PSC, Psc or psc may refer to:

Biology

• Pancreatic stellate cell
• Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis

Business and Social

• Louisiana Public Service Commission
• Pacific Securities
• Personal service corporation
• Prescot railway station, England; National Rail station code PSC
• Protein Sciences Corporation, a biotech company
• Public Service Commission (disambiguation), regulatory bodies, with competence varying by jurisdiction
• Tri-Cities Airport in Pasco, Washington (airport code)

Technology

• Pacific Science Center, a science museum in Seattle, Washington
• Packet Switching Cluster, Asynchronous Transfer Mode packets
• Personal supercomputer
• Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, National Science Foundation funded Supercomputer center
• Printer-Scanner-Copier, a term by Hewlett-Packard

Politics

• Christian Social Party, a former Belgian party, now called Humanist Democratic Centre
• Christian Social Party, a Belgium party in the German-speaking community of Belgium
• Louisiana Public Service Commission
• Palestine Solidarity Campaign in the United Kingdom
• Partido Social Conservador, a political party in Nicaragua
• Partido Social Cristiano, name of two political parties, one in Ecuador and the other in Nicaragua
• Partido Socialista de Chile, a Chilean party
• Partit dels Socialistes de Catalunya or Socialists' Party of Catalonia, a Catalan party
• Peace and Security Council of the African Union
• Political and Security Committee, a permanent body of the European Union
• Public Service Commission (in Louisiana)
• Social Christian Party (Brazil) (Partido Social Cristão), a party in Brazil

Media Production

• Palestinian Satellite Channel
• Portable Single Camera - another way of referring to a Single-camera setup

Military

• psc (British Army), "Passed Staff College" (British Army, and Air Force), or "Passed Staff Course" (Royal Navy)
• Private security contractor

Science and Medicine

• Premature stop codon, a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA
• Phylogenetic species concept.
• Pisces (constellation) (standard astronomical abbreviation)
• Polar stratospheric cloud
• Primary sclerosing cholangitis

Schools

• Parkwood Secondary College, Ringwood North, Victoria, Australia
• Peter Symonds College, a sixth form college in Winchester, UK
• Pensacola State College, a public state college in Pensacola, FL
• Photography Studies College, an independent tertiary college in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
• Polk State College, a college in Polk County, Florida

Shipping

• Port State Control

Sport

• Partille Sport Club, Swedish field- and indoor hockey team
• Philippine Sports Commission

Other

• P$C, an American hip-hop group
• Palm Springs, California
• Putonghua Shuiping Ceshi, the National Putonghua Proficiency Test

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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Peter Stuyvesant Painting by Hendrick Couturier c. 1660 7th Director-General of New Netherland In office 1647–1664 Preceded by Willem Kieft Succeeded by Office abolished Personal details Born c.1612 Peperga, Dutch Republic Died August 1672 (aged c. 60) New York, Province of New York New Netherland series Exploration Fortifications:  • Fort Amsterdam  • Fort Nassau (North)  • Fort Orange  • Fort Nassau (South)  • Fort Goede Hoop  • De Wal  • Fort Casimir  • Fort Altena  • Fort Wilhelmus  • Fort Beversreede  • Fort Nya Korsholm  • De Rondout Settlements:  • Noten Eylandt  • New Amsterdam  • Rensselaerswyck  • New Haarlem  • Noortwyck  • Beverwijck  • Wiltwyck  • Bergen  • Pavonia  • Vriessendael  • Achter Col  • Vlissingen  • Oude Dorpe  • Colen Donck  • Greenwich  • Heemstede  • Rustdorp  • Gravesende  • Breuckelen  • New Amersfoort  • Midwout  • New Utrecht  • Boswyck  • Swaanendael  • New Amstel  • Nieuw Dorp The Patroon System Charter of Freedoms and Exemptions Directors of New Netherland: Cornelius Jacobsen May (1620-25) Willem Verhulst (1625-26) Peter Minuit (1626-32) Sebastiaen Jansen Krol (1632-33) Wouter van Twiller (1633-38) Willem Kieft (1638-47) Peter Stuyvesant (1647-64) People of New Netherland New Netherlander Twelve Men Eight Men Flushing Remonstrance

Peter Stuyvesant (c.1612 – August 1672), served as the last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664, after which it was renamed New York. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City. Stuyvesant's accomplishments as director-general included a great expansion for the settlement of New Amsterdam beyond the southern tip of Manhattan. Among the projects built by Stuyvesant's administration were the protective wall on Wall Street, the canal that became Broad Street, and Broadway.

