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A young girl playing on a jump rope.

Jump rope (American English) or skipping rope (British English) is the primary tool used in the game of skipping played by children and many young adults, where one or more participants jump over a rope swung so that it passes under their feet and over their heads. This may consist of one participant turning and jumping the rope, or a minimum of three participants taking turns, two of whom turn the rope while one or more jumps. This is called long rope. Sometimes the latter is played with two turning ropes; this form of the activity is called Double Dutch and is significantly more difficult. Jump-rope rhymes are often chanted beginning when the skipper jumps in and ending when the skipper is tripped up.

History[link]

The exact origin of jumping rope is unclear; however, jump rope dates back all the way to the ancient Egyptians and aborigines of Australia.^{[citation needed]} The first jump ropes are said to be made of bamboo and vines found in jungles. Jumping along with these items led to what is today referred to as jump roping. Some^{[weasel words]} say it originated in China, while Western versions are said to have originated around 1600 B.C. in Egypt.^{[citation needed]} The first real evidence of jump rope as an activity is seen in medieval paintings.^{[citation needed]} Children rolled hoops and jumped were some of the first to jump rope in America which brought about the variation of jump rope called “Double Dutch.”^{[citation needed]} In the 1940s and 1950’s jump rope became the game of choice for city or town children because any one could play and it only required a rope.^{[citation needed]} The 1970s brought an increased interest to jump rope as a way to achieve physical fitness and health. Since then, jump rope events and programs have emerged and jumping rope has become part of many different exercise training regimens.^{[citation needed]}

Jumping rope techniques[link]

Several simultaneous jumpers, jumping a single rope

Double Dutch - Jump rope competition during a steel beach picnic on the ship USS Saipan

Some of the techniques that can be used when jumping rope are^{[citation needed]}:

Basic jump or easy jump

This is where both feet are slightly apart and jump at the same time over the rope. Beginners should master this technique first before moving onto more advanced techniques.

Alternate foot jump (speed step)

This style consists of using alternate feet to jump off the ground. This technique can be used to effectively double the number of skips per minute as compared to the above technique. This step is used for speed events.

Criss-cross

This method is similar to the basic jump with the only difference being that while jumping, the left hand goes to the right part of the body and vice versa for the right hand, with arms crossing in front of the body.

Side Swing

This is a basic technique where the rope passes the side of the skipper's body, without jumping it. Usually the skipper performs a basic jump after a side swing, or a criss-cross.

EB(front-back cross)

This is similar to the criss-cross except one arm crosses behind the back.

Double under

To perform a double under, the participant needs to jump up higher than usual while swinging the rope twice under his feet. It is possible to have the rope swing three times under the feet (triple under). In competitive jump rope, triples, quadruples ("quads"), and quintuples ("quins") are common.

Double Dutch

Double dutch is a game in which two long jump ropes turning in opposite directions are jumped by one or more players jumping simultaneously.

Toad

The toad is a more complicated trick where the jumper performs the "Cross" manoeuvre with one arm crossing under the opposite leg from the inside.

Crougar

The crougar is a trick where the jumper jumps in a normal open jump, but with one arm hooked under the same leg.

Awesome Annie

This is where the jumper alternates between a crougar and a toad without a jump in between.

Inverse toad

Similar to the toad, except the arm crosses the same leg from the outside (rather than the opposite leg from the inside).

Elephant

A cross between the inverse toad and the toad, where both arms cross under one leg, rather than one.

Frog/Donkey kick

This is a variation of a handstand, with a beginner version and an advanced version. In the beginner version, the jumper does a handstand, comes down and then pulls the rope under. In the advanced, the jumper pulls the rope while coming down from the handstand.

Combination jumps

There are many more difficult jump roping tricks that combine two or more of these techniques to make a single trick. These combinations can also be used in Chinese Wheel, Double Dutch, Egg Beater, triangle and Long Rope.

Other

Many other variations are possible, including: "skier", a side-to-side jump keeping the feet together; "bell", a front-and-back jump keeping the feet together; "scissors", a jump putting one foot forward and the other back, then switching back-and-forth; "jumping jack", a jump putting the feet apart and then together; and "can-can" a jump with one leg up and bent, followed by a jump with both feet on ground, followed by a jump kicking the foot out. The possibilities are endless, and many Grand National champions have routines consisting of tricks they made up.

