstanding Feature Story in a Regularly Scheduled Newscast | Won[44][45] |
| Anderson Cooper 360: "Starving in Plain Sight" | Outstanding Live Coverage of a Breaking News Story – Long Form | Won[44][45] | |||
| 2007 | Emmy Award | ATAS/NATAS | Anderson Cooper 360: "Sago Mines" | Outstanding Live Coverage of a Breaking News Story – Long Form | Nominated[46] |
| Anderson Cooper 360: "High Rise Crash" | Outstanding Individual Achievement in a Craft: Lighting Direction & Scenic Design | Nominated[46] | |||
| Business & Financial Reporting | Anderson Cooper 360: "Black Market Infertility" | Outstanding Coverage of a Current Business News Story In a Regularly Scheduled Newscast | Nominated | ||
| 2008 | Emmy Award | ATAS/NATAS | Anderson Cooper 360: "Unapproved Drugs" | Outstanding Feature Story in a Regularly Scheduled Newscast | Nominated[47] |
| Anderson Cooper 360: "Chicago Police Brutality" | Outstanding Investigative Journalism in a Regularly Scheduled Newscast | Nominated[47] | |||
| 2010 | National Order of Honour and Merit | Government of Haiti | Reporting on 2010 Haiti earthquake | Awarded[48] | |
| 2011 | Emmy Award | ATAS/NATAS | Anderson Cooper 360: "Haiti in Ruins" | Outstanding Coverage of a Breaking News Story in a Regularly Scheduled Newscast | Won[49] |
| Anderson Cooper 360: "Crisis in Haiti" | Outstanding Live Coverage of a Current News Story – Long Form | Won[49] |
- Year of award unknown
- Silver Plaque from the Chicago International Film Festival for his report from Sarajevo on the Bosnian War[37][50]
- Bronze Award from the National Education Film and Video Festival for a report on political Islam[37][50]
Career timeline[link]
- 1999–2000: World News Now co-anchor[51]
- 2001–2002: The Mole host[51]
- 2003–present: Anderson Cooper 360° anchor[51]
- 2005: NewsNight co-anchor[51]
- 2007–present: 60 Minutes correspondent[51]
- 2011–present: Anderson
References[link]
- ^ Karger, Dave (May 23, 2006). "Booking himself". Entertainment Weekly (www.ew.com). http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1196770,00.html. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
- ^ Whitaker, Barbara (July 27, 1988). "Simple Service for Vanderbilt's Son". Newsday: p. 4; Section: News.
- ^ Green, Tyler. "MODERN ART NOTES: Name That Baby". ArtsJournal. Archived from the original on 2007-09-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20070926235343/http://www.artsjournal.com/man/archives20050301.shtml#97980. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- ^ Patricia Bosworth, "Diane Arbus: A Biography", NY: W.W. Norton, 1984
- ^ The New York Times, September 17, 1970, page 95.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1522406/fullcredits
- ^ a b c d e f Van Meter, Jonathan, "Unanchored," New York, September 19, 2005 (Retrieved on September 27, 2006).
- ^ a b c d "Anderson Cooper's Private War" by Po Bronson; Men's Journal, March 2007
- ^ Palka, Mary Kelli (October 21, 2007). "Anderson Cooper: He runs to where others are running from". Florida Times-Union (www.jacksonville.com). http://www.jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/102107/met_210429102.shtml. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
- ^ Bercovici, Jeff (2006-09-06). "Anderson Cooper's CIA secret". Radar. http://www.radaronline.com/exclusives/2006/09/anderson-coopers-cia-secret.php. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- ^ a b c d e Hirschman, David S. (2006-05-11). "So what do you do, Anderson Cooper?". Mediabistro.com. http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/cache/a1582.asp. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- ^ "Anchors & Reporters: Anderson Cooper". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/cooper.anderson.html. Retrieved 2009-11-02.
- ^ Hirschman, David S.. "Articles: So What Do You Do, Anderson Cooper?". mediabistro.com. http://www.mediabistro.com/articles/cache/a1582.asp. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
- ^ Bonawitz, Amy (March 13, 2007). "Anderson Cooper Fills In For Regis". CBS News (CBS). http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2007/03/13/entertainment/main2563294.shtml. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
- ^ "Blown Away by Katrina". Broadcasting & Cable. 2005-12-12. http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA6290441.html. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- ^ Jensen, Elizabeth, "An anchor who reports disaster news with a heart on his sleeve", The New York Times, September 12, 2005 (Retrieved September 27, 2006).
- ^ Carter, Bill, "CNN ousts evening anchor and embraces rising star", The New York Times, November 3, 2005 (Retrieved September 27, 2006).
- ^ Carter, Bill, "CNN ousts Aaron Brown and gives slot to Anderson Cooper", The New York Times, November 2, 2005 (Retrieved September 27, 2006).
- ^ "Exclusive: Anderson Cooper Signs New Multiyear Deal with CNN," Broadcasting & Cable, January 19, 2007
- ^ "Twitter / Warner Bros. has settled on a name for Anderson Cooper's daytime talk show, coming in Sept. 2011. It's "Anderson."". Twitter.com. 2010-12-12. http://twitter.com/brianstelter/status/14185898098827264. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
- ^ "Anderson Cooper New Daytime Talk Show". AndersonCooper.com. http://www.andersoncooper.com/. Retrieved September 19, 2011,.
- ^ "Anderson Cooper to host daytime talk show". The Spy Report (Media Spy). October 1, 2010. http://www.mediaspy.org/report/2010/10/01/us-anderson-cooper-to-host-daytime-talk-show/. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
- ^ Stelter, Brian (September 30, 2010). "CNN's Anderson Cooper in Daytime Talk Show Deal". The New York Times. http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/09/30/cnns-anderson-cooper-in-daytime-talk-show-deal/. Retrieved October 2, 2010.