Although conventionally referred to in English today as "Peter Stuyvesant", Stuyvesant's given name was actually "Pieter" or "Petrus"; "Peter" is not found in historical records.

Life and career[link]

Stuyvesant was born in Peperga, Friesland in the Netherlands, to Balthazar Johannes Stuyvesant, a minister, and Margaretha Hardenstein around 1612. He grew up in Scherpenzeel. He studied languages and philosophy in Franeker,^[1] and joined the West India Company about 1635, and was director of the Dutch West India Company's colony of Curaçao from 1642 to 1644.

In April 1644, he attacked the Spanish-held island of Saint Martin and lost the lower part of his right leg to a cannon ball. He returned to the Netherlands, where his right leg was amputated and replaced with a wooden peg. Supposedly, Stuyvesant was given the nickname "Old Silver Leg" because he used a stick of wood driven full of silver bands as a prosthetic limb.^[2]

In May 1645 he was selected by the Dutch West India Company to replace Willem Kieft as Director-General of the New Netherland colony. He arrived in New Amsterdam on May 11, 1647. In September 1647, he appointed an advisory council of Nine Men as representatives of the colonists.

He married Judith Bayard (c. 1610-1687) in 1645. She was born in Breda, the sister of Samuel Bayard of Amsterdam, who was married to Anna Stuyvesant, his sister. She nursed him back to health following the loss of his right lower leg at Saint Martin and subsequent return to the Netherlands to recuperate. Petrus and Judith had a son, Nicolaes Willem Stuyvesant (1648–1698), who married Maria Beeckman, the daughter of Willem Beeckman.

Stuyvesant became involved in a dispute with Theophilus Eaton, the governor of New Haven Colony, over the border of the two colonies. In 1648, a conflict started between him and Brant Aertzsz van Slechtenhorst, the commissary of the patroonship Rensselaerwijck. Stuyvesant claimed he had power over Rensselaerwijck despite special privileges granted to Kiliaen van Rensselaer in the patroonship regulations of 1629.

In 1649, Stuyvesant marched to Fort Orange with a military escort and ordered houses to be razed to permit a better defense of the fort in case of an attack from the Native Americans. When Van Slechtenhorst refused, Stuyvesant sent a group of soldiers to enforce his orders. The controversy that followed resulted in the founding of Beverwijck.

In September 1650, a meeting of the commissioners on boundaries took place in Hartford, Connecticut. The border was arranged to the dissatisfaction of the Nine Men, who declared that "the governor had ceded away enough territory to found fifty colonies each fifty miles square." Stuyvesant then threatened to dissolve the council. A new plan of municipal government was arranged in the Netherlands, and the name "New Amsterdam" was officially declared on 2 February 1653. Stuyvesant made a speech for the occasion, saying that his authority would remain undiminished.

On the Castello map, 1660, Whitehall stands out by its white roof and extensive garden

New Amsterdam in 1664

Petrus was now ordered to the Netherlands, but the order was soon revoked under pressure from the States of Holland and the city of Amsterdam. Stuyvesant prepared against an attack by ordering the citizens to dig a ditch from the North River to the East River and to erect a fortification.

In 1653, a convention of two deputies from each village in New Netherland demanded reforms, and Stuyvesant commanded that assembly to disperse, saying: "We derive our authority from God and the company, not from a few ignorant subjects."

In 1655, he sailed into the Delaware River with a fleet of seven vessels and about 700 men and took possession of the colony of New Sweden, which was renamed "New Amstel." In his absence, New Amsterdam was attacked by Native Americans, during the "Peach War".