In competitive jump rope, competitors are required to have three elements in their routine^{[citation needed]}: Multiple unders (when the rope passes under the feet multiple times in the air), strength or inversion/displacement, which consists of tricks utilizing a jumper's strength such as the frog/donkey kick, and rope manipulations, when one or both of the handles are released and caught, when jumpers cross the rope over their body, or when they wrap it around one of their limbs. Crosses, side swings, EB jumps, toads, and inverse toads are all examples of rope manipulations.

Health effects[link]

In contrast to running, jumping rope is unlikely to lead to knee damage since the impact of each jump or step is absorbed by the balls of both feet rather than the heels.^{[citation needed]} This decreases the ground reaction forces through the patella-femoral joint greatly.

Skipping as exercise[link]

Skipping is an activity not only suited for competition or recreation, but also for a cardiovascular workout, similar to jogging or bicycle riding. This aerobic exercise can achieve a "burn rate" of up to 700 calories per hour of vigorous activity, with about 0.1 calories consumed per jump. Ten minutes of jumping rope is roughly the equivalent of running an eight-minute mile. Jumping rope for 15–20 minutes is enough to burn off the calories from a candy bar.^[1]

Skipping can avoid the knee damage which may occur during running, since the impact of each jump or step is absorbed by both legs.^{[citation needed]} Skipping also helps strengthen the arms and shoulders.^{[citation needed]} This combination of an aerobic workout and coordination-building footwork has made jumping rope a popular form of exercise for athletes, especially boxers, amateur wrestlers and professional wrestlers.^{[citation needed]} Weighted jump ropes are available for such athletes to increase the difficulty and effectiveness of such exercise. Individuals or groups can participate in the exercise, and learning proper jump rope technique is relatively simple compared to many other athletic activities. The exercise is also appropriate for a wide range of ages and fitness levels. Jumping rope is particularly effective in an aerobic routine combined with other activities, such as walking, cycling, or running.^{[citation needed]} Many badminton players and tennis players around the world jump rope to increase their endurance for competitions.^{[citation needed]}

Competition[link]

Jump rope is an organized competitive sport, though most people who live in an area without a team may not be aware of this. Athletes compete in individual and team events using single ropes or double Dutch. In freestyle routines, jumpers have a set time limit to demonstrate a combination of skills in four categories- footwork, strength, multiple unders and rope manipulations; in many competitions these are choreographed to music. During the speed events, athletes try to complete as many jumps as possible within a particular amount of time. For example, the world record for 30 second speed is 200 jumps, set by Jolien Kempeneer.^[2]

The FISAC-IRSF World Jump Rope Championships are held in July every other year. In 2006 Toronto, Canada hosted the event and in 2008 it was held in Cape Town, South Africa. In 2010, it was in London, England. The 4th Asian Rope Skipping Championship was held on 9 February 2007 at the Talkatora Indoor Stadium, New Delhi, India, organized by the Rope Skipping Federation of India. Jump rope exhibitions are also frequently staged at events such as festivals, charity functions, and sporting half-time shows.^{[citation needed]}

The other World Championships in jump rope use a different system of judging. It aims to unify the sport. One is called World Jump Rope. Its championship is annual and held in Washington D.C.. World Jump Rope uses an older version of USA Jump Rope's judging system that promotes creativity and allows for many different styles of jump rope to be judged equally.^{[citation needed]}

United States[link]

Historically in the United States there were two competing jump rope organizations: the International Rope Skipping Organization (IRSO), and the World Rope Skipping Federation (WRSF). IRSO focused on stunt-oriented and gymnastic/athletic type jump rope moves, while the WRSF appreciated the aesthetics and form of jump roping. In 1995 these two organizations merged to form The United States Amateur Jump Rope Federation (USAJRF),^[3] which was recently renamed USA Jump Rope to fit the trend of other Olympic and Olympic-hopeful non-sports.^{[citation needed]}

