- published: 19 Oct 2006
- views: 203981
Vimeo results:
Youtube results:
add
Loading...
Branches of Mathematics
Pure mathematics
Applied mathematics
- Dynamical systems and differential equations
- Mathematical physics
- Computing
- Information theory and signal processing
- Probability and statistics
- Game theory
- Operations research
Related Topics
- Electromagnetic Spectrum
- Linear Equations
- Applied Physics
- Nano Technology
- Engineering Sciences
- Mathematical Medicine
- Fluid dynamics
- Computational Mathematics
- Gamma Ray Optics
- Onfrared Optics
- Relative Velocity
- Iciam
- Intelligent Imaging Neuroscience
- Biomedical Engineering
- Neuroscience Research
- Quantum Cosmology
- Brain Research
Open Collage in a new Window
Email the Collage
- Loading...
Loading suggestions ...
- 1860
- 1862
- 1864
- 1868
- 1869
- 1870
- 1871
- 1872
- 1873
- 1874
- 1875
- 1876
- 1877
- 1878
- 1879
- 1880
- 1881
- 1882
- 1883
- 1884
- 1885
- 1886
- 1887
- 1889
- 1890
- 1891
- 1892
- 1893
- 1894
- 1895
- 1896
- 1897
- 1898
- 1899
- 1900
- 1902
- 1903
- 1905
- 1908
- 1909
- 1910
- 1911
- 1912
- 1916
- 1920
- 1920s
- 1924
- 1930
- 1930s
- 1931
- 1940s
- 1950s
- 1953
- 1954
- 1955
- 1956
- 1956 in archaeology
- 1956 in architecture
- 1956 in art
- 1956 in Australia
- 1956 in aviation
- 1956 in Canada
- 1956 in comics
- 1956 in Ecuador
- 1956 in film
- 1956 in France
- 1956 in Germany
- 1956 in Greece
- 1956 in India
- 1956 in Ireland
- 1956 in Israel
- 1956 in Italy
- 1956 in Japan
- 1956 in literature
- 1956 in Luxembourg
- 1956 in Malaya
- 1956 in Mexico
- 1956 in music
- 1956 in New Zealand
- 1956 in Norway
- 1956 in Pakistan
- 1956 in poetry
- 1956 in radio
- 1956 in science
- 1956 in Singapore
- 1956 in South Africa
- 1956 in spaceflight
- 1956 in sports
- 1956 in television
- 1956 Summer Olympics
- 1956 Winter Olympics
- 1956 World Series
- 1957
- 1958
- 1959
- 1960s
- 1970s
- 1980
- 1980s
- 1991
- 1992
- 1995
- 1996
- 1998
- 19th century
- 2000
- 2001
- 2002
- 2003
- 2004
- 2005
- 2010
- 2012
- 2012 Summer Olympics
- 20th century
- 21st century
- 28th Academy Awards
- 2nd millennium
- A. A. Milne
- Ab urbe condita
- Academy Award
- Adam Arkin
- Adlai Stevenson II
- Adnan Oktar
- Aileen Wuornos
- Air traffic control
- Al Simmons
- Alan Ruck
- Alarm clock
- Alben W. Barkley
- Albert Von Tilzer
- Albert Woolson
- Alexander Korda
- Alfred Hitchcock
- Alfred Kinsey
- Algeria
- Allen Ginsberg
- Amanda Burton
- Ambassador
- Ampex
- Ana Alicia
- Andreas Floer
- Andy García
- Andy Goldsworthy
- Angelo Fusco
- Ankara
- Anne Crawford
- Anthony Bourdain
- April 12
- April 13
- April 14
- April 15
- April 16
- April 17
- April 18
- April 19
- April 2
- April 21
- April 24
- April 26
- April 27
- April 28
- April 29
- April 3
- April 30
- April 4
- April 5
- April 6
- April 7
- April 9
- Arizona
- Armenian calendar
- Art Tatum
- Arthur Miller
- As the World Turns
- Assyrian calendar
- August 1
- August 10
- August 11
- August 12
- August 14
- August 16
- August 17
- August 18
- August 19
- August 2
- August 20
- August 21
- August 22
- August 23
- August 24
- August 25
- August 26
- August 29
- August 31
- August 4
- August 5
- August 6
- August 8
- Austin Osman Spare
- Australia
- Austria
- Avi Cohen
- Aviation
- Avro Lancaster
- B-movies
- B. R. Ambedkar
- Babe Zaharias
- Bahá'í calendar
- Bangladesh
- Barbara Bonney
- Barry Melrose
- Baseball
- Belgium
- Ben Heppner
- Bengali calendar
- Bep van Klaveren
- Berber calendar
- Bernie Wagenblast
- Bertolt Brecht
- Bill Maher
- Billy Bishop
- Björn Borg
- Bo Derek
- Bob Barker
- Bob Burns (comedian)
- Bob Saget
- Bob Speller
- Bobby Fischer
- Boris Miljković
- Boris Trajkovski
- Boxing
- Brian Andreas
- Brigitte Bardot
- British Rail
- Broadway theatre
- Bronwyn Pike
- Brooklyn
- Brooklyn Dodgers
- Bruce Greenwood
- Bryan Cranston
- Buck Showalter
- Buddhism
- Buddhist calendar
- Business oligarch
- Byzantine calendar
- Béla Lugosi
- Béla Réthy
- Capital punishment
- Carl Perkins
- Carlo Urbani
- Carousel (film)
- Carrie Fisher
- Category 1956
- Category 1956 awards
- Category 1956 births
- Category 1956 deaths
- Category 1956 in law
- Category 1956 works
- Catherine Ashton
- Catherine Hickland
- CBS
- Charles Grapewin
- Charles MacArthur
- Charlie Crist
- Charlie Peacock
- Che Guevara
- Chen Kenichi
- Chew Valley Lake
- Chicago
- Chickenfoot
- China
- Chinese calendar
- Cho Chikun
- Chris Foreman
- Chris Isaak
- Christoph Waltz
- Cinemascope
- Cinemascope 55
- Clergy
- Clifford Brown
- Clifton Daniel
- Coal
- Congressmen
- Coptic calendar
- Corfu (city)
- Cortina d'Ampezzo
- Cricket
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- Dale Jarrett
- Dalit
- Dan Patrick
- Dana Delany
- Danny Boyle
- David Browning
- David Caruso
- David E. Kelley
- David Grant (singer)
- David Guterson
- David McDowell Brown
- David Saul Marshall
- David Sedaris
- David Shimoni
- Davie Cooper
- De-Stalinization
- Dean Martin
- Death penalty
- Debbie Morgan
- Deborah Kerr
- December 10
- December 11
- December 12
- December 13
- December 14
- December 16
- December 17
- December 18
- December 19
- December 2
- December 23
- December 26
- December 28
- December 29
- December 30
- December 31
- December 4
- December 5
- December 6
- December 7
- December 9
- Dell Henderson
- Delta Burke
- Desegregate
- Desmond Haynes
- Deval Patrick
- Diamond Dallas Page
- Didier Lockwood
- Dilip Vengsarkar
- Diplomacy
- Dobro
- Don Larsen
- Donald Duart Maclean
- Doris Day
- Dorothy Hamill
- Douglas DC-7
- Drama film
- Duncan Faure
- Dwight D. Eisenhower
- Dwight Yoakam
- East Pakistan
- Eastbourne
- Ecuador
- Ed McCully
- Eddie Acuff
- Eduardo Rodríguez
- Egypt
- Eindhoven
- Elizabeth II
- Elpidio Quirino
- Elsie Janis
- Elvis Presley
- Enele Sopoaga
- Equestrianism
- Eric Laakso
- Erich Kleiber
- Ernst Robert Curtius
- Espionage
- Ethiopian calendar
- Evelin Jahl
- Fanny Durack
- February 1
- February 10
- February 11
- February 13
- February 14
- February 15
- February 16
- February 18
- February 19
- February 2
- February 20
- February 22
- February 23
- February 24
- February 25
- February 26
- February 29
- February 3
- February 4
- February 6
- February 8
- Fidel Castro
- Finland
- Flora Eldershaw
- Floyd Patterson
- Fog
- France
- Francis L. Sullivan
- Frank Beaurepaire
- Fred Allen
- Fred MacAulay
- Fred Ottman
- Frederick Soddy
- Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Gary Cole
- Gasherbrum II
- Geena Davis
- General Electric
- George Burley
- George Howard (jazz)
- George Metesky
- Gerry Cooney
- Giovanni Papini
- Gordon Elliott
- Gordon MacRae
- Gottfried Benn
- Grace Kelly
- Grand Canyon
- Granma (yacht)
- Great Britain
- Greece
- Greg Panos
- Greg Phillinganes
- Gregorian calendar
- Guido Cantelli
- Gustav Suits
- Gustave Charpentier
- Guy Burgess
- Guy Kibbee
- H. L. Mencken
- Habib Bourguiba
- Hannah Mitchell
- Hard disk drive
- Harold Bride
- Harry F. Sinclair
- Heartbreak Hotel
- Heavyweight
- Hebrew calendar
- Heiner Dopp
- Henry Stephenson
- Hindu calendar
- Holiday
- Holmes Herbert
- Holocene calendar
- Hound Dog (song)
- House of Lords
- House of Mecklenburg
- Hugo Ballin
- Hungary
- Huntley Gordon
- Hussein Ahmed Salah
- Ian Curtis
- IBM
- Imelda Staunton
- In God We Trust
- Independence
- India
- Indonesia
- Influenza pandemic
- Ingemar Stenmark
- Inglourious Basterds
- Ingrid Kristiansen
- Ingvar Ambjørnsen
- International city
- Iranian calendar
- Irlene Mandrell
- Irène Joliot-Curie
- Isham Jones
- Islamic calendar
- Islamic republic
- Israel
- Italy
- Jack Givens
- Jackson Pollock
- Jackée Harry
- James Cousins
- James Stewart
- Jamie Hyneman
- Jan Jakub Kolski
- Jan Peter Balkenende
- January 1
- January 10
- January 12
- January 13
- January 14
- January 16
- January 17
- January 18
- January 20
- January 21
- January 24
- January 25
- January 26
- January 27
- January 29
- January 3
- January 31
- January 5
- January 7
- January 8
- January 9
- Japan
- Japanese calendar
- Jaq D. Hawkins
- Jean Hersholt
- Jean Lapierre
- Jean-Pierre Thiollet
- Jerry Hall
- Jerry Lee Lewis
- Jerry Lewis
- Jim Elliot
- Jim Laker
- Jim Moginie
- Jim Neidhart
- Jimmy Barnes
- Jimmy Nicholl
- Joan Allen
- Joe Giard
- Joe Montana
- Joe Satriani
- Johan van der Velde
- John Bardeen
- John Bodkin Adams
- John Culberson
- John James (actor)
- John Lydon
- John Osborne
- John T. Raulston
- Johnny Cash
- Johnny Fingers
- Johnny Owen
- Jon Walmsley
- Joseph Stalin
- Joseph Wirth
- Josip Broz Tito
- José Manuel Barroso
- Joy Division
- Juan Ramón Jiménez
- Judith Butler
- Juho Kusti Paasikivi
- Julian calendar
- July 1
- July 10
- July 11
- July 12
- July 14
- July 15
- July 16
- July 18
- July 19
- July 2
- July 20
- July 24
- July 25
- July 26
- July 3
- July 30
- July 31
- July 5
- July 7
- July 8
- July 9
- June 1
- June 10
- June 11
- June 13
- June 14
- June 15
- June 17
- June 18
- June 2
- June 20
- June 22
- June 23
- June 25
- June 26
- June 27
- June 28
- June 29
- June 3
- June 30
- June 4
- June 5
- June 6
- June 8
- June 9
- Kali Yuga
- Karnataka
- Katherine MacDonald
- Kathleen Beller
- Kathleen Howard
- Katipunan
- Keisuke Kuwata
- Kelly Ward
- Kelly Willard
- Kenneth Eriksson
- Kenny G
- Kerala
- Kerry Chikarovski
- Kim Cattrall
- Kimberly Beck
- King Diamond
- Kirk Thornton
- Klaus Allofs
- Konstantin Päts
- Koo Stark
- Korean calendar
- Kostas Karamanlis
- Krystian Zimerman
- Kōji Yakusho
- La Toya Jackson
- Lani Brockman
- Larry Bird
- Lars von Trier
- Laurence Olivier
- Lee Jung Seob
- Lee Ranaldo
- Leo Laporte
- Leslie Cheung
- Lhotse
- Linda Hamilton
- Lionel Crabb
- Lisa Niemi
- Lise-Marie Morerod
- List of centuries
- List of decades
- List of years
- London
- Look Back in Anger
- Lorenzo Perosi
- Lotte Herrlich
- Louis Bromfield
- Louis Calhern
- Lounès Matoub
- Lucy Gutteridge
- Lugano
- Lynde D. McCormick
- Lyonel Feininger
- Lys Assia
- Madness (band)
- Mae Jemison
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
- Majida El Roumi
- Makarios III
- Manaslu
- March 1
- March 11
- March 12
- March 13
- March 14
- March 15
- March 16
- March 17
- March 18
- March 19
- March 2
- March 20
- March 21
- March 23
- March 24
- March 25
- March 28
- March 30
- March 31
- March 5
- March 7
- March 9
- Marcinelle
- Marco Paolini
- Margaret Truman
- Margaret Wycherly
- Marie Doro
- Marilyn Monroe
- Marion Leonard
- Mark Mangino
- Mark Morris
- Mark R. Hughes
- Martin Jol
- Martina Navratilova
- Mary Martin
- Masami Akita
- Masashi Tashiro
- Maureen McCormick
- Maurice Tate
- Max Beerbohm
- May 1
- May 10
- May 12
- May 13
- May 15
- May 17
- May 18
- May 2
- May 20
- May 23
- May 24
- May 25
- May 26
- May 28
- May 29
- May 3
- May 31
- May 4
- May 6
- May 7
- May 8
- May 9
- Mayor
- Mel Gibson
- Mel Harris
- Melbourne
- Melody Thomas Scott
- Merzbow
- Mexico
- Michael Biehn
- Michele Alboreto
- Mike Kitchen
- Miladin Šobić
- Milburn G. Apt
- Millennium
- Milovan Đilas
- Mimi Rogers
- Minamata disease
- Minguo calendar
- Mining
- Missionary
- Mistinguett
- Mohsen Badawi
- Mongolia
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Motto
- MS Athena
- MVP
- My Fair Lady
- MythBusters
- Nate Saint
- Nathan Lane
- NBC
- NBC-TV
- Netherlands
- New York City
- New York Yankees
- Nicanor Duarte
- Nigel Kennedy
- Nikita Khrushchev
- Nikolay Semenov
- Nikolay Sidorov
- Nina Hamnett
- Nobel Peace Prize
- Noel Brotherston
- Noel Mugavin
- Noise Music
- Norma Jean Mortenson
- Norman Kerry
- November 1
- November 10
- November 13
- November 14
- November 15
- November 17
- November 18
- November 19
- November 20
- November 22
- November 23
- November 24
- November 26
- November 27
- November 28
- November 29
- November 3
- November 30
- November 4
- November 5
- November 6
- November 7
- November 8
- October 1
- October 10
- October 11
- October 12
- October 14
- October 15
- October 16
- October 17
- October 18
- October 19
- October 2
- October 20
- October 21
- October 22
- October 23
- October 25
- October 26
- October 27
- October 28
- October 29
- October 31
- October 4
- October 8
- October 9
- Oklahoma (film)
- Olympic Games
- Operation Auca
- Ordination
- Pakistan
- Palestine
- Paolo Rossi
- Pat Finn
- Pat McGeown
- Patricia Cornwell
- Patricia Kalember
- Paul Kelly (actor)
- Paul Molitor
- Paul Rostock
- Paul Stojanovich
- Paula Zahn
- Peaches Browning
- Perfect game
- Pete Fleming
- Peter R. de Vries
- Petrol
- Phillip D. Bissett
- Phillip Longman
- Pierre Mendès France
- Pietro Badoglio
- Pio Valenzuela
- Pipe bomb
- Pitcher
- Pittsburgh
- Playwright
- Poland
- Porkkala
- Portsmouth
- Possum Bourne
- Poznań 1956 protests
- President
- President of Bolivia
- President of Estonia
- Prime minister
- Producers' Showcase
- Protectorate
- Quadruplex videotape
- Racial segregation
- Ralph DePalma
- Ralph Morgan
- Randy Jackson
- Randy Rhoads
- Rationing
- Ray Combs
- Ray Wilkins
- Red Army
- Regnal year
- Reinhold Glière
- Republic of China
- Reynold B. Johnson
- Richard Curtis
- Richard S. Edwards
- Rick Ducommun
- Ricky Rudd
- Risto Ryti
- Rita Wilson
- Rob Paulsen
- Robert Newton
- Robin Curtis
- Rocky Marciano
- Roderick MacKinnon
- Roger Vadim
- Roger Youderian
- Roman numerals
- Ron White
- Ronald Winans
- Ronan Bennett
- Rose Heilbron
- Rotterdam
- Royal Air Force
- Royal Court Theatre
- Ruth Draper
- Sam Langford
- Samuel Gottesman
- Sandi Patty
- Santiago de Cuba
- Sayuri Yamauchi
- Sebastian Coe
- Sebastian Spreng
- Sela Ward
- September 1
- September 10
- September 11
- September 12
- September 13
- September 14
- September 15
- September 16
- September 17
- September 2
- September 20
- September 21
- September 22
- September 23
- September 24
- September 25
- September 26
- September 27
- September 29
- September 3
- September 30
- September 6
- September 9
- Sergei Beloglazov
- Sexagenary cycle
- Seychelles
- Shahla Sherkat
- Shane Gould
- Shawn Colvin
- Sheila Kaye-Smith
- Shelagh Rogers
- Sheryl Lee Ralph
- Shirley Jones
- Shōwa period
- Sinai Peninsula
- Singapore
- Sonic Youth
- South Pole
- Southern Manifesto
- Soviet Armed Forces
- Soviet Union
- Spain
- Spain under Franco
- Sri Sri Ravi Shankar
- SS Andrea Doria
- St. Nicholas Arena
- Stepfanie Kramer
- Stephanie Zimbalist
- Steve Ballmer
- Steve Green (singer)
- Steven Miller
- Stockholm
- Submarine
- Sudan
- Sue Barker
- Suez Canal
- Suez Crisis
- Sugar Ray Leonard
- Sun Studios
- Susan Ershler
- Susan Solomon
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Sydney Silverman
- Tangier
- Tangier Protocol
- Teena Marie
- Test cricket
- Thai solar calendar
- The Aldridge Sisters
- The Birdcage
- The Boomtown Rats
- The Ed Sullivan Show
- The King and I
- The Terminator
- Theodore Kosloff
- This Is Tomorrow
- Thomas Gradin
- Tim Daly
- To Tell the Truth
- Todd-AO
- Tom Burlinson
- Tom Hanks
- Tommy Dorsey
- Tony Kushner
- Toronto
- Toshihiko Seko
- Trans World Airlines
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- Tuxpan, Veracruz
- U.S.
- Udo Bullmann
- Ulrike Meyfarth
- Underwater diving
- UNESCO
- United Airlines
- United Kingdom
- United Nations
- United States
- United States Navy
- Ursula Plassnik
- Victor Young
- Videotape
- Vikram Samvat
- Vladimir Kulich
- Vladimir Lisin
- Vladimír Godár
- Vladislav Listyev
- Vyacheslav Molotov
- Walter de la Mare
- Walter Gieseking
- Walter Woon
- Waodani
- Warren Moon
- Warsaw Pact
- Werner Forssmann
- West Germany
- Wilhelm Miklas
- William Fichtner
- William Shakespeare
- William Shockley
- Win Lyovarin
- World Series
- Yasuo Tanaka
- Yegor Gaidar
- Yiannis Kouros
- Yogi Berra
- Yoshiaki Yatsu
- Yugoslavia
- Yul Brynner
- Zoltan Halmay
- Albert Woolson
- Algeria
- Ankara
- Arizona
- Australia
- Austria
- Bangladesh
- Belgium
- Broadway theatre
- Brooklyn
- Chicago
- China
- Cuba
- Cyprus
- East Pakistan
- Eastbourne
- Ecuador
- Egypt
- Eindhoven
- Finland
- France
- Great Britain
- Greece
- House of Lords
- Hungary
- India
- Indonesia
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- Karnataka
- Kerala
- London
- Marcinelle
- Melbourne
- Mexico
- Mongolia
- Montenegro
- Morocco
- Netherlands
- New York City
- Nobel Peace Prize
- Pakistan
- Pittsburgh
- Poland
- Porkkala
- Portsmouth
- Poznań 1956 protests
- Ralph DePalma
- Rotterdam
- Royal Court Theatre
- Santiago de Cuba
- Seychelles
- Sinai Peninsula
- Singapore
- South Pole
- Soviet Union
- Spain
- SS Andrea Doria
- Stockholm
- Sudan
- Suez Canal
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- Tangier
- Toronto
- Tunisia
- Turkey
- United Kingdom
- United States
- West Germany
- Yugoslavia
- Adam Arkin
- Adlai Stevenson II
- Adnan Oktar
- Aileen Wuornos
- Al Simmons
- Alan Ruck
- Albert Von Tilzer
- Albert Woolson
- Alexander Korda
- Alfred Hitchcock
- Alfred Kinsey
- Allen Ginsberg
- Amanda Burton
- Ana Alicia
- Andreas Floer
- Andy García
- Andy Goldsworthy
- Angelo Fusco
- Anne Crawford
- Anthony Bourdain
- Art Tatum
- Arthur Miller
- Austin Osman Spare
- Austria
- Avi Cohen
- Barbara Bonney
- Barry Melrose
- Ben Heppner
- Bep van Klaveren
- Bernie Wagenblast
- Bertolt Brecht
- Bill Maher
- Billy Bishop
- Björn Borg
- Bo Derek
- Bob Barker
- Bob Saget
- Bob Speller
- Bobby Fischer
- Boris Miljković
- Boris Trajkovski
- Brian Andreas
- Brigitte Bardot
- Bronwyn Pike
- Bruce Greenwood
- Bryan Cranston
- Buck Showalter
- Béla Réthy
- Carl Perkins
- Carlo Urbani
- Carrie Fisher
- Catherine Ashton
- Catherine Hickland
- Charles MacArthur
- Charlie Crist
- Charlie Peacock
- Che Guevara
- Chen Kenichi
- Cho Chikun
- Chris Foreman
- Chris Isaak
- Christoph Waltz
- Clifford Brown
- Clifton Daniel
- Dale Jarrett
- Dan Patrick
- Dana Delany
- Danny Boyle
- David Browning
- David Caruso
- David Guterson
- David Sedaris
- David Shimoni
- Davie Cooper
- Dean Martin
- Deborah Kerr
- Dell Henderson
- Delta Burke
- Desmond Haynes
- Deval Patrick
- Diamond Dallas Page
- Didier Lockwood
- Dilip Vengsarkar
- Don Larsen
- Doris Day
- Dorothy Hamill
- Duncan Faure
- Dwight Yoakam
- Ed McCully
- Eddie Acuff
- Eduardo Rodríguez
- Elizabeth II
- Elpidio Quirino
- Elsie Janis
- Elvis Presley
- Enele Sopoaga
- Eric Laakso
- Erich Kleiber
- Ernst Robert Curtius
- Evelin Jahl
- Fanny Durack
- Fidel Castro
- Flora Eldershaw
- Floyd Patterson
- Frank Beaurepaire
- Fred Allen
- Fred MacAulay
- Fred Ottman
- Frederick Soddy
- Gamal Abdel Nasser
- Gary Cole
- Geena Davis
- George Burley
- George Metesky
- Gerry Cooney
- Giovanni Papini
- Gordon Elliott
- Gordon MacRae
- Gottfried Benn
- Grace Kelly
- Greg Panos
- Greg Phillinganes
- Guido Cantelli
- Gustav Suits
- Gustave Charpentier
- Guy Burgess
- Guy Kibbee
- Habib Bourguiba
- Hannah Mitchell
- Harold Bride
- Heiner Dopp
- Henry Stephenson
- Holmes Herbert
- Hugo Ballin
- Huntley Gordon
- Hussein Ahmed Salah
- Ian Curtis
- Imelda Staunton
- Ingemar Stenmark
- Ingrid Kristiansen
- Ingvar Ambjørnsen
- Irlene Mandrell
- Isham Jones
- Jack Givens
- Jackson Pollock
- Jackée Harry
- James Cousins
- James Stewart
- Jamie Hyneman
- Jan Jakub Kolski
- Jan Peter Balkenende
- Jean Hersholt
- Jean Lapierre
- Jerry Hall
- Jerry Lee Lewis
- Jerry Lewis
- Jim Elliot
- Jim Laker
- Jim Moginie
- Jim Neidhart
- Jimmy Barnes
- Jimmy Nicholl
- Joan Allen
- Joe Giard
- Joe Montana
- Joe Satriani
- Johan van der Velde
- John Bardeen
- John Bodkin Adams
- John Culberson
- John Lydon
- John Osborne
- Johnny Cash
- Johnny Owen
- Jon Walmsley
- Joseph Stalin
- Joseph Wirth
- Josip Broz Tito
- José Manuel Barroso
- Juan Ramón Jiménez
- Judith Butler
- Juho Kusti Paasikivi
- Katherine MacDonald
- Kathleen Beller
- Kathleen Howard
- Keisuke Kuwata
- Kelly Ward
- Kelly Willard
- Kenneth Eriksson
- Kenny G
- Kerry Chikarovski
- Kim Cattrall
- Kimberly Beck
- King Diamond
- Kirk Thornton
- Klaus Allofs
- Konstantin Päts
- Koo Stark
- Kostas Karamanlis
- Krystian Zimerman
- Kōji Yakusho
- La Toya Jackson
- Lani Brockman
- Larry Bird
- Lars von Trier
- Laurence Olivier
- Lee Jung Seob
- Lee Ranaldo
- Leo Laporte
- Leslie Cheung
- Linda Hamilton
- Lionel Crabb
- Lisa Niemi
- Lorenzo Perosi
- Lotte Herrlich
- Louis Bromfield
- Louis Calhern
- Lounès Matoub
- Lucy Gutteridge
- Lyonel Feininger
- Lys Assia
- Mae Jemison
- Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
- Majida El Roumi
- Makarios III
- Marco Paolini
- Margaret Truman
- Margaret Wycherly
- Marie Doro
- Marilyn Monroe
- Marion Leonard
- Mark Mangino
- Mark Morris
- Martin Jol
- Martina Navratilova
- Mary Martin
- Masashi Tashiro
- Maureen McCormick
- Maurice Tate
- Max Beerbohm
- Mel Gibson
- Mel Harris
- Melody Thomas Scott
- Merzbow
- Michael Biehn
- Michele Alboreto
- Mike Kitchen
- Miladin Šobić
- Milovan Đilas
- Mimi Rogers
- Mistinguett
- Mohsen Badawi
- Nate Saint
- Nathan Lane
- Nicanor Duarte
- Nigel Kennedy
- Nikita Khrushchev
- Nikolay Sidorov
- Nina Hamnett
- Noel Brotherston
- Noel Mugavin
- Norman Kerry
- Paolo Rossi
- Pat Finn
- Pat McGeown
- Patricia Cornwell
- Patricia Kalember
- Paul Molitor
- Paul Rostock
- Paul Stojanovich
- Paula Zahn
- Peaches Browning
- Pete Fleming
- Phillip Longman
- Pierre Mendès France
- Pietro Badoglio
- Possum Bourne
- Ralph DePalma
- Ralph Morgan
- Randy Jackson
- Randy Rhoads
- Ray Combs
- Ray Wilkins
- Reinhold Glière
- Richard Curtis
- Rick Ducommun
- Ricky Rudd
- Risto Ryti
- Rita Wilson
- Rob Paulsen
- Robert Newton
- Robin Curtis
- Rocky Marciano
- Roderick MacKinnon
- Roger Vadim
- Roger Youderian
- Ron White
- Ronald Winans
- Ronan Bennett
- Rose Heilbron
- Ruth Draper
- Sam Langford
- Samuel Gottesman
- Sandi Patty
- Sayuri Yamauchi
- Sebastian Coe
- Sebastian Spreng
- Sela Ward
- Sergei Beloglazov
- Shahla Sherkat
- Shane Gould
- Shawn Colvin
- Shelagh Rogers
- Sheryl Lee Ralph
- Shirley Jones
- Stepfanie Kramer
- Stephanie Zimbalist
- Steve Ballmer
- Steven Miller
- Sue Barker
- Sugar Ray Leonard
- Susan Ershler
- Susan Solomon
- Sydney Silverman
- Teena Marie
- The Aldridge Sisters
- The Boomtown Rats
- Theodore Kosloff
- Thomas Gradin
- Tim Daly
- Tom Burlinson
- Tom Hanks
- Tommy Dorsey
- Tony Kushner
- Toshihiko Seko
- Udo Bullmann
- Ulrike Meyfarth
- Ursula Plassnik
- Victor Young
- Vladimir Kulich
- Vladimir Lisin
- Vladimír Godár
- Vladislav Listyev
- Vyacheslav Molotov
- Walter de la Mare
- Walter Gieseking
- Walter Woon
- Warren Moon
- Werner Forssmann
- Wilhelm Miklas
- William Fichtner
- William Shakespeare
- William Shockley
- Win Lyovarin
- Yasuo Tanaka
- Yegor Gaidar
- Yiannis Kouros
- Yogi Berra
- Yoshiaki Yatsu
- Yul Brynner
1956
When the DJ broke to play us something new
Hearts broke, hearts skipped
And we knew that this was made for me and you
When he told us he was lonely
He was speaking from the heart
I was much too young to know him
But I knew it was the start
I was raised on the radio, raised on the radio
Just an all American boy who found his favorite toy
Michelle, lady Jane
Yeah, I fell in love with girls I never met
I learned to play guitar
While the other boys where busy learning math
But all the simplest equations never add up very far
When all my musical persuasions
Kept me reaching for the stars, raised on the radio
Just an all American boy, I got my favorite toy
Remembering when times were bad
Love is all we need and love was all we had
1964
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
1956 - Hungarian Revolution
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 19 Oct 2006
A magyar forradalom emlékére
(Ludwig van Beethoven: Egmont-nyitány)
http://wn.com/1956_Hungarian_Revolution
A magyar forradalom emlékére
(Ludwig van Beethoven: Egmont-nyitány)
Lincoln Assassination Eyewitness (Feb 9, 1956)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:29
- Updated: 11 Apr 2009
No tobacco-related comments approved. Lincoln Assassination Witness appears on "I've Got a Secret". The panelists on this show were, left to right (in order of appearance): Bill Cullen, Jayne Meadows, Henry Morgan, and Lucille Ball. The host was Garry Moore. You can read a 1954 newspaper interview with Mr. Seymour at http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat;=19540207&id;=wHUxAAAAIBAJ&sjid;=SBAEAAAAIBAJ&pg;=5624,3979599
http://wn.com/Lincoln_Assassination_Eyewitness_Feb_9,_1956
No tobacco-related comments approved. Lincoln Assassination Witness appears on "I've Got a Secret". The panelists on this show were, left to right (in order of appearance): Bill Cullen, Jayne Meadows, Henry Morgan, and Lucille Ball. The host was Garry Moore. You can read a 1954 newspaper interview with Mr. Seymour at http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1368&dat;=19540207&id;=wHUxAAAAIBAJ&sjid;=SBAEAAAAIBAJ&pg;=5624,3979599
- published: 11 Apr 2009
- views: 1133774
Design for Dreaming 1956 General Motors Motorama Film
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:17
- Updated: 29 Sep 2009
Set at the 1956 General Motors Motorama, this is one of the key Populuxe films of the 1950s, showing futuristic dream cars and Frigidaire's "Kitchen of the Future."
