Sign denoting twin towns of Neckarsulm, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

This article is missing information about the nature of twin town agreements, specifically, the typical terms of such agreements.. Please expand the primary text and the lead to include this information. (April 2011)

Twin towns and sister cities are two of many terms used to describe the cooperative agreements between towns, cities, and even counties in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.

Terminology[link]

In the United Kingdom, the term twin towns is most commonly used, generally referring to town-twinning with Europe, differentiating with the term sister cities, which is used for agreements with towns and cities in the Americas. In Europe, a variety of terms are used; most commonly twin towns, but partnership towns, partner towns and friendship towns, are also used. Germany and Poland use Partnerstadt(Ger.) / Miasto Partnerskie (Pol.) (Partner Town/City), France uses Ville Jumelée (Twinned Town/City), while Italy has gemellaggio (twinning) and comune gemellato (twinned municipality). In the Netherlands, the term Stedenband (City bond) is used. North America, South America, South Asia, Australasia and Asia generally use the term sister cities. In the former Soviet Block countries twin towns is used, as well as the term brother cities.^[1]

Sometimes, other government bodies enter into a "twinning" relationship, such as the agreement between the provinces of Hainan in China and Jeju-do in South Korea.

The Douzelage is a town twinning association with one town from each of the member states of the European Union.^[2]

Europe[link]

Sign showing twin towns of Pápa, Hungary

Four twinning towns of Brzeg Dolny, Poland

Sign showing twin towns of Saint Sylvain d'Anjou, France

Sister Cities Bridge with national flags in the Country Club Plaza district of Kansas City, United States

Sign showing twin towns of Epping, United Kingdom

Los Angeles City Hall, and its signpost of Sister Cities

Isfahan street in Kuala Lumpur
and vice versa.

The earliest form of town twinning in Europe was between the German city of Paderborn and the French city of Le Mans in 836.^[3] Keighley, West Yorkshire, England had a "sister cities" arrangement with Suresnes and Puteaux, France starting in 1905.^[4][5] The first recorded modern twinning agreement was between Keighley and Poix-du-Nord, Nord, France in 1920 following the end of World War I.^[5][6] This was initially referred to as an adoption of the French town, with formal twinning charters not being exchanged until 1986.^[7]

The practice was continued after the Second World War as a way to bring European people into a closer understanding of each other and to promote cross-border projects of mutual benefit.^[3][8][9] For example, Coventry twinned with Stalingrad (now Volgograd) and later with Dresden as an act of peace and reconciliation, all three cities having been heavily bombed during the war.^[10] Each twin city country is represented in a specific ward of the city and in each ward has a peace garden dedicated to that twin city.^[3] Another early example of town twinning dates back to 1947 when Bristol Corporation (later Bristol City Council) sent five 'leading citizens' on a goodwill mission to Hanover.

Within Europe, town twinning is supported by the European Union.^[3] The support scheme was established in 1989. In 2003 an annual budget of about 12 million euros was allocated to about 1,300 projects. The Council of European Municipalities and Regions also works closely with the Commission (DG Education and Culture) to promote modern, high quality twinning initiatives and exchanges that involve all sections of the community. It has launched a website dedicated to town twinning.^[11] Twinned towns are often chosen because of some similarity: thus about 15 towns in Wales are twinned with towns in Britanny, and Oxford is with other celebrated university towns: Bonn, Leiden, Grenoble and others.

Many German cities still are twinned with other German cities. The partnerships were established in the last years of former East Germany. Famous examples are the partnerships of Hanover and Leipzig (both having important trade fair grounds) or between Hamburg and Dresden.

North America[link]

The first city in North America to establish a sister city relationship was Toledo, Ohio, United States with Toledo, Spain in 1931. Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada was also a notable city to enter into an intercontinental twinning arrangement when, in 1944, it twinned with the Ukrainian city of Odessa, which at the time was part of the Soviet Union. This was based on aiding the allied port city during the Second World War.

Tashkent, the Uzbek capital, then part of the Soviet Union, was twinned with Seattle, Washington in 1973 and became the first Soviet city to be twinned with one in the US. Another first for town twinning occurred in 1967 when Rochester, Minnesota and Knebworth, UK teamed up to bring a primary medical research front.