In the United States, the main jump rope organization is USA Jump Rope (USAJR).^[3] USAJR is composed of hundreds of jump roping teams and hundreds of jumpers from all over the country. These teams attend workshops, training camps, perform for the public, and compete against each other throughout the year. USA Jump Rope sponsors various regional competitions and a national competition at Walt Disney World's Wide World of Sports Complex in Orlando, Florida every June. In 2009 the Competition was held in Galveston, Texas. It will be held there until 2012, when it will move to Long Beach, California. USA Jump Rope Nationals is broadcast by Fox Sports Net. Competing teams consist of athletes of all ages, but are most commonly graduate school to high school-aged individuals.^{[citation needed]}

References[link]

Further reading[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jump rope

External links[link]

Rope Skipping at the Open Directory Project

Lyen Wong (personal trainer)
Personal Info
Born	(1974-08-05) August 5, 1974 (age 37) Matanzas, Cuba
Height	168 cm
Weight	56 kg
Professional Career
Pro-debut	Miss Fitness, regional West German championships, 2005
Best win	Miss Universe Shape NABBA Intl. Inc., 2005
Predecessor	TBA
Successor	Dora Szàntai
Active	since 2005

Lyen Wong, born August 5, 1974 in Matanzas, Cuba, is a German-Cuban fitness athlete. Since her competitive debut in 2005, she has won a number of national and international titles in the fitness and figure categories.

Biography[link]

Wong's maternal grandparents hail from the Basque Country in Spain, while her father is of Chinese Cuban and Afro-Cuban descent. She has graduated from the "Universidad de Matanzas Camilo Cienfuegos" where she studied English Literature, attaining the title "Licenciada" in 1997. Before moving to Europe in 2001, first to Madrid/Spain and, in 2003, to Düsseldorf/Germany, she worked as a fitness trainer in the Cuban beach resort of Varadero.

Wong has participated in fitness competitions for the NAC Germany association since 2005. She has won the NAC Germany German championship and German Intl. championship in the Miss Fitness category. Wong has also won the Miss Universe title of NAC International in the Shape category, as well as other national and international titles.

Wong works as a Personal Trainer and has been certified by the American Council on Exercise since 2003. She currently lives with her husband in Miami, Florida. Since 2010, she participates in Figure competitions in the US.

Contest history[link]

2010[link]

• 1st place Women's Masters Figure Overall at the NPC Southern States, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida/USA
• 1st place Women's Masters Figure Over 30 at the NPC Southern States, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida/USA
• 2nd place Women's Figure Open at the NPC Southern States, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida/USA

2007[link]

• 2nd place Miss Universe Fitness, NAC International, Hamburg/Germany
• 2nd place Miss Fitness, Intl. German championships NAC, Ludwigsfelde/Germany
• 3rd place Miss Bikini at Mr. Olympia, Las Vegas/USA

2006[link]

• 3rd place N.A.B.B.A. Intl. Inc. world championships, Benidorm/Spain, Fitness Shape category
• 1st place Miss Fitness, NAC German championships, Korntal/Germany

2005[link]

• 1st place Miss Universe Shape N.A.B.B.A. Intl. Inc. Aachen/Germany
• 1st place Miss Fitness, Intl. German championships NAC, Salzgitter/Germany
• 1st place Miss Fitness, Intl. German championships NAC, Rheinbach/Germany
• 1st place Miss Fitness, Fitness World Contest, Graz/Austria
• 1st place Miss Fitness, Festival del Fitness, Rimini/Italy
• 2nd place Miss Fitness, German championships NAC, Schwerin/Germany
• 1st place Miss Fitness, regional West German championships NAC, Rheinbach/Germany

See also[link]

• List of female fitness & figure competitors
• List of notable Personal Trainers

External links[link]

• Lyen Wong official website (English)
• Video of Lyen Wong Rope Skipping
• Video of Lyen Wong martial arts workout
• Legs and glutes workout video of Lyen Wong
• Trailer of the Lyen Wong DVD

Brandon Carter
Born	1942 Australia
Fields	General relativity
Institutions	CNRS
Alma mater	Cambridge
Doctoral advisor	Dennis Sciama
Known for	Carter constant No-hair theorem Carter-Penrose diagrams Doomsday argument

Brandon Carter, FRS (born 1942) is an Australian theoretical physicist, best known for his work on the properties of black holes and for being the first to name and employ the anthropic principle in its contemporary form. He is a researcher at the Meudon campus of the Laboratoire Univers et Théories, part of the CNRS.