http://wn.com/Design_for_Dreaming_1956_General_Motors_Motorama_Film
Set at the 1956 General Motors Motorama, this is one of the key Populuxe films of the 1950s, showing futuristic dream cars and Frigidaire's "Kitchen of the Future."
- published: 29 Sep 2009
- views: 37752
Spectacular New York, 1956
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:04
- Updated: 19 Jun 2009
A tour of New York in 1956 in color.To purchase a clean DVD or digital download of this film for personal home use or educational use contact us at questions@archivefarms.com. To license footage from this film for commercial use visit: www.travelfilmarchive.com
http://wn.com/Spectacular_New_York,_1956
A tour of New York in 1956 in color.To purchase a clean DVD or digital download of this film for personal home use or educational use contact us at questions@archivefarms.com. To license footage from this film for commercial use visit: www.travelfilmarchive.com
- published: 19 Jun 2009
- views: 194645
Soha nem láttott 56-os felvétel
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:26
- Updated: 05 Nov 2006
Csehszlovák filmes készítette, eredeti rádió aláfestéssel
http://wn.com/Soha_nem_láttott_56-os_felvétel
Csehszlovák filmes készítette, eredeti rádió aláfestéssel
- published: 05 Nov 2006
- views: 331033
1956 - Vida Ferenc interjú (aki halálra ítélte Nagy Imrét)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 21:28
- Updated: 23 Oct 2011
Borenich Péter által készített interjú Vida Ferenccel, Nagy Imre (Magyarország miniszterelnöke az 1956-os forradalom idején) halálra ítélőjével.
---
Interview with Ferenc Vida, who sentenced to death Imre Nagy (prime minister of Hungary in the revolution of 1956) made by Peter Borenich.
---
forrás: Kossuth Rádió
mr1-kossuth.hu/hirek/itthon/vida-vizsgaztatta-a-riportert-interju-elott-.html
http://wn.com/1956_Vida_Ferenc_interjú_aki_halálra_ítélte_Nagy_Imrét
Borenich Péter által készített interjú Vida Ferenccel, Nagy Imre (Magyarország miniszterelnöke az 1956-os forradalom idején) halálra ítélőjével.
---
Interview with Ferenc Vida, who sentenced to death Imre Nagy (prime minister of Hungary in the revolution of 1956) made by Peter Borenich.
---
forrás: Kossuth Rádió
mr1-kossuth.hu/hirek/itthon/vida-vizsgaztatta-a-riportert-interju-elott-.html
- published: 23 Oct 2011
- views: 15006
Kárpátia - Neveket Akarok Hallani /1956 gyilkosaival/
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 04 Aug 2007
1956-os film,a Kárpátia zenéjével!Készüljünk az őszre!Vesszen a kormány,vesszen az Ávo,vesszen Trianon!Mindig Ujra Kezdjük...Szebb Jövöt!Herr Wolf!
http://wn.com/Kárpátia_Neveket_Akarok_Hallani_1956_gyilkosaival_
1956-os film,a Kárpátia zenéjével!Készüljünk az őszre!Vesszen a kormány,vesszen az Ávo,vesszen Trianon!Mindig Ujra Kezdjük...Szebb Jövöt!Herr Wolf!
- published: 04 Aug 2007
- views: 1313591
Monza 1956 F1 Italian Grand Prix
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:21
- Updated: 06 Oct 2010
Monza 1956 F1 Italian Grand Prix Season
http://wn.com/Monza_1956_F1_Italian_Grand_Prix
Monza 1956 F1 Italian Grand Prix Season
- published: 06 Oct 2010
- views: 40796
1956. október 23. - 1. rész (2)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:13
- Updated: 12 Apr 2009
Dokumentumfilm 1956. október 23-áról.
http://wn.com/1956_október_23_1_rész_2
Dokumentumfilm 1956. október 23-áról.
- published: 12 Apr 2009
- views: 16140
Elvis Presley - Blue Suede Shoes 1956 (COLOR and STEREO)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 19 Jan 2010
http://wn.com/Elvis_Presley_Blue_Suede_Shoes_1956_COLOR_and_STEREO
- published: 19 Jan 2010
- views: 2084421
Harry Belafonte - "Banana Boat Song (Day O)" - 1956
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 02 Nov 2009
Harry Belafonte - "Banana Boat (Day O)" - 1956
http://wn.com/Harry_Belafonte_Banana_Boat_Song_Day_O_1956
Harry Belafonte - "Banana Boat (Day O)" - 1956
- published: 02 Nov 2009
- views: 2574062
1956 - L'Italia sotto la neve
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:34
- Updated: 12 Feb 2010
La nevicata del '56 a Roma e in Italia
http://wn.com/1956_L'Italia_sotto_la_neve
La nevicata del '56 a Roma e in Italia
- published: 12 Feb 2010
- views: 60992
YouTube - The Great Pretender-The Platters(1956)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:36
- Updated: 02 Apr 2010
YouTube - The Great Pretender-The Platters(1956)
http://wn.com/YouTube_The_Great_Pretender-The_Platters1956
YouTube - The Great Pretender-The Platters(1956)
- published: 02 Apr 2010
- views: 603875
The Red Balloon - 1956
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 34:45
- Updated: 03 Aug 2011
A wonderful movie I first saw as a kid in 3rd grade. Enjoy all. :)
http://wn.com/The_Red_Balloon_1956
A wonderful movie I first saw as a kid in 3rd grade. Enjoy all. :)
- published: 03 Aug 2011
- views: 192313
1956-os forradalom és szabadságharc
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:14
- Updated: 23 Jan 2008
1956 Hungarian Revolution
http://wn.com/1956-os_forradalom_és_szabadságharc
1956 Hungarian Revolution
- published: 23 Jan 2008
- views: 70246
Eurovision Song Contest 1956 - full contest
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 80:46
- Updated: 23 Sep 2011
Teatro Kursaal, Lugano, Switzerland
Thursday 24th of May 1956, 21:00-22:20 local time.
eurovision song contest esc 1956 lugano switzerland lys assia refrain winner eurosong melodi grand prix mgp jugovizija evrovizija Евровидение победитель אירוויזיון זוכה schweiz svizzera suisse performer live pop music performance europe europa ballads uptempo fifties old radio television
http://wn.com/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1956_full_contest
Teatro Kursaal, Lugano, Switzerland
Thursday 24th of May 1956, 21:00-22:20 local time.
eurovision song contest esc 1956 lugano switzerland lys assia refrain winner eurosong melodi grand prix mgp jugovizija evrovizija Евровидение победитель אירוויזיון זוכה schweiz svizzera suisse performer live pop music performance europe europa ballads uptempo fifties old radio television
- published: 23 Sep 2011
- views: 9985
1956-os segítségkérés
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:49
- Updated: 02 Sep 2008
Segítségkérés a rádióban
1956-os Magyar szabadságharc
http://wn.com/1956-os_segítségkérés
Segítségkérés a rádióban
1956-os Magyar szabadságharc
- published: 02 Sep 2008
- views: 41229
"Around the World in 80 Days" (1956) Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:17
- Updated: 22 Oct 2006
Niven is perfect as an imperturbable English gentleman who attempts to win a bet by circumnavigating the globe in eighty days. The Jules Verne story, 100 locations, 40 cameo appearances by Hollywood players, a Victor Young score, and S.J. Perelman among the writers guarantee delightful family fare. The beginning of the film features a prologue by Edward R. Murrow, the esteemed television journalist, and it includes the first film to be based on a Jules Verne novel, Georges Melies's A TRIP TO THE MOON from 1902.
http://wn.com/Around_the_World_in_80_Days_1956_Trailer
Niven is perfect as an imperturbable English gentleman who attempts to win a bet by circumnavigating the globe in eighty days. The Jules Verne story, 100 locations, 40 cameo appearances by Hollywood players, a Victor Young score, and S.J. Perelman among the writers guarantee delightful family fare. The beginning of the film features a prologue by Edward R. Murrow, the esteemed television journalist, and it includes the first film to be based on a Jules Verne novel, Georges Melies's A TRIP TO THE MOON from 1902.
- published: 22 Oct 2006
- views: 300440
The Other Side Of Suez 1956 - BBC Documentary - part(1/3)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:48
- Updated: 16 May 2008
BBC documentary on 1956 Suez War , it shows the real causes of the tripartite attack on Egypt.
watch part(2/3):
http://youtube.com/watch?v=ZHP3XClj-tk
http://wn.com/The_Other_Side_Of_Suez_1956_BBC_Documentary_part1_3
BBC documentary on 1956 Suez War , it shows the real causes of the tripartite attack on Egypt.
watch part(2/3):
http://youtube.com/watch?v=ZHP3XClj-tk
- published: 16 May 2008
- views: 78966
The Ten Commandments (1956) Trailer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:01
- Updated: 24 Apr 2010
Charlton Heston, Yul Brynner, Anne Baxter
Directed by Cecil B. DeMille
http://wn.com/The_Ten_Commandments_1956_Trailer
Charlton Heston, Yul Brynner, Anne Baxter
Directed by Cecil B. DeMille
- published: 24 Apr 2010
- views: 123971
Hungary 1956 - Part 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:59
- Updated: 27 Jan 2012
The Hungarian Uprising of 1956, taken from the BBC's "History File" programme.
http://wn.com/Hungary_1956_Part_1
The Hungarian Uprising of 1956, taken from the BBC's "History File" programme.
- published: 27 Jan 2012
- views: 8568
Elvis Presley 1956-09-26 Tupelo's Own Afternoon Show Full
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 13:10
- Updated: 14 Dec 2010
Amazing video of Elvis' performance at The Mississippi-Alabama Fair
and Dairy Show on 29. Sept 1956. The filmer is positioned at the left
side of the stage, so close that Elvis at one point nearly steps on him/her!
The AUDIO is very good, considering the vintage.
Afternoon show
Heartbreak Hotel
Long Tall Sally
I Was The One
I Want You, I Need You , I Love You
I Got a Woman
Don't Be Cruel
Ready Teddy
Love Me Tender
Hound Dog
Elvis' 1956 homecoming concerts in Tupelo were a great event for all considered, the city, the Presley family and every resident, including 14 year-old Virginia Wynette Pugh, who would later rise to fame eleven years later as country star Tammy Wynette.
The shows were amazing.
http://wn.com/Elvis_Presley_1956-09-26_Tupelo's_Own_Afternoon_Show_Full
Amazing video of Elvis' performance at The Mississippi-Alabama Fair
and Dairy Show on 29. Sept 1956. The filmer is positioned at the left
side of the stage, so close that Elvis at one point nearly steps on him/her!
The AUDIO is very good, considering the vintage.
Afternoon show
Heartbreak Hotel
Long Tall Sally
I Was The One
I Want You, I Need You , I Love You
I Got a Woman
Don't Be Cruel
Ready Teddy
Love Me Tender
Hound Dog
Elvis' 1956 homecoming concerts in Tupelo were a great event for all considered, the city, the Presley family and every resident, including 14 year-old Virginia Wynette Pugh, who would later rise to fame eleven years later as country star Tammy Wynette.
The shows were amazing.
- published: 14 Dec 2010
- views: 43277
Hungarian Revolt 1956
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:25
- Updated: 21 Oct 2008
Overview of the events in Hungary 1956.
http://wn.com/Hungarian_Revolt_1956
Overview of the events in Hungary 1956.
- published: 21 Oct 2008
- views: 59235
photo: White House / Pete Souza
17 Mar 2013
The schedule for President Barack Obama's first visit to Israel and the Palestinian territories next week has just been released and it is no surprise that the occupied Syrian Golan Heights is not on his travel agenda. . And yet Israel put it on the international agenda less than a month ago with its award of a licence to a US energy firm to explore for oil in the Golan Heights ... The award puts the US on the spot ... 882. Source. ... Share....(size: 9.4Kb)
photo: USAF / Staff Sgt. Brian Ferguson
18 Mar 2013
By JULIE PACE, AP White House Correspondent . March 18, 2013 . Updated. March 18, 2013 2.42am. Comments (0) E-mail Print. Tweet. Page 1 of 1. WASHINGTON (AP) — President Barack Obama promises to explain in greater detail U.S. policy on the use of armed drones ... Frustration over the ambiguity has resulted in unlikely political alliances on Capitol Hill, with liberal Democrats like Oregon Sen ... Rand Paul ... Q ... A ... Q ... citizens overseas?. A ... Q ... A ... citizens ... Q ... ....(size: 10.6Kb)
photo: AP / L'Osservatore Romano
16 Mar 2013
The pope made his comment in an audience with journalists, explaining why he chose to call himself after St ... ....(size: 0.6Kb)
photo: AP / EyePress
18 Mar 2013
China has become the world’s fifth-largest arms exporter, a respected Sweden-based think tank said on Monday, its highest ranking since the cold war, with Pakistan the main recipient ... China replaces Britain in the top five arms-dealing countries between 2008 and last year, a group dominated by the United States and Russia, which accounted for 30 per cent and 26 per cent of weapons exports, SIPRI said ... ....(size: 3.3Kb)
photo: AP / Pavlos Vrionides
18 Mar 2013
Cyprus' parliament is due to hold an emergency session to discuss a big bailout, which has angered the public. It is by no means certain that the deal, reluctantly endorsed by the president, will get enough support to pass in parliament. The 10bn-euro ($13bn; £8.6bn) bailout agreed by the EU and IMF demands that all bank customers pay a one-off levy ... 'People betrayed' ... Continue reading the main story Unprecedented levy ... 'Good step' ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
noodls
18 Mar 2013
Headlined by Ed Burke, the 1984 Team USA Olympic flag bearer, the nine Olympians competing in Landover took part in Olympic Games ranging from 1956 through 2012 ... Elliott Denman (M75, West Long Branch, N.J.) - A competitor in the 50km race walk at the 1956 Melbourne Olympic Games, Denman will compete in the 3,000m race walk and the weight throw at the Masters Indoor Championships....(size: 7.8Kb)
All Africa
18 Mar 2013
[Sudan Tribune]Khartoum -The Sudanese government has submitted a formal letter to ......(size: 0.4Kb)
The Hindu
18 Mar 2013
York Press
18 Mar 2013
Work on Castle Mills Bridge, with Clifford’s Tower in the background ... Cranes and derricks swing loads across a river, while a workman below guides them into place ... Yes, they belong to York Castle ... The new bridge was officially opened on November 22, 1956, by one Hugh Molson MP ... ....(size: 1.3Kb)
NZ Herald
18 Mar 2013
NME
18 Mar 2013
The Beatles' John Lennon and George Harrison have received a Blue Plaque in London ... The plaque was unveiled by Rod Davis, the banjo player in Lennon's first band, The Quarrymen, which formed in 1956 and would later become The Beatles ... Ringo ... ....(size: 1.4Kb)
Premiership great Paul Williams enters Sydney Swans Hall of Fame along with Ron Hills and Jim Taylor
The Daily Telegraph Australia18 Mar 2013
PREMIERSHIP player Paul Williams led a group of three former players from three eras inducted into the Swans Hall of Fame last night ... The Tasmanian speedster was an instant hit in the red and white, winning Bob Skilton medals in 2001 and 2002 ... Longmire ... Taylor played 153 games with the Swans from 1949-1954 and from 1956-1961 ... ....(size: 1.7Kb)
The Guardian
18 Mar 2013
Dark Knight Rises actor set to take the lead in Scott's forthcoming Old Testament saga, though there is competition to get the story to the screen. Show me the toga … Christian Bale. Photograph. Kevin Winter/Getty Images ... The most famous Hollywood retelling of the Moses story is the 1956 Cecil B DeMille epic The Ten Commandments, which starred Charlton Heston in the lead role and was one of the highest grossing films of its era ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
Scoop
18 Mar 2013
Monday, 18 March 2013, 3.19 pm. Press Release. The Roxy Cinema. Web ... Media release ... Ben Hur (a 3.5 hour epic that will include an essential intermission), Breakfast at Tiffany’s (screened as a special ‘Heels and Reels’ ladies’ night with canapés and cocktails), Bollywood movies Kahaani, and Special Chabbis, a one-off screening of Kung Fu classic Kung Fu Hustle, and the 1956 family classic Forbidden Planet....(size: 2.7Kb)
Richmond Times Dispatch
18 Mar 2013
Orly Lewis was born in Israel, but traces her roots to Tunisia in North Africa. Her parents and grandparents immigrated to Israel in the 1950s, leaving behind their businesses and homes in the capital city of Tunis to flee the growing persecution against Jews, Lewis said ... The families left one night in 1956 in a boat bound for the young state of Israel. Her parents were just teens when they made the journey ... jslayton@timesdispatch.com....(size: 3.0Kb)
noodls
18 Mar 2013
(Source. Ottawa Senators) NHL.com. Engraving the names of the Stanley Cup champions was first done by the Montreal Wanderers in 1906-07, and it became an annual tradition in 1924 ... With all those names, there are bound to be a few errors and corrections. Here are some of them. ... 1956 thru 1960.Montreal Canadiens -- Hall of Fame goaltender Jacques Plante won the Stanley Cup five consecutive years, his name is spelled differently each time....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
18 Mar 2013
(Source. New York Islanders) NHL.com. Engraving the names of the Stanley Cup champions was first done by the Montreal Wanderers in 1906-07, and it became an annual tradition in 1924 ... With all those names, there are bound to be a few errors and corrections ... 1941-42 ... 1956 thru 1960.Montreal Canadiens -- Hall of Fame goaltender Jacques Plante won the Stanley Cup five consecutive years, his name is spelled differently each time ... Part 3 ... (noodl....(size: 2.5Kb)
U~T San Diego
18 Mar 2013
The baseball penetrates the air, the outfielders retreat, the voice goes up and my how things haven't changed. “It's the same as when I played,'' said Mark Sobolewski, and it's obvious he's been idle lately. “He'll say, 'Go get the ball and get it in – don't hold it!'”. The real boys of summer are back, even if spring just introduced itself ... “He's still out there,'' said Bob Cluck, who played on Schloss' first teams in 1956-57 ... ....(size: 3.0Kb)
This article is about the year 1956.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
|---|---|
| Centuries: | 19th century – 20th century – 21st century |
| Decades: | 1920s 1930s 1940s – 1950s – 1960s 1970s 1980s |
| Years: | 1953 1954 1955 – 1956 – 1957 1958 1959 |
| 1956 by topic: |
| Subject |
| By country |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Works and introductions categories |
| Gregorian calendar | 1956 MCMLVI |
| Ab urbe condita | 2709 |
| Armenian calendar | 1405 ԹՎ ՌՆԵ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6706 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 112–113 |
| Bengali calendar | 1363 |
| Berber calendar | 2906 |
| British Regnal year | 4 Eliz. 2 – 5 Eliz. 2 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2500 |
| Burmese calendar | 1318 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7464–7465 |
| Chinese calendar | 乙未年十一月十九日 (4592/4652-11-19) — to —
丙申年十一月三十日(4593/4653-11-30) |
| Coptic calendar | 1672–1673 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1948–1949 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5716–5717 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 2012–2013 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1878–1879 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5057–5058 |
| Holocene calendar | 11956 |
| Iranian calendar | 1334–1335 |
| Islamic calendar | 1375–1376 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 31 (昭和31年) |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4289 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 45 民國45年 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2499 |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: 1956 |
Year 1956 (MCMLVI) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar.
Events[link]
January[link]
- January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan.
- January 3 – By popular demand, Peter Pan, starring Mary Martin, is restaged live by Producers' Showcase on NBC-TV.
- January 8 – Operation Auca: Five U.S. missionaries Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, Ed McCully, Jim Elliot and Pete Fleming are killed for tresspassing by the Waodani of Ecuador shortly after making contact with them.
- January 16 – Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser vows to reconquer Palestine.
- January 25–26 – Finnish troops reoccupy Porkkala after Soviet troops vacate its military base. Civilians can return February 4.
- January 26 – The 1956 Winter Olympic Games open in Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy.
February[link]
- February 11 – British spies Guy Burgess and Donald Maclean resurface in the Soviet Union after being missing for 5 years.
- February 14–26 – 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- February 16 – Only a little more than four months after the release of the 70mm version of Oklahoma!, the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Carousel, starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones, is released in Cinemascope 55. MacRae and Jones had previously starred in Oklahoma! Carousel, intended for showing in 55mm, ends up being shown only in 35mm.
- February 22 – Elvis Presley enters the United States music charts for the first time, with Heartbreak Hotel.
- February 23 – Norma Jean Mortenson legally changes her name to Marilyn Monroe.
- February 24 – Doris Day records her most famous song: Que Sera, Sera (Whatever Will Be, Will Be). It is from Alfred Hitchcock's The Man Who Knew Too Much, in which Day co-stars with James Stewart.
- February 25 – Nikita Khrushchev attacks the veneration of Joseph Stalin as a "cult of personality".
March[link]
- March 1 – The International Air Transport Association finalizes a draft of the Radiotelephony spelling alphabet for the International Civil Aviation Organization.
- March 2 – Morocco declares its independence from France.
- March 9
- The British deport Archbishop Makarios from Cyprus to the Seychelles.
- Soviet Armed Forces suppresses mass demonstrations in the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, reacting to Nikita Khrushchev's de-Stalinization policy.
- March 11 – After having opened in London the previous year, Laurence Olivier's film, Richard III, adapted from Shakespeare's play, has its U.S. premiere in theatres and on NBC Television on the same day. On TV it is not shown in prime time, but as an afternoon matinée, in a slightly cut version. It is one of the first such experiments of its kind. Olivier is later nominated for an Oscar for his performance.
- March 12
- 96 U.S. Congressmen sign the Southern Manifesto, a protest against the 1954 Supreme Court ruling (Brown v. Board of Education) that desegregated public education.
- The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes above 500 for the first time rising 2.40 points, or 0.48%, to 500.24.
- March 13 – Elvis Presley releases his first Gold Album titled Elvis Presley.
- March 15 – The Broadway musical My Fair Lady opens in New York City.
- March 19 – At age 48, Dutch boxer Bep van Klaveren contests his last match in Rotterdam.
- March 20 – Tunisia gains independence from France.
- March 21 – The 28th Academy Awards ceremony is held.
- March 23 – Pakistan becomes the first Islamic republic, and a national holiday is observed in the country including the former East Pakistan state.
April[link]
- April 2 – The first episode of As the World Turns is broadcast on the CBS television network
- April 7 – Spain relinquishes its protectorate in Morocco.
- April 9 – Habib Bourguiba is elected prime minister of Tunisia. Confirmation needed
- April 14 – Videotape is first demonstrated at the 1956 NARTB (now NAB) convention in Chicago by Ampex. It is the demonstration of the first practical and commercially successful videotape format known as 2" Quadruplex.
- April 17 – Elizabeth II inaugurates Chew Valley Lake.
- April 18 – Maria Desylla-Kapodistria is elected mayor of Corfu and becomes the first female mayor in Greece.
- April 19
- British diver Lionel Crabb dives into Portsmouth harbour to investigate a visiting Soviet cruiser and vanishes.