- ^ "Voice of Anderson Cooper to Narrate HOW TO SUCCEED IN BUSINESS WITHOUT REALLY TRYING". BroadwayWorld.com. January 18, 2011. http://broadwayworld.com/article/BWW_TV_Preview_Voice_of_Anderson_Cooper_to_Narrate_HOW_TO_SUCCEED_IN_BUSINESS_WITHOUT_REALLY_TRYING_20110118. Retrieved February 23, 2011.
- ^ Patrick Phillips (2007-03-01). "Anderson Cooper: 'I Didn't Go to Anchor School'". I Want Media. http://www.iwantmedia.com/people/people54.html. Retrieved 2007-01-03.
- ^ "41. Anderson Cooper". http://www.askmen.com/specials/2006_top_49/anderson-cooper-41.html.
- ^ "Side Dish". New York Daily News. http://www.nydailynews.com/news/gossip/story/427186p-360294c.html. Retrieved 2007-01-03. [dead link]
- ^ Hubbard, Kim (May 1996). "Living with Loss". People. http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20141166,00.html. Retrieved 2008-12-15.
- ^ "Anderson Cooper's Home". Virtual Globetrotting. http://virtualglobetrotting.com/map/anderson-coopers-home/. Retrieved 2011-08-06.
- ^ a b Topousis, Tom (2010-01-29). "Anderson gets a hot property". New York Post. http://www.nypost.com/p/news/local/cnn_star_to_live_in_old_village_YXdCI5MvQaXtIBdwZAwhRI.
- ^ "Books That Made a Difference to Anderson Cooper". O, The Oprah Magazine. July 2005. Archived from the original on 2008-07-06. http://web.archive.org/web/20080706015123/http://www.oprah.com/obc/omag/obc_omag_200507_books.jhtml. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
- ^ Musto, Michael (May 2007). "The Glass Closet: We all know which stars are inside the glass closet, so why won't they come out?". Out. http://out.com/detail.asp?id=22392. Retrieved 2008-10-03.
- ^ "Gloria Vanderbilt's Many Loves: Heiress Discusses The Romances And Tragedies Of Her Life". CBS News Sunday Morning. 2005-07-31. http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/11/05/sunday/main654006.shtml. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- ^ Bronson, Po (February 12, 2007). "Anderson Cooper's Private War". Social Studies. http://www.pobronson.com/blog/labels/Anderson%20Cooper.html. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
- ^ Independent media sources reporting that Cooper is gay include:
- Usborne, David (2007-04-08). "Pink List: Out in the USA". London: The Independent. http://news.independent.co.uk/world/americas/article2432454.ece. Retrieved 2007-06-30. "Film star Jodie Foster and TV presenter Anderson Cooper have made unsought appearances on a US version of the 'IoS' Pink List."
- Musto, Michael (2005-03-17). "Did I Ruin My Chances With Anderson Cooper?". The Village Voice. http://www.villagevoice.com/nyclife/0512,webmusto,62236,15.html. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- Smith, Warren Allen (2005). Gossip from Across the Pond: Articles Published in the United Kingdom's Gay and Lesbian Humanist, 1996–2005. chelCpress. p. 123. ISBN 1-58396-916-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=QdbO_TeKIekC. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- Moylan, Brian (2003-11-07). "Presidential debate for youth includes gay issues". Washington Blade. Archived from the original on 2007-06-25. http://web.archive.org/web/20070625014905/http://www.washblade.com/2003/11-7/news/national/debate.cfm. Retrieved 2010-01-05.
- Naff, Kevin (March 1, 2007). "Removing the last hinge from Anderson's closet door". Washington Blade. Archived from the original on 2008-12-08. http://web.archive.org/web/20081208103505/http://www.washblade.com/blog/index.cfm?blog_id=11711. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
- Kilmer-Purcell, Josh; edited by Shana Naomi Krochmal (February 16, 2007). "How many times can one guy get outed?". Out.com. http://www.popnography.com/2007/02/how_many_times_.html. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
- Musto, Michael (2003). "Anderson Cooper". Out.com. http://out.com/detail.asp?id=10297&t=voices. Retrieved 2009-01-08.
- ^ "The Power 50". Out Magazine. May 2007. http://www.out.com/detail.asp?id=22394. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
- ^ a b c d e Karsnak, Mike (May 12, 2005). "Tenacity marks winning careers of TV journalist, marketing CEO – Honorary degree recipients". The Star-Ledger (Newark, New Jersey): p. 2.
- ^ a b c Watson, Stephanie (2007). Anderson Cooper: Profile of a TV Journalist. Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 61–62. ISBN 1-4042-1907-2.
- ^ a b Willer-Allred, Michele (February 17, 2009). "For CNN’s Cooper, desire to travel leads to career". Ventura County Star (California).
- ^ "12th Annual GLAAD Media Awards" (Press release). GLAAD.org. 2001-04-16. Archived from the original on 2008-06-04. http://web.archive.org/web/20080604234325/http://www.glaad.org/publications/archive_detail.php?id=49&PHPSESSID=f.
- ^ "Coverage of Hurricane Katrina 2005". The Peabody Awards (www.peabody.uga.edu). http://www.peabody.uga.edu/winners/details.php?id=1415. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
- ^ "2005 National Headliner Award Winners: Broadcast television networks, cable networks, and syndicators". NationalHeadlinerAwards.com. http://www.nationalheadlinerawards.com/Winners2005Broadcast.html.
- ^ "Headliner Award winners". The Press of Atlantic City (New Jersey: South Jersey Publishing Company): p. C6. May 15, 2005.