He studied at Cambridge under Dennis Sciama. He found the exact solution of the geodesic equations for the Kerr/Newman electrovacuum solution, and the maximal analytic extension of this solution. In the process, he discovered the extraordinary fourth constant of motion and the Killing–Yano tensor. Together with Werner Israel and Stephen Hawking, he proved the no-hair theorem in general relativity, stating that all stationary black holes are completely characterized by mass, charge, and angular momentum. More recently, Carter, Chachoua, and Chamel (2005) have formulated a relativistic theory of elastic deformations in neutron stars.

References[link]

• Carter, B. (1968). "Global structure of the Kerr family of gravitational fields". Phys. Rev. 174 (5): 1559–1571. Bibcode 1968PhRv..174.1559C. DOI:10.1103/PhysRev.174.1559. 

• Carter, B. (1968). "Hamilton-Jacobi and Schrödinger separable solutions of Einstein's equations". Commun. Math. Phys. 10 (4): 280–310. http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.cmp/1103841118. 

• Carter, B. (1970). "An axisymmetric black hole has only two degrees of freedom". Phys. Rev. Lett. 26 (6): 331–333. Bibcode 1971PhRvL..26..331C. DOI:10.1103/PhysRevLett.26.331. 

• Carter, B.; & Hartle, J. B. (Editors) (1987). Gravitation in astrophysics, Cargese, 1986. New York: Plenum Press. ISBN 0-306-42590-4. 

• Carter, B.; & Chachoua, Elie; & Chamel, Nicolas (2006). "Covariant Newtonian and Relativistic dynamics of (magneto)-elastic solid model for neutron star crust". General Relativity and Gravitation 38: 83–119. arXiv:gr-qc/0507006. Bibcode 2006GReGr..38...83C. DOI:10.1007/s10714-005-0210-0. 

External links[link]

• Site of the Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH)
  • Brandon Carter’s page at the LUTH (in French)

Jennifer Nicole Lee
Born	Jennifer Nicole Siciliano (1975-06-13) June 13, 1975 (age 37)[1] Rochester, New York, U.S.
Occupation	Television personality, actress, author, fitness celebrity
Years active	1996 - present
Spouse	Edward Lee
Website
Official Website

Jennifer Nicole Lee (born June 13, 1975) is a fitness model, actress, motivational speaker, and author. She is known for losing 70 pounds and launching a career as a fitness guru after bearing two children. She is commonly referred to as "JNL."

Early life and family[link]

Jennifer Nicole Siciliano was born in Rochester, New York to Italian immigrants; the family later moved to Tennessee.^[2] She earned a Bachelor's degree in international relations from the University of Tennessee at Knoxville.^[3]

Lee lives in Miami, Florida with her sons, Jaden and Dylan, and her husband, Edward.^[4]

Weight loss and career[link]

Lee describes herself as having "no athletic background whatsoever," and says she has struggled with her weight her entire life. She weighed 170 pounds when she got married, and continued to gain weight during both of her pregnancies, eventually reaching 200 pounds after the birth of her second child. ^[5]

Lee lost 70 pounds, was crowned "Miss Bikini America" in 1996, and launched a career as a "fitness guru".^[6][7] JNL, Inc. (now JNL, Inc. Worldwide) was founded in January 2004.^[8] Her books have been published both electronically and in print. She also launched a line of swimwear.^[7] As of 2012, Lee has appeared on 44 magazine covers,^[9] including three appearances on the cover of Oxygen magazine. ^[10] She is also the subject of a calendar titled "The Jennifer Nicole Lee Body Paint Calendar."^[11] Lee was cast as a Principle Sun Gym Trainer.^[12]