In 1657 Stuyvesant, who did not tolerate full religious freedom in the colony,^[3] and especially the presence of Quakers, ordered the public torture of Robert Hodgson, a 23-year-old Quaker convert who had become an influential preacher. Stuyvesant then made an ordinance, punishable by fine and imprisonment, against anyone found guilty of harboring Quakers. That action led to a protest from the citizens of Flushing, Queens, which came to be known as the Flushing Remonstrance, considered by some a precursor to the United States Constitution's provision on freedom of religion in the Bill of Rights. Freedom of religion was also tested when Peter Stuyvesant refused to allow Jews from Northern Brazil to settle permanently in New Amsterdam (without passports) and join the existing community of Jews (with passports from Amsterdam). Stuyvesant's decision was rescinded after pressure from the directors of the Dutch West India Company; as a result, Stuyvesant allowed Jewish immigrants to stay in the colony as long as their community was self-supporting, but – with the support of the company – forbade them to build a synagogue, forcing them to worship in a private house.^[4] This followed earlier efforts to have Jews required "in a friendly way to depart" the colony. As he wrote to the Amsterdam Chamber of the Dutch West India Company in 1654 he hoped that "the deceitful race, – such hateful enemies and blasphemers of the name of Christ, – be not allowed to further infect and trouble this new colony."^[5]

In 1664, Charles II of England ceded to his brother, James II of England, a large tract of land that included New Netherland. Four English ships bearing 450 men, commanded by Richard Nicolls, seized the Dutch colony. On 30 August 1664, George Cartwright sent the governor a letter demanding surrender. He promised "life, estate, and liberty to all who would submit to the king's authority." Stuyvesant signed a treaty at his Bouwerij house on 9 September 1664. Nicolls was declared governor, and the city was renamed New York City. Stuyvesant obtained civil rights and freedom of religion in the Articles of Capitulation. The Dutch settlers mainly belonged to the Dutch Reformed church, a strict Calvinist denomination. The English were Anglican, theologically closer to the Roman Catholic Church.

In 1665, Stuyvesant went to the Netherlands to report on his term as governor. On his return, he spent the remainder of his life on his farm of sixty-two acres outside the city, called the Great Bouwerie, beyond which stretched the woods and swamps of the village of Haarlem. A pear tree that he reputedly brought from the Netherlands in 1647 remained at the corner of Thirteenth Street and Third Avenue until 1867, bearing fruit almost to the last. The house was destroyed by fire in 1777. He also built an executive mansion of stone called Whitehall. He died in August 1672 and his body was entombed in the east wall of St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery, which sits on the site of Stuyvesant’s family chapel.^[6]

New York Governor Hamilton Fish was descended from Stuyvesant

Legacy[link]

• Stuyvesant and his family were large land owners in the northeastern portion of New Amsterdam, and the Stuyvesant name is currently associated with the Stuyvesant Town housing complex as well as Stuyvesant Square, a park in the area. His farm, called the "Bouwerij" – the seventeenth-century Dutch word for farm – was the source for the name of the Manhattan street The Bowery, and the chapel facing Bouwerie's long approach road (now Stuyvesant Street) became St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery. The contemporary neighborhood of Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn includes Stuyvesant Heights and retains its name. Also named after him are the hamlets of Stuyvesant and Stuyvesant Falls in Columbia County, New York, where descendants of the early Dutch settlers still live and where the Dutch Reformed Church remains an important part of the community, as well as shopping centers, yacht clubs and other buildings and facilities throughout the area where the Dutch colony once was. More modestly, Peter Island in the British Virgin Islands was also named after Stuyvesant during the Dutch West India Company's administration of that Territory.
• Stuyvesant was a great believer in education. In 1660 he was quoted as saying that "Nothing is of greater importance than the early instruction of youth." In 1661, New Amsterdam had one grammar school, two free elementary schools, and had licensed 28 masters of school. To honor Stuyvesant's dedication to education and New Amsterdam's legal-cultural tradition of toleration under Stuyvesant, Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan was named after him.
• The last direct descendant of Pieter Stuyvesant to bear his surname was Augustus van Horne Stuyvesant, Jr., who died a bachelor in 1953 at the age of 83 in his mansion at 2 East 79th Street. Rutherford Stuyvesant, the 19th century New York developer, and his descendants are also descended from Pieter Stuyvesant, however Rutherford Stuyvesant changed his name from Stuyvesant Rutherford in 1863 to satisfy the terms of a will.^[7]

A bust of Stuyvesant by Dutch artist Toon Dupuis which was presented by Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and the Dutch Government to St. Mark's Church in-the-Bowery on December 5, 1915^[8]

In popular culture[link]