- Actress Grace Kelly marries Rainier III, Prince of Monaco.
- April 21 – Former U.S. First Daughter Margaret Truman marries Clifton Daniel.
- April 27 – Heavyweight boxing champion Rocky Marciano retires without losing a professional boxing match.
May[link]
- May 2 – The United Methodist Church in America decides at its General Conference to grant women full ordained clergy status. It also calls for an end to racial segregation in the denomination.
- May 8
- Austria and Israel form diplomatic relations. Confirmation needed
- The constitutional union between Indonesia and the Netherlands is dissolved.
- John Osborne's Look Back in Anger opens at the Royal Court Theatre, London, changing the scope of theatrical and other forms of drama in the UK.
- May 9 – Manaslu, eighth highest mountain in the world, is first ascended.
- May 18 – Lhotse (main), the fourth highest mountain, is first ascended.
- May 23 – French minister Pierre Mendès France resigns due to his government's policy on Algeria.
- May 24 – The first Eurovision Song Contest is broadcast from Lugano, Switzerland. The winning song is Refrain by Lys Assia (music by Géo Voumard, text by Émile Gardaz).
- May 25 – India announces the institution of diplomatic relations with Spain (still under Franco's rule)
June[link]
- June 1 – Vyacheslav Molotov resigns as foreign minister of the Soviet Union; he later becomes ambassador in Mongolia.
- June 3 – British Rail renames 'Third Class' passenger facilities as 'Second Class' (Second Class facilities had been abolished in 1875, leaving just First Class and Third Class).
- June 5 – Elvis Presley introduces his new single, "Hound Dog", on The Milton Berle Show, scandalizing the audience with his suggestive hip movements.
- June 6 – In Singapore, chief minister David Marshall resigns after the breakdown of talks about internal self-government in London.
- June 8 – General Electric/Telechron introduces model 7H241 "The Snooz Alarm", first snooze alarm clock ever.[1]
- June 10 – 1956 Summer Olympics: Equestrian events open in Stockholm, Sweden (all other events are held in November in Melbourne, Australia).
- June 13 – International Criminal Police Organization (ICPO).
- June 14 – The Flag of the United States Army is formally dedicated.[2]
- June 15 – Eindhoven University of Technology is founded in Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
- June 18 – The last foreign troops leave Egypt.
- June 23 – Gamal Abdel Nasser becomes the 2nd president of Egypt.
- June 28
- MP Sydney Silverman's bill for the abolition of the death penalty in the UK passes the British House of Commons.
- Labour riots in Poznań, Poland, are crushed with heavy loss of life. Soviet troops fire at a crowd that protests high prices, killing 53.
- The film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's The King and I, starring Deborah Kerr and Yul Brynner, is released only a few months after the film version of R&H's Carousel. It becomes the most financially successful film version of a Rodgers and Hammerstein musical up to that time, and the only one to win an acting Oscar (Yul Brynner wins Best Actor for his performance as the King of Siam). It is also one of two Rodgers and Hammerstein films to be nominated for Best Picture (which it does not win).
- June 29
- Actress Marilyn Monroe marries playwright Arthur Miller.
- President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs the Federal Aid Highway Act, creating the Interstate Highway System
- June 30 – A TWA Lockheed Constellation and United Airlines Douglas DC-7 collide in mid-air over the Grand Canyon in Arizona, killing all 128 people aboard both aircraft in the deadliest civil aviation disaster to date; the accident leads to sweeping changes in the regulation of cross-country flight and air traffic control over the United States.
July[link]
- July 2 – A lab experiment at Sylvania Electric Products results in an explosion.
- July 8 – The mountain Gasherbrum II is first ascended.
- July 10 – The British House of Lords defeats the abolition of the death penalty.
- July 16 – With the closing of its "Big Tent" show in Pittsburgh, Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus announces all subsequent circuses will be "arena shows" due to changing economics.
- July 24 – At New York City's Copacabana Club, Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis perform their last comedy show together (their act started on July 25, 1946).
- July 25 – 72 kilometers (45 mi) south of Nantucket Island, the Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria sinks after colliding with the Swedish ship SS Stockholm in heavy fog, killing 51.
- July 26 – Egyptian leader Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalizes the Suez Canal sparking international condemnation.
- July 30 – A Joint Resolution of Congress is signed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower, authorizing "In God We Trust" as the U.S. national motto.
- July 31 – Cricket: Jim Laker sets an extraordinary record at Old Trafford in the fourth Test between England and Australia, taking 19 wickets in a first class match (the previous best was 17).
August[link]
- August – The exhibition This Is Tomorrow opens at Whitechapel Art Gallery in London.
- August 6 – After going bankrupt in 1955, the American broadcaster DuMont Television Network has its final broadcast, a boxing match from St. Nicholas Arena.
- August 8 – 262 miners die in a fire in a coal mine in Marcinelle, Belgium.
- August 17 – West Germany bans the Communist Party of Germany.
September[link]
- September 9 – Elvis Presley appears on The Ed Sullivan Show for the first time.
- September 13 – The hard disk drive is invented by an IBM team led by Reynold B. Johnson.
- September 16 – Television broadcasting commences in Australia.
- September 21 – Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio Somoza García is assassinated.
- September 25 – The submarine Transatlantic telephone cable opens.
October[link]
- October 8 – Baseball pitcher Don Larsen of the New York Yankees throws the only perfect game in World Series history in Game 5 of the 1956 World Series against the Brooklyn Dodgers. Yogi Berra caught the game. Dale Mitchell was the final out. The New York Yankees won the series. Larsen was named series MVP.
- October 10
- Finland joins UNESCO.
- The Lockheed L-1649A Starliner makes its first flight.
- October 14 – Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Indian Untouchable leader, converts to Buddhism along with 385,000 followers (see Neo-Buddhism).
- October 15
- The RAF retires its last Lancaster bomber.
- Fidel Castro and Che Guevara depart from Tuxpan, Veracruz, Mexico, enroute to Santiago de Cuba aboard the yacht Granma with 82 men.
- October 17 – The Game of the Century: 13-year-old Bobby Fischer beats GM Donald Byrne in the NY Rosenwald chess tournament.
- October 22 – Suez Crisis: Britain, France, and Israel secretly meet in and make plans to invade Egypt.
- October 23 – The Hungarian revolution breaks out against the pro-Soviet government. Hungary attempts to leave the Warsaw Pact.
- October 26 – Red Army troops invade Hungary.
- October 29
- The Huntley-Brinkley Report debuts on NBC-TV.
- Suez Crisis: Israel invades the Sinai Peninsula and push Egyptian forces back toward the Suez Canal.
- Tangier Protocol: The international city Tangier is reintegrated into Morocco.
- October 31
- Suez Crisis: The United Kingdom and France begin bombing Egypt to force the reopening of the Suez Canal.
- A United States Navy team becomes the third group to reach the South Pole (arriving by air) and commences construction of the first permanent Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station.
November[link]
- November 1
- The States Reorganisation Act of India reforms the boundaries and names of Indian states. Two new states Kerala and Karnataka were formed.
- City Lights Books publishes Howl and Other Poems by Allen Ginsberg.
- The film Oklahoma! (1955), previously released to select cities in Todd-AO, now receives a national release in Cinemascope, since not all theatres are yet equipped for Todd-AO. To accomplish this, the film had to be actually shot twice, rather than printing one version in two different film processes as is done today.
- November 3 – MGM's film The Wizard of Oz makes its TV debut on the CBS network. This marks the first time a major Hollywood film running more than ninety minutes is televised uncut in one evening. Up to then, only B-movies and British films had been telecast, often edited or in two parts if they ran more than ninety minutes. The longest film telecast prior to this was Olivier's version of Richard III, which, unlike Oz, was somewhat edited and not telecast in prime time.
- November 4 – 1956 Hungarian Revolution: More Soviet troops invade Hungary to crush a revolt that started on October 23. Thousands are killed, more are wounded, and nearly a quarter million leave the country.
- November 6 – United States presidential election, 1956: Republican incumbent Dwight D. Eisenhower defeats Democrat challenger Adlai E. Stevenson in a rematch of their contest 4 years earlier.
- November 7 – Suez Crisis: The United Nations General Assembly adopts a resolution calling for the United Kingdom, France, and Israel to withdraw their troops from Arab lands immediately.
- November 13 – The United States Supreme Court declares Alabama and Montgomery, Alabama laws requiring segregated buses illegal, thus ending the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
- November 14 – Fighting ends in Hungary. Confirmation needed
- November 15 – Middle East Technical University is founded in Ankara, Turkey.
- November 20 – In Yugoslavia, former prime minister Milovan Djilas is arrested after he criticizes Josip Broz Tito.
- November 22 – The 1956 Summer Olympics begin in Melbourne, Australia.
- November 23 – The Suez Crisis causes petrol rationing in Britain.[3]
- November 28 – Roger Vadim's drama film And God Created Woman released in France as Et Dieu… créa la femme, propels Brigitte Bardot into the public spotlight as a "sex kitten".
- November 30 – Floyd Patterson wins the world heavyweight boxing championship that was vacant after the retirement of Rocky Marciano.
December[link]
- December 2
- Fidel Castro and his followers land in Cuba in the boat Granma.
- A pipe bomb planted by George Metesky explodes at the Paramount Theater in Brooklyn, injuring 6 people.
- December 4 - The Million Dollar Quartet (Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash) get together at Sun Studios for the first and last time in history.
- December 5 – Rose Heilbron becomes Britain's first female judge.
- December 9 – Trans-Canada Air Lines Flight 810 crashes into a mountain in British Columbia. All 62 people on board are killed.
- December 12 – Japan becomes a member of the United Nations.
- December 18 – To Tell the Truth debuts on CBS-TV.
- December 19 – John Bodkin Adams is arrested for the murder of 2 patients in Eastbourne, Great Britain.
- December 23 – British and French troops leave the Suez Canal region.
- December 31 – Bob Barker makes his TV debut as host of the game show Truth or Consequences.
Date unknown[link]
- Asian flu pandemic originates in China.
- Minamata disease is discovered.
- The Alpine Club of Canada, Toronto section, is founded.
Births[link]
January–February[link]
- January 1
- Mark R. Hughes, American entrepreneur (d. 2000)
- Kōji Yakusho, Japanese actor
- January 3 – Mel Gibson, American actor and director
- January 5 – Chen Kenichi, Japan-born Chinese chef
- January 7
- David Caruso, American actor (NYPD Blue)
- Johnny Owen, Welsh professional boxer
- January 9
- Kimberly Beck, American actress
- Imelda Staunton, English actress
- January 10 – Shawn Colvin, American singer
- January 14 – Ben Heppner, Canadian tenor
- January 16 – Martin Jol, Dutch football manager
- January 17 – Paul Young, English musician
- January 18 – Tom Bailey, English musician
- January 20 – Bill Maher, American actor, comedian, and political analyst
- January 21 – Geena Davis, American actress
- January 24 – Lounès Matoub, Algerian Berber Kabyle singer
- January 25 – Bronwyn Pike, Australian politician
- January 27 – Mimi Rogers, American actress
- January 29
- Jan Jakub Kolski, Polish film director
- Irlene Mandrell, American musician, actress
- January 31 – Johnny Rotten, British punk musician and TV personality
- February 1 – Mike Kitchen, Canadian ice hockey player and coach
- February 2 – Adnan Oktar, a.k.a. Harun Yahya, Turkish Author
- February 3
- Nathan Lane, American actor (The Birdcage)
- Lee Ranaldo, American musician (Sonic Youth)
- February 6 – Jon Walmsley, British actor (The Waltons)
- February 10 - Enele Sopoaga, Tuvaluan politician and diplomat
- February 11
- Didier Lockwood, French jazz violinist
- Catherine Hickland, American actress
- February 13
- Yiannis Kouros, Greek-Australian ultramarathoner
- Paul Stojanovich, American television producer
- February 14 – Tom Burlinson, Australian actor
- February 15 – Desmond Haynes, West Indian cricketer
- February 18 – Thomas Gradin, Swedish hockey player
- February 19
- Kathleen Beller, American actress
- Roderick MacKinnon, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry
- February 24
- Judith Butler, American philosopher
- Paula Zahn, American television journalist (CBS News)
- February 25 – Davie Cooper, Scottish footballer (d. 1995)
- February 26 – Keisuke Kuwata, Japanese musician
- February 29
- Bob Speller, Canadian politician
- Aileen Wuornos, American serial killer (d. 2002)
- Mike Compton, American mandolinist
March–April[link]
- March 1 – Tim Daly, American actor
- March 2 – Eduardo Rodríguez, former President of Bolivia
- March 5
- Teena Marie, American singer (d. 2010)
- Marco Paolini, Italian stage actor, dramaturge and author
- March 7 – Bryan Cranston, American actor
- March 11 – Rob Paulsen, American voice actor
- March 13 – Dana Delany, American actress
- March 16 – Vladimír Godár, Slovak composer
- March 18 – Ingemar Stenmark, Swedish alpine skier
- March 19 – Yegor Gaidar, Russian economist and politician
- March 20 – Catherine Ashton, British politician
- March 21
- Ingrid Kristiansen, Norwegian runner
- José Manuel Barroso, Prime Minister of Portugal
- Win Lyovarin, Thai author
- March 24 – Steve Ballmer, American CEO of Microsoft
- March 28
- Susan Ershler, American mountaineer
- Evelin Jahl, German athlete
- March 30 – Shahla Sherkat, Iranian feminist journalist
- April 3
- Ray Combs, American game show host and comedian (d. 1996)
- Boris Miljković, Serbian TV & theatre director and video artist
- April 4
- Kerry Chikarovski, Australian politician
- David E. Kelley, American writer and television producer
- April 5 – Diamond Dallas Page, former American professional wrestler
- April 6
- Sebastian Spreng, American-Argentinean visual artist
- Dilip Vengsarkar, Indian cricketer
- April 12
- Andy García, Cuban-American actor
- Yasuo Tanaka, Japanese politician, novelist
- April 13 – Possum Bourne, New Zealand rally car driver (d. 2003)
- April 14 – Barbara Bonney, American soprano
- April 16
- David McDowell Brown, American astronaut (Columbia Disaster) (d. 2003)
- Lise-Marie Morerod, Swiss skier
- April 18
- John James, American actor (Dynasty)
- Melody Thomas Scott, American actress
- April 19 – Sue Barker, British tennis player and television presenter
- April 21 – Phillip Longman, American demographer
- April 26 – Koo Stark, British actress
- April 28 – Jimmy Barnes, Australian musician
- April 30 – Lars von Trier, Danish film director
May–June[link]
- May 1 – Alexander Ivanov, Russian-born American chess Grandmaster
- May 4
- David Guterson, American writer
- Ulrike Meyfarth, German high jumper
- May 6 – Vladimir Lisin, Russian business oligarch
- May 7
- Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands
- Jean Lapierre, Canadian politician and television host
- May 10 – Vladislav Nikolayevich Listyev, Russian journalist (d. 1995)
- May 12 – Greg Phillinganes, American keyboardist
- May 13
- Sri Sri Ravi Shankar, Indian guru
- Kenneth Eriksson, Swedish rally driver
- Kirk Thornton, American voice actor
- May 15 – Dan Patrick, American sports commentator
- May 17
- Sugar Ray Leonard, African American boxer
- Bob Saget, American actor and television host
- May 18 – Jim Moginie, Australian rock guitarist (Midnight Oil)
- May 20 – Ingvar Ambjørnsen, Norwegian author
- May 23
- Buck Showalter, American baseball player and manager
- Ursula Plassnik, Austrian politician
- May 24 – Michael Jackson, Irish Anglican bishop
- May 26 – Lisa Niemi, American actress and dancer, widow of Patrick Swayze
- May 28
- Jerry Douglas, American dobro player
- Sayuri Yamauchi, Japanese seiyuu (d.2012)
- May 29 – La Toya Jackson, American singer
- June 3 – George Burley, Scottish football manager
- June 5 – Kenny G, American grammy-award winning saxophonist
- June 6 – Björn Borg, Swedish tennis player
- June 8 - Udo Bullmann, German politician
- June 9 – Patricia Cornwell, American novelist
- June 10 – Duke Georg Borwin of Mecklenburg, German head of the House of Mecklenburg
- June 11 – Joe Montana, American football player
- June 14 – King Diamond, Danish heavy metal musician
- June 15 – Robin Curtis, American actress
- June 20 – Cho Chikun, Korean professional Go player
- June 23 – Randy Jackson, African American musician and talent judge
- June 25
- Boris Trajkovski, President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2004)
- Anthony Bourdain, American chef, author and television personality
- June 26 – Chris Isaak, American musician
- June 27 – Heiner Dopp, German field hockey player
- June 28 – Noel Mugavin, Australian rules football player
- June 30 – Ronald Winans, African American musician (d. 2005)
July–August[link]
- July 1 – Alan Ruck, American actor
- July 2 – Jerry Hall, American model and actress
- July 3 – Rick Ducommun, Canadian actor and comedian
- July 5 – Sheila Walsh, Scottish Christian artist and former talk-show hostess
- July 9 – Tom Hanks, American actor and director
- July 11 – Sela Ward, American actress
- July 12
- Mel Harris, American actress
- Sandi Patty, American gospel singer
- July 14 – Vladimir Kulich, Czech actor
- July 15
- Ian Curtis, English rock musician (Joy Division) (d. 1980)
- Barry Melrose, Canadian hockey player, coach, and commentator
- Toshihiko Seko, Japanese long-distance runner
- Joe Satriani, famous guitar virtuoso, current guitarist for Chickenfoot
- July 16 – Tony Kushner, American playwright
- July 18 – Sheila Aldridge, American singer (The Aldridge Sisters)
- July 19 – Yoshiaki Yatsu, Japanese professional wrestler
- July 24
- Charlie Crist, American politician
- Pat Finn, American game show host and producer
- July 26
- Andy Goldsworthy, British sculptor and photographer
- Dorothy Hamill, American figure skater and Olympic Gold medalist
- July 30 – Delta Burke, American actress
- July 31
- Michael Biehn, American actor
- Deval Patrick, African American Governor of Massachusetts
- August 1 – Steve Green, American Christian musician
- August 2 – Jim Neidhart, American professional wrestler
- August 4 – Gerry Cooney, American former boxer
- August 5 – Maureen McCormick, American actress (The Brady Bunch)
- August 6 – Stepfanie Kramer, American actress (Hunter)
- August 8
- Chris Foreman, English rock guitarist (Madness)
- David Grant, English singer and vocal coach
- August 10
- Fred Ottman, American professional wrestler
- Charlie Peacock, American Christian producer, singer-songwriter
- August 12 – Bruce Greenwood, Canadian actor
- August 14 – Jackée Harry, American actress and television personality
- August 17 – Dave Jones, English football manager
- August 18
- Kelly Willard, American Christian singer
- Jon "Bermuda" Schwartz, American drummer
- August 19 – Adam Arkin, American actor
- August 20 – Joan Allen, American actress
- August 21 – Kim Cattrall, English-born Canadian actress
- August 22 – Paul Molitor, American baseball player
- August 23 – Andreas Floer, German mathematician (d. 1991)
- August 24 – John Culberson, American politician
- August 26 – Mark Mangino, American football coach
- August 29 – Mark Morris, American choreographer
- August 31 – Masashi Tashiro, Japanese television performer
September–October[link]
- September 1 – Bernie Wagenblast, American editor and broadcaster
- September 2 – Angelo Fusco, Provisional Irish Republican Army member
- September 3 – Pat McGeown, Provisional Irish Republican Army member (d. 1996)
- September 10 – Johnny Fingers, Irish musician (The Boomtown Rats)
- September 11 – Phillip D. Bissett, American politician
- September 12
- Leslie Cheung, Hong Kong actor (d. 2003)
- Ricky Rudd, American race car driver
- Walter Woon, law professor and former Nominated Member of Parliament and Attorney-General of Singapore
- September 14
- Kostas Karamanlis, Greek politician
- Ray Wilkins, English footballer and coach
- September 15 – George Howard, American jazz saxophone musician (d. 1998)
- September 16
- David Copperfield, American illusionist
- Sergei Beloglazov, Russian free-style wrestler
- September 17 – Brian Andreas, American writer, sculptor, painter, and publisher
- September 20
- Gary Cole, American actor
- Debbie Morgan, African-American actress
- September 21 – Jack Givens, American basketball player
- September 23 - Paolo Rossi, Italian soccer player
- September 24 – Gregory Peter Panos, American futurist, writer, inventor, virtual reality expert, human simulation visionary
- September 25 – Jamie Hyneman, American television co-host (MythBusters)
- September 26 – Linda Hamilton, American actress (The Terminator)
- September 29 – Sebastian Coe, British athlete, co-ordinator of the London 2012 Olympic Games
- September 30 – Gordon Elliott, British-Australian television personality and talk show host
- October 4 – Christoph Waltz, Austrian actor (Inglourious Basterds)
- October 8 – Stephanie Zimbalist, American actress (Remington Steele)
- October 10 – Amanda Burton, Irish actress
- October 11 – Nicanor Duarte, President of Paraguay
- October 16 – Rudra Mohammad Shahidullah, Bangladeshi poet (d. 1992)
- October 17 – Mae Jemison, African American astronaut
- October 18 – Martina Navratilova, Czech-American tennis player
- October 19 – Carlo Urbani, Italian physician (d. 2003)
- October 20 – Danny Boyle, English film director
- October 21 – Carrie Fisher, American actress (Star Wars)
- October 23 – Dwight Yoakam, American country singer/musician and actor
- October 26 – Rita Wilson, American actress and producer
- October 27 – Jaq D. Hawkins, British author, occultist and lecturer
- October 28 – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of Iran
November–December[link]
- November 8
- Steven Miller, American record producer
- Richard Curtis, English film director, producer and screenwriter
- November 10 – Mohsen Badawi, Egyptian entrepreneur, political activist, and writer
- November 14 – Avi Cohen, Israeli football player
- November 17 – Kelly Ward, American actor
- November 18
- Noel Brotherston, Irish footballer (d. 1995)
- Warren Moon, American football player and quarterback for the Edmonton Eskimos (Canada)
- November 20 – Bo Derek, American actress and model
- November 23
- Shane Gould, Australian swimmer
- Nikolay Sidorov, Soviet athlete
- November 26 – Dale Jarrett, American race car driver
- November 27 – William Fichtner, American actor
- November 28 – Lucy Gutteridge, English actress
- November 29
- Leo Laporte, American author and television host
- Eric Laakso, American football player
- December 5
- Krystian Zimerman, Polish pianist
- Klaus Allofs, German football player
- December 6 – Randy Rhoads, American guitarist
- December 7 – Larry Bird, American basketball player
- December 9 - Jean-Pierre Thiollet, French writer
- December 11 – Lani Brockman, American playwright
- December 12
- Johan van der Velde, Dutch cyclist
- Ana Alicia, Mexican actress (Falcon Crest)
- December 13 – Majida El Roumi, Lebanese singer
- December 14 – Béla Réthy, German sports journalist
- December 16 – Duncan Faure, South African musician
- December 18 – Ron White, American comedian
- December 19 – Masami Akita, Japanese noise musician (also known as Merzbow)
- December 23 – Michele Alboreto, Italian race car driver (d. 2001)
- December 26 – David Sedaris, American essayist
- December 28
- Jimmy Nicholl, Canadian-born footballer
- Nigel Kennedy, English violinist
- December 29 – Fred MacAulay, Scottish comedian
- December 30
- Patricia Kalember, American actress
- Sheryl Lee Ralph, African American actress
- December 31 – Hussein Ahmed Salah, Djiboutian marathon player
Date unknown[link]
- Ronan Bennett, Irish writer
- Shelagh Rogers, Canadian radio host
- Miladin Šobić, Montenegrin singer
- Susan Solomon, American atmospheric chemist
Deaths[link]
January–March[link]
- January 3
- Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian composer (b. 1864)
- Joseph Wirth, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
- January 5 – Mistinguett, French singer (b. 1875)
- January 9 – Marion Leonard, American actress (b. 1881)
- January 12 – Norman Kerry, American actor (b. 1894)
- January 13 – Lyonel Charles Feininger, German painter (b. 1871)
- January 14 – Sheila Kaye-Smith, English writer (b. 1887)
- January 18 – Konstantin Päts, President of Estonia (b. 1874)
- January 21 – Sam Langford, Canadian boxer (b. 1883)
- January 24 – Sir Alexander Korda, Hungarian-born film director (b. 1893)
- January 27 – Erich Kleiber, German conductor (b. 1890)
- January 29 – H. L. Mencken, American writer (b. 1880)
- January 31 – A. A. Milne, English author (Winnie The Pooh) (b. 1882)
- February 2
- Bob Burns, American comedian (b. 1890)
- Charles Grapewin, American actor (b. 1869)
- February 8 – Connie Mack, American baseball executive and manager (b. 1862)
- February 10 – Hugh Trenchard, 1st Viscount Trenchard, British marshal of the Royal Air Force (b. 1873)
- February 18 – Gustave Charpentier, French composer (b. 1860)
- February 20 – James Cousins, Irish writer (b. 1873)
- February 26 – Elsie Janis, American singer and actress (b. 1889)
- February 29 – Elpidio Quirino, President of the Philippines (b. 1890)
- March 14 – David Browning, American Olympic diver (b. 1931)
- March 17
- Fred Allen, American comedian (b. 1894)
- Irène Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (b. 1897)
- March 18 – Louis Bromfield, American writer (b. 1896)
- March 20
- Fanny Durack, Australian swimmer (b. 1889)
- Wilhelm Miklas, Austrian politician and 3rd President of Austria
- March 25 – Robert Newton, English film actor (b. 1905)
- March 30 – Edmund Clerihew Bentley, English inventor (b. 1875)
- March 31 – Ralph DePalma, Italian-born race car driver (b. 1884)
April–June[link]
- April 6 – Pio Valenzuela, Filipino physician and one of the leaders of the Katipunan (b. 1869)
- April 15 – Kathleen Howard, Canadian born American opera singer & character actress (b. 1884)
- April 19 – Ernst Robert Curtius, Alsatian philologist (b. 1886)
- April 21
- Samuel Gottesman, American pulp-paper merchant (b. 1885)
- Charles MacArthur, American playwright and screenwriter (b. 1895)
- April 24 – Henry Stephenson, British character actor (b. 1871)
- April 26 – Edward Arnold, American actor (b. 1890)
- April 29
- Harold Bride, English-born junior radio officer on RMS Titanic (b. 1890)
- Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, German field marshal (b. 1876)
- April 30 – Alben W. Barkley, Vice President of the United States (b. 1877)
- May 3 – Peter Watson, English art collector and benefactor (b. 1908)
- May 12 – Louis Calhern, American actor (b. 1895)
- May 17 – Austin Osman Spare, English magician (b. 1886)
- May 18 – Maurice Tate, English cricketer (b. 1895)
- May 20
- Max Beerbohm, English theater critic (b. 1872)
- Zoltan Halmay, Hungarian Olympic swimmer (b. 1881)
- May 23 – Gustav Suits, Estonian poet (b. 1883)
- May 24 – Guy Kibbee, American actor (b. 1882)
- May 26 – Al Simmons, American baseball player (b. 1902)
- May 29 – Frank Beaurepaire, Australian Olympic swimmer (b. 1891)
- May 31 – Diedrich Hermann Westermann, German linguist (b. 1875)
- June 2
- Jean Hersholt, Danish actor (b. 1886)
- Richard S. Edwards, American admiral (b. 1885)
- June 4 – Katherine MacDonald, American silent film actress (b. 1891)
- June 6 – Margaret Wycherly, English stage & film actress (b. 1881)
- June 11 – Ralph Morgan, American actor (b. 1883)
- June 17 – Paul Rostock, German official, surgeon, and university professor (b. 1892)
- June 22 – Walter de la Mare, English poet, short story writer, and novelist (b. 1873)
- June 23 – Reinhold Glière, Russian composer (b. 1875)
- June 26 – Clifford Brown, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1930)
July–September[link]
- July 7 – Gottfried Benn, German poet (b. 1886)
- July 8 – Giovanni Papini, Italian essayist, poet, novelist (b. 1881)
- July 10 – Joe Giard, American baseball player (b. 1898)
- July 11 - John T. Raulston, Scopes Monkey Trial judge (b. 1868)
- July 20 – James Alexander Calder, Canadian politician (b. 1868)
- August 2 – Albert Woolson, last surviving Union veteran of the American Civil War (b. 1847)
- August 11 – Jackson Pollock, American painter (b. 1912)
- August 14
- Bertolt Brecht, German playwright (Threepenny Opera) (b. 1898)
- Konstantin von Neurath, Nazi German diplomat and foreign minister (b. 1873)
- August 16
- Béla Lugosi, Hungarian-born film actor (Dracula) (b. 1882)
- Lynde D. McCormick, American admiral (b. 1895)
- August 23 – Peaches Browning, American actress (b. 1910)
- August 25 – Alfred Kinsey, American sex researcher (b. 1894)
- September 6 - Lee Jung Seob, Korean oil painter (b. 1916)
- September 11 – Billy Bishop, Canadian pilot (b. 1894)
- September 20 – Flora Eldershaw, Australian novelist, critic, and historian (b. 1897)
- September 22 – Frederick Soddy, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1877)
- September 27
- Milburn G. Apt, American test pilot (b. 1924)
- Babe Zaharias, American athlete and golfer (b. 1911)
- September 29 – Anastasio Somoza García, President of Nicaragua (b. 1896)
October–December[link]
- October 1 – Albert Von Tilzer, American songwriter (b. 1878)
- October 2 – George Bancroft, American actor (b. 1882)
- October 9 – Marie Doro, American stage & silent film actress (b. 1882)
- October 12 – Don Lorenzo Perosi, Italian composer (b. 1872)
- October 17 – Anne Crawford, British actress (b. 1920)
- October 19 – Isham Jones, American musician (b. 1894)
- October 22 – Hannah Mitchell, English socialist and suffragette (b. 1872)
- October 25 – Risto Ryti, 5th President of Finland (b. 1889)
- October 26 – Walter Gieseking, French conductor (b. 1895)
- November 1 – Pietro Badoglio, Italian general and prime minister (b. 1871)
- November 5 – Art Tatum, American jazz pianist (b. 1909)
- November 6 – Paul Kelly, stage & screen actor (b. 1899)
- November 10
- Harry F. Sinclair, American entrepreneur (b. 1876)
- Victor Young, American composer (b. 1900)
- November 14 – Peter R. de Vries, Dutch crime reporter (b. 1956)
- November 19 – Francis L. Sullivan, English actor (b. 1903)
- November 22 – Theodore Kosloff, Russian-born ballet dancer, choreographer and actor (b. 1882)
- November 24 – Guido Cantelli, Italian conductor (b. 1920)
- November 26 – Tommy Dorsey, American trombonist and bandleader (b. 1905)
- November 27 – Hugo Ballin, American artist, film production designer, and director (b. 1879)
- December 2 – Dell Henderson, Canadian actor (b. 1883)
- December 6 – Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Indian dalit leader (b. 1891)
- December 7 – Huntley Gordon, Canadian actor (b. 1887)
- December 10 – David Shimoni, Israeli poet and writer (b. 1891)
- December 14 – Juho Kusti Paasikivi, 7th President of Finland (b. 1870)
- December 16 – Nina Hamnett, Welsh artist (b. 1890)
- December 17 – Eddie Acuff, American actor (b. 1903)
- December 26 – Holmes Herbert, English actor (b. 1882)
- December 30 – Ruth Draper, American actress (b. 1884)
Date unknown[link]
- Lotte Herrlich, regarded as the most important female photographer of German naturism
Nobel Prizes[link]
- Physics – William Shockley, John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain
- Chemistry – Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood, Nikolay Semenov
- Physiology or Medicine – André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards
- Literature – Juan Ramón Jiménez
- Peace – Not Awarded
References[link]
- ^ Telechron.net
- ^ "Other Flags – World Flags 101 – US Army Flag". Archived from the original on 2009-05-04. http://www.worldflags101.com/other-flags/us-army-flag.aspx. Retrieved 2009-04-06.