See also[link]

• European congress on citizenship and twinning
• Cross-border town naming
• List of twin towns and sister cities
• Paradiplomacy
• Sister Cities International
• Partnership 2000
• World City

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Twinnings for Tomorrow's World - A Practical Handbook. Brussels: CEMR Council of European Municipalities and Regions. http://admin5.geniebuilder.com/users/ccre/bases/T_599_46_3524.pdf. Retrieved 11 January 2010. 

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Town twinning

• Germany and the town twinning movement
• Town twinning in Europe's municipalities, towns and regions
• Town twinning in Britain since 1945
• Twinning in Europe
• UK Town Twinning Portal

Sam Clark
Background information
Birth name	Samuel James Clark
Born	(1987-10-18) 18 October 1987 (age 24) Adelaide, Australia
Origin	Melbourne, Australia
Genres	Pop rock
Occupations	actor, singer-songwriter
Instruments	Guitar, keyboards
Years active	2007–present (acting) 2009–present (singing)
Labels	Independent
Website	http://samclarkofficial.com/

Samuel James Clark (born 18 October 1987), known simply as Sam Clark, is an Australian actor, singer-songwriter from Adelaide, South Australia, best known for his role as Ringo Brown on the Australian soap opera, Neighbours. Clark made his musical debut in 2009 with the hit single "Broken", which peaked at number one on the Australian Physical Singles Chart^[1] His third single "Devastated" also peaked at number one on the same chart.^[2] In August 2010, Clark released his debut studio album, Take Me Home.

Early life[link]

Clark is a graduate of St Peter's College, Adelaide, and was a keen participant in several high school theatre productions, including a main role in West Side Story. In 2006, Clark formed a group (originally a duo) called, Solid White Line with members, Jake Long and James Brown.^[3]

Acting career[link]

Clark won the role of Ringo Brown after auditioning for a nation-wide Dolly Magazine competition with Adelaide Kane; as the winner, he won a three month contract with the show, which has since been extended. Clark made his Neighbours debut on 24 January 2007. The character is actually three years younger than Clark's actual age.^[4] Clark went through a long audition process compared with other Neighbours cast members, as he had to audition four times. On entering the show, Clark described Ringo as a "good-hearted kid", who does the normal things that a 16-year-old kid does.^[4] In 2009, it was announced that Clark was to take a three month break from Neighbours to focus on his music career.^[5] Clark returned to filming in February 2010.^[6] In July 2010, Clark announced that he would be leaving Neighbours in order to focus more on his music career. He said "I love acting and I'm definitely going to strive for further success in that part of my life, however music has always been a passion and I want to give it my all right now."^[7]

Music career[link]

[edit] 2009–present: Take Me Home

Since 2009, Clark has released his music through PLW Entertainment. "Broken" the debut single from Clark, was released in November 2009^[8] The single peaked at number thirty nine on the ARIA Singles Chart^[9] It has had a better impact on other charts where it peaked at number one on the Australian Physical Singles Chart and at number eleven on the Australian Singles Charts (chart only for Australian origin)^[1] The second single, "Send Me a Sign" was released on 22 April 2010^[10] and first premiered during an episode of Neighbours, where Clark sang it in character as Ringo Brown.^[11] The single failed to make an impact on the charts and had no physical release.

In July 2010, Clark released his third single, "Devastated"^[12] which debuted at number one on the Australian Physical Singles Chart.^[2] This single included the bonus track of "Suddenly", Clark's modern take on the original song by Angry Anderson, which was played in an episode of Neighbours during his character's (Ringo Brown) wedding to Donna Freedman (Margot Robbie).^[13] In August 2010, Clark began a five week national tour across Australia, visiting fifty schools to promote the single and to also talk about his commitment to giving blood as an ambassador for the Red Cross Blood Service.^[14] Clark's debut album, Take Me Home was released on 20 August^[15]

Discography[link]

Studio albums[link]

Singles[link]

Music videos[link]

Filmography[link]

Awards and nominations[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website
• Sam Clark at the Internet Movie Database
• Sam Clark on Twitter
• Sam Clark on Facebook
• Sam Clark on Myspace
• Sam Clark's channel on YouTube
• Sam Clark on SoundCloud