• Peter Stuyvesant is the major antagonist in the 1938 Kurt Weill-Maxwell Anderson musical Knickerbocker Holiday, in which he sings the song "September Song". In the stage production he was portrayed by Walter Huston; in the much-altered 1944 film version he was portrayed by Charles Coburn in his only singing role.
• In Sid Meier's Civilization IV: Colonization, Peter Stuyvesant is one of the leaders of the Dutch colonies. Adriaen van der Donck is the other possible Dutch leader. In Sid Meier's Colonization computer game, Stuyvesant can be elected to the Continental Congress, allowing the player to build Custom Houses which automate trade with the mother country.
• Stuyvesant was a key figure in the Belgian comic strip Suske en Wiske in episode 269, "De Stugge Stuyvesant".
• The old time radio show Duffy's Tavern had an episode which used a newly discovered diary of Stuyvesant as a plot device.
• A cigarette brand by Imperial Tobacco is named Peter Stuyvesant. These cigarettes are popular in Australia, Greece, New Zealand, Zambia and South Africa.
• In Charles Bukowski's 1978 novel Women, the main character, Henry Chinaski, vomits on Peter Stuyvesant's burial vault cover before a poetry reading at St. Mark's Church.

See also[link]

• Adriaen van der Donck

References[link]

Notes

Bibliography

• Encyclopaedia Britannica, Eleventh Edition (1911). Peter Stuyvesant. http://21.1911encyclopedia.org/S/ST/STUYVESANT_PETER.htm. 
• Peabody, Michael D. (Nov/Dec 2005). "The Flushing Remonstrance". Liberty Magazine. http://www.libertymagazine.org/index.php?id=1349. 
• Abbott, John S. C. (2004) [1898]. Peter Stuyvesant, the Last Dutch Governor of New Amsterdam. http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/13811. 
• Jaap Jacobs (2005), New Netherland: A Dutch Colony in Seventeenth-Century America. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, ISBN 90-04-12906-5.
• Matthew Frye Jacobson (1998), Whiteness of a Different Color: European Immigrants and the Alchemy of Race.

External links[link]

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Peter Stuyvesant

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Peter Stuyvesant

• Appleton's Biography edited by Stanley L. Klos
• Alonzo Potter Family website

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Carlos Walker (born 1975), better known by his stage name Shawty Lo, is an American rapper, founder of D4L Records, and member of hip hop group D4L. His first solo album, Units in the City, was released on February 26, 2008. On June 8, 2011 he signed his label D4L Records to 50 Cent's, G-Unit Records.^[1][2]

Early life[link]

Walker was raised in the Bowen Homes housing project, located in Bankhead, Atlanta.^[3][4] When he was a teenager, he sold drugs and mugged people. By the age of 17, Carlos had fathered his first child, and his grandmother died.^[3][4] He now has a total of ten children: eight daughters and two sons.^[4]

Music career[link]

Career with D4L[link]

After a decade of unlawful activities, Walker decided to turn his attention to music and began performing as Shawty Lo. In 2003, Shawty Lo founded D4L Records, with other rappers Fabo, Stuntman and Mook B. His associates are each from different Bankhead housing projects; Bankhead Courts, Hollywood Courts and Perry Homes respectively. The group's debut single "Betcha Can't Do It Like Me" became a local hit in 2004. Lo was convicted of assault and selling cocaine and served a year in prison until July 27, 2005.^[2][5] In January 2006, D4L's single "Laffy Taffy" reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart.^[6]

Solo career[link]

[edit] 2008: Units in the City

On February 26, 2008, Shawty Lo's debut album Units in the City was released. The album peaked at #14 on the Billboard 200 and at #2 on the Top Rap Albums chart, selling over 160,000 copies to date. The debut single from the album, Dey Know, charted at #3 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. The other two single releases from the album were Dunn Dunn and Foolish.

The album features famous guest appearances from major label artists. All featured artists, such as Gucci Mane, hail from the Atlanta area. Aside from the album-singles, several other tracks have received heavy underground play, most notably 'Got Em 4 The LO' and 'Lets Get It'. One of the most notable lyrics include Shawty Lo musing "Einee menee, mineee, L-O." Got Em 4 The Lo, featuring Gucci Mane and Stuntman is the only non-single track to have had a music video made for it.^[7]

The songs Dey Know and Foolish have both been officially remixed including many famous guest appearances. These include Ludacris, Young Jeezy, Plies, Lil' Wayne, DJ Khaled, Birdman, Rick Ross and Jim Jones. The Foolish video also included cameo appearances from Pitbull, Jadakiss and Ace Hood.