- ^ Motorists panic as petrol rations loom, BBC news
Further reading[link]
- London Institute of World Affairs, The Year Book of World Affairs 1957 (London 1957) full text online, comprehensive reference book covering 1956 in diplomacy, international affairs and politics for major nations and regions
http://wn.com/1956
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/1956
http://es.wn.com/1956
http://ru.wn.com/1956 год
http://cs.wn.com/1956
http://pt.wn.com/1956
http://pl.wn.com/1956
http://hi.wn.com/१९५६
http://it.wn.com/1956
http://id.wn.com/1956
http://nl.wn.com/1956
http://fr.wn.com/1956
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
For other uses, see Elvis Presley (disambiguation).
"Elvis" redirects here. For other people with this name, see Elvis (given name).
| Elvis Presley | |
|---|---|
 Publicity photo for Jailhouse Rock (1957) |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Elvis Aaron Presley |
| Born | (1935-01-08)January 8, 1935 Tupelo, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Died | August 16, 1977(1977-08-16) (aged 42) Memphis, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Genres | Rock and roll, pop, rockabilly, country, blues, gospel, R&B |
| Occupations | Musician, actor |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar, piano |
| Years active | 1953–77 |
| Labels | Sun, RCA Victor |
| Associated acts | The Blue Moon Boys, The Jordanaires, The Imperials |
| Website | elvis.com |
Elvis Aaron Presleya (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977) was one of the most popular American singers of the 20th century. A cultural icon, he is widely known by the single name Elvis. He is often referred to as the "King of Rock and Roll" or simply "the King".
Born in Tupelo, Mississippi, Presley moved to Memphis, Tennessee, with his family at the age of 13. He began his career there in 1954, working with Sun Records owner Sam Phillips, who wanted to bring the sound of African American music to a wider audience. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was the most important popularizer of rockabilly, an uptempo, backbeat-driven fusion of country and rhythm and blues. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, who would manage the singer for over two decades. Presley's first RCA single, "Heartbreak Hotel", released in January 1956, was a number one hit. He became the leading figure of the newly popular sound of rock and roll with a series of network television appearances and chart-topping records. His energized interpretations of songs, many from African American sources, and his uninhibited performance style made him enormously popular—and controversial. In November 1956, he made his film debut in Love Me Tender.
Conscripted into military service in 1958, Presley relaunched his recording career two years later with some of his most commercially successful work. He staged few concerts however, and guided by Parker, proceeded to devote much of the 1960s to making Hollywood movies and soundtrack albums, most of them critically derided. In 1968, after seven years away from the stage, he returned to live performance in a celebrated comeback television special that led to an extended Las Vegas concert residency and a string of profitable tours. In 1973 Presley staged the first concert broadcast globally via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii, seen by approximately 1.5 billion viewers. Prescription drug abuse severely compromised his health, and he died suddenly in 1977 at the age of 42.
Presley is regarded as one of the most important figures of 20th-century popular culture. He had a versatile voice and unusually wide success encompassing many genres, including country, pop ballads, gospel, and blues. He is the best-selling solo artist in the history of popular music.[1][2][3][4] Nominated for 14 competitive Grammys, he won three, and received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36. He has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame.
Life and career[link]
Early years (1935–53)[link]
Childhood in Tupelo[link]
Elvis Presley was born on January 8, 1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to 18-year-old Vernon Elvis and 22-year-old Gladys Love Presley.[5] In the two-room shotgun house built by his father in readiness for the birth, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered 35 minutes before him, stillborn. As an only child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an unusually tight bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God church where he found his initial musical inspiration.[6]
Presley's ancestry was primarily a Western European mix: On his mother's side, he was Scots-Irish, with some French Norman; one of Gladys's great-great-grandmothers was Cherokee.[7]b His father's forebears were of Scottish[8] or German[9] origin. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family. Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evidencing little ambition.[10][11] The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of altering a check written by the landowner. He was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives.[12]
In September 1941, Presley entered first grade at East Tupelo Consolidated, where his instructors regarded him as "average".[13] He was encouraged to enter a singing contest after impressing his schoolteacher with a rendition of Red Foley's country song "Old Shep" during morning prayers. The contest, held at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show on October 3, 1945, saw his first public performance: dressed as a cowboy, the ten-year-old Presley stood on a chair to reach the microphone and sang "Old Shep". He recalled placing fifth.[14] A few months later, Presley received his first guitar for his birthday; he had hoped for something else—by different accounts, either a bicycle or a rifle.[15][16] Over the following year, he received basic guitar lessons from two of his uncles and the new pastor at the family's church. Presley recalled, "I took the guitar, and I watched people, and I learned to play a little bit. But I would never sing in public. I was very shy about it."[17]
Entering a new school, Milam, for sixth grade in September 1946, Presley was regarded as a loner. The following year, he began bringing his guitar in on a daily basis. He played and sang during lunchtime, and was often teased as a "trashy" kid who played hillbilly music. The family was by then living in a largely African American neighborhood.[18] A devotee of Mississippi Slim's show on the Tupelo radio station WELO, Presley was described as "crazy about music" by Slim's younger brother, a classmate of Presley's, who often took him in to the station. Slim supplemented Presley's guitar tuition by demonstrating chord techniques.[19] When his protégé was 12 years old, Slim scheduled him for two on-air performances. Presley was overcome by stage fright the first time, but succeeded in performing the following week.[20]
Teenage life in Memphis[link]
In November 1948, the family moved to Memphis, Tennessee. After residing for nearly a year in rooming houses, they were granted a two-bedroom apartment in the public housing complex known as the Courts.[21] Enrolled at Humes High School, Presley received only a C in music in eighth grade. When his music teacher told him he had no aptitude for singing, he brought in his guitar the next day and sang a recent hit, "Keep Them Cold Icy Fingers Off Me", in an effort to prove otherwise. A classmate later recalled that the teacher "agreed that Elvis was right when he said that she didn't appreciate his kind of singing."[22] He was generally too shy to perform openly, and was occasionally bullied by classmates who viewed him as a "mama's boy".[23] In 1950, he began practicing guitar regularly under the tutelage of Jesse Lee Denson, a neighbor two-and-a-half years his senior. They and three other boys—including two future rockabilly pioneers, brothers Dorsey and Johnny Burnette—formed a loose musical collective that played frequently around the Courts.[24] That September, he began ushering at Loew's State Theater.[25] Other jobs followed during his school years: Precision Tool, Loew's again, and MARL Metal Products.[26]
During his junior year, Presley began to stand out more among his classmates, largely because of his appearance: he grew out his sideburns and styled his hair with rose oil and Vaseline. On his own time, he would head down to Beale Street, the heart of Memphis's thriving blues scene, and gaze longingly at the wild, flashy clothes in the windows of Lansky Brothers. By his senior year, he was wearing them.[27] Overcoming his reticence about performing outside the Courts, he competed in Humes's Annual "Minstrel" show in April 1953. Singing and playing guitar, he opened with "Till I Waltz Again with You", a recent hit for Teresa Brewer. Presley recalled that the performance did much for his reputation: "I wasn't popular in school ... I failed music—only thing I ever failed. And then they entered me in this talent show ... when I came onstage I heard people kind of rumbling and whispering and so forth, 'cause nobody knew I even sang. It was amazing how popular I became after that."[28]
Presley, who never received formal music training or learned to read music, studied and played by ear. He frequented record stores with jukeboxes and listening booths. He knew all of Hank Snow's songs[29] and he loved records by other country singers such as Roy Acuff, Ernest Tubb, Ted Daffan, Jimmie Rodgers, Jimmie Davis, and Bob Wills.[30] The Southern Gospel singer Jake Hess, one of his favorite performers, was a significant influence on his ballad-singing style.[31][32] He was a regular audience member at the monthly All-Night Singings downtown, where many of the white gospel groups that performed reflected the influence of African American spiritual music.[33] He adored the music of black gospel singer Sister Rosetta Tharpe.[30] Like some of his peers, he may have attended blues venues—of necessity, in the segregated South, only on nights designated for exclusively white audiences.[34] He certainly listened to the regional radio stations that played "race records": spirituals, blues, and the modern, backbeat-heavy sound of rhythm and blues.[35] Many of his future recordings were inspired by local African American musicians such as Arthur Crudup and Rufus Thomas.[36][37] B.B. King recalled that he knew Presley before he was popular when they both used to frequent Beale Street.[38] By the time he graduated high school in June 1953, Presley had already singled out music as his future.[39][40]
First recordings (1953–55)[link]
Sam Phillips and Sun Records[link]
See also: Elvis Presley's Sun recordings
In August 1953, Presley walked into the offices of Sun Records. He aimed to pay for a few minutes of studio time to record a two-sided acetate disc: "My Happiness" and "That's When Your Heartaches Begin". He would later claim he intended the record as a gift for his mother, or was merely interested in what he "sounded like", though there was a much cheaper, amateur record-making service at a nearby general store. Biographer Peter Guralnick argues that he chose Sun in the hope of being discovered. Asked by receptionist Marion Keisker what kind of singer he was, Presley responded, "I sing all kinds." When she pressed him on whom he sounded like, he repeatedly answered, "I don't sound like nobody." After he recorded, Sun boss Sam Phillips asked Keisker to note down the young man's name, which she did along with her own commentary: "Good ballad singer. Hold."[41] Presley cut a second acetate in January 1954—"I'll Never Stand In Your Way" and "It Wouldn't Be the Same Without You"—but again nothing came of it.[42]
Not long after, he failed an audition for a local vocal quartet, the Songfellows. He explained to his father, "They told me I couldn't sing."[43] Songfellow Jim Hamill later claimed that he was turned down because he did not demonstrate an ear for harmony at the time.[44] In April, Presley began working for the Crown Electric company as a truck driver.[45] His friend Ronnie Smith, after playing a few local gigs with him, suggested he contact Eddie Bond, leader of Smith's professional band, which had an opening for a vocalist. Bond rejected him after a tryout, advising Presley to stick to truck driving "because you're never going to make it as a singer."[46]
Phillips, meanwhile, was always on the lookout for someone who could bring the sound of the black musicians on whom Sun focused to a broader audience. As Keisker reported, "Over and over I remember Sam saying, 'If I could find a white man who had the Negro sound and the Negro feel, I could make a billion dollars.'"[47] In June, he acquired a demo recording of a ballad, "Without You", that he thought might suit the teenaged singer. Presley came by the studio, but was unable to do it justice. Despite this, Phillips asked Presley to sing as many numbers as he knew. He was sufficiently affected by what he heard to invite two local musicians, guitarist Winfield "Scotty" Moore and upright bass player Bill Black, to work something up with Presley for a recording session.[48]
 |
Presley transformed not only the sound but the emotion of the song, turning what had been written as a "lament for a lost love into a satisfied declaration of independence."[49]
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
The session, held the evening of July 5, proved entirely unfruitful until late in the night. As they were about to give up and go home, Presley took his guitar and launched into a 1946 blues number, Arthur Crudup's "That's All Right". Moore recalled, "All of a sudden, Elvis just started singing this song, jumping around and acting the fool, and then Bill picked up his bass, and he started acting the fool, too, and I started playing with them. Sam, I think, had the door to the control booth open ... he stuck his head out and said, 'What are you doing?' And we said, 'We don't know.' 'Well, back up,' he said, 'try to find a place to start, and do it again.'" Phillips quickly began taping; this was the sound he had been looking for.[50] Three days later, popular Memphis DJ Dewey Phillips played "That's All Right" on his Red, Hot, and Blue show.[51] Listeners began phoning in, eager to find out who the singer was. The interest was such that Phillips played the record repeatedly during the last two hours of his show. Interviewing Presley on-air, Phillips asked him what high school he attended in order to clarify his color for the many callers who had assumed he was black.[52] During the next few days the trio recorded a bluegrass number, Bill Monroe's "Blue Moon of Kentucky", again in a distinctive style and employing a jury-rigged echo effect that Sam Phillips dubbed "slapback". A single was pressed with "That's All Right" on the A side and "Blue Moon of Kentucky" on the reverse.[53]
Early live performances and signing to RCA[link]
The trio played publicly for the first time on July 17 at the Bon Air club—Presley still sporting his child-size guitar.[54] At the end of the month, they appeared at the Overton Park Shell, with Slim Whitman headlining. A combination of his strong response to rhythm and nervousness at playing before a large crowd led Presley to shake his legs as he performed: his wide-cut pants emphasized his movements, causing young women in the audience to start screaming.[55] Moore recalled, "During the instrumental parts he would back off from the mike and be playing and shaking, and the crowd would just go wild".[56] Black, a natural showman, whooped and rode his bass, hitting double licks that Presley would later remember as "really a wild sound, like a jungle drum or something".[56] Soon after, Moore and Black quit their old band to play with Presley regularly, and DJ and promoter Bob Neal became the trio's manager. From August through October, they played frequently at the Eagle's Nest club and returned to Sun Studio for more recording sessions,[57] and Presley quickly grew more confident on stage. According to Moore, "His movement was a natural thing, but he was also very conscious of what got a reaction. He'd do something one time and then he would expand on it real quick."[58] Presley made what would be his only appearance on Nashville's Grand Ole Opry on October 2; after a polite audience response, Opry manager Jim Denny told Phillips that his singer was "not bad" but did not suit the program.[59] Two weeks later, Presley was booked on Louisiana Hayride, the Opry's chief, and more adventurous, rival. The Shreveport-based show was broadcast to 198 radio stations in 28 states. Presley had another attack of nerves during the first set, which drew a muted reaction. A more composed and energetic second set inspired an enthusiastic response.[60] House drummer D.J. Fontana brought a new element, complementing Presley's movements with accented beats that he had mastered playing in strip clubs.[61] Soon after the show, the Hayride engaged Presley for a year's worth of Saturday-night appearances. Trading in his old guitar for $8 (and seeing it promptly dispatched to the garbage), he purchased a Martin instrument for $175, and his trio began playing in new locales including Houston, Texas, and Texarkana, Arkansas.[62]
By early 1955, Presley's regular Hayride appearances, constant touring, and well-received record releases had made him a substantial regional star, from Tennessee to West Texas. In January, Neal signed a formal management contract with Presley and brought the singer to the attention of Colonel Tom Parker, whom he considered the best promoter in the music business. Parker—Dutch-born, though he claimed to be from West Virginia—had acquired an honorary colonel's commission from country singer turned Louisiana governor Jimmie Davis. Having successfully managed top country star Eddy Arnold, he was now working with the new number one country singer, Hank Snow. Parker booked Presley on Snow's February tour.[63][64] When the tour reached Odessa, Texas, a 19-year-old Roy Orbison saw Presley for the first time: "His energy was incredible, his instinct was just amazing. ... I just didn't know what to make of it. There was just no reference point in the culture to compare it."[29] Presley made his television debut on March 3 on the KSLA-TV broadcast of Louisiana Hayride. Soon after, he failed an audition for Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts on the CBS television network. By August, Sun had released ten sides credited to "Elvis Presley, Scotty and Bill"; on the latest recordings, the trio were joined by a drummer. Some of the songs, like "That's All Right", were in what one Memphis journalist described as the "R&B idiom of negro field jazz"; others, like "Blue Moon of Kentucky", were "more in the country field", "but there was a curious blending of the two different musics in both".[65] This blend of styles made it difficult for Presley's music to find radio airplay. According to Neal, many country music disc jockeys would not play it because he sounded too much like a black artist and none of the rhythm and blues stations would touch him because "he sounded too much like a hillbilly."[66] The blend came to be known as rockabilly. At the time, Presley was variously billed as "The King of Western Bop", "The Hillbilly Cat", and "The Memphis Flash".[67]
Presley renewed Neal's management contract in August 1955, simultaneously appointing Parker as his special adviser.[68] The group maintained an extensive touring schedule throughout the second half of the year.[69] Neal recalled, "It was almost frightening, the reaction that came to Elvis from the teenaged boys. So many of them, through some sort of jealousy, would practically hate him. There were occasions in some towns in Texas when we'd have to be sure to have a police guard because somebody'd always try to take a crack at him. They'd get a gang and try to waylay him or something."[70] The trio became a quartet when Hayride drummer Fontana joined as a full member. In mid-October, they played a few shows in support of Bill Haley, whose "Rock Around the Clock" had been a number one hit the previous year. Haley observed that Presley had a natural feel for rhythm, and advised him to sing fewer ballads.[71]
At the Country Disc Jockey Convention in early November, Presley was voted the year's most promising male artist.[72] Several record companies had by now shown interest in signing him. After three major labels made offers of up to $25,000, Parker and Phillips struck a deal with RCA Victor on November 21 to acquire Presley's Sun contract for an unprecedented $40,000.[73]c Presley, at 20, was still a minor, so his father signed the contract.[74] Parker arranged with the owners of Hill and Range Publishing, Jean and Julian Aberbach, to create two entities, Elvis Presley Music and Gladys Music, to handle all of the new material recorded by Presley. Songwriters were obliged to forego one third of their customary royalties in exchange for having him perform their compositions.[75]d By December, RCA had begun to heavily promote its new singer, and before month's end had reissued many of his Sun recordings.[76]
Commercial breakout and controversy (1956–58)[link]
First national TV appearances and debut album[link]
File:Elvispresleydebutalbum.jpeg
The "iconic cover" of Presley's 1956 debut album[77] featuring a photo taken July 31, 1955, in Tampa, Florida[78]
On January 10, 1956, Presley made his first recordings for RCA in Nashville.[79] Extending the singer's by now customary backup of Moore, Black, and Fontana, RCA enlisted pianist Floyd Cramer, guitarist Chet Atkins, and three background singers, including Gordon Stoker of the popular Jordanaires quartet, to fill out the sound.[80] The session produced the moody, unusual "Heartbreak Hotel", released as a single on January 27.[79] Parker finally brought Presley to national television, booking him on CBS's Stage Show for six appearances over two months. The program, produced in New York, was hosted on alternate weeks by big band leaders and brothers Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey. After his first appearance, on January 28, Presley stayed in town to record at RCA's New York studio. The sessions yielded eight songs, including a cover of Carl Perkins' rockabilly anthem "Blue Suede Shoes". In February, Presley's "I Forgot to Remember to Forget", a Sun recording initially released the previous August, reached the top of the Billboard country chart.[81] Neal's contract was terminated and, on March 2, Parker became Presley's manager.[82]
|
|
Presley exhorts guitarist Scotty Moore during his break. "Let's go, cat!" was in the Perkins original. "Aw, walk the dog!" is all Elvis.
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
RCA Victor released Presley's self-titled debut album on March 23. Joined by five previously unreleased Sun recordings, its seven recently recorded tracks were of a broad variety. There were two country songs and a bouncy pop tune. The others would centrally define the evolving sound of rock and roll: "Blue Suede Shoes"—"an improvement over Perkins' in almost every way", according to critic Robert Hilburn—and three R&B numbers that had been part of Presley's stage repertoire for some time, covers of Little Richard, Ray Charles, and The Drifters. As described by Hilburn, these "were the most revealing of all. Unlike many white artists ... who watered down the gritty edges of the original R&B versions of songs in the '50s, Presley reshaped them. He not only injected the tunes with his own vocal character but also made guitar, not piano, the lead instrument in all three cases."[83] It became the first rock and roll album to top the Billboard chart, a position it held for 10 weeks.[79] While Presley was not an innovative instrumentalist like Moore or contemporary African American rockers Bo Diddley and Chuck Berry, cultural historian Gilbert B. Rodman argues that the album's cover image, "of Elvis having the time of his life on stage with a guitar in his hands played a crucial role in positioning the guitar...as the instrument that best captured the style and spirit of this new music."[84]
[edit] Milton Berle Show and "Hound Dog"
Presley made the first of two appearances on NBC's Milton Berle Show on April 3. His performance, on the deck of the USS Hancock in San Diego, prompted cheers and screams from an audience of sailors and their dates.[85] A few days later, a flight taking Presley and his band to Nashville for a recording session left all three badly shaken when an engine died and the plane almost went down over Arkansas.[86] Twelve weeks after its original release, "Heartbreak Hotel" became Presley's first number one pop hit. In late April, Presley began a two-week residency at the New Frontier Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The shows were poorly received by the conservative, middle-aged hotel guests—"like a jug of corn liquor at a champagne party", wrote a critic for Newsweek.[87] Amid his Vegas tenure, Presley, who had serious acting ambitions, signed a seven-year contract with Paramount Pictures.[88] He began a tour of the Midwest in mid-May, taking in 15 cities in as many days.[89] He had attended several shows by Freddie Bell and the Bellboys in Vegas, and was struck by their cover of "Hound Dog", a hit in 1953 for blues singer Big Mama Thornton by songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller. It became the new closing number of his act.[90] After a show in La Crosse, Wisconsin, an urgent message on the letterhead of the local Catholic diocese's newspaper was sent to FBI director J. Edgar Hoover. It warned that "Presley is a definite danger to the security of the United States. ... [His] actions and motions were such as to rouse the sexual passions of teenaged youth. ... After the show, more than 1,000 teenagers tried to gang into Presley's room at the auditorium. ... Indications of the harm Presley did just in La Crosse were the two high school girls ... whose abdomen and thigh had Presley's autograph."[91]
The second Milton Berle Show appearance came on June 5 at NBC's Hollywood studio, amid another hectic tour. Berle persuaded the singer to leave his guitar backstage, advising, "Let 'em see you, son."[92] During the performance, Presley abruptly halted an uptempo rendition of "Hound Dog" with a wave of his arm and launched into a slow, grinding version accentuated with energetic, exaggerated body movements.[92] Presley's gyrations created a storm of controversy.[93] Television critics were outraged: Jack Gould of The New York Times wrote, "Mr. Presley has no discernible singing ability. ... His phrasing, if it can be called that, consists of the stereotyped variations that go with a beginner's aria in a bathtub. ... His one specialty is an accented movement of the body ... primarily identified with the repertoire of the blond bombshells of the burlesque runway."[94] Ben Gross of the New York Daily News opined that popular music "has reached its lowest depths in the 'grunt and groin' antics of one Elvis Presley. ... Elvis, who rotates his pelvis ... gave an exhibition that was suggestive and vulgar, tinged with the kind of animalism that should be confined to dives and bordellos".[95] Ed Sullivan, whose own variety show was the nation's most popular, declared him "unfit for family viewing".[96] To Presley's displeasure, he soon found himself being referred to as "Elvis the Pelvis", which he called "one of the most childish expressions I ever heard, comin' from an adult."[97]
[edit] Steve Allen Show and first Sullivan appearance
The Berle shows drew such high ratings that Presley was booked for a July 1 appearance on NBC's Steve Allen Show in New York. Allen, no fan of rock and roll, introduced a "new Elvis" in a white bow tie and black tails. Presley sang "Hound Dog" for less than a minute to a basset hound wearing a top hat and bow tie. As described by television historian Jake Austen, "Allen thought Presley was talentless and absurd... [he] set things up so that Presley would show his contrition".[98] Allen, for his part, later wrote that he found Presley's "strange, gangly, country-boy charisma, his hard-to-define cuteness, and his charming eccentricity intriguing" and simply worked the singer into the customary "comedy fabric" of his program.[99] Presley would refer back to the Allen show as the most ridiculous performance of his career.[100] Later that night, he appeared on Hy Gardner Calling, a popular local TV show. Pressed on whether he had learned anything from the criticism to which he was being subjected, Presley responded, "No, I haven't, I don't feel like I'm doing anything wrong. ... I don't see how any type of music would have any bad influence on people when it's only music. ... I mean, how would rock 'n' roll music make anyone rebel against their parents?"[95]
The next day, Presley recorded "Hound Dog", along with "Any Way You Want Me" and "Don't Be Cruel". The Jordanaires sang harmony, as they had on The Steve Allen Show; they would work with Presley through the 1960s. A few days later, the singer made an outdoor concert appearance in Memphis at which he announced, "You know, those people in New York are not gonna change me none. I'm gonna show you what the real Elvis is like tonight."[101] In August, a judge in Jacksonville, Florida, ordered Presley to tame his act. Throughout the following performance, he largely kept still, except for wiggling his little finger suggestively in mockery of the order.[102] The single pairing "Don't Be Cruel" with "Hound Dog" ruled the top of the charts for 11 weeks—a mark that would not be surpassed for 36 years.[103] Recording sessions for Presley's second album took place in Hollywood during the first week of September. Leiber and Stoller, the writers of "Hound Dog", contributed "Love Me".[104]
Allen's show with Presley had, for the first time, beaten CBS's Ed Sullivan Show in the ratings. Sullivan, despite his June pronouncement, booked the singer for three appearances for an unprecedented $50,000.[105] The first, on September 9, 1956, was seen by approximately 60 million viewers—a record 82.6 percent of the television audience.[106] Actor Charles Laughton hosted the show, filling in while Sullivan recuperated from a car accident.[96] Presley appeared in two segments that night from CBS Television City in Los Angeles. According to Elvis legend, Presley was shot only from the waist up. Watching clips of the Allen and Berle shows with his producer, Sullivan had opined that Presley "got some kind of device hanging down below the crotch of his pants–so when he moves his legs back and forth you can see the outline of his cock. ... I think it's a Coke bottle. ... We just can't have this on a Sunday night. This is a family show!"[107] Sullivan publicly told TV Guide, "As for his gyrations, the whole thing can be controlled with camera shots."[105] In fact, Presley was shown head-to-toe in the first and second shows. Though the camerawork was relatively discreet during his debut, with leg-concealing closeups when he danced, the studio audience reacted in customary style: screaming.[108][109] Presley's performance of his forthcoming single, the ballad "Love Me Tender", prompted a record-shattering million advance orders.[110] More than any other single event, it was this first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show that made Presley a national celebrity of barely precedented proportions.[96]
Accompanying Presley's rise to fame, a cultural shift was taking place that he both helped inspire and came to symbolize. Igniting the "biggest pop craze since Glenn Miller and Frank Sinatra ... Presley brought rock'n'roll into the mainstream of popular culture", writes historian Marty Jezer. "As Presley set the artistic pace, other artists followed. ... Presley, more than anyone else, gave the young a belief in themselves as a distinct and somehow unified generation—the first in America ever to feel the power of an integrated youth culture."[111]
Crazed crowds and movie debut[link]
|
|
Presley's definition of rock and roll included a sense of humor—here, during his second Sullivan appearance, he introduces one of his signature numbers.