- ^ a b "27th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards". EmmyOnline.org. 2006-09-25. http://www.emmyonline.org/emmy/docu_27th_winners_b.html. Retrieved 2007-06-30.
- ^ a b Associated Press (September 27, 2006). "CBS and PBS lead winners of Emmy news awards". The Record (Kitchener, Ontario, Canada): p. B5.
- ^ a b "28th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards Nominees". EmmyOnline.org. 2011-09-28. http://www.emmyonline.org/mediacenter/_txt/news_28th_nominees_all.txt. Retrieved 2007-07-17.
- ^ a b "News and Docu Emmy Nominations 2008: PBS is Frontrunner". emanuellevy.com. 2011-09-27. http://www.emanuellevy.com/popculture/news-and-docu-emmy-nominations-2008-pbs-is-frontrunner-1/. Retrieved 2008-07-15.
- ^ Katz, Jonathan M. (July 13, 2010). "Medals for Haiti recovery, little for homeless". Associated Press. The Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20100713/cb-haiti-earthquake/. Retrieved 2011-11-10.
- ^ a b "32nd Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards". EmmyOnline.org. 2011-09-26. http://www.emmyonline.tv/mediacenter/news_32nd_winners.html. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
- ^ a b "Anchors & Reporters – Anderson Cooper". CNN (Time Warner). 2010. http://www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/cooper.anderson.html. Retrieved 2010-07-13.
- ^ a b c d e Anderson Cooper
External links[link]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Anderson Cooper |
- Anderson Cooper 360° Blog
- CNN: Anchors & Reporters: Anderson Cooper (profile)
- Anderson Cooper on Twitter
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Anderson Cooper on Charlie Rose
- Anderson Cooper at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Anderson Cooper in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Anderson Cooper collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Anderson Cooper: The Silver Fox - slideshow by Life magazine
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Cooper, Anderson Hays |
| Alternative names | Cooper, Anderson |
| Short description | Journalist and author |
| Date of birth | June 3, 1967 |
| Place of birth | New York City, New York, United States |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Cooper
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Mary Landrieu | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| United States Senator from Louisiana |
|
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 1997 Serving with David Vitter |
|
| Preceded by | J. Bennett Johnston |
| Chairwoman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship | |
| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | John Kerry |
| Louisiana State Treasurer | |
| In office 1988–1996 |
|
| Governor | Buddy Roemer Edwin Edwards |
| Preceded by | Mary Evelyn Parker |
| Succeeded by | Ken Duncan |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Mary Loretta Landrieu (1955-11-23) November 23, 1955 (age 56) Arlington, Virginia |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse(s) | Frank Snellings |
| Children | Connor Snellings Mary Shannon Snellings |
| Residence | New Orleans, Louisiana |
| Alma mater | Louisiana State University (B.A.) |
| Occupation | real estate agent |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Signature |  |
| Website | landrieu.senate.gov |
Mary Loretta Landrieu ( /ˈlændruː/ LAN-drew;[1] born November 23, 1955) is the senior United States Senator from the State of Louisiana and a member of the Democratic Party.
Born in Arlington, Virginia, Landrieu was raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. She is the daughter of former New Orleans mayor and Secretary of the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development, Moon Landrieu, and the sister of the current Mayor of New Orleans and former Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana Mitch Landrieu. She received her baccalaureate degree from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge. After working as a real estate agent for several years, she was elected as a state representative (1980–1988) and state treasurer (1988–1996). She won a close race for the U.S. Senate in 1996; she was re-elected by increasing margins in competitive races in 2002 and 2008.
Landrieu is one of the most conservative Democrats in the Senate, often opposing her party's positions. Her opposition to the public option played a major role in the crafting of the health insurance reform bills of 2010. She became a spokeswoman for federal emergency relief in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, which devastated her state. She chairs the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship. In 2005, she sponsored an unprecedented Senate resolution by which the US Senate apologized for its failure to enact anti-lynching legislation during the early 20th century, when it was very much needed.
Contents |
Early life, education, and real estate career[link]
Landrieu was born in Arlington, Virginia, the daughter of Verna (née Satterlee) and former New Orleans mayor Moon Landrieu,[2] and raised in New Orleans. She was raised as a Roman Catholic and attended Ursuline Academy of New Orleans. She graduated from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge in 1977 where she was a member of Delta Gamma sorority. Before entering politics, she worked as a real estate agent.
Early political career[link]
State legislature[link]
She was elected as a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives, serving from 1980 to 1988 and representing a New Orleans district.
State Treasurer[link]
She was elected as Louisiana state treasurer from 1988–1996. In the 1987 primary for treasurer, she defeated two legislative colleagues, Kevin P. Reilly, Sr., chief executive officer at the time of Lamar Advertising Company in Baton Rouge, and Claude "Buddy" Leach, a former U.S. representative and the current chairman of the Louisiana Democratic Party. Landrieu gave up the treasurer's office to run for governor of Louisiana in 1995, but finished third in the state's jungle primary. The eventual winner was Democrat-turned-Republican Murphy J. "Mike" Foster, Jr.
U.S. Senate[link]
Elections[link]
Landrieu was elected in 1996 to the U.S. Senate seat previously held by John Bennett Johnston, Jr. of Shreveport after winning a close and controversial runoff election.[3] This is called the general election in Louisiana. She defeated Louisiana State Representative Woody Jenkins of Baton Rouge.
Landrieu narrowly won re-election in the 2002 mid-term election. She defeated Suzanne Haik Terrell of New Orleans. Some experts and pundits had considered Landrieu as a possible running mate for presidential candidate John Kerry in the 2004 election before he selected then- Senator John Edwards of North Carolina. In 2004 Landrieu became Louisiana's senior senator upon the retirement of John Breaux, who was replaced by Republican David Vitter.