[edit] 2010–present: Bankhead Born & Raised: Carlos

Shawty Lo's second solo album, Bankhead Born & Raised: Carlos is set to be released soon. Artists to be featured include Rick Ross, T-Pain, Lil Kim, Bun B, Nate Butler, Lyfe Jennings, T.I., Lil Wayne, and Gucci Mane. Shawty Lo confirmed that Atlanta, GA, which features Gucci Mane, Ludacris and The-Dream, will be the first single released from the album. The album is also notable for Roll the Dice, a song which marks the end of the beef between himself and rapper T.I.^[8]

Signing To G-Unit Records[link]

On June 10, 2011, it was confirmed by both Shawty Lo and Allhiphop.com that he has signed a large deal with G-Unit Records after it was reported they were in talks.^[1] Shawty Lo said, "My new situation with G-Unit was just solidified and I got off the phone with 50 yesterday, I just signed a really large deal,” when talking to allhiphop.com. As well as, “Its like a new beginning and all I needed was someone behind me. 50 Cent is a marketing genius and I got my new thing D4L and G-Unit and we going to be working the south and the rest of the world if need be".^[9] It was later clarified by Shawty Lo that he had not signed as an artist but instead he had signed his label.

Controversy[link]

T.I.[link]

In 2008, Shawty Lo was involved in a highly publicized feud with another Atlanta rapper, T.I. The feud was characterized by Shawty Lo's track "Dunn Dunn", and T.I.'s reply "What Up, What's Haapnin". The song "Dunn Dunn" appears to question T.I.'s roots in Bankhead. The music video for "What Up, What's Haapnin" was shot in Bowen Homes. In an interview, T.I. insisted that his song "No Matter What" was only partially aimed at Shawty Lo.^[10]

The feud reached its climax at the November 2008 Dirty Awards where the entourages of both artists clashed during the ceremony, forcing it to be shut down. Two incidents forced police to use pepper-spray and evacuate the audience.^[11]

The feud was publicly squashed on March 7, 2009, when Shawty Lo and T.I. appeared on-stage together at Club Crucial in Bankhead, for T.I.'s farewell concert.^[12] After this performance, T.I. gave an interview to MTV, in which he stated that the feud with Shawty Lo was exaggerated by the media, and was not a 'beef'.^[13] Shawty Lo also made a song Roll the Dice, a song which marks the end of the beef between himself and T.I.^[8]

Discography[link]

• Units in the City (2008) Asylum Records
• Still Got Units (2012) G-Unit Records

Awards[link]

• BET Hip Hop Awards
  • 2008, Rookie of the Year [Won]
  • 2008, Track of the Year, "Dey Know" [Won]

• Ozone Awards
  • 2008, Best Rap Album, Units in the City [Nominated]
  • 2008, Breakthrough Artist [Won]
  • 2008, Club Banger of the Year, "Dey Know" [Nominated]
  • 2008, Best Mixtape/Street Album, "I'm Da Man 2" with DJ Scream [Nominated]

External links[link]

• Official site
• Shawty Lo on Myspace

See also[link]

• D4L

References[link]

Marcos Pereira (born 2 April 1975) is a retired Brazilian football striker who played for several clubs in the Belgian Pro League, including K.V. Mechelen, K. Sint-Truidense V.V. and Royal Antwerp.

External links[link]

• Profile at Guardian's Stats Centre

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This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Tagged since January 2010. It may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since January 2010.

Silas Malafaia (born August 20, 1962) is a Brazilian televangelist.^[1] He is a very known televangelist and is married to Elizete Malafaia.^[1] This same program is also broadcast to more than 150 countries. In the United States, it is transmitted by CTNI, and in Europe and Africa, by TV Manasat 1. In 2009, he bought a private jet to travel.^[2] He is also a creationist.^[3]

References[link]

See New York Times article of November 26, 2011 The Saturday Profile: Evangelical Leader Rises in Brazil's Culture Wars - By SIMON ROMERO

Silas Malafaia has recently attracted the most attention with his pointed verbal attacks on leaders of Brazil's movement for gay rights and proponents of abortion rights. Go to NY Times article

1. ^ ^{a b} (Portuguese) Official site
2. ^ (Portuguese) Jet
3. ^ (Portuguese) Boo

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