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
The audience response at Presley's live shows became increasingly fevered. Moore recalled, "He'd start out, 'You ain't nothin' but a Hound Dog,' and they'd just go to pieces. They'd always react the same way. There'd be a riot every time."[112] At the two concerts he performed in September at the Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show, 50 National Guardsmen were added to the police security to prevent crowd trouble.[113] Elvis, Presley's second album, was released in October and quickly rose to number one. Assessing the musical and cultural impact of Presley's recordings from "That's All Right" through Elvis, rock critic Dave Marsh wrote that "these records, more than any others, contain the seeds of what rock & roll was, has been and most likely what it may foreseeably become."[114]
Presley returned to the Sullivan show at its main studio in New York, hosted this time by its namesake, on October 28. After the performance, crowds in Nashville and St. Louis burned him in effigy.[96] His first motion picture, Love Me Tender, was released on November 21. Though he was not top billed, the film's original title—The Reno Brothers—was changed to capitalize on his latest number one record: "Love Me Tender" had hit the top of the charts earlier that month. To further take advantage of Presley's popularity, four musical numbers were added to what was originally a straight acting role. The movie was panned by the critics but did very well at the box office.[88] Presley would receive top billing on every subsequent film he made.
On December 4, Presley dropped into Sun Records where Carl Perkins and Jerry Lee Lewis were recording and jammed with them. Though Phillips no longer had the right to release any Presley material, he made sure the session was captured on tape. The results became legendary as the "Million Dollar Quartet" recordings—Johnny Cash was long thought to have played as well, but he was present only briefly at Phillips' instigation for a photo opportunity.[115] The year ended with a front-page story in The Wall Street Journal reporting that Presley merchandise had brought in $22 million on top of his record sales,[116] and Billboard's declaration that he had placed more songs in the top 100 than any other artist since records were first charted.[117] In his first full year on RCA, one of the music industry's largest companies, Presley had accounted for over 50 percent of the label's singles sales.[110]
Leiber and Stoller collaboration and draft notice[link]
Presley made his third and final Ed Sullivan Show appearance on January 6, 1957—on this occasion indeed shot only down to the waist. Some commentators have claimed that Parker orchestrated an appearance of censorship to generate publicity.[109][118] In any event, as critic Greil Marcus describes, Presley "did not tie himself down. Leaving behind the bland clothes he had worn on the first two shows, he stepped out in the outlandish costume of a pasha, if not a harem girl. From the make-up over his eyes, the hair falling in his face, the overwhelmingly sexual cast of his mouth, he was playing Rudolph Valentino in The Sheik, with all stops out."[96] To close, displaying his range and defying Sullivan's wishes, Presley sang a gentle black spiritual, "Peace in the Valley". At the end of the show, Sullivan declared Presley "a real decent, fine boy".[119] Two days later, the Memphis draft board announced that Presley would be classified 1A and would probably be drafted sometime that year.[120]
Each of the three Presley singles released in the first half of 1957 went to number one: "Too Much", "All Shook Up", and "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear". Already an international star, he was attracting fans even where his music was not officially released. Under the headline "Presley Records a Craze in Soviet", The New York Times reported that pressings of his music on discarded X-ray plates were commanding high prices in Leningrad.[121] Between film shoots and recording sessions, the singer also found time to purchase an 18-room mansion eight miles (13 km) south of downtown Memphis for himself and his parents: Graceland.[122] Loving You—the soundtrack to his second film, released in July—was Presley's third straight number one album. The title track was written by Leiber and Stoller, who were then retained to write four of the six songs recorded at the sessions for Jailhouse Rock, Presley's next movie. The songwriting team effectively produced the Jailhouse sessions and developed a close working relationship with Presley, who came to regard them as his "good-luck charm".[123] The title track was yet another number one hit, as was the Jailhouse Rock EP.
Presley undertook three brief tours during the year, continuing to generate a crazed audience response.[124] A Detroit newspaper suggested that "the trouble with going to see Elvis Presley is that you're liable to get killed."[125] Villanova students pelted him with eggs in Philadelphia,[125] and in Vancouver, the crowd rioted after the end of the show, destroying the stage.[126] Frank Sinatra, who had famously inspired the swooning of teenaged girls in the 1940s, condemned the new musical phenomenon. In a magazine article, he decried rock and roll as "brutal, ugly, degenerate, vicious. ... It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people. It smells phoney and false. It is sung, played and written, for the most part, by cretinous goons. ... This rancid-smelling aphrodisiac I deplore."[127] Asked for a response, Presley said, "I admire the man. He has a right to say what he wants to say. He is a great success and a fine actor, but I think he shouldn't have said it. ... This is a trend, just the same as he faced when he started years ago."[128]
Leiber and Stoller were again in the studio for the recording of Elvis' Christmas Album. Toward the end of the session, they wrote a song on the spot at Presley's request: "Santa Claus Is Back In Town", an innuendo-laden blues.[129] The holiday release stretched Presley's string of number one albums to four and would eventually become the best selling Christmas album of all time.[130][131] After the session, Moore and Black—drawing only modest weekly salaries, sharing in none of Presley's massive financial success—resigned. Though they were brought back on a per diem basis a few weeks later, it was clear that they had not been part of Presley's inner circle for some time.[132] On December 20, Presley received his draft notice. He was granted a deferment to finish the forthcoming King Creole, in which $350,000 had already been invested by Paramount and producer Hal Wallis. A couple of weeks into the new year, "Don't", another Leiber and Stoller tune, became Presley's tenth number one seller. It had been only 21 months since "Heartbreak Hotel" had brought him to the top for the first time. Recording sessions for the King Creole soundtrack were held in Hollywood mid-January. Leiber and Stoller provided three songs and were again on hand, but it would be the last time they worked closely with Presley.[133] A studio session on February 1 marked another ending: it was the final occasion on which Black was to perform with Presley. He died in 1965.
Military service and mother's death (1958–60)[link]
On March 24, Presley was inducted into the U.S. Army as a private at Fort Chaffee, near Fort Smith, Arkansas. His arrival was a major media event. Hundreds of people descended on Presley as he stepped from the bus; photographers then accompanied him into the base.[134] Presley announced that he was looking forward to his military stint, saying he did not want to be treated any differently from anyone else: "The Army can do anything it wants with me."[135]
Soon after Presley commenced basic training at Fort Hood, Texas, he received a visit from Eddie Fadal, a businessman he had met on tour. According to Fadal, Presley had become convinced his career was finished—"He firmly believed that."[136] During a two-week leave in early June, Presley cut five sides in Nashville. In early August, his mother was diagnosed with hepatitis and her condition swiftly worsened. Presley, granted emergency leave to visit her, arrived in Memphis on August 12. Two days later, she died of heart failure, aged 46. Presley was devastated;[137] their relationship had remained extremely close—even into his adulthood, they would use baby talk with each other and Presley would address her with pet names.[138]
After training, Presley joined the 3rd Armored Division in Friedberg, Germany, on October 1.[139] Introduced to amphetamines by a sergeant while on maneuvers, he became "practically evangelical about their benefits"—not only for energy, but for "strength" and weight loss, as well—and many of his friends in the outfit joined him in indulging.[140] The Army also introduced Presley to karate, which he studied seriously, later including it in his live performances.[141] Fellow soldiers have attested to Presley's wish to be seen as an able, ordinary soldier, despite his fame, and to his generosity. He donated his Army pay to charity, purchased TV sets for the base, and bought an extra set of fatigues for everyone in his outfit.[142]
While in Friedberg, Presley met 14-year-old Priscilla Beaulieu. They would eventually marry after a seven-and-a-half-year courtship.[143] In her autobiography, Priscilla says that despite his worries that it would ruin his career, Parker convinced Presley that to gain popular respect, he should serve his country as a regular soldier rather than in Special Services, where he would have been able to give some musical performances and remain in touch with the public.[144] Media reports echoed Presley's concerns about his career, but RCA producer Steve Sholes and Freddy Bienstock of Hill and Range had carefully prepared for his two-year hiatus. Armed with a substantial amount of unreleased material, they kept up a regular stream of successful releases.[145] Between his induction and discharge, Presley had ten top 40 hits, including "Wear My Ring Around Your Neck", the best-selling "Hard Headed Woman", and "One Night" in 1958, and "(Now and Then There's) A Fool Such as I" and the number one "A Big Hunk o' Love" in 1959.[146] RCA also generated four albums compiling old material during this period, most successfully Elvis' Golden Records (1958), which hit number three on the LP chart.[147]
Focus on movies (1960–67)[link]
[edit] Elvis Is Back
|
|
Presley broke new stylistic ground and displayed his vocal range with this number one hit. The quasi-operatic ballad ends with Presley "soaring up to an incredible top G sharp."[148]
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
Presley returned to the United States on March 2, 1960, and was honorably discharged with the rank of sergeant on March 5.[149] The train that carried him from New Jersey to Tennessee was mobbed all the way, and Presley was called upon to appear at scheduled stops to please his fans.[150] On the night of March 20, he entered RCA's Nashville studio to cut tracks for a new album along with a single—"Stuck on You" was rushed into release and swiftly became a number one hit.[151] Another Nashville session two weeks later yielded a pair of his best-selling singles, the ballads "It's Now or Never" and "Are You Lonesome Tonight?", along with the rest of Elvis Is Back! The album features several songs described by Greil Marcus as full of Chicago blues "menace, driven by Presley's own super-miked acoustic guitar, brilliant playing by Scotty Moore, and demonic sax work from Boots Randolph. Elvis's singing wasn't sexy, it was pornographic."[152] As a whole, the record "conjured up the vision of a performer who could be all things", in the words of music historian John Robertson: "a flirtatious teenage idol with a heart of gold; a tempestuous, dangerous lover; a gutbucket blues singer; a sophisticated nightclub entertainer; [a] raucous rocker".[153] Released only days after recording was complete, it reached number two on the album chart.
Presley returned to television on May 12 as a guest on The Frank Sinatra Timex Special—ironic for both stars, given Sinatra's not-so-distant excoriation of rock and roll. Also known as Welcome Home Elvis, the show had been taped in late March, the only time all year Presley performed in front of an audience. Parker secured an unheard-of $125,000 fee for eight minutes of singing. The broadcast drew an enormous viewership.[154]
G.I. Blues, the soundtrack to Presley's first film since his return, was a number one album in October. His first LP of sacred material, His Hand in Mine, followed two months later. It reached number 13 on the U.S. pop chart and number 3 in Great Britain, remarkable figures for a gospel album. In February 1961, Presley performed two shows for a benefit event in Memphis, on behalf of 24 local charities. During a luncheon preceding the event, RCA presented him with a plaque certifying worldwide sales of over 75 million records.[155] A 12-hour Nashville session in mid-March yielded nearly all of Presley's next studio album, Something for Everybody.[156] As described by John Robertson, it exemplifies the Nashville sound, the restrained, cosmopolitan style that would define country music in the 1960s. Presaging much of what was to come from Presley himself over the next half-decade, the album is largely "a pleasant, unthreatening pastiche of the music that had once been Elvis's birthright."[157] It would be his sixth number one LP. Another benefit concert, raising money for a Pearl Harbor memorial, was staged on March 25, in Hawaii. It was to be Presley's last public performance for seven years.[158]
Lost in Hollywood[link]
See also: Elvis Presley filmography
Parker had by now pushed Presley into a heavy moviemaking schedule, focused on formulaic, modestly budgeted musical comedies. Presley at first insisted on pursuing more serious roles, but when two films in a more dramatic vein—Flaming Star (1960) and Wild in the Country (1961)—were less commercially successful, he reverted to the formula. Among the 27 movies he made during the 1960s, there were few further exceptions.[159] His films were almost universally panned; one critic dismissed them as a "pantheon of bad taste".[160] Nonetheless, they were virtually all profitable. Hal Wallis, who produced nine of them, declared, "A Presley picture is the only sure thing in Hollywood."[161]
Of Presley's films in the 1960s, 15 were accompanied by soundtrack albums and another 5 by soundtrack EPs. The movies' rapid production and release schedules—he frequently starred in three a year—affected his music. According to Jerry Leiber, the soundtrack formula was already evident before Presley left for the Army: "three ballads, one medium-tempo [number], one up-tempo, and one break blues boogie".[162] As the decade wore on, the quality of the soundtrack songs grew "progressively worse".[163] Julie Parrish, who appeared in Paradise, Hawaiian Style (1966), says that he hated many of the songs chosen for his films.[164] The Jordanaires' Gordon Stoker describes how Presley would retreat from the studio microphone: "The material was so bad that he felt like he couldn't sing it."[165] Most of the movie albums featured a song or two from respected writers such as the team of Doc Pomus and Mort Shuman. But by and large, according to biographer Jerry Hopkins, the numbers seemed to be "written on order by men who never really understood Elvis or rock and roll."[166] Regardless of the songs' quality, it has been argued that Presley generally sang them well, with commitment.[167] Critic Dave Marsh heard the opposite: "Presley isn't trying, probably the wisest course in the face of material like 'No Room to Rumba in a Sports Car' and 'Rock-a-Hula Baby.'"[114]
In the first half of the decade, three of Presley's soundtrack albums hit number one on the pop charts, and a few of his most popular songs came from his films, such as "Can't Help Falling in Love" (1961) and "Return to Sender" (1962). ("Viva Las Vegas", the title track to the 1964 film, was a minor hit as a B-side, and became truly popular only later.) But, as with artistic merit, the commercial returns steadily diminished. During a five-year span—1964 through 1968—Presley had only one top ten hit: "Crying in the Chapel" (1965), a gospel number recorded back in 1960. As for non-movie albums, between the June 1962 release of Pot Luck and the November 1968 release of the soundtrack to the television special that signaled his comeback, only one LP of new material by Presley was issued: the gospel album How Great Thou Art (1967). It won him his first Grammy Award, for Best Sacred Performance. As Marsh described, Presley was "arguably the greatest white gospel singer of his time [and] really the last rock & roll artist to make gospel as vital a component of his musical personality as his secular songs."[168]
Shortly before Christmas 1966, more than seven years since they first met, Presley proposed to Priscilla Beaulieu. They were married on May 1, 1967, in a brief ceremony in their suite at the Aladdin Hotel in Las Vegas.[169] The flow of formulaic movies and assembly-line soundtracks rolled on. It was not until October 1967, when the Clambake soundtrack LP registered record low sales for a new Presley album, that RCA executives recognized a problem. "By then, of course, the damage had been done", as historians Connie Kirchberg and Marc Hendrickx put it. "Elvis was viewed as a joke by serious music lovers and a has-been to all but his most loyal fans."[170]
Comeback (1968–73)[link]
[edit] Elvis: the '68 Comeback Special
Main article: Elvis (1968 TV program)
File:Elvis Presley 68 Comeback Special.jpg
The '68 Comeback Special produced "one of the most famous images" of Presley.[171] Taken on June 29, 1968, it was adapted for the cover of Rolling Stone in July 1969.[171][172]
Presley's only child, Lisa Marie, was born on February 1, 1968, during a period when he had grown deeply unhappy with his career.[173] Of the eight Presley singles released between January 1967 and May 1968, only two charted in the top 40, and none higher than number 28.[174] His forthcoming soundtrack album, Speedway, would die at number 82 on the Billboard chart. Parker had already shifted his plans to television, where Presley had not appeared since the Sinatra Timex show in 1960. He maneuvered a deal with NBC that committed the network to both finance a theatrical feature and broadcast a Christmas special.[175]
Recorded in late June in Burbank, California, the special, called simply Elvis, aired on December 3, 1968. Later known as the '68 Comeback Special, the show featured lavishly staged studio productions as well as songs performed with a band in front of a small audience—Presley's first live performances since 1961. The live segments saw Presley clad in tight black leather, singing and playing guitar in an uninhibited style reminiscent of his early rock and roll days. Director and coproducer Steve Binder had worked hard to reassure the nervous singer and to produce a show that was far from the hour of Christmas songs Parker had originally planned.[176] The show, NBC's highest rated that season, captured 42 percent of the total viewing audience.[177] Jon Landau of Eye magazine remarked, "There is something magical about watching a man who has lost himself find his way back home. He sang with the kind of power people no longer expect of rock 'n' roll singers. He moved his body with a lack of pretension and effort that must have made Jim Morrison green with envy."[178] Dave Marsh calls the performance one of "emotional grandeur and historical resonance."[179]
By January 1969, the single "If I Can Dream", written for the special, reached number 12. The soundtrack album broke into the top ten. According to friend Jerry Schilling, the special reminded Presley of what "he had not been able to do for years, being able to choose the people; being able to choose what songs and not being told what had to be on the soundtrack. ... He was out of prison, man."[177] Binder said of Presley's reaction, "I played Elvis the 60-minute show, and he told me in the screening room, 'Steve, it's the greatest thing I've ever done in my life. I give you my word I will never sing a song I don't believe in.'"[177]
[edit] From Elvis In Memphis and the International
|
|
Beginning with his American Sound recordings, soul music became a central element in Presley's fusion of styles. Here, he revels in lyrics full of sexual innuendo.[180]
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
Buoyed by the experience of the Comeback Special, Presley engaged in a prolific series of recording sessions at American Sound Studio, which led to the acclaimed From Elvis in Memphis. Released in June 1969, it was his first secular, non-soundtrack album from a dedicated period in the studio in eight years. As described by Dave Marsh, it is "a masterpiece in which Presley immediately catches up with pop music trends that had seemed to pass him by during the movie years. He sings country songs, soul songs and rockers with real conviction, a stunning achievement."[181] The album featured the hit single "In the Ghetto", issued in April, which reached number three on the pop chart—Presley's first non-gospel top ten hit since "Bossa Nova Baby" in 1963. Further hit singles were culled from the American Sound sessions: "Suspicious Minds", "Don't Cry Daddy", and "Kentucky Rain".
Presley was keen to resume regular live performing. Following the success of the Comeback Special, offers came in from around the world. The London Palladium offered Parker $28,000 for a one-week engagement. He responded, "That's fine for me, now how much can you get for Elvis?"[182] In May, the brand new International Hotel in Las Vegas, boasting the largest showroom in the city, announced that it had booked Presley. He was scheduled to perform 57 shows over four weeks beginning July 31. Moore, Fontana, and the Jordanaires declined to participate, afraid of losing the lucrative session work they had in Nashville. Presley assembled new, top-notch accompaniment, led by guitarist James Burton and including two gospel groups, The Imperials and Sweet Inspirations.[183] Nonetheless, he was nervous: his only previous Las Vegas engagement, in 1956, had been dismal. Parker, who intended to make Presley's return the show business event of the year, oversaw a major promotional push. For his part, hotel owner Kirk Kerkorian arranged to send his own plane to New York to fly in rock journalists for the debut performance.[184]
Presley took to the stage without introduction. The audience of 2,200, including many celebrities, gave him a standing ovation before he sang a note and another after his performance. A third followed his encore, "Can't Help Falling in Love" (a song that would be his closing number for much of the 1970s).[185] At a press conference after the show, when a journalist referred to him as "The King", Presley gestured toward Fats Domino, who was taking in the scene. "No," Presley said, "that's the real king of rock and roll."[186] The next day, Parker's negotiations with the hotel resulted in a five-year contract for Presley to play each February and August, at an annual salary of $1 million.[187] Newsweek commented, "There are several unbelievable things about Elvis, but the most incredible is his staying power in a world where meteoric careers fade like shooting stars."[188] Rolling Stone called Presley "supernatural, his own resurrection."[189] In November, Presley's final non-concert movie, Change of Habit, opened. The double album From Memphis To Vegas/From Vegas To Memphis came out the same month; the first LP consisted of live performances from the International, the second of more cuts from the American Sound sessions. "Suspicious Minds" reached the top of the charts—Presley's first U.S. pop number one in over seven years, and his last.
Cassandra Peterson, later television's Elvira, met Presley during this period in Las Vegas, where she was working as showgirl. She recalls of their encounter, "He was so anti-drug when I met him. I mentioned to him that I smoked marijuana, and he was just appalled. He said, 'Don't ever do that again.'"[190] Presley was not only deeply opposed to recreational drugs, he also rarely drank. Several of his family members had been alcoholics, a fate he intended to avoid.[191]
Back on tour and meeting Nixon[link]
Presley returned to the International early in 1970 for the first of the year's two month-long engagements, performing two shows a night. Recordings from these shows were issued on the album On Stage.[192] In late February, Presley performed six attendance-record–breaking shows at the Houston Astrodome.[193] In April, the single "The Wonder of You" was issued—a number one hit in Great Britain, it topped the U.S. adult contemporary chart, as well. MGM filmed rehearsal and concert footage at the International during August for the documentary Elvis: That's the Way It Is. Presley was by now performing in a jumpsuit, which would become a trademark of his live act. During this engagement, he was threatened with murder unless $50,000 was paid. Presley had been the target of many threats since the 1950s, often without his knowledge.[194] The FBI took the threat seriously and security was stepped up for the next two shows. Presley went onstage with a Derringer in his right boot and a .45 pistol in his waistband, but the concerts went off without incident.[195][196]
The album That's the Way It Is, produced to accompany the documentary and featuring both studio and live recordings, marked a stylistic shift. As music historian John Robertson notes, "The authority of Presley's singing helped disguise the fact that the album stepped decisively away from the American-roots inspiration of the Memphis sessions towards a more middle-of-the-road sound. With country put on the back burner, and soul and R&B left in Memphis, what was left was very classy, very clean white pop—perfect for the Las Vegas crowd, but a definite retrograde step for Elvis."[197] After the end of his International engagement on September 7, Presley embarked on a week-long concert tour, largely of the South, his first since 1958. Another week-long tour, of the West Coast, followed in November.[198]
On December 21, 1970, Presley engineered a meeting with President Richard Nixon at the White House, where he expressed his patriotism and his contempt for the hippie drug culture. He asked Nixon for a Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs badge, to add to similar items he had begun collecting and to signify official sanction of his patriotic efforts. Nixon, who apparently found the encounter awkward, expressed a belief that Presley could send a positive message to young people and that it was therefore important he "retain his credibility". Presley told Nixon that The Beatles, whose songs he regularly performed in concert during the era,[199] exemplified what he saw as a trend of anti-Americanism and drug abuse in popular culture.[200] (Presley and his friends had had a four-hour get-together with The Beatles five years earlier.) On hearing reports of the meeting, Paul McCartney later said that he "felt a bit betrayed. ... The great joke was that we were taking [illegal] drugs, and look what happened to him", a reference to Presley's death, hastened by prescription drug abuse.[201]
The U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce named Presley one of its annual Ten Most Outstanding Young Men of the Nation on January 16, 1971.[202] Not long after, the City of Memphis named the stretch of Highway 51 South on which Graceland is located "Elvis Presley Boulevard". The same year, Presley became the first rock and roll singer to be awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award (then known as the Bing Crosby Award) by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, the Grammy Award organization.[203] Three new, non-movie Presley studio albums were released in 1971, as many as had come out over the previous eight years. Best received by critics was Elvis Country, a concept record that focused on genre standards.[204] The biggest seller was Elvis Sings the Wonderful World of Christmas, "the truest statement of all", according to Greil Marcus. "In the midst of ten painfully genteel Christmas songs, every one sung with appalling sincerity and humility, one could find Elvis tom-catting his way through six blazing minutes of 'Merry Christmas, Baby,' a raunchy old Charles Brown blues. ... If [Presley's] sin was his lifelessness, it was his sinfulness that brought him to life".[205]
[edit] Marriage breakdown and Aloha from Hawaii
See also: Aloha from Hawaii
MGM again filmed Presley in April 1972, this time for Elvis on Tour, which went on to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Documentary Film that year. His gospel album He Touched Me, released that month, would earn him his second Grammy Award, for Best Inspirational Performance. A 14-date tour commenced with an unprecedented four consecutive sold-out shows at New York's Madison Square Garden.[206] The evening concert on July 10 was recorded and issued in LP form a week later. Elvis: As Recorded at Madison Square Garden became one of Presley's biggest-selling albums. After the tour, the single "Burning Love" was released—Presley's last top ten hit on the U.S. pop chart. "The most exciting single Elvis has made since 'All Shook Up'", wrote rock critic Robert Christgau. "Who else could make 'It's coming closer, the flames are now licking my body' sound like an assignation with James Brown's backup band?"[207]
File:ElvisPresleyAlohafromHawaii.jpg
Presley in Aloha From Hawaii, broadcast live via satellite on January 14, 1973. The singer himself came up with his famous outfit's eagle motif, as "something that would say 'America' to the world."[208]
Presley and his wife, meanwhile, had become increasingly distant, barely cohabiting. In 1971, an affair he had with Joyce Bova resulted—unbeknownst to him—in her pregnancy and an abortion. He often raised the possibility of her moving in to Graceland, saying that he was likely to leave Priscilla.[209] The Presleys separated on February 23, 1972, after Priscilla disclosed her relationship with Mike Stone, a karate instructor Presley had recommended to her. Priscilla relates that when she told him, Presley "grabbed ... and forcefully made love to" her, declaring, "This is how a real man makes love to his woman."[210] Five months later, Presley's new girlfriend, Linda Thompson, a songwriter and one-time Memphis beauty queen, moved in with him.[211] Presley and his wife filed for divorce on August 18.[212] According to Joe Moscheo of the Imperials, the failure of Presley's marriage "was a blow from which he never recovered."[213]
In January 1973, Presley performed two benefit concerts for the Kui Lee Cancer Fund in connection with a groundbreaking TV special, Aloha from Hawaii. The first show served as a practice run and backup should technical problems affect the live broadcast two days later. Aired as scheduled on January 14, Aloha from Hawaii was the first global concert satellite broadcast, reaching approximately 1.5 billion viewers live and on tape delay.[214][215][216] Presley's costume became the most recognized example of the elaborate concert garb with which his latter-day persona became closely associated. As described by Bobbie Ann Mason, "At the end of the show, when he spreads out his American Eagle cape, with the full stretched wings of the eagle studded on the back, he becomes a god figure."[217] The accompanying double album, released in February, went to number one and eventually sold over 5 million copies in the United States.[218] It proved to be Presley's last U.S. number one pop album during his lifetime.