Tenure[link]
In 2005 Landrieu sponsored a resolution, which the Senate passed in an unprecedented action, to formally apologize for its repeated failure in the early twentieth century to pass anti-lynching legislation.[4] The Senate Southern white Democrats had filibustered the Dyer bill in 1922[5] and two other bills that passed the House. At the time, African Americans suffered a high rate of lynchings in the South; this coincided with their disfranchisement in the South from 1890–1910,[6] which persisted until after passage of federal civil rights legislation of the 1960s.
Landrieu has worked to secure funding for Louisiana projects as one of her top priorities. She held high-profile hearings on the mistakes of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in the wake of hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005. In 2008, she won a relatively comfortable 52% to 46% re-election to a third term in a race against her challenger, Louisiana State Treasurer John Neely Kennedy. He was a former Democrat who switched to the Republican Party in 2007.[7]
On December 15, 2008, it was announced that Landrieu would become Chairwoman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship for the 111th Congress when former Chairman John Kerry left to lead the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, previously headed by Vice President-elect Joe Biden.[8]
In September 2010 Landrieu announced she would hold up OMB director Jacob Lew’s confirmation until the administration lifted or eased a federal freeze on deepwater oil-and-gas drilling. Her delay of Lew’s nomination came despite broad bipartisan support for appointing him to OMB. The Senate Budget Committee recommended that Lew be confirmed on a 22–1 vote.[9]
Committee assignments[link]
- Committee on Appropriations
- Subcommittee on Energy and Water Development
- Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government
- Subcommittee on Homeland Security
- Subcommittee on Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies
- Subcommittee on Military Construction and Veterans' Affairs, and Related Agencies
- Subcommittee on State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs
- Committee on Energy and Natural Resources
- Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
- Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship (Chairwoman)
Source: 2009 Congressional Record, Vol. 155, Pg. S729{{{3}}}
Caucus memberships[link]
Positions[link]
By national standards, Landrieu is among the most conservative Democrats in the U.S. Senate,[10] and is a member of the New Democrat Coalition.
Landrieu supports eliminating the estate tax permanently, and voted for the tax cut passed in 2001. On November 17, 2005, she was one of only four Democrats to vote against repealing the portions of the tax cuts passed in 2001 and 2003 that more Democrats have charged unfairly benefit the wealthy. She voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act. In 2004, Landrieu was one of only six Democrats to vote against renewing the ban on semi-automatic firearms. She has also been one of the few Democrats to support drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
Landrieu voted for the confirmation of Chief Justice John Roberts in 2005, but in 2006, she opposed Samuel Alito, though she did vote in favor of cloture to send the nomination to an up-or-down vote.
Subsequent to the 2006 midterm election, in which the Democratic Party gained control of both houses of Congress, Landrieu announced (along with Republican Olympia Snowe of Maine) the formation of the "Common Ground Coalition", a group of moderate senators of both parties, with the goal of finding bipartisan consensus on legislative matters.[8]
On December 18, 2010, Landrieu voted in favor of the Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010.[11][12]
On March 1st, 2012, Landrieu voted against a measure that would have repealed Obama's birth control mandate, despite her Roman Catholic beliefs.[13]
Health care[link]
Landrieu was opposed to the public health insurance option in the America's Affordable Health Choices Act of 2009[14] (HR 3200) until the bill was rewritten to send a $300,000,000 payment to Medicaid for her home state.[15] When two pages were added to the bill to place $300 million in Louisiana's Medicaid system, she changed her web page in order to reflect her support of the program.[16] Conservative figures referred to the deal as the "Louisiana Purchase".[17] As a result, prominent conservative figures Glenn Beck and Rush Limbaugh called her a "high-priced prostitute".[18]
On November 21, 2009, Landrieu voted with fifty-nine other Senators to bring the health care bill up for debate. On December 8, 2009, she voted against the Nelson-Hatch-Casey amendment which proposed to ban federal funding for private plans that covered elective abortions but allowed individuals to purchase separate individual riders that would cover abortions.[17]
Prior to a concession of $300 million being added to the bill, Landrieu responded to a question on popular support of the public option, and asserted that the option has popular support because “when people hear ‘public option’ they hear ‘free health care.’ Everybody wants free health care. Everybody wants health care they don’t have to pay for.”[19][20]
After Senator Harry Reid added the concession to the bill which sent $300 million to Medicaid recipients in Louisiana, she described the bill as 'imperfect, but taking many steps to improve our broken health care system.'