Lee was named Muscle & Fitness Magazine's 2006 Ms. Muscle and Fitness, a title she shared with Alicia Marie.^[3][13] Lee is a brand ambassador for nutritional supplement company Bio-Engineered Supplements and Nutrition (BSN). ^[14] She has appeared on "Inside Edition",^[15] "Oprah",^[15] "The Early Show,"^[16] "E! Entertainment," "Fox and Friends," and "Extra."^[17]

In 2012, CBS News named Lee as "America's Sexiest Fitness Mom." ^[18]

Lee has two clothing lines. The Jennifer Nicole Lee Collection through Rogiani is designed by Elisabetta Rogiani for fitness model photo shoots.^[19] Lee's own line is called the JNL Clothing Line, which includes gym and streetwear.^[20]

In March 2011, Lee opened the Fitness Model Factory in Miami, Florida. The "factory" is a production studio containing photography and videography studios, hair and makeup styling, and coaching for fitness models.^[21]

In 2011, Jennifer Nicole Lee was mentioned as one of the "Top Three Females in the Fitness Industry" on Yahoo Sports.^[22] Lee was also named one of Splash Online's "Best Celebrity Bikini Babes of 2011." ^[23]

Lee's trademark phrase is "Strong is the new skinny."^[24]

In April 2012, several sources reported that JNL was spotted on the set of the upcoming film, Pain & Gain, directed by Michael Bay and starring Mark Wahlberg and Dwayne Johnson. She was wearing a "Sun Gym" trainer’s shirt.^{[25][26][27][28]} Lee was cast as a Principle Sun Gym trainer.^[29]

JNL Fusion[link]

Lee is the creator of a fitness program called JNL Fusion. JNL Fusion advertising emphasizes “super spiking,” or the introduction of cardio between weight training exercises.^[30]

Lee states that JNL Fusion is designed after her own workout routine: 4 training sessions of 45 minutes each per week. The workout method is targeted to women.

The workout method includes:

• Strength training using lighter weights and body weight
• Plyometrics and jump roping
• Cardio intervals of about 30 seconds
• Advertised attempt to target the "cardio fat burning zone"^[31]

JNL Fusion is a home exercise system and DVD set.^[32] It requires several small pieces of equipment.^[33]

JNL Fusion has a certification program for personal trainers. Lee recruits and educates the trainers.^[34] She also holds an annual wellness retreat called the JNL Fusion World Conference & Fitness Revival. ^[35]

JNL Fusion uses mottos like "glutes that salute" and "fab abs."^[36]

Published work[link]

Each of her e-books is sold through a dedicated web site: "Crack the Code", "The Fitness Model Program", "The Sexy Body Diet", "101 Things Not To Do If You Want to Lose Weight", "Get Fit with JNL", "Get Fit Now With JNL", and "The Bikini Model Diet."

Lee stars in the “Fabulously Fit Moms” fitness DVD series.^[15] The series, started in 2007 with "The New Mom Workout", "Total Body Workout", "Lower Body Burn" and "Super Energized Workout."^[15][37] Two more titles were released in 2008,^[15] "Upper Body Blast"^[38] and "Sleek and Sexy Workout".^[39]

Her first book to be published in print was The Mind, Body & Soul Diet: Your Complete Transformational Guide to Health, Healing Happiness,^[40] released on January 1, 2010.^[41] Jennifer Nicole Lee's second hard copy published book is entitled "The Jennifer Nicole Lee Fitness Model Diet: JNL's Super Fitness Model Secrets to a Sexy, Strong, Sleek Physique".^[42] In addition to her published cookbooks, Lee has her own online cooking show called "Fun Fit Foodie." ^[43] She also has a published cookbook called "The Jennifer Nicole Lee Fun Fit Foodie Cookbook."^[44]

Gallery[link]

• 

  Jennifer Lee having just won Bikini Model of the Year

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References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Jennifer Nicole Lee

• Jennifer Nicole Lee at the Internet Movie Database
• Official website
• Jennifer Nicole Lee Blog
• Jennifer Nicole Video News
• Jennifer Nicole Lee Hair
• Jennifer Nicole Lee Media