At a midnight show the same month, four men rushed onto the stage in an apparent attack. Security men leapt to Presley's defense, and the singer's karate instinct took over as he ejected one invader from the stage himself. Following the show, he became obsessed with the idea that the men had been sent by Mike Stone to kill him. Though they were shown to have been only overexuberant fans, he raged, "There's too much pain in me ... Stone [must] die." His outbursts continued with such intensity that a physician was unable to calm him, despite administering large doses of medication. After another two full days of raging, Red West, his friend and bodyguard, felt compelled to get a price for a contract killing and was relieved when Presley decided, "Aw hell, let's just leave it for now. Maybe it's a bit heavy."[219]
Health deterioration and death (1973–77)[link]
Medical crises and last studio sessions[link]
Presley's divorce took effect on October 9, 1973.[220] He was now becoming increasingly unwell. Twice during the year he overdosed on barbiturates, spending three days in a coma in his hotel suite after the first incident. Toward the end of 1973, he was hospitalized, semicomatose from the effects of Demerol addiction. According to his main physician, Dr. George C. Nichopoulos, Presley "felt that by getting [drugs] from a doctor, he wasn't the common everyday junkie getting something off the street."[221] Since his comeback, he had staged more live shows with each passing year, and 1973 saw 168 concerts, his busiest schedule ever.[222] Despite his failing health, in 1974 he undertook another intensive touring schedule.[223]
Presley's condition declined precipitously in September. Keyboardist Tony Brown remembers the singer's arrival at a University of Maryland concert: "He fell out of the limousine, to his knees. People jumped to help, and he pushed them away like, 'Don't help me.' He walked on stage and held onto the mike for the first thirty minutes like it was a post. Everybody's looking at each other like, Is the tour gonna happen?"[224] Guitarist John Wilkinson recalled, "He was all gut. He was slurring. He was so fucked up. ... It was obvious he was drugged. It was obvious there was something terribly wrong with his body. It was so bad the words to the songs were barely intelligible. ... I remember crying. He could barely get through the introductions".[225] Wilkinson recounted that a few nights later in Detroit, "I watched him in his dressing room, just draped over a chair, unable to move. So often I thought, 'Boss, why don't you just cancel this tour and take a year off...?' I mentioned something once in a guarded moment. He patted me on the back and said, 'It'll be all right. Don't you worry about it.'"[225] Presley continued to play to sellout crowds. As cultural critic Marjorie Garber describes, he was now widely seen as a garish pop crooner: "in effect he had become Liberace. Even his fans were now middle-aged matrons and blue-haired grandmothers."[226]
On July 13, 1976, Vernon Presley—who had become deeply involved in his son's financial affairs—fired "Memphis Mafia" bodyguards Red West (Presley's friend since the 1950s), Sonny West, and David Hebler, citing the need to "cut back on expenses".[227][228][229] Presley was in Palm Springs at the time, and some suggest the singer was too cowardly to face the three himself. Another associate of Presley's, John O'Grady, argued that the bodyguards were dropped because their rough treatment of fans had prompted too many lawsuits.[230] However, Presley's stepbrother David Stanley has claimed that the bodyguards were fired because they were becoming more outspoken about Presley's drug dependency.[231] Presley and Linda Thompson split in November, and he took up with a new girlfriend, Ginger Alden.[232] He proposed to Alden and gave her an engagement ring two months later, though several of his friends later claimed that he had no serious intention of marrying again.[233]
RCA, which had enjoyed a steady stream of product from Presley for over a decade, grew anxious as his interest in spending time in the studio waned. After a December 1973 session that produced 18 songs, enough for almost two albums, he did not enter the studio in 1974.[234] Parker sold RCA on another concert record, Elvis: As Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis.[235] Recorded on March 20, it included a version of "How Great Thou Art" that would win Presley his third and final competitive Grammy Award.[236] (All three of his competitive Grammy wins—out of 14 total nominations—were for gospel recordings.) Presley returned to the studio in Hollywood in March 1975, but Parker's attempts to arrange another session toward the end of the year were unsuccessful.[237] In 1976, RCA sent a mobile studio to Graceland that made possible two full-scale recording sessions at Presley's home.[238] Even in that comfortable context, the recording process was now a struggle for him.[239]
|
|
An R&B hit for Roy Hamilton in 1955 and a pop hit for blue-eyed soul singer Timi Yuro in 1961, Presley's deep soul version was picked up by country radio in 1976.[240]
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
For all the concerns of his label and manager, in studio sessions between July 1973 and October 1976, Presley recorded virtually the entire contents of six albums. Though he was no longer a major presence on the pop charts, five of those albums entered the top five of the country chart, and three went to number one: Promised Land (1975), From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee (1976), and Moody Blue (1977).[241] The story was similar with his singles—there were no major pop hits, but Presley was a significant force in not just the country market, but on adult contemporary radio as well. Eight studio singles from this period released during his lifetime were top ten hits on one or both charts, four in 1974 alone. "My Boy" was a number one AC hit in 1975, and "Moody Blue" topped the country chart and reached the second spot on the AC in 1976.[242] Perhaps his most critically acclaimed recording of the era came that year, with what Greil Marcus described as his "apocalyptic attack" on the soul classic "Hurt".[243] "If he felt the way he sounded", Dave Marsh wrote of Presley's performance, "the wonder isn't that he had only a year left to live but that he managed to survive that long."[244]
Final year and death[link]
Journalist Tony Scherman writes that by early 1977, "Elvis Presley had become a grotesque caricature of his sleek, energetic former self. Hugely overweight, his mind dulled by the pharmacopoeia he daily ingested, he was barely able to pull himself through his abbreviated concerts."[245] In Alexandria, Louisiana, the singer was on stage for less than an hour and "was impossible to understand".[246] Presley failed to appear in Baton Rouge; he was unable to get out of his hotel bed, and the rest of the tour was cancelled.[246] Despite the accelerating deterioration of his health, he stuck to most touring commitments. In Rapid City, South Dakota, "he was so nervous on stage that he could hardly talk", according to Presley historian Samuel Roy, and unable to "perform any significant movement."[247] Guralnick relates that fans "were becoming increasingly voluble about their disappointment, but it all seemed to go right past Elvis, whose world was now confined almost entirely to his room and his spiritualism books."[248] A cousin, Billy Smith, recalled how Presley would sit in his room and chat for hours, sometimes recounting favorite Monty Python sketches and his own past escapades, but more often gripped by paranoid obsessions that reminded Smith of Howard Hughes.[249] "Way Down", Presley's last single issued during his lifetime, came out on June 6. His final concert was held in Indianapolis at the Market Square Arena, on June 26.
The book Elvis: What Happened?, cowritten by the three bodyguards fired the previous year, was published on August 1.[250] It was the first exposé to detail Presley's years of drug misuse. He was devastated by the book and tried unsuccessfully to halt its release by offering money to the publishers.[251] By this point, he suffered from multiple ailments: glaucoma, high blood pressure, liver damage, and an enlarged colon, each aggravated—and possibly caused—by drug abuse.[221]
Presley was scheduled to fly out of Memphis on the evening of August 16, 1977, to begin another tour. That afternoon, Alden discovered him unresponsive on his bathroom floor. Attempts to revive him failed, and death was officially pronounced at 3:30 pm at Baptist Memorial Hospital.[252]
President Jimmy Carter issued a statement that credited Presley with having "permanently changed the face of American popular culture".[253] Thousands of people gathered outside Graceland to view the open casket. One of Presley's cousins, Billy Mann, accepted $18,000 to secretly photograph the corpse; the picture appeared on the cover of the National Enquirer's biggest-selling issue ever.[254] Alden struck a $105,000 deal with the Enquirer for her story, but settled for less when she broke her exclusivity agreement.[255] Presley left her nothing in his will.[256]
Presley's funeral was held at Graceland, on Thursday, August 18. Outside the gates, a car plowed into a group of fans, killing two women and critically injuring a third.[257] Approximately 80,000 people lined the processional route to Forest Hill Cemetery, where Presley was buried next to his mother.[258] Within a few days, "Way Down" topped the country and UK pop charts.[242][259] Following an attempt to steal the singer's body in late August, the remains of both Elvis Presley and his mother were reburied in Graceland's Meditation Garden on October 2.[255]
Since 1977[link]
Between 1977 and 1981, six posthumously released singles by Presley were top ten country hits.[242] Graceland was opened to the public in 1982. Attracting over half a million visitors annually, it is the second most-visited home in the United States, after the White House.[260] It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 2006.[261]
Presley has been inducted into four music halls of fame: the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1986), the Country Music Hall of Fame (1998), the Gospel Music Hall of Fame (2001), and the Rockabilly Hall of Fame (2007). In 1984, he received the W. C. Handy Award from the Blues Foundation and the Academy of Country Music's first Golden Hat Award. In 1987, he received the American Music Awards' Award of Merit.[262]
A Junkie XL remix of Presley's "A Little Less Conversation" (credited as "Elvis Vs JXL") was used in a Nike advertising campaign during the 2002 FIFA World Cup. It topped the charts in over 20 countries, and was included in a compilation of Presley's number one hits, ELV1S, that was also an international success. In 2003, a remix of "Rubberneckin'", a 1969 recording of Presley's, topped the U.S. sales chart, as did a 50th-anniversary re-release of "That's All Right" the following year.[263] The latter was an outright hit in Great Britain, reaching number three on the pop chart.
In 2005, another three reissued singles, "Jailhouse Rock", "One Night"/"I Got Stung", and "It's Now or Never", went to number one in Great Britain. A total of 17 Presley singles were reissued during the year; all made the British top five. For the fifth straight year, Forbes named Presley the top-earning deceased celebrity, with a gross income of $45 million.[264] He placed second in 2006,[265] returned to the top spot the next two years,[266][267] and ranked fourth in 2009.[268] The following year, he was ranked second, with his highest annual income ever—$60 million—spurred by the celebration of his 75th birthday and the launch of Cirque du Soleil's Viva Elvis show in Las Vegas.[269] In November 2010, Viva Elvis: The Album was released, setting his voice to newly recorded instrumental tracks.[270][271] As of mid-2011, there were an estimated 15,000 licensed Presley products.[272] He was again the second-highest-earning deceased celebrity.[273]
Presley holds the records for most songs charting in Billboard's top 40 and top 100: chart statistician Joel Whitburn calculates the respective totals as 104 and 151;[274] Presley historian Adam Victor gives 114 and 138.[275] Presley's rankings for top ten and number one hits vary depending on how the double-sided "Hound Dog/Don't Be Cruel" and "Don't/I Beg of You" singles, which precede the inception of Billboard's unified Hot 100 chart, are analyzed.e According to Whitburn's analysis, Presley and Madonna share the record for most top ten hits with 38;[276] per Billboard's current assessment, he ranks second with 36.[277] Whitburn and Billboard concur that The Beatles hold the record for most number one hits with 20 and that Mariah Carey is second with 18. Whitburn has Presley also with 18 and thus tied for second;[276] Billboard has him third with 17.[278] Presley retains the record for cumulative weeks at number one: alone at 80, according to Whitburn and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame;[279][280] tied with Carey at 79, according to Billboard.[281][282] He holds the records for most British number one hits, with 21, and top ten hits, with 76.[283][284]
Musical style[link]
Influences[link]
Presley's earliest musical influence came from gospel. His mother recalled that from the age of two, at the Assembly of God church in Tupelo attended by the family, "he would slide down off my lap, run into the aisle and scramble up to the platform. There he would stand looking at the choir and trying to sing with them."[285] In Memphis, Presley frequently attended all-night gospel singings at the Ellis Auditorium, where groups such as the Statesmen Quartet led the music in a style that, Guralnick suggests, sowed the seeds of Presley's future stage act:
The Statesmen were an electric combination ... featuring some of the most thrillingly emotive singing and daringly unconventional showmanship in the entertainment world ... dressed in suits that might have come out of the window of Lansky's. ... Bass singer Jim Wetherington, known universally as the Big Chief, maintained a steady bottom, ceaselessly jiggling first his left leg, then his right, with the material of the pants leg ballooning out and shimmering. "He went about as far as you could go in gospel music," said Jake Hess. "The women would jump up, just like they do for the pop shows." Preachers frequently objected to the lewd movements ... but audiences reacted with screams and swoons.[286]
As a teenager, Presley's musical interests were wide-ranging, and he was deeply informed about African American musical idioms as well as white ones (see "Teenage life in Memphis"). Though he never had any formal training, he was blessed with a remarkable memory, and his musical knowledge was already considerable by the time he made his first professional recordings in 1954 at the age of 19. When Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller met him two years later, they were astonished at his encyclopedic understanding of the blues.[287] At a press conference the following year, he proudly declared, "I know practically every religious song that's ever been written."[126]
Genres[link]
Presley was a central figure in the development of rockabilly, according to music historians. "Rockabilly crystallized into a recognizable style in 1954 with Elvis Presley's first release, on the Sun label", writes Craig Morrison.[288] Paul Friedlander describes the defining elements of rockabilly, which he similarly characterizes as "essentially ... an Elvis Presley construction": "the raw, emotive, and slurred vocal style and emphasis on rhythmic feeling [of] the blues with the string band and strummed rhythm guitar [of] country".[289] In "That's All Right", the Presley trio's first record, Scotty Moore's guitar solo, "a combination of Merle Travis–style country finger-picking, double-stop slides from acoustic boogie, and blues-based bent-note, single-string work, is a microcosm of this fusion."[289]
At RCA, Presley's rock and roll sound grew distinct from rockabilly with group chorus vocals, more heavily amplified electric guitars[290] and a tougher, more intense manner.[291] While he was known for taking songs from various sources and giving them a rockabilly/rock and roll treatment, he also recorded songs in other genres from early in his career, from the pop standard "Blue Moon" at Sun to the country ballad "How's the World Treating You?" on his second LP to the blues of "Santa Claus Is Back In Town". In 1957, his first gospel record was released, the four-song EP Peace in the Valley. Certified as a million seller, it became the top-selling gospel EP in recording history.[292] Presley would record gospel periodically for the rest of his life.
|
|
From How Great Thou Art (1967), a traditional song popular in the black gospel tradition. The arrangement evokes "the percussive style of the 1930s Golden Gate Quartet."[293][294]
|
| Problems listening to this file? See media help. | |
After his return from military service in 1960, Presley continued to perform rock and roll, but the characteristic style was substantially toned down. His first post-Army single, the number one hit "Stuck on You", is typical of this shift. RCA publicity materials referred to its "mild rock beat"; discographer Ernst Jorgensen calls it "upbeat pop".[295] The modern blues/R&B sound captured so successfully on Elvis Is Back! was essentially abandoned for six years until such 1966–67 recordings as "Down in the Alley" and "Hi-Heel Sneakers".[296] The singer's output during most of the 1960s emphasized pop music, often in the form of ballads such as "Are You Lonesome Tonight?", a number one in 1960. While that was a dramatic number, most of what Presley recorded for his movie soundtracks was in a much lighter vein.[297]
While Presley performed several of his classic ballads for the '68 Comeback Special, the sound of the show was dominated by aggressive rock and roll. He would record few new straight-ahead rock and roll songs thereafter; as he explained, they were "hard to find".[298] A significant exception was "Burning Love", his last major hit on the pop charts. Like his work of the 1950s, Presley's subsequent recordings reworked pop and country songs, but in markedly different permutations. His stylistic range now began to embrace a more contemporary rock sound as well as soul and funk. Much of Elvis In Memphis, as well as "Suspicious Minds", cut at the same sessions, reflected his new rock and soul fusion. In the mid-1970s, many of his singles found a home on country radio, the field where he first became a star.[299]
Vocal style and range[link]
Music critic Henry Pleasants observes that "Elvis Presley has been described variously as a baritone and a tenor. An extraordinary compass ... and a very wide range of vocal color have something to do with this divergence of opinion."[300] He identifies Presley as a high baritone, calculating his range as two octaves and a third, "from the baritone low G to the tenor high B, with an upward extension in falsetto to at least a D-flat. Presley's best octave is in the middle, D-flat to D-flat, granting an extra full step up or down."[300] In Pleasants' view, his voice was "variable and unpredictable" at the bottom, "often brilliant" at the top, with the capacity for "full-voiced high Gs and As that an opera baritone might envy."[300] Scholar Lindsay Waters, who figures Presley's range as two and a quarter octaves, emphasizes that "his voice had an emotional range from tender whispers to sighs down to shouts, grunts, grumbles and sheer gruffness that could move the listener from calmness and surrender, to fear. His voice can not be measured in octaves, but in decibels; even that misses the problem of how to measure delicate whispers that are hardly audible at all."[301] Presley was always "able to duplicate the open, hoarse, ecstatic, screaming, shouting, wailing, reckless sound of the black rhythm-and-blues and gospel singers," writes Pleasants, and also demonstrated a remarkable ability to assimilate many other vocal styles.[300]
Questions over cause of death[link]
"Drug use was heavily implicated" in Presley's death, writes Guralnick. "No one ruled out the possibility of anaphylactic shock brought on by the codeine pills ... to which he was known to have had a mild allergy." A pair of lab reports filed two months later each strongly suggested that polypharmacy was the primary cause of death; one reported "fourteen drugs in Elvis' system, ten in significant quantity."[302] Forensic historian and pathologist Michael Baden views the situation as complicated: "Elvis had had an enlarged heart for a long time. That, together with his drug habit, caused his death. But he was difficult to diagnose; it was a judgment call."[303]
The competence and ethics of two of the centrally involved medical professionals were seriously questioned. Before the autopsy was complete and toxicology results known, medical examiner Dr. Jerry Francisco declared the cause of death as cardiac arrhythmia, a condition that can be determined only in someone who is still alive.[304] Allegations of a cover-up were widespread.[303] While Presley's main physician, Dr. Nichopoulos, was exonerated of criminal liability for the singer's death, the facts were startling: "In the first eight months of 1977 alone, he had [prescribed] more than 10,000 doses of sedatives, amphetamines and narcotics: all in Elvis's name." His license was suspended for three months. It was permanently revoked in the 1990s after the Tennessee Medical Board brought new charges of over-prescription.[221]
In 1994, the Presley autopsy was reopened. Coroner Dr. Joseph Davis declared, "There is nothing in any of the data that supports a death from drugs. In fact, everything points to a sudden, violent heart attack."[221] Whether or not combined drug intoxication was in fact the cause, there is little doubt that polypharmacy contributed significantly to Presley's premature death.[304]
Racial issues[link]
When Dewey Phillips first aired "That's All Right" on Memphis radio, many listeners who contacted the station by phone and telegram to ask for it again assumed that its singer was black.[52] From the beginning of his national fame, Presley expressed respect for African American performers and their music, and disregard for the norms of segregation and racial prejudice then prevalent in the South. Interviewed in 1956, he recalled how in his childhood he would listen to blues musician Arthur Crudup—the originator of "That's All Right"—"bang his box the way I do now, and I said if I ever got to the place where I could feel all old Arthur felt, I'd be a music man like nobody ever saw."[36] The Memphis World, an African American newspaper, reported that Presley, "the rock 'n' roll phenomenon", "cracked Memphis's segregation laws" by attending the local amusement park on what was designated as its "colored night".[36] Such statements and actions led Presley to be generally hailed in the black community during the early days of his stardom.[36] By contrast, many white adults, according to Billboard's Arnold Shaw, "did not like him, and condemned him as depraved. Anti-negro prejudice doubtless figured in adult antagonism. Regardless of whether parents were aware of the Negro sexual origins of the phrase 'rock 'n' roll', Presley impressed them as the visual and aural embodiment of sex."[305]
Despite the largely positive view of Presley held by African Americans, a rumor spread in mid-1957 that he had at some point announced, "The only thing Negroes can do for me is buy my records and shine my shoes." A journalist with the national African American weekly Jet, Louie Robinson, pursued the story. On the set of Jailhouse Rock, Presley granted him an interview, though he was no longer dealing with the mainstream press. He denied making such a statement or holding in any way to its racist view. Robinson found no evidence that the remark had ever been made, and on the contrary elicited testimony from many individuals indicating that Presley was anything but racist.[36][306] Blues singer Ivory Joe Hunter, who had heard the rumor before he visited Graceland one evening, reported of Presley, "He showed me every courtesy, and I think he's one of the greatest."[307] Though the rumored remark was wholly discredited at the time, it was still being used against Presley decades later.[308] The identification of Presley with racism—either personally or symbolically—was expressed most famously in the lyrics of the 1989 rap hit "Fight the Power", by Public Enemy: "Elvis was a hero to most / But he never meant shit to me / Straight-up racist that sucker was / Simple and plain".[309]
The persistence of such attitudes was fueled by resentment over the fact that Presley, whose musical and visual performance idiom owed much to African American sources, achieved the cultural acknowledgment and commercial success largely denied his black peers.[306] Into the 21st century, the notion that Presley had "stolen" black music still found adherents.[308][309] Notable among African American entertainers expressly rejecting this view was Jackie Wilson, who argued, "A lot of people have accused Elvis of stealing the black man's music, when in fact, almost every black solo entertainer copied his stage mannerisms from Elvis."[310] And throughout his career, Presley plainly acknowledged his debt. Addressing his '68 Comeback Special audience, he said, "Rock 'n' roll music is basically gospel or rhythm and blues, or it sprang from that. People have been adding to it, adding instruments to it, experimenting with it, but it all boils down to [that]." Nine years earlier, he had said, "Rock 'n' roll has been around for many years. It used to be called rhythm and blues."[311]
Influence of Colonel Parker and others[link]
Parker and the Aberbachs[link]
Further information: Colonel Tom Parker
Once he became Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker insisted on exceptionally tight control over his client's career. Early on, he and his Hill and Range allies, the brothers Jean and Julian Aberbach, perceived the close relationship that developed between Presley and songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller as a serious threat to that control.[312] Parker effectively ended the relationship, deliberately or not, with the new contract he sent Leiber in early 1958. Leiber thought there was a mistake—the sheet of paper was blank except for Parker's signature and a line on which to enter his. "There's no mistake, boy, just sign it and return it", Parker directed. "Don't worry, we'll fill it in later." Leiber declined, and Presley's fruitful collaboration with the writing team was over.[313] Other respected songwriters lost interest in or simply avoided writing for Presley because of the requirement that they surrender a third of their usual royalties.[314]
By 1967, Parker's contracts with Presley gave him 50 percent of most of the singer's earnings from recordings, films, and merchandise.[315] Beginning in February 1972, he took a third of the profit from live appearances;[316] a January 1976 agreement entitled him to half of that as well.[317] Priscilla Presley noted that "Elvis detested the business side of his career. He would sign a contract without even reading it."[318] Presley's friend Marty Lacker regarded Parker as a "hustler and a con artist. He was only interested in 'now money'—get the buck and get gone."[319]
Lacker was instrumental in convincing Presley to record with Memphis producer Chips Moman and his handpicked musicians at American Sound Studio in early 1969. The American Sound sessions represented a significant departure from the control customarily exerted by Hill and Range. Moman still had to deal with the publisher's staff on site, whose song suggestions he regarded as unacceptable. He was on the verge of quitting, until Presley ordered the Hill and Range personnel out of the studio.[320] Although RCA executive Joan Deary was later full of praise for the producer's song choices and the quality of the recordings,[321] Moman, to his fury, received neither credit on the records nor royalties for his work.[322]
Throughout his entire career, Presley performed in only three venues outside the United States—all of them in Canada, during brief tours there in 1957. Rumors that he would play overseas for the first time were fueled in 1974 by a million-dollar bid for an Australian tour. Parker was uncharacteristically reluctant, prompting those close to Presley to speculate about the manager's past and the reasons for his apparent unwillingness to apply for a passport. Parker ultimately squelched any notions Presley had of working abroad, claiming that foreign security was poor and the venues unsuitable for a star of his magnitude.[323]
Parker arguably exercised tightest control over Presley's movie career. In 1957, Robert Mitchum asked Presley to costar with him in Thunder Road, on which Mitchum was writer and producer.[324] According to George Klein, one of his oldest friends, Presley was offered starring roles in West Side Story and Midnight Cowboy.[325] In 1974, Barbra Streisand approached Presley to star with her in the remake of A Star is Born.[326] In each case, any ambitions the singer may have had to play such parts were thwarted by his manager's negotiating demands or flat refusals. In Lacker's description, "The only thing that kept Elvis going after the early years was a new challenge. But Parker kept running everything into the ground."[319] The operative attitude may have been summed up best by the response Leiber and Stoller received when they brought a serious film project for Presley to Parker and the Hill and Range owners for their consideration. In Leiber's telling, Jean Aberbach warned them to never again "try to interfere with the business or artistic workings of the process known as Elvis Presley".[162]
Memphis Mafia[link]
Main article: Memphis Mafia
In the early 1960s, the circle of friends with whom Presley constantly surrounded himself until his death came to be known as the "Memphis Mafia".[327] "Surrounded by the[ir] parasitic presence", as journalist John Harris puts it, "it was no wonder that as he slid into addiction and torpor, no-one raised the alarm: to them, Elvis was the bank, and it had to remain open."[328] Tony Brown, who played piano for Presley regularly in the last two years of the singer's life, observed his rapidly declining health and the urgent need to address it: "But we all knew it was hopeless because Elvis was surrounded by that little circle of people ... all those so-called friends".[329] In the Memphis Mafia's defense, Marty Lacker has said, "[Presley] was his own man. ... If we hadn't been around, he would have been dead a lot earlier."[330]
Larry Geller became Presley's hairdresser in 1964. Unlike others in the Memphis Mafia, he was interested in spiritual questions and recalls how, from their first conversation, Presley revealed his secret thoughts and anxieties: "I mean there has to be a purpose...there's got to be a reason...why I was chosen to be Elvis Presley. ... I swear to God, no one knows how lonely I get. And how empty I really feel."[331] Thereafter, Geller supplied him with books on religion and mysticism, which the singer read voraciously.[332] Presley would be preoccupied by such matters for much of his life, taking trunkloads of books with him on tour.[221]
Sex symbol[link]
Presley's physical attractiveness and sexual appeal were widely acknowledged. "He was once beautiful, astonishingly beautiful", in the words of critic Mark Feeney.[333] Television director Steve Binder, no fan of Presley's music before he oversaw the '68 Comeback Special, reported, "I'm straight as an arrow and I got to tell you, you stop, whether you're male or female, to look at him. He was that good looking. And if you never knew he was a superstar, it wouldn't make any difference; if he'd walked in the room, you'd know somebody special was in your presence."[334] His performance style, as much as his physical beauty, was responsible for Presley's eroticized image. Writing in 1970, critic George Melly described him as "the master of the sexual simile, treating his guitar as both phallus and girl."[335] In his Presley obituary, Lester Bangs credited him as "the man who brought overt blatant vulgar sexual frenzy to the popular arts in America."[336] Ed Sullivan's declaration that he perceived a soda bottle in Presley's trousers was echoed by rumors involving a similarly positioned toilet roll tube or lead bar.[337]
While Presley was marketed as an icon of heterosexuality, some cultural critics have argued that his image was ambiguous. In 1959, Sight and Sound's Peter John Dyer described his onscreen persona as "aggressively bisexual in appeal".[338] Brett Farmer places the "orgasmic gyrations" of the title dance sequence in Jailhouse Rock within a lineage of cinematic musical numbers that offer a "spectacular eroticization, if not homoeroticization, of the male image".[339] In the analysis of Yvonne Tasker, "Elvis was an ambivalent figure who articulated a peculiar feminised, objectifying version of white working-class masculinity as aggressive sexual display."[340]
Reinforcing Presley's image as a sex symbol were the reports of his dalliances with various Hollywood stars and starlets, from Natalie Wood in the 1950s to Connie Stevens and Ann-Margret in the 1960s to Candice Bergen and Cybill Shepherd in the 1970s. June Juanico of Memphis, one of Presley's early girlfriends, later blamed Parker for encouraging him to choose his dating partners with publicity in mind.[190] Presley, however, never grew comfortable with the Hollywood scene, and most of these relationships were insubstantial.[341]
Legacy[link]
Further information: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley; Cultural depictions of Elvis Presley
His music and his personality, fusing the styles of white country and black rhythm and blues, permanently changed the face of American popular culture. His following was immense, and he was a symbol to people the world over of the vitality, rebelliousness, and good humor of his country.