Hurricane Katrina[link]
Hurricane Katrina destroyed Landrieu's lakeside New Orleans home. The senator has become a national spokeswoman for victims of the hurricane, and has complained of "the staggering incompetence of the national government."[21]
In the weeks following Katrina, Landrieu and fellow Senator David Vitter co-sponsored the Hurricane Katrina Disaster Relief and Economic Recovery Act of 2005 (S.1765),[22] a 440-page aid package worth an estimated $250 billion[23][24] (roughly $550,000 per resident) in order to rebuild New Orleans, a city of 453,726 pre-Katrina.[25] The bill was read twice by Congress, then referred to the United States Senate Committee on Finance.[26]
Protect America Act[link]
On August 3, 2007, Landrieu broke ranks with Democrats when she and Louisiana Rep. Charlie Melancon sided with Republicans and the Bush Administration in voting for the Protect America Act, an amendment to the USA Patriot Act further expanding wiretap powers.[27]
Voyager reading program[link]
 |
This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. No cleanup reason has been specified. Please help improve this section if you can; the talk page may contain suggestions. (June 2009) |
Landrieu earmarked $2 million for a reading program whose founder supported her campaign for reelection. Randy Best, founder of the Voyager Expanded Learning literacy program, had hosted a fundraising event that raised $30,000 for Landrieu's reelection campaign days before she proposed his reading program in the earmark. Best and his company's top associates were among those who donated to Landrieu's campaign.[28] This earned her a spot on the Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington advocacy group's "Top 20 Most Corrupt Members of Congress" report.[29]
In 2007, Landrieu was inducted into the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in Winnfield.[30]
Plot to compromise Landrieu's phone system[link]
On January 25, 2010, four Republican conservative activists, including Stan Dai, Joseph Basel, both 24; Robert Flanagan, son of Bill Flanagan, acting U.S. Attorney in Louisiana; and conservative filmmaker James O'Keefe, were arrested by US Marshals for their role in a plot to hack the phone system of Landrieu's New Orleans office to record her and her staff's conversations.[31] Two of the alleged co-conspirators posed as telephone repair technicians in order to gain access to the telephone system. O'Keefe admitted to secretly "recording" the interactions with the staff with his cell phone and aiding in the "planning, coordination, and preparation of the operation." [32]
On March 27, 2010, the four were charged with entering federal property under false pretenses, a misdemeanor charge.[33] On May 26, 2010 all four pled guilty before Magistrate Daniel Knowles III in a New Orleans federal court. Three of the four received two years' probation, 75 hours of community service and $1,500 fines; while James O'Keefe received a sentence of three years' probation, 100 hours of community service and a $1,500 fine.[34]
Personal life[link]
Landrieu and her husband, attorney Frank Snellings (born 1949), who grew up in Monroe, have two children, Connor and Mary Shannon.
Election history[link]
United States Senate, 1996
See also: United States Senate election in Louisiana, 1996, United States Senate election in Louisiana, 2002, and United States Senate election in Louisiana, 2008
Threshold > 50%
First ballot, September 21, 1996
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Woody Jenkins | Republican | 322,244 (26%) | Runoff |
| Mary Landrieu | Democratic | 264,268 (22%) | Runoff |
| Richard Ieyoub | Democratic | 250,682 (20%) | Defeated |
| David Duke | Republican | 172,244 (12%) | Defeated |
| Others | various | 249,913 (20%) | Defeated |
Second ballot, November 5, 1996
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mary Landrieu | Democratic | 852,945 (50%) | Elected |
| Woody Jenkins | Republican | 847,157 (50%) | Defeated |
United States Senate, 2002
Threshold > 50%
First ballot, November 5, 2002
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mary Landrieu | Democratic | 573,347 (46%) | Runoff |
| Suzanne Haik Terrell | Republican | 339,506 (27%) | Runoff |
| John Cooksey | Republican | 171,752 (14%) | Defeated |
| Tony Perkins | Republican | 119,776 (10%) | Defeated |
| Others | various | 41,952 (3%) | Defeated |
Second ballot, December 7, 2002
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mary Landrieu | Democratic | 638,654 (52%) | Elected |
| Suzanne Haik Terrell | Republican | 596,642 (48%) | Defeated |
United States Senate, 2008
| Candidate | Affiliation | Support | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mary Landrieu | Democratic | 988,298 (52%) | Reelected |
| John Neely Kennedy | Republican | 867,177 (46%) | Defeated |
| Richard Fontenasi | Libertarian | 18,590 (1%) | Defeated |
| Others | various | 22,509 (1%) | Defeated |
References[link]
- ^ AP News Pronunciation Guide
- ^ Reitwiesner, William Addams. "The Ancestors of Mary Landrieu". wargs.com. William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services. http://www.wargs.com/political/landrieu.html. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
- ^ Carney, James (July 7, 1997). "No Saints in New Orleans". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986643,00.html. Retrieved September 23, 2011.
- ^ Associated Press, "Senate Apologizes for Not Passing Anti-Lynching Laws", Fox News
- ^ "Filibuster Kills Anti-Lynching Bil", New York Times, 3 December 1922, accessed 20 July 2011
- ^ Richard H. Pildes, "Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon", Constitutional Commentary, Vol.17, 2000, accessed 10 March 2008
- ^ Skiba, Katherine (March 14, 2008). "Senate Majority No Longer Republicans' Goal". U.S. News and World Report'. http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/politics/2008/03/14/senate-majority-no-longer-republicans-goal.html. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
- ^ a b "Sen. Landrieu to Chair Senate Small Business Committee". CNBC. December 15, 2008. http://www.cnbc.com/id/28243209. Retrieved December 16, 2008. [dead link]
- ^ OMB nomination delay would mean no adviser for key budget period
- ^ The American Conservative Union rated Senator Landrieu as 40% conservative in 2007, which was the highest score of any sitting Democrat and higher than the scores of two Republicans. [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ "Senate Vote 281 – Repeals ‘Don't Ask, Don't Tell'". The New York Times. http://politics.nytimes.com/congress/votes/111/senate/2/281?ref=politics.
- ^ "Sens Mary Landrieu and David Vitter split on amendment on contraceptive coverage '". Times Picayune. http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2012/03/sens_mary_landrieu_and_david_v_1.html.
- ^ Ryan Grim (2009-06-09). "Mary Landrieu Opposed To Public Health Care Option". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/09/mary-landrieu-opposed-to_n_213211.html.
- ^ Rich Klein (2009-11-21). "The $100 Million Health Care Vote". ABC News. http://blogs.abcnews.com/thenote/2009/11/the-100-million-health-care-vote.html.
- ^ "The Importance of Health Care Reform". http://landrieu.senate.gov/2009/index.cfm.
