ISO 639-3:2007, Codes for the representation of names of languages — Part 3: Alpha-3 code for comprehensive coverage of languages, is an international standard for language codes in the ISO 639 series. The standard describes three‐letter codes for identifying languages. It extends the ISO 639-2 alpha-3 codes with an aim to cover all known natural languages. The standard was published by ISO on 2007-02-05.^[1]

It is intended for use in a wide range of applications, in particular computer systems where many languages need to be supported. It provides an enumeration of languages as complete as possible, including living and extinct, ancient and constructed, major and minor, written and unwritten.^[1] However, it does not include reconstructed languages such as Proto-Indo-European.^[2]

It is a superset of ISO 639-1 and of the individual languages in ISO 639-2. ISO 639-1 and ISO 639-2 focused on major languages, most frequently represented in the total body of the world's literature. Since ISO 639-2 also includes language collections and Part 3 does not, ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2. Where B and T codes exist in ISO 639-2, ISO 639-3 uses the T-codes.

Examples:

As of April 2012^[update], the standard contains 7776 entries.^[3] The inventory of languages is based on a number of sources including: the individual languages contained in 639-2, modern languages from the Ethnologue, historic varieties, ancient languages and artificial languages from Anthony Aristar at the Linguist List as well as languages recommended within a public commenting period.

A transition from ISO 639-1 to ISO 636-3 could be done using the data contained in the list of ISO 639-1 codes.

Code space[link]

Since the code is three-letter alphabetic, one upper bound for the number of languages that can be represented is 26 × 26 × 26 = 17576. Since ISO 639-2 defines special codes (4), a reserved range (520) and B-only codes (23), 547 codes cannot be used in part 3. Therefore a lower upper bound is 17576 − 547 = 17030.

The upper bound gets even lower if one subtracts the language collections defined in 639-2 and the ones yet to be defined in ISO 639-5.

Macrolanguages[link]

There are 56 languages in ISO 639-2 which are considered, for the purposes of the standard, to be "macrolanguages" in ISO 639-3.^[4]

Some of these macrolanguages had no individual language as defined by ISO 639-3 in the code set of ISO 639-2, e.g. 'ara' (Generic Arabic). Others like 'nor' (Norwegian) had their two individual parts ('nno' (Nynorsk), 'nob' (Bokmål)) already in ISO 639-2.

That means some languages (e.g. 'arb', Standard Arabic) that were considered by ISO 639-2 to be dialects of one language ('ara') are now in ISO 639-3 in certain contexts considered to be individual languages themselves.

This is an attempt to deal with varieties that may be linguistically distinct from each other, but are treated by their speakers as two forms of the same language, e.g. in cases of diglossia.

For example:

• http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=ara (Generic Arabic, 639-2)
• http://www.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=arb (Standard Arabic, 639-3)

See ^[5] for the complete list.

Collective languages[link]

"A collective language code element is an identifier that represents a group of individual languages that are not deemed to be one language in any usage context."^[6] These codes do not precisely represent a particular language or macrolanguage.

While ISO 639-2 includes three-letter identifiers for collective languages, these codes are excluded from ISO 639-3. Hence ISO 639-3 is not a superset of ISO 639-2.

ISO 639-5 defines 3-letter collective codes for language families and groups.

Usage of ISO 639-3[link]

• Lexical Markup Framework, ISO specification for representation of machine-readable dictionaries
• Ethnologue, Linguist List,
• IETF language tag
• proposed as language TLD (lcTLD) [1] [2]

Generic codes[link]

Three codes are set aside for languages without specific identification:

In addition, codes qaa–qtz are 'reserved for local use', for example for extinct languages at Linguist List.

See also[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

• ISO 639-3 Registration Authority
• FAQ at the United States Library of Congress website
• Pending ISO 639-3 applications
• Linguist List - List of Ancient and Extinct Languages
• explanation by Håvard Hjulstad

Jazz guitarist Franco Cerri in Milano, Italy in September 2008

Franco Cerri (born January 29, 1926) is an Italian guitarist, born in Milan.

Franco Cerri is considered as “the best Italian guitarist”^[1] and “one of the best guitarist that European jazz has produced” and became popular in Italy thanks to his participation to the television show Buone Vacanze.^[2] He was not only one of the world's most popular and the most authoritative Italian guitarists, but was also one of the most important stylists of the European jazz world.

He began his long and prolific career in 1945 with Gorni Kramer and in 1949 he accompanied Django Reinhardt. In the 1950s he was near great jazz masters. Working with musicians from Chet Baker to Gerry Mulligan, and from Billie Holiday to Lee Konitz, and in modern jazz quartet or quintet, with musicians such as Tullio De Piscopo, Pino Presti, Gianluigi Trovesi, Flavio Ambrosetti and Jean-Luc Ponty,^[3] he became a leader in the Italian and European jazz world.

On January 1, 2006 he was named "Commendatore della Repubblica" (official title awarded for service to Italy) by President of the Italian Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.

Discography[link]

Albums[link]

• 1952 - The Franco Cerri Quintet'
• 1958 - Jazzin' with Cerri
• 1959 - Franco Cerri and his European Jazz Stars
• 1960 - Franco Cerri Quartet
• 1960 - Franco Cerri Quartet and Choristers
• 1961 - Franco Cerri International Jazz Meeting
• 1963 - Bossa nova (Columbia, QPX 8043)
• 1964 - Chitarra, QPX 8059)
• 1966 - 12 bacchette per una chitarra
• 1968 - La sera a casa con te (CGD, POP 73)
• 1970 - Franco Cerri Jazz (Dire^{[disambiguation needed ]}, FO 338)
• 1973 - Metti una sera Cerri (Music, LPM 2012)
• 1974 - From Cathetus to Cicero
• 1975 - A Limen
• 1975 - Querce platani e cerri
• 1976 - Nuages (Dischi Ricordi)
• 1977 - Un suo modo di dire (Dire, FO 347)
• 1978 - Noi duero
• 1979 - Demoiselle
• 1981 - Omaggio a Bill Evans (Dire, FO 361; with Enrico Intra)
• 1982 - Effetto Alfa
• 1984 - Franco Cerri Today! (Dire, FO 372)
• 1985 - From Milan to Frankfurt
• 1990 - Jazz in Italy (with Enrico Intra quartet; Ariston Records, ARJ/701)
• 1990 - Di jazz in jazz (Dire^{[disambiguation needed ]} FO386)
• 1993 - Cerri & Cerri
• 1995 - A Django, en souvenir de Milan
• 1997 - From Milan to Brussels
• 1998 - Images
• 1999 - Di Jazz in Cerri...di Cerri in Jazz
• 2000 - In punta di Cerri
• 2003 - From Cathetus to Cicero (riedizione in cd)
• 2004 - Ieri & oggi (ried. in cd di Metti una sera Cerri + bonus track)
• 2006 - Just Smile (ospite)
• 2011 - Bossa with Strings (Blue Serge)
• 2012 - Cerrimedioatutto (M.A.P. Golden Jazz)

Sources[link]

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