Presley's rise to national attention in 1956 transformed the field of popular music and had a huge effect on the broader scope of popular culture.[4] As the catalyst for the cultural revolution that was rock and roll, he was central not only to defining it as a musical genre but in making it a touchstone of youth culture and rebellious attitude.[342] With its racially mixed origins—repeatedly affirmed by Presley—rock and roll's occupation of a central position in mainstream American culture facilitated a new acceptance and appreciation of black culture.[343] In this regard, Little Richard said of Presley, "He was an integrator. Elvis was a blessing. They wouldn't let black music through. He opened the door for black music."[344] Al Green agreed: "He broke the ice for all of us."[345] Presley also heralded the vastly expanded reach of celebrity in the era of mass communication: at the age of 21, within a year of his first appearance on American network television, he was one of the most famous people in the world.[346]
Presley's name, image, and voice are instantly recognizable around the globe.[347] He has inspired a legion of impersonators.[348] In polls and surveys, he is recognized as one of the most important popular music artists and influential Americans.f "Elvis Presley is the greatest cultural force in the twentieth century", said composer and conductor Leonard Bernstein. "He introduced the beat to everything and he changed everything—music, language, clothes. It's a whole new social revolution—the sixties came from it."[349] Bob Dylan described the sensation of first hearing Presley as "like busting out of jail".[345]
A New York Times editorial on the 25th anniversary of Presley's death observed, "All the talentless impersonators and appalling black velvet paintings on display can make him seem little more than a perverse and distant memory. But before Elvis was camp, he was its opposite: a genuine cultural force. ... Elvis's breakthroughs are underappreciated because in this rock-and-roll age, his hard-rocking music and sultry style have triumphed so completely."[350] Not only Presley's achievements, but his failings as well, are seen by some cultural observers as adding to the power of his legacy, as in this description by Greil Marcus:
Elvis Presley is a supreme figure in American life, one whose presence, no matter how banal or predictable, brooks no real comparisons. ... The cultural range of his music has expanded to the point where it includes not only the hits of the day, but also patriotic recitals, pure country gospel, and really dirty blues. ... Elvis has emerged as a great artist, a great rocker, a great purveyor of schlock, a great heart throb, a great bore, a great symbol of potency, a great ham, a great nice person, and, yes, a great American.[351]
Discography[link]
Main articles: Elvis Presley albums discography and Elvis Presley singles discography
A vast number of recordings have been issued under Presley's name. The total number of his original master recordings has been variously calculated as 665[275] and 711.[333] His career began and he was most successful during an era when singles were the primary commercial medium for pop music. In the case of his albums, the distinction between "official" studio records and other forms is often blurred. For most of the 1960s, his recording career focused on soundtrack albums. In the 1970s, his most heavily promoted and best-selling LP releases tended to be concert albums. This summary discography lists only the albums and singles that reached the top of one or more of the following charts: the main U.S. Billboard pop chart; the Billboard country chart, the genre chart with which he was most identified (there was no country album chart before 1964); and the official British pop chart.g In the United States, Presley also had five or six number one R&B singles and seven number one adult contemporary singles;h in 1964, his "Blue Christmas" topped the Christmas singles chart during a period when Billboard did not rank holiday singles in its primary pop chart.[241][352] He also had number one hits in many countries beside the United States and United Kingdom.
Number one albums[link]
| Year | Album | Type | Chart positions | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| US[353] | US Country[354] | UK[259][355] | |||
| 1956 | Elvis Presley | studio/comp. | 1 | n.a. | 1 |
| Elvis | studio | 1 | n.a. | 3 | |
| 1957 | Loving You | sound./studio | 1 | n.a. | 1 |
| Elvis' Christmas Album | studio | 1 | n.a. | 2 | |
| 1960 | Elvis Is Back! | studio | 2 | n.a. | 1 |
| G.I. Blues | soundtrack | 1 | n.a. | 1 | |
| 1961 | Something for Everybody | studio | 1 | n.a. | 2 |
| Blue Hawaii | soundtrack | 1 | n.a. | 1 | |
| 1962 | Pot Luck | studio | 4 | n.a. | 1 |
| 1964 | Roustabout | soundtrack | 1 | — | 12 |
| 1969 | From Elvis in Memphis | studio | 13 | 2 | 1 |
| 1973 | Aloha from Hawaii: Via Satellite | live | 1 | 1 | 11 |
| 1974 | Elvis: A Legendary Performer Volume 1 | compilation | 43 | 1 | 20 |
| 1975 | Promised Land | studio | 47 | 1 | 21 |
| 1976 | From Elvis Presley Boulevard, Memphis, Tennessee | studio | 41 | 1 | 29 |
| 1977 | Elvis' 40 Greatest | compilation | — | — | 1 |
| Moody Blue | studio/live | 3 | 1 | 3 | |
| Elvis in Concert | live | 5 | 1 | 13 | |
| 2002 | ELV1S: 30 #1 Hits | compilation | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| 2007 | Elvis the King | compilation | — | — | 1 |
Number one singles[link]
Filmography[link]
Main article: Elvis Presley filmography
See also[link]
 |
Book: Elvis Presley |
| Wikipedia books are collections of articles that can be downloaded or ordered in print. | |
- Elvis Presley Enterprises
- Honorific nicknames in popular music
- List of artists by total number of UK number one singles
- List of best-selling music artists
- Personal relationships of Elvis Presley
Notes[link]
- ^ Note a: Although some pronounce his surname "PREZ-lee", Presley himself used the pronunciation of the American South, "PRESS-lee", as did his family and those who worked with him.[357] The correct spelling of his middle name has long been a matter of debate. The physician who delivered him wrote "Elvis Aaron Presley" in his ledger.[358] The state-issued birth certificate reads "Elvis Aron Presley". The name was chosen after the Presleys' friend and fellow congregation member Aaron Kennedy, though a single-A spelling was probably intended by Presley's parents in order to parallel the middle name of Presley's stillborn brother, Jesse Garon.[138] It reads Aron on most official documents produced during his lifetime, including his high school diploma, RCA record contract, and marriage license, and this was generally taken to be the proper spelling.[359] In 1966, Presley expressed the desire to his father that the more traditional biblical rendering, Aaron, be used henceforth, "especially on legal documents."[358] Five years later, the Jaycees citation honoring him as one of the country's Outstanding Young Men used Aaron. Late in his life, he sought to officially change the spelling to Aaron and discovered that state records already listed it that way. Knowing his wishes for his middle name, Aaron is the spelling his father chose for Presley's tombstone, and it is the spelling his estate has designated as official.[359]
- ^ Note b: According to a third cousin of Presley's, one of Gladys's great-grandmothers was Jewish.[360] There is no evidence that Presley or his mother shared this belief in a Jewish heritage. Syndicated columnist Nate Bloom has challenged the cousin's account, which he calls a "tall tale".[361]
- ^ Note c: Of the $40,000, $5,000 covered back royalties owed by Sun.[73]
- ^ Note d: In 1956–57, Presley was also credited as a cowriter on several songs where he had no hand in the writing process: "Heartbreak Hotel"; "Don't Be Cruel"; all four songs from his first film, including the title track, "Love Me Tender"; "Paralyzed"; and "All Shook Up".[362] He received credit on two other songs to which he did contribute: he provided the title for "That's Someone You Never Forget" (1961), written by his friend Red West; Presley and West collaborated with another friend, guitarist Charlie Hodge, on "You'll Be Gone" (1962).[363]
- ^ Note e: Whitburn follows actual Billboard history in considering the four songs on the "Don't Be Cruel/Hound Dog" and "Don't/I Beg of You" singles as distinct. He tallies each side of the former single as a number one (Billboard's sales chart had "Don't Be Cruel" at number one for five weeks, then "Hound Dog" for six) and reckons "I Beg of You" as a top ten, as it reached number eight on the old Top 100 chart. Billboard now considers both singles as unified items, ignoring the historical sales split of the former and its old Top 100 chart entirely. Whitburn thus analyzes the four songs as yielding three number ones and a total of four top tens. Billboard now states that they yielded just two number ones and a total of two top tens, voiding the separate chart appearances of "Hound Dog" and "I Beg of You".
- ^ Note f: VH1 ranked Presley #8 among the "100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll" in 1998.[364] The BBC ranked him as the #2 "Voice of the Century" in 2001.[365] Rolling Stone placed him #3 in its list of "The Immortals: The Fifty Greatest Artists of All Time" in 2004.[366] CMT ranked him #15 among the "40 Greatest Men in Country Music" in 2005.[367] The Discovery Channel placed him #8 on its "Greatest American" list in 2005.[368] Variety put him in the top ten of its "100 Icons of the Century" in 2005.[369] The Atlantic Monthly ranked him #66 among the "100 Most Influential Figures in American History" in 2006.[370]
- ^ Note g: (1) The year given is the year the record first reached number one, rather than its original year of release. For instance, in 1974, Elvis' 40 Greatest, a compilation on the budget Arcade label, was the fourth highest selling album of the year in the United Kingdom; at the time, the main British chart did not rank such compilations, relegating them to a chart for midpriced and TV-advertised albums, which Elvis' 40 Greatest topped for 15 weeks.[371] The policy was altered in 1975, allowing the album to hit number one on the main chart in 1977, following Presley's death.[372] (2) Before late 1958, rather than unified pop and country singles charts, Billboard had as many as four charts for each, separately ranking records according to sales, jukebox play, jockey spins (i.e., airplay), and, in the case of pop, a general Top 100. Billboard now regards the sales charts as definitive for the period. Widely cited chart statistician Joel Whitburn accords historical releases the highest ranking they achieved among the separate charts. Presley discographer Ernst Jorgensen refers only to the Top 100 chart for pop hits. All of the 1956–58 songs listed here as number one U.S. pop hits reached the top of both the sales and, with three exceptions, the Top 100 charts: "I Want You, I Need You, I Love You" (three), "Hound Dog" (two, behind its flip side, "Don't Be Cruel"), and "Hard Headed Woman" (two). (3) Several Presley singles reached number one in the United Kingdom as double A-sides; in the United States, the respective sides of those singles were ranked separately by Billboard.
- ^ Note h: Whitburn calculates a total of six number one R&B singles, including "Don't Be Cruel", released as a double A-side with "Hound Dog";[352] Billboard's Keith Caulfield excludes "Don't Be Cruel".[241]
Citations[link]
- ^ Reaves 2002.
- ^ Victor 2008, pp. 438–39.
- ^ Semon & Jorgensen 2001.
- ^ a b Collins 2002.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, p. 3.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Dundy 2004, pp. 13, 16, 20–22, 26.
- ^ Dundy 2004, p. 60.
- ^ Kamphoefner 2009, p. 33.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 11–12, 23–24.
- ^ Victor 2008, p. 419.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 12–14.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 15–16.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 17–18.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 19.
- ^ Dundy 2004, p. 101.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 23.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 23–26.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 19–21.
- ^ Dundy 2004, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 32–33.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 36.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 35–38.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 40–41.
- ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 20.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 43, 44, 49.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 44, 46, 51.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 52–53.
- ^ a b Guralnick 1994, p. 171.
- ^ a b Matthew-Walker 1979, p. 3.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 46–48, 358.
- ^ Wadey 2004.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 47–48, 77–78.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 51.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 38–40.
- ^ a b c d e Guralnick 2004.
- ^ Bertrand 2000, p. 205.
- ^ Szatmary 1996, p. 35.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 54.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 8.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 62–64.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 65.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 77.
- ^ Cusic 1988, p. 10.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 80.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 83.
- ^ Miller 2000, p. 72.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, pp. 10–11.
- ^ Marcus 1982, p. 174.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 94–97.
- ^ Ponce de Leon 2007, p. 43.
- ^ a b Guralnick 1994, pp. 100–1.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 102–4.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 105, 139.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 106, 108–11.
- ^ a b Guralnick 1994, p. 110.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 117–27, 131.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 119.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 128–30.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 127–28, 135–42.
- ^ Burke & Griffin 2006, pp. 61, 176.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 152, 156, 182.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 144, 159, 167–68.
- ^ Nash 2003, pp. 6–12.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 163.
- ^ Bertrand 2000, p. 104.
- ^ Hopkins 2007, p. 53.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, p. 45.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 29.
- ^ Rogers 1982, p. 41.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 217–19.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 31.
- ^ a b Stanley & Coffey 1998, pp. 28–29.
- ^ Escott 1998, p. 421.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, pp. 36, 54.
- ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 29.
- ^ Guffey 2006, p. 127.
- ^ Miles et al. 2008, p. 32.
- ^ a b c Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 30.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 235–36.
- ^ Slaughter & Nixon 2004, p. 21.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, pp. 50, 54, 64.
- ^ Hilburn 2005.
- ^ Rodman 1996, p. 28.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 262–63.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 267.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 274.
- ^ a b Victor 2008, p. 315.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, pp. 72–73.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 273, 284.
- ^ Fensch 2001, pp. 14–18.
- ^ a b Burke & Griffin 2006, p. 52.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 49.
- ^ Gould 1956.
- ^ a b Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, p. 73.
- ^ a b c d e Marcus 2006.
- ^ Marsh 1982, p. 100.
- ^ Austen 2005, p. 13.
- ^ Allen 1992, p. 270.
- ^ Keogh 2004, p. 73.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 51.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, pp. 80–81.
- ^ Whitburn 1993, p. 5.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, pp. 60–65.
- ^ a b Austen 2005, p. 16.
- ^ Edgerton 2007, p. 187.
- ^ Brown & Broeske 1997, p. 93.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 338.
- ^ a b Gibson 2005.
- ^ a b Victor 2008, p. 439.
- ^ Jezer 1982, p. 281.
- ^ Moore & Dickerson 1997, p. 175.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 343.
- ^ a b Marsh 1980, p. 395.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 71.
- ^ Palladino 1996, p. 131.
- ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 37.
- ^ Clayton & Heard 2003, pp. 117–18.
- ^ Keogh 2004, p. 90.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, p. 95.
- ^ Salisbury 1957, p. 4.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 395–97.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 406–8, 452.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 399–402, 428–30, 437–40.
- ^ a b Guralnick 1994, p. 400.
- ^ a b Guralnick 1994, p. 430.
- ^ Turner 2004, p. 104.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 437.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 431.
- ^ Freierman 2008.
- ^ Grein 2008.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 431–35.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 448–49.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 461–74.
- ^ Victor 2008, p. 27.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 466–67.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 474–80.
- ^ a b Guralnick 1994, p. 13.
- ^ Ponce de Leon 2007, p. 115.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 21.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 47, 49, 55, 60, 73.
- ^ Clayton & Heard 2003, p. 160.
- ^ Victor 2008, p. 415.
- ^ Presley 1985, p. 40.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 107.
- ^ Whitburn 2004, p. 501.
- ^ Marcus 1982, p. 278.
- ^ Matthew-Walker 1979, p. 49.
- ^ Slaughter & Nixon 2004, p. 54.
- ^ Matthew-Walker 1979, p. 19.
- ^ Slaughter & Nixon 2004, p. 57.
- ^ Marcus 1982, pp. 279–80.
- ^ Robertson 2004, p. 50.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 44, 62–63.
- ^ Gordon 2005, pp. 110, 114.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 148.
- ^ Robertson 2004, p. 52.
- ^ Gordon 2005, pp. 110, 119.
- ^ Ponce de Leon 2007, p. 133.
- ^ Caine 2005, p. 21.
- ^ Fields 2007.
- ^ a b Guralnick 1994, p. 449.
- ^ Kirchberg & Hendrickx 1999, p. 67.
- ^ Lisanti 2000, pp. 19, 136.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 201.
- ^ Hopkins 2002, p. 32.
- ^ Matthew-Walker 1979, p. 66.
- ^ Marsh 2004, p. 650.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 261–63.
- ^ Kirchberg & Hendrickx 1999, p. 73.
- ^ a b Keogh 2004, p. 263.
- ^ Rolling Stone 2009.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 171.
- ^ Whitburn 2004, pp. 502–3.
- ^ Kubernick 2008, p. 4.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 293, 296.
- ^ a b c Kubernick 2008, p. 26.
- ^ Hopkins 2007, p. 215.
- ^ Marsh 2004, p. 649.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 277.
- ^ Marsh 1980, p. 396.
- ^ Gordon 2005, p. 146.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 283.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 346–47.
- ^ Gordon 2005, pp. 149–50.
- ^ Cook 2004, p. 39.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, pp. 259, 262.
- ^ Moyer 2002, p. 73.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 287.
- ^ a b Stein 1997.
- ^ Mason 2007, p. 81.
- ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 94.
- ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 95.
- ^ Hopkins 2007, p. 253.
- ^ Hopkins 2007, p. 254.
- ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 96.
- ^ Robertson 2004, p. 70.
- ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 99.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, pp. 284, 286, 307–8, 313, 326, 338, 357–58.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 419–22.
- ^ The Beatles 2000, p. 192.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 321.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, pp. 299–300.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 319.
- ^ Marcus 1982, pp. 284–85.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, p. 308.
- ^ Marcus 1982, p. 283.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 478.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 451, 446, 453.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 456.
- ^ Hopkins 2007, p. 291.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 474.
- ^ Moscheo 2007, p. 132.
- ^ Victor 2008, p. 10.
- ^ Brown & Broeske 1997, p. 364.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 475.
- ^ Mason 2007, p. 141.
- ^ RIAA 2010.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 488–90.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, p. 329.
- ^ a b c d e Higginbotham 2002.
- ^ Keogh 2004, p. 238.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 481, 487, 499, 504, 519–20.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 547.
- ^ a b Hopkins 1986, p. 136.
- ^ Garber 1997, p. 364.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 50, 148.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 601–4.
- ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 139.
- ^ Hopkins 2007, p. 354.
- ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 140.
- ^ Victor 2008, pp. 8, 526.
- ^ Victor 2008, pp. 8, 224, 325.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 560.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, p. 336.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 381.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 584–85.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 593–95.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 595.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 397.
- ^ a b c Caulfield 2004, p. 24.
- ^ a b c Whitburn 2006, p. 273.
- ^ Marcus 1982, p. 284.
- ^ Marsh 1999, p. 430.
- ^ Scherman 2006.
- ^ a b Guralnick 1999, p. 628.
- ^ Roy 1985, p. 71.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 634.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 212, 642.
- ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 148.
- ^ Humphries 2003, p. 79.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 645–48.
- ^ a b Woolley & Peters 1977.
- ^ Hopkins 2007, p. 386.
- ^ a b Guralnick 1999, p. 660.
- ^ Victor 2008, pp. 581–82.
- ^ Matthew-Walker 1979, p. 26.
- ^ Pendergast & Pendergast 2000, p. 108.
- ^ a b c Warwick et al. 2004, pp. 860–66.
- ^ Brown & Broeske 1997, p. 433.
- ^ National Park Service 2010.
- ^ Cook 2004, p. 33.
- ^ Bronson 2004, p. 1.
- ^ Goldman & Ewalt 2007.
- ^ Rose 2006.
- ^ Goldman & Paine 2007.
- ^ Hoy 2008.
- ^ Pomerantz et al. 2009.
- ^ Rose et al. 2010.
- ^ Baillie 2010.
- ^ Bouchard 2010.
- ^ Lynch 2011.
- ^ Pomerantz 2011.
- ^ Hilburn 2007.
- ^ a b Victor 2008, p. 438.
- ^ a b c Whitburn 2004, pp. 500–4.
- ^ Billboard 2008.
- ^ Moody 2008.
- ^ Whitburn 2004, p. 830.
- ^ RRHF 2010.
- ^ Bronson 1998.
- ^ Trust 2010.
- ^ everyHit.com 2010a.
- ^ everyHit.com 2010b.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 14.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 47–48.
- ^ Bertrand 2000, p. 211.
- ^ Morrison 1996, p. x.
- ^ a b Friedlander 1996, p. 45.
- ^ Gillett 2000, p. 113.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 39.
- ^ Wolfe 1994, p. 14.
- ^ Wolfe 1994, p. 22.
- ^ Keogh 2004, p. 184.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 123.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, pp. 213, 237.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, pp. 142–43.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 343.
- ^ Ponce de Leon 2007, p. 199.
- ^ a b c d Pleasants 2004, p. 260.
- ^ Waters 2003, p. 205.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 652.
- ^ a b Baden & Hennessee 1990, p. 35.
- ^ a b Ramsland 2010.
- ^ Denisoff 1975, p. 22.
- ^ a b Pilgrim 2006.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, p. 426.
- ^ a b Kolawole 2002.
- ^ a b Myrie 2009, pp. 123–24.
- ^ Masley 2002.
- ^ Bertrand 2000, p. 198.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 415–17, 448–49.
- ^ Guralnick 1994, pp. 452–53.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 198.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 248.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, pp. 304, 365.
- ^ Guralnick & Jorgensen 1999, pp. 358, 375.
- ^ Presley 1985, p. 188.
- ^ a b Nash 2005, p. 290.
- ^ Clayton & Heard 2003, pp. 262–65.
- ^ Clayton & Heard 2003, p. 267.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, p. 281.
- ^ Stanley & Coffey 1998, p. 123.
- ^ Brown & Broeske 1997, p. 125.
- ^ Clayton & Heard 2003, p. 226.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, pp. 563–65.
- ^ Ponce de Leon 2007, pp. 139–40.
- ^ Harris 2006.
- ^ Clayton & Heard 2003, p. 339.
- ^ Connelly 2008, p. 148.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 174.
- ^ Guralnick 1999, p. 175.
- ^ a b Feeney 2010.
- ^ Ashley 2009, p. 76.
- ^ Rodman 1996, p. 58.
- ^ Rodman 1996, pp. 58–59.
- ^ Garber 1997, p. 366.
- ^ Dyer 1959–60, p. 30.
- ^ Farmer 2000, p. 86.
- ^ Tasker 2007, p. 208.
- ^ Kirchberg & Hendrickx 1999, p. 109.
- ^ Sadie 1994, p. 638.
- ^ Bertrand 2000, p. 94.
- ^ Rodman 1996, p. 193.
- ^ a b Victor 2008, p. 356.
- ^ Arnett 2006, p. 400.
- ^ Doss 1999, p. 2.
- ^ Lott 1997, p. 192.
- ^ Keogh 2004, p. 2.
- ^ The New York Times 2002.
- ^ Marcus 1982, pp. 141–42.
- ^ a b Whitburn 2004, pp. 500–1.
- ^ Whitburn 2007.
- ^ Whitburn 2008.
- ^ a b everyHit.com 2009.
- ^ Whitburn 2006, pp. 271–73.
- ^ Elster 2006, p. 391.
- ^ a b Nash 2005, p. 11.
- ^ a b Adelman 2002, pp. 13–15.
- ^ Dundy 2004, p. 21.
- ^ Bloom 2010.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, pp. 35, 51, 57, 61, 75.
- ^ Jorgensen 1998, pp. 157–58, 166, 168.
- ^ VH1 1998.
- ^ BBC News 2001.
- ^ Rolling Stone 2004.
- ^ CMT 2005.
- ^ Discovery Channel 2005.
- ^ Variety.com 2005.
- ^ The Atlantic Monthly 2006.
- ^ Mawer 2007a.
- ^ Mawer 2007b.
References[link]
- Adelman, Kim. The Girls' Guide to Elvis: The Clothes, the Hair, the Women, and More! Random House; 2002. ISBN 0-7679-1188-1.
- Allen, Steve. Hi-Ho, Steverino!: My Adventures in the Wonderful Wacky World of TV. Thorndike Press; 1992. ISBN 1-56054-521-6.
- Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. Adolescence and Emerging Adulthood: A Cultural Approach. 3rd ed. Pearson Prentice Hall; 2006. ISBN 0-13-195071-1.
- Ashley, Martin. How High Should Boys Sing? Ashgate; 2009. ISBN 978-0-7546-6475-8.
- The Top 100. The Atlantic Monthly. December 2006 [cited December 29, 2009].
- Austen, Jake. TV-A-Go-Go: Rock on TV from American Bandstand to American Idol. Chicago Review Press; 2005. ISBN 1-55652-572-9.
- Baden, Michael M.; Hennessee, Judith Adler. Unnatural Death: Confessions of a Medical Examiner. Ballantine; 1990. ISBN 0-8041-0599-5.