- ^ a b Kiely, Eugene (February 4, 2010). "Sen. Landrieu: No apologies for so-called Louisiana purchase". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/onpolitics/post/2010/02/sen-landrieu-says-gop-governor-sought-louisiana-purchase/1. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ Pedro Martinez Monsivais/The Associated Press. "Sen. Mary Landrieu has become a leading booster of health care overhaul proposal". NOLA.com. http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2009/12/sen_mary_landrieu_has_become_a.html. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ Zaid Jilani (2009-10-15). "Landrieu Says The Public Option Is Popular Because ‘Everybody Wants Free Health Care’ But the Health Care isn't free. the working tax payers are the ones paying for the so called free Health Care. Nothing is free.". Think Progress. http://thinkprogress.org/2009/10/15/landrieu-public-option/.
- ^ "Landrieu1". 2009-10-14. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tQZB3SdlWus.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (September 9, 2005). "La. Senator Returns to Capitol to Denounce Bush". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/09/national/nationalspecial/09landrieu.html?ei=5088&en=4d94fc3b6fddab5c&ex=1283918400&adxnnl=1&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&adxnnlx=1157043824-WLUFUlPbYBXbz7jqFzVfww. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
- ^ Hurricane Katrina Disaster Relief and Economic Recovery Act
- ^ Hulse, Carl (September 23, 2005). "Louisiana Lawmakers Propose $250 Billion Recovery Package". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/23/politics/23congress.html. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
- ^ "Louisiana Goes After Federal Billions". The Washington Post. September 26, 2005. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/25/AR2005092501413_pf.html. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
- ^ "New Orleans (city) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". United States Census Bureau. July 25, 2008. http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/22/2255000.html. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
- ^ "S. 1765 [109th]: Louisiana Katrina Reconstruction Act". GovTrack.us. 2005-09-22. http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bill.xpd?bill=s109-1765. Retrieved 2010-08-29.
- ^ "U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 110th Congress – 1st Session: On Passage of the Bill (S.1927 as Amended)". Legislation & Records. United States Senate. http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=110&session=1&vote=00309. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
- ^ Grimaldi, James V. (December 20, 2007). "A Reading Program's Powerful Patron". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/12/19/AR2007121902645.html?sid=ST2007121902742. Retrieved 2008-06-04.
- ^ "CREW Releases Fourth Annual Most Corrupt Members Of Congress Report". Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington. September 10, 2008. http://www.citizensforethics.org/node/34046. Retrieved 2008-09-11.
- ^ "Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame". cityofwinnfield.com. http://www.cityofwinnfield.com/museum.html. Retrieved August 22, 2009.
- ^ Leonnig, Carol D.; Franke-Ruta, Garance (January 27, 2009). "James O'Keefe charged in plot to bug Senator Mary Landrieu's office". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/story/2010/01/26/ST2010012604182.html?hpid=topnews. Retrieved 2010-01-26.
- ^ Special Agent Stephen Rayes, "Sworn Affidavit"
- ^ "Charges reduced in Landrieu phone incident". CNN. http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2010/03/27/charges-reduced-in-landrieu-phone-incident-2/?fbid=rcsdguLU6yL#more-96957. Retrieved May 12, 2010.
- ^ Robertson, Campbell (May 27, 2010). "Four plead guilty over incident at Sen. Landrieu's office". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/nationworld/2011971739_landrieusentence28.html.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mary Landrieu |
- United States Senator Mary Landrieu, official U.S. Senate site
- Landrieu for US Senate official campaign site
- Biography at WhoRunsGov.com at The Washington Post
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Voting record maintained by The Washington Post
- Biography, voting record, and interest group ratings at Project Vote Smart
- Congressional profile at GovTrack
- Congressional profile at OpenCongress
- Issue positions and quotes at On the Issues
- Financial information at OpenSecrets.org
- Staff salaries, trips and personal finance at LegiStorm.com
- Campaign finance reports and data at the Federal Election Commission
- Appearances on C-SPAN programs
- Collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Profile at SourceWatch
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Mary Evelyn Parker |
Louisiana State Treasurer 1988–1996 |
Succeeded by Ken Duncan |
| Preceded by John Kerry |
Chairwoman of the Senate Small Business Committee 2009–present |
Incumbent |
| United States Senate | ||
| Preceded by J. Bennett Johnston |
United States Senator (Class 2) from Louisiana 1997–present Served alongside: John Breaux, David Vitter |
Incumbent |
| United States order of precedence | ||
| Preceded by Jack Reed D-Rhode Island |
United States Senators by seniority 34th |
Succeeded by Jeff Sessions R-Alabama |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Landrieu, Mary |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | American politician |
| Date of birth | November 23, 1955 |
| Place of birth | Arlington, Virginia |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Mary_Landrieu
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Mary Landrieu
http://nl.wn.com/Mary Landrieu
http://pt.wn.com/Mary Landrieu
http://de.wn.com/Mary Landrieu
http://it.wn.com/Mary Landrieu
http://pl.wn.com/Mary Landrieu
http://id.wn.com/Mary Landrieu
http://es.wn.com/Mary Landrieu
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Landrieu
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Wolf Blitzer | |
|---|---|
 Blitzer at Democratic Party presidential primary debate in Los Angeles, California, January 31, 2008 |
|
| Born | Wolf Isaac Blitzer (1948-03-22) March 22, 1948 (age 64) Augsburg, Germany |
| Education | University at Buffalo (BA) Johns Hopkins University (MA) |
| Occupation | Journalist |
| Years active | 1972–present |
| Title | CNN The Situation Room anchor |
| Religion | Jewish[1] |
| Website | |
| http://www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/blitzer.wolf.html | |
Wolf Isaac Blitzer (born March 22, 1948) is an American journalist who has been a CNN reporter since 1990. Blitzer is currently the host of the newscast The Situation Room and was the host of the Sunday talk show Late Edition until it was discontinued on January 11, 2009. Blitzer previously hosted Wolf Blitzer Reports, which was replaced by The Situation Room.
Contents |
Early life[link]
The son of Jewish refugees from Poland,[2] Wolf Blitzer was born in Augsburg, Germany[3][4] and raised in Buffalo, New York. Blitzer graduated from Kenmore West Senior High School and received a Bachelor of Arts in history from the University at Buffalo in 1970. While there, he was a brother of Alpha Epsilon Pi. In 1972, he received a Master of Arts in international relations from the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. While at Johns Hopkins, Blitzer studied abroad at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, where he learned Hebrew.[5]
Name[link]
Blitzer has said that he has frequently been asked about his name, which has been characterized as seemingly "made-for-TV".[6] In a Wayne's World Saturday Night Live sketch which was aired during the Persian Gulf War, Wayne and Garth picked Blitzer as having the "worst name" of any war correspondent, with Garth remarking, "It's so obvious the guy made it up for the war!" [7] Blitzer explains that his surname goes back for generations, and his first name, 'Wolf', is the same first name as his maternal grandfather.
In writing for several Israeli newspapers in Washington, Blitzer has used the names Zev Blitzer and Zev Barak.[8] Zev (זאב) is the Hebrew word for "wolf".
Career[link]
Washington and Jerusalem[link]
Blitzer began his career in journalism in the early 1970s in the Tel Aviv bureau of the Reuters news agency. In 1973 he caught the eye of Jerusalem Post editor Ari Rath, who hired Blitzer as a Washington correspondent for the English language Israeli newspaper. Blitzer would remain with the Jerusalem Post until 1990, covering both American politics and developments in the Middle East.[9]
In the mid-1970s, Blitzer also contributed to the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC) as the editor of their monthly publication, the Near East Report.[10][11] While at AIPAC, Blitzer's writing focused on Middle East affairs as they relate to United States foreign policy.
At an April 1977 White House press conference, Blitzer asked Egyptian leader Anwar Sadat why Egyptian scholars, athletes and journalists were not permitted to visit Israel. Sadat, somewhat taken aback, responded that such visits would be possible after an end to the state of belligerence between the two nations. This was Sadat's first public acknowledgment that peace between Egypt and Israel was possible. In November of that year, Sadat made a historic visit to Israel, and Blitzer covered the negotiations between the two countries from the first joint Israeli-Egyptian press conference in 1977 to the final negotiations that would lead to the signing of the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty two years later.[9]
Fluent in Hebrew, in this period Blitzer also published articles for several Israeli-based newspapers. Under the name Zev Blitzer, he wrote for Al HaMishmar; using the name Zev Barak, he had work published in Yedioth Ahronoth.[8]
In 1985, Blitzer published his first book, Between Washington and Jerusalem: A Reporter's Notebook (Oxford University Press, 1985). The text outlined his personal development as a reporter, and the relations between the United States and Israel.
Jonathan Pollard[link]
In 1986, he became known for his coverage of the arrest and trial of Jonathan Pollard, an American Jew who was charged with spying for Israel.[9] Blitzer was the first journalist to interview Pollard, and he would later write a book about the Pollard Affair titled Territory of Lies.[12] In the book, Blitzer writes that Pollard contacted him because he had been reading Blitzer's byline for years, and because Blitzer "had apparently impressed him as someone who was sympathetic".[13] Pollard also hoped that Blitzer would help him "reach the people of Israel, as well as the American Jewish community."[14]
Blitzer's interview with Pollard was controversial in the context of the legal action against him, as it was construed by some media voices as a possible violation of the terms of Pollard's plea deal, which forbade media contact. Blitzer's subsequent book about the affair was included in The New York Times list of "Notable Books of the Year" for 1989.[15] In its review, the Times praised the book as "lucid and highly readable" and called Blitzer's judgment of Israeli officials "harsh but fair".[16]
A review in The New York Review of Books was more critical, prompting a letter from Blitzer accusing the reviewer of making several inaccurate statements. Reviewer Robert I. Friedman responded to Blitzer's criticism by characterizing Territory of Lies as "a slick piece of damage control that would make [Blitzer's] former employers at AIPAC (not to mention Israel's Defense Ministry) proud."[17]
Cable News Network[link]
In May 1990, Blitzer moved to CNN and worked as the cable network's military affairs reporter. Blitzer spent a month in Moscow in 1991, and was one of the first Western reporters to visit KGB headquarters. His team's coverage of the first Gulf War in Kuwait won a CableACE Award and made him a household name.
In 1992, Blitzer became CNN's White House correspondent, a position he would hold until 1999. During this period, he earned an Emmy Award for his coverage of the 1995 Oklahoma City bombing. In 1998, he began hosting the CNN Sunday morning interview program Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer, which was seen in over 180 countries. Blitzer's first assignment as an anchor was on the daily newscast The World Today, in 1999. In 2000, he started anchoring his own show, Wolf Blitzer Reports.
CNN selected Blitzer to anchor their coverage of the 2004 presidential election and the 2008 presidential election. Since August 8, 2005, Blitzer has hosted The Situation Room, a three-hour afternoon/early evening program on CNN.[18][19]
Awards[link]
Blitzer has won awards including the 2004 Journalist Pillar of Justice Award from the Respect for Law Alliance and the 2003 Daniel Pearl Award from the Chicago Press Veterans Association. His news team was among those awarded a George Foster Peabody Award for coverage of Hurricane Katrina, an Alfred I. DuPont Award for coverage of the 1999 Southeast Asian tsunami, and an Edward R. Murrow Award for CNN's coverage of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.
In November 2002, he won the American Veteran Awards' Ernie Pyle Journalism Award for military reporting. In February 2000, he received the Anti-Defamation League’s Hubert H. Humphrey First Amendment Freedoms Prize. In 1999, Blitzer won the International Platform Association's Lowell Thomas Broadcast Journalism Award. Blitzer won an Emmy Award for his coverage of the Oklahoma City bombing. Blitzer was also part of the CNN team that was awarded a Golden ACE award for their 1991 Gulf War reporting. In 1994, American Journalism Review cited him and CNN as the readers' choice for the Best in the Business Award for network coverage of the Clinton administration.[18] On May 23, 2010, Blitzer was awarded the honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters by Niagara University at their undergraduate commencement exercise. Also, on May 14, 2011 he received an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters from Penn State University. On September 25, 2011, Blitzer was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters by the University of Hartford.[20]
Other media appearances[link]
Blitzer appears as himself in the 2009 documentary "Back Door Channels: The Price of Peace." The film deals with the back room negotiations that lead to the historic 1979 Peace Treaty between Israel and Egypt. At the time, Blitzer was the Washington Bureau Chief of the Jerusalem Post, and played a key role in establishing a back channel of communications between Israel and the White House by introducing President Carter's General Counsel, Robert Lipshutz, to New York businessman Leon Charney, a close friend of then Israeli Defense Minister Ezer Weizman.[21] The flow of information between Weizman and Carter, via Charney and Lipshutz, contributed to finalizing the peace agreement between Israel and Egypt.
On September 17, 2009, Blitzer competed on an episode of Celebrity Jeopardy!, finishing the Double Jeopardy round with −$4,600. He was given $1,000 to bet in Final Jeopardy!, finishing with $2,000 and ultimately losing to comedian Andy Richter, who won $68,000 for St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.[22][23] In an odd twist, a minor league soccer team from Blitzer's home town of Buffalo held a nickname contest and FC Buffalo's winner was "Blitzers."
Family[link]
Blitzer and his wife Lynn Greenfield live in Bethesda, Maryland, and have one daughter, Ilana, born in 1981.[24]
References[link]
- ^ jweekly.com
- ^ Bartelstein, Steve (1998, May 8). Wolf Blitzer Answers Questions About News [Televison transcript] CNN Talkback Live
- ^ Encyclopedia of television news, By Michael D. Murray, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, ISBN 978-1-57356-108-2
- ^ Profile from University at Buffalo alumni magazine
- ^ New York Magazine. Feb 11, 1991. Page 36.
- ^ Sheridan, Patricia (October 3, 2005). ""Breakfast with...". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved December 6, 2005.
- ^ http://snltranscripts.jt.org/90/90kwaynesworld.phtml
- ^ a b Blitzer, Wolf. Between Washington and Jerusalem. 1985, page ix
- ^ a b c Makovsky, David (1990-04-29). "Wolf Blitzer, 'Symbol of Integrity', Leaves Post For Cable Network Job". The Jerusalem Post.
- ^ The American Spectator
- ^ MiddleEast.org - Mid-East Realities
- ^ Luxenberg, Steven (1989-05-21). "The American Who Loved Israel Too Much" (Book Review). Washington Post.
- ^ Blitzer, Wolf. Territory of Lies. 1989, page xv
- ^ Blitzer, Wolf. Territory of Lies. 1989, page xix
- ^ "Notable Books of the Year". The New York Times. 1989-12-13. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DEEDF163BF930A35751C1A96F948260. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
- ^ Pear, Robert (1989-05-07). "The Spy from South Bend" (Book Review). The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7DA1F3DF934A35756C0A96F948260.
- ^ Friedman, Robert (1990-02-01). "'Territory of Lies'" (letter by Blitzer, response by Friedman). New York Review of Books. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/3751. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ a b "Wolf Blitzer". CNN. http://www.cnn.com/CNN/anchors_reporters/blitzer.wolf.html. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ "Who's Who in America - 2007". Who's Who in America - 2007. Marquis' Who's Who Ltd.. 2006. http://search.marquiswhoswho.com/executable/SearchResults.aspx?db=E. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ http://www.hartford.edu/daily/Articles.asp?MainID=11295&Category=1
- ^ http://www.tvfestival.net/content/Opening-Film/openUK.php
- ^ Linkins, Jason (2009-09-18). "Andy Richter Crushes CNN's Wolf Blitzer In Celebrity Jeopardy". Huffington Post. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/09/18/andy-richter-crushes-cnns_n_290883.html.
- ^ . http://popwatch.ew.com/2009/09/18/adventures-in-celebrity-jeopardy-what-is-get-a-clue-wolf-blizter/.
- ^ http://www.davidovit.com/articles/Blitzer.pdf
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Wolf Blitzer |
- CNN bio
- CNN.com — The Situation Room
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Wolf Blitzer on Charlie Rose
- Wolf Blitzer at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Wolf Blitzer in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Wolf Blitzer at the Notable Names Database
- "Wolf Blitzer for the Defense (Department)", Jim Naureckas, FAIR Extra!, January/February 2003
- Google Video on Israel Discussion - Held Nov 1989.
| Media offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Charles Bierbauer |
CNN Senior White House Correspondent 1992–1999 |
Succeeded by John King |
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Blitzer, Wolf |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1948-03-22 |
| Place of birth | Augsburg, Germany |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Wolf_Blitzer
Related pages:
http://fr.wn.com/Wolf Blitzer
http://nl.wn.com/Wolf Blitzer
http://de.wn.com/Wolf Blitzer
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_Blitzer
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