- Baillie, Russell. New Zealand Herald. Album Review: Elvis Presley Viva Elvis The Album; November 6, 2010 [cited November 9, 2010].
- The Beatles. The Beatles Anthology. Chronicle Books; 2000. ISBN 0-8118-2684-8.
- Bertrand, Michael T. Race, Rock, and Elvis. University of Illinois Press; 2000. ISBN 0-252-02586-5.
- Billboard. Madonna Leads Busy Billboard 200 With 7th No. 1; May 2008 [cited February 6, 2011].
- Bloom, Nate. InterfaithFamily.com. The Jews Who Wrote Christmas Songs; 2010 [cited February 6, 2011].
- Bouchard, Dany. Toronto Sun. Priscilla Presley Keeps King Alive; November 5, 2010 [cited November 9, 2010].
- Bronson, Fred. "Chart Beat". Billboard. May 9, 1998.
- Bronson, Fred. "Chart Beat". Billboard. July 3, 2004.
- Brown, Peter Harry; Broeske, Pat H. Down at the End of Lonely Street: The Life and Death of Elvis Presley. Signet; 1997. ISBN 0-451-19094-7.
- Burke, Ken; Griffin, Dan. The Blue Moon Boys: The Story of Elvis Presley's Band. Chicago Review Press; 2006. ISBN 1-55652-614-8.
- Caine, Andrew. Interpreting Rock Movies: The Pop Film and Its Critics in Britain. Palgrave Macmillan; 2005. ISBN 0-7190-6538-0.
- Caulfield, Keith. "The King of Crossover's No. 1 Hits". Billboard. September 18, 2004.
- Charlton, Katherine. Rock Music Styles: A History. 5th ed. McGraw-Hill; 2006. ISBN 0-07-312162-2.
- Clayton, Dick; Heard, James. Elvis: By Those Who Knew Him Best. Virgin Publishing; 2003. ISBN 0-7535-0835-4.
- CMT. 40 Greatest Men in Country Music; 2005 [cited December 29, 2009].
- Collins, Dan. CBS News/Associated Press. "How Big Was The King?"; August 7, 2002 [cited December 27, 2009].
- Connelly, Charlie. In Search of Elvis: A Journey to Find the Man Beneath the Jumpsuit. Little, Brown; 2008. ISBN 0-349-11900-7.
- Cook, Jody. Graceland National Historic Landmark Nomination Form [PDF]. United States Department of the Interior; 2004.
- Cusic, Don. "Singing with the King". Rejoice! The Gospel Music Magazine. Summer 1988.
- Denisoff, R. Serge. Solid Gold: The Popular Record Industry. Transaction Books; 1975. ISBN 0-87855-586-2.
- Discovery Channel. Greatest American; 2005 [cited December 29, 2009].
- Doss, Erika Lee. Elvis Culture: Fans, Faith, and Image. University of Kansas Press; 1999. ISBN 0-7006-0948-2.
- Dundy, Elaine. Elvis and Gladys. 2nd ed. University Press of Mississippi; 2004. ISBN 1-57806-634-4.
- Dyer, Peter John. "The Teenage Rave". Sight and Sound. Winter 1959–60.
- Edgerton, Gary R. The Columbia History of American Television. Columbia University Press; 2007. ISBN 0-231-12165-2.
- Elster, Charles Harrington. The Big Book of Beastly Mispronunciations. Houghton Mifflin; 2006. ISBN 978-0-618-42315-6.
- Escott, Colin. "Elvis Presley". In: Kingsbury, Paul, editor. The Encyclopedia of Country Music. Oxford University Press; 1998. ISBN 0-19-517608-1.
- EveryHit. UK Top 40 Hit Database; 2009 [cited December 28, 2009].
- EveryHit. The 'Battle' For Most Number 1s; 2010a [cited January 20, 2010].
- EveryHit. Record Breakers and Trivia: Singles: Artists: Sales/Chart Performance; 2010b [cited January 20, 2010].
- Farmer, Brett. Spectacular Passions: Cinema, Fantasy, Gay Male Spectatorships. 2nd ed. Duke University Press; 2000. ISBN 0-8223-2589-6.
- Feeney, Mark. "Elvis at 75: Can We Ever Again See the Performer, Not the Punch Line?" Boston Globe. January 3, 2010 [cited February 1, 2010].
- Fensch, Thomas. The FBI Files on Elvis Presley. New Century Books; 2001. ISBN 0-930751-03-5.
- Fields, Curt. "A Whole Lotta Elvis Is Goin' to the Small Screen". Washington Post. August 3, 2007 [cited December 27, 2009].
- Friedlander, Paul. Rock and Roll: A Social History. Westview; 1996. ISBN 0-8133-2725-3.
- Freierman, Shelly. "Popular Demand". The New York Times. January 7, 2008 [cited January 1, 2010].
- Garber, Marjorie. Vested Interests: Cross-Dressing and Cultural Anxiety. Routledge; 1997. ISBN 0-415-91951-7.
- Gibson, Christine. "Elvis on Ed Sullivan: The Real Story". American Heritage. December 6, 2005 [archived September 24, 2009; cited December 31, 2009].
- Gillett, Charlie. "The Five Styles of Rock'n'Roll". In: McKeen, William, editor. Rock and Roll Is Here To Stay: An Anthology. W. W. Norton; 2000. ISBN 0-393-04700-8.
- Goldman, Lea; Ewalt, David M.. Top-Earning Dead Celebrities. Forbes. October 29, 2007 [archived June 11, 2008; cited January 5, 2010].
- Goldman, Lea; Paine, Jake. Top-Earning Dead Celebrities. Forbes. October 29, 2007 [cited June 5, 2011].
- Gordon, Robert. The King on the Road. Bounty Books; 2005. ISBN 0-7537-1088-9.
- Gould, Jack. "TV: New Phenomenon—Elvis Presley Rises to Fame as Vocalist Who Is Virtuoso of Hootchy-Kootchy". The New York Times. June 6, 1956 [cited December 31, 2009].
- Grein, Paul. Yahoo! Music. Chart Watch Extra: The Top 40 Christmas Albums; December 5, 2008 [cited February 1, 2010].
- Guffey, Elizabeth E. Retro: The Culture of Revival. Reaktion; 2006. ISBN 1-86189-290-X.
- Guralnick, Peter. "How Did Elvis Get Turned Into a Racist?" The New York Times. January 8, 2004 [cited August 11, 2007].
- Guralnick, Peter. Last Train to Memphis: The Rise of Elvis Presley. Little, Brown; 1994. ISBN 0-316-33225-9.
- Guralnick, Peter. Careless Love: The Unmaking of Elvis Presley. Back Bay Books; 1999. ISBN 0-316-33297-6.
- Guralnick, Ernst; Jorgensen. Elvis Day by Day: The Definitive Record of His Life and Music. Ballantine; 1999. ISBN 0-345-42089-6.
- Harris, John. "Talking about Graceland". The Guardian. March 27, 2006 [cited January 4, 2010].
- Higginbotham, Alan. "Doctor Feelgood". The Observer. August 11, 2002 [cited December 29, 2009].
- Hilburn, Robert. "From the Man Who Would Be King". Los Angeles Times. February 6, 2005 [cited January 4, 2010].
- Hilburn, Robert. "This Fan of Charts Is No. 1, with a Bullet". Los Angeles Times. October 30, 2007 [cited January 17, 2010].
- Hopkins, Jerry. Elvis: The Final Years. Berkley; 1986. ISBN 0-425-08999-1.
- Hopkins, Jerry. Elvis in Hawaii. Bess Press; 2002. ISBN 1-57306-142-5.
- Hopkins, Jerry. Elvis—The Biography. Plexus; 2007. ISBN 0-85965-391-9.
- Hoy, Peter. Top-Earning Dead Celebrities. Forbes. October 27, 2008 [cited June 5, 2011].
- Humphries, Patrick. Elvis the #1 Hits: The Secret History of the Classics. Andrews McMeel Publishing; 2003. ISBN 978-0-7407-3803-6.
- Jezer, Marty. The Dark Ages: Life in the United States 1945–1960. South End Press; 1982. ISBN 978-0-89608-127-7.
- Jorgensen, Ernst. Elvis Presley—A Life in Music: The Complete Recording Sessions. St Martin's Press; 1998. ISBN 0-312-18572-3.
- Kamphoefner, Walter D. "Elvis and Other Germans: Some Reflections and Modest Proposals on the Study of German-American Ethnicity" (2009). In: Kluge, Cora Lee, editor. Paths Crossing: Essays in German-American Studies. Peter Lang; 2010. ISBN 978-3-0343-0221-0.
- Keogh, Pamela Clarke. Elvis Presley: The Man, The Life, The Legend. Simon & Schuster; 2004. ISBN 0-7434-5603-3.
- Kirchberg, Connie; Hendrickx, Marc. Elvis Presley, Richard Nixon, and the American Dream. McFarland; 1999. ISBN 0-7864-0716-6.
- Kolawole, Helen. "He Wasn't My King". The Guardian. August 15, 2002 [cited December 27, 2009].
- Kubernick, Harvey. The Complete '68 Comeback Special. CD Booklet RCA/BMG. UPC 88697306262; 2008.
- Lisanti, Tom. Fantasy Femmes of 60's Cinema: Interviews with 20 Actresses from Biker, Beach, and Elvis Movies. McFarland; 2000. ISBN 0-7864-0868-5.
- Lott, Eric. "All the King's Men: Elvis Impersonators and White Working-Class Masculinity". In: Stecopoulos, Harry; Uebel, Michael, editors. Race and the Subject of Masculinities. Duke University Press; 1997. ISBN 0-8223-1966-7.
- Lynch, Rene. "Elvis Presley, Who Died 34 Years Ago Today, Spurs Fresh Tears". Los Angeles Times. August 16, 2011 [cited August 17, 2011].
- Marcus, Greil. Mystery Train: Images of America in Rock 'n' Roll Music. Revised ed. E.P. Dutton; 1982. ISBN 0-525-47708-X.
- Marcus, Greil. Elvis Presley: The Ed Sullivan Shows. DVD Booklet Image Entertainment. UPC 01438137302; 2006 [cited February 1, 2010].
- Marsh, Dave. "Elvis Presley". In: Marsh, Dave; Swenson, John, editors. The Rolling Stone Record Guide. 2nd ed. Virgin; 1980. ISBN 0-907080-00-6.
- Marsh, Dave. Elvis. Times Books; 1982. ISBN 0-8129-0947-X.
- Marsh, Dave. The Heart of Rock & Soul: The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made. Da Capo; 1999. ISBN 0-306-80901-X.
- Marsh, Dave. "Elvis Presley". In: Brackett, Nathan; Hoard, Christian, editors. The New Rolling Stone Album Guide. 4th ed. Simon & Schuster; 2004. ISBN 0-7432-0169-8.
- Masley, Ed. "It's Good To Be King". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. August 15, 2002 [cited January 31, 2010].
- Mason, Bobbie Ann. Elvis Presley. Penguin; 2007. ISBN 0-14-303889-3.
- Matthew-Walker, Robert. Elvis Presley. A Study in Music. Midas Books; 1979. ISBN 0-85936-162-4.
- Mawer, Sharon. The Official UK Charts Company. Album Chart History—1974; 2007a [archived December 17, 2007; cited February 1, 2010].
- Mawer, Sharon. The Official UK Charts Company. Album Chart History—1977; 2007b [archived April 15, 2008; cited February 1, 2010].
- Miles, Barry; Scott, Grant; Morgan, Johnny. The Greatest Album Covers of All Time. Collins & Brown; 2008. ISBN 1-84340-481-8.
- Miller, James. Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947–1977. Fireside; 2000. ISBN 0-684-86560-2.
- Moody, Nekesa Mumbi. USA Today/Associated Press. "Mariah Carey Surpasses Elvis in No. 1s"; April 2, 2008 [cited April 14, 2010].
- Moore, Scotty; Dickerson, James. That's Alright, Elvis. Schirmer Books; 1997. ISBN 0-02-864599-5.
- Morrison, Craig. Go Cat Go!: Rockabilly Music and Its Makers. University of Illinois Press; 1996. ISBN 0-252-02207-6.
- Moscheo, Joe. The Gospel Side of Elvis. Center Street; 2007. ISBN 1-59995-729-9.
- Moyer, Susan M. Elvis: The King Remembered. Sports Publishing LLC; 2002. ISBN 1-58261-558-6.
- Myrie, Russell. Don't Rhyme for the Sake of Riddlin': The Authorized Story of Public Enemy. Cannongate; 2009. ISBN 1-84767-182-9.
- Nash, Alanna. The Colonel: The Extraordinary Story of Colonel Tom Parker and Elvis Presley. Simon & Schuster; 2003. ISBN 0-7432-1301-7.
- Nash, Alanna, et al. Elvis and the Memphis Mafia. Aurum; 2005. ISBN 1-84513-128-2.
- National Park Service. Graceland; 2010 [cited January 7, 2010].
- "Long Live the King". The New York Times. August 16, 2002 [cited December 30, 2009].
- Palladino, Grace. Teenagers: An American History. Westview; 1996. ISBN 0-465-00766-X.
- Pendergast, Sara; Pendergast, Tom. St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. 4th ed. St. James Press; 2000. ISBN 1-55862-404-X.
- Pilgrim, David. Jim Crow Museum at Feris State University. Question of the Month: Elvis Presley and Racism; March 2006 [cited December 28, 2009].
- Pleasants, Henry. Elvis Presley. In: Frith, Simon, editor. Popular Music: Critical Concepts in Media and Cultural Studies, Volume 3: Popular Music Analysis. Routledge; 2004. ISBN 0-415-33269-9.
- Pomerantz, Dorothy. The Top-Earning Dead Celebrities. Forbes. October 25, 20011 [cited January 6, 2012].
- Pomerantz, Dorothy; Lacey, Rose; Streib, Lauren; Thibault, Marie. Top-Earning Dead Celebrities. Forbes. October 27, 2009 [cited January 5, 2010].
- Ponce de Leon, Charles L. Fortunate Son: The Life of Elvis Presley. Macmillan; 2007. ISBN 0-8090-1641-9.
- Presley, Priscilla. Elvis and Me. G.P. Putnam's Sons; 1985. ISBN 0-399-12984-7.
- Ramsland, Katherine. TruTV. "Cyril Wecht: Forensic Pathologist—Coverup for a King"; 2010 [cited January 4, 2010].
- Reaves, Jessica. "Person of the Week: Elvis Presley". Time. August 15, 2002 [cited December 26, 2009].
- Recording Industry Association of America. Top 100 Albums; 2010 [cited January 31, 2010].
- Robertson, John. Elvis Presley: The Complete Guide to His Music. Omnibus Press; 2004. ISBN 1-84449-711-9.
- Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Elvis Presley; 2010 [cited July 22, 2010].
- Rodman, Gilbert B. Elvis After Elvis, The Posthumous Career of a Living Legend. Routledge; 1996. ISBN 0-415-11002-5.
- Rogers, Dave. Rock 'n' Roll. Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1982. ISBN 0-7100-0938-0.
- The Immortals: The First Fifty. Rolling Stone. April 15, 2004 [archived 2008-06-25; cited December 29, 2009].
- 1969 Rolling Stone Covers. Rolling Stone. 2009 [archived July 5, 2008; cited December 24, 2009].
- Lacey, Rose. Top-Earning Dead Celebrities. Forbes. October 24, 2006 [cited June 5, 2011].
- Lacey, Rose; Pomerantz, Dorothy; Greenburg, Zack O'Malley; Paine, Jake. In Pictures: The 13 Top-Earning Dead Celebs—No. 2 Elvis Presley. Forbes. October 25, 2010 [cited June 5, 2011].
- Roy, Samuel. Elvis: Prophet of Power. Branden; 1985. ISBN 0-8283-1898-0.
- In: Sadie, Stanley, editor. The Norton/Grove Concise Encyclopedia of Music. Revised ed. W. W. Norton; 1994. ISBN 0-393-03753-3.
- Salisbury, Harrison. "Presley Records a Craze in Soviet". The New York Times. February 3, 1957.
- Scherman, Tony. "Elvis Dies". American Heritage. August 16, 2006 [cited December 29, 2009].
- Semon, Roger; Jorgensen, Ernst. Elvis.com. "Is Elvis the Biggest Selling Recording Artist?"; February 12, 2001 [cited February 4, 2011].
- BBC. "Sinatra Is Voice of the Century"; April 18, 2001 [cited December 29, 2009].
- Slaughter, Todd; Anne E. Nixon. The Elvis Archives. Omnibus Press; 2004. ISBN 1-84449-380-6.
- Stanley, David; Coffey, Frank. The Elvis Encyclopedia. Virgin Books; 1998. ISBN 0-7535-0293-3.
- Stein, Ruthe. "Girls! Girls! Girls!" San Francisco Chronicle. August 3, 1997 [cited December 29, 2009].
- Szatmary, David. A Time to Rock: A Social History of Rock 'n' Roll. Schirmer Books; 1996. ISBN 0-02-864670-3.
- Tasker, Yvonne. "Cowgirl Tales". In: Codell, Julie F., editor. Genre, Gender, Race, and World Cinema: An Anthology. Blackwell; 2007. ISBN 1-4051-3232-9.
- Trust, Gary. "Chart Beat". Billboard. June 2, 2010 [cited July 22, 2010].
- Turner, John Frayn. Frank Sinatra. Taylor Trade Publications; 2004. ISBN 1-58979-145-2.
- 100 Icons of the Century. Variety. 2005 [cited December 29, 2009].
- VH1. 100 Greatest Artists of Rock & Roll; 1998 [cited December 29, 2009].
- Victor, Adam. The Elvis Encyclopedia. Overlook Duckworth; 2008. ISBN 1-58567-598-9.
- Wadey, Paul. "Jake Hess". The Independent. January 8, 2004 [cited December 28, 2009].
- Warwick, Neil; Kutner, Jon; Brown, Tony. The Complete Book of the British Charts: Singles & Albums. 3rd ed. Omnibus Press; 2004. ISBN 1-84449-058-0.
- Waters, Lindsay. "Come Softly, Darling, Hear What I Say: Listening in a State of Distraction—A Tribute to the Work of Walter Benjamin, Elvis Presley, and Robert Christgau". Boundary 2. Spring 2003.
- Whitburn, Joel. Billboard Top 1000 Singles 1955–1992. Billboard Books; 1993. ISBN 0-7935-2072-X.
- Whitburn, Joel. The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits. 8th ed. Billboard Books; 2004. ISBN 0-8230-7499-4.
- Whitburn, Joel. The Billboard Book of Top 40 Country Hits. 2nd ed. Billboard Books; 2006. ISBN 0-8230-8291-1.
- Whitburn, Joel. Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Albums. 6th ed. Record Research; 2007. ISBN 0-89820-166-7.
- Whitburn, Joel. Joel Whitburn Presents Hot Country Albums: Billboard 1964 to 2007. Record Research; 2008. ISBN 0-89820-173-X.
- Wolfe, Charles. Amazing Grace: His Greatest Sacred Performances. CD Booklet RCA/BMG. UPC 7863664212; 1994.
- Woolley, John T.; Peters, Gerhard. American Presidency Project. University of California, Santa Barbara. Jimmy Carter: Death of Elvis Presley Statement by the President; August 17, 1977 [cited December 29, 2009].
Further reading[link]
- Allen, Lew (2007). Elvis and the Birth of Rock. Genesis. ISBN 1-905662-00-9.
- Ann-Margret and Todd Gold (1994). Ann-Margret: My Story. G.P. Putnam's Sons. ISBN 0-399-13891-9.
- Cantor, Louis (2005). Dewey and Elvis: The Life and Times of a Rock 'n' Roll Deejay. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02981-X.
- Dickerson, James L. (2001). Colonel Tom Parker: The Curious Life of Elvis Presley's Eccentric Manager. Cooper Square Press. ISBN 0-8154-1267-3.
- Finstad, Suzanne (1997). Child Bride: The Untold Story of Priscilla Beaulieu Presley. Harmony Books. ISBN 0-517-70585-0.
- Goldman, Albert (1981). Elvis. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-023657-7.
- Goldman, Albert (1990). Elvis: The Last 24 Hours. St. Martin's. ISBN 0-312-92541-7.
- Klein, George (2010). Elvis: My Best Man: Radio Days, Rock 'n' Roll Nights, and My Lifelong Friendship with Elvis Presley. Virgin Books. ISBN 978-0-307-45274-0
- Marcus, Greil (1999). Dead Elvis: A Chronicle of a Cultural Obsession. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-19422-5.
- Marcus, Greil (2000). Double Trouble: Bill Clinton and Elvis Presley in a Land of No Alternative. Picador. ISBN 0-571-20676-X.
- Nash, Alanna (2010). Baby, Let's Play House: Elvis Presley and the Women Who Loved Him. It Books. ISBN 0-06-169984-5.
- West, Red, Sonny West, and Dave Hebler (as told to Steve Dunleavy) (1977). Elvis: What Happened? Bantam Books. ISBN 0-345-27215-3.
External links[link]
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Elvis Presley |
 |
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Elvis Presley |
- Elvis Presley at the Internet Movie Database
- Elvis Presley at AllRovi
- Elvis Presley discography at Discogs
- Elvis Presley Enterprises official site of the Elvis Presley brand
- Elvis The Music official record label site
- Elvis Presley Interviews on officially sanctioned Elvis Australia site
- Elvis Presley at the Open Directory Project
- Elvis Presley Ancestry at Genealogy.com
- Elvis Presley 1955 interview material on Pop Chronicles
|
||||||||
|
||||||||
|
||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Presley, Elvis Aaron |
| Alternative names | Presley, Elvis Aaron |
| Short description | American singer, song producer and actor; "The King of Rock'n'Roll" |
| Date of birth | (1935-01-08)January 8, 1935 |
| Place of birth | Tupelo, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Date of death | August 16, 1977(1977-08-16) |
| Place of death | Memphis, Tennessee, USA |
http://wn.com/Elvis_Presley
Related pages:
http://de.wn.com/Elvis Presley
http://es.wn.com/Elvis Presley
http://ru.wn.com/Пресли, Элвис
http://cs.wn.com/Elvis Presley
http://pt.wn.com/Elvis Presley
http://pl.wn.com/Elvis Presley
http://hi.wn.com/एल्विस प्रेस्ली
http://it.wn.com/Elvis Presley
http://id.wn.com/Elvis Presley
http://nl.wn.com/Elvis Presley
http://fr.wn.com/Elvis Presley
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Harry Belafonte | |
|---|---|
 Belafonte at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival Vanity Fair party |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Harold George Bellanfanti, Jr. |
| Born | (1927 -03-01) March 1, 1927 (age 85) Harlem, New York, U.S. |
| Genres | Calypso, vocal, folk |
| Occupations | Actor, activist, singer |
| Years active | 1949–2003 |
| Labels | RCA Victor CBS EMI Island |
Harold George "Harry" Belafonte, Jr. (born March 1, 1927) is an American singer, songwriter, actor and social activist. He was dubbed the "King of Calypso" for popularizing the Caribbean musical style with an international audience in the 1950s. Belafonte is perhaps best known for singing "The Banana Boat Song", with its signature lyric "Day-O". Throughout his career he has been an advocate for civil rights and humanitarian causes and was a vocal critic of the policies of the George W. Bush Administration.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Born Harold George Bellanfanti, Jr.,[1] at Lying-in Hospital, Harlem, New York, Belafonte was the son of Melvine (née Love) – a housekeeper of Jamaican descent – and Harold George Bellanfanti, Sr., a Martiniquan who worked as a chef in the National Guard.[2][3][4][5][6][7] From 1932 to 1940, he lived with his grandmother in her native country of Jamaica. When he returned to New York City, he attended George Washington High School[8] after which he joined the Navy and served during World War II.[5] In the 1940s, he was working as a janitor's assistant in NYC when a tenant gave him, as a gratuity, two tickets to see the American Negro Theater. He fell in love with the art form and also met Sidney Poitier. The financially struggling pair regularly purchased a single seat to local plays, trading places in between acts, after informing the other about the progression of the play.[9] At the end of the 1940s, he took classes in acting at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York with the influential German director Erwin Piscator alongside Marlon Brando, Tony Curtis, Walter Matthau, Bea Arthur and Sidney Poitier, while performing with the American Negro Theatre. He subsequently received a Tony Award for his participation in the Broadway revue John Murray Anderson's Almanac.
Music career[link]
Belafonte started his career in music as a club singer in New York to pay for his acting classes. The first time he appeared in front of an audience, he was backed by the Charlie Parker band, which included Charlie Parker himself, Max Roach and Miles Davis, among others. At first he was a pop singer, launching his recording career on the Roost label in 1949, but later he developed a keen interest in folk music, learning material through the Library of Congress' American folk songs archives. With guitarist and friend Millard Thomas, Belafonte soon made his debut at the legendary jazz club The Village Vanguard. In 1952 he received a contract with RCA Victor.
[edit] Calypso
File:Belafontecalypso.jpg
Calypso (1956)
His first widely-released single, which went on to become his "signature" song with audience participation in virtually all his live performances, was "Matilda", recorded April 27, 1956. His breakthrough album Calypso (1956) became the first LP to sell over 1 million copies.[citation needed] The album is number four on Billboard's "Top 100 Album" list for having spent 31 weeks at number 1, 58 weeks in the top ten, and 99 weeks on the U.S. charts. The album introduced American audiences to Calypso music (which had originated in Trinidad and Tobago in the early 20th century), and Belafonte was dubbed the "King of Calypso", a title he wore with reservations, since he had no claims to any Calypso Monarch titles.
One of the songs included in the album is the now famous "Banana Boat Song" (listed as "Day O" on the original release), which reached number five on the pop charts, and featured its signature lyric "Day-O."[10] Belafonte based his version on a 1954 recording by Jamaican folk singer Louise Bennett.[11] His other smash hit was "Jump in the Line."
Many of the compositions recorded for Calypso, including "Banana Boat Song" and "Jamaica Farewell", gave songwriting credit to Irving Burgie, Belafonte and his team, but were really previously recorded Jamaican mento songs sold as calypso. The original Jamaican versions can now be heard on the "Jamaica—Mento1951–1958"[12] CD released in 2010.
Middle career[link]
While primarily known for Calypso, Belafonte has recorded in many genres, including blues, folk, gospel, show tunes, and American standards. His second-most popular hit, which came immediately after "The Banana Boat Song", was the novelty tune "Mama Look at Bubu", also known as "Mama Look a Boo-Boo" (originally recorded by Lord Melody in 1956), in which he sings humorously about misbehaving and disrespectful children. It reached number eleven on the pop chart.
In 1959 he starred in Tonight With Belafonte, a nationally televised special that featured Odetta, who sang "Water Boy" and who performed a duet with Belafonte of '"There's a Hole in My Bucket" that hit the national charts in 1961.[13] Belafonte continued to record for RCA through the 1950s to the 1970s. Two live albums, both recorded at Carnegie Hall in 1959 and 1960, enjoyed critical and commercial success. From his 1959 album, Hava Nagila became part of his regular routine and one of his signature songs.[14] He was one of many entertainers recruited by Frank Sinatra to perform at the inaugural gala of President John F. Kennedy in 1961. That same year he released his second calypso album, Jump Up Calypso, which went on to become another million seller. During the 1960s he introduced several artists to American audiences, most notably South African singer Miriam Makeba and Greek singer Nana Mouskouri. His album Midnight Special (1962) featured the first-ever record appearance by a then young harmonica player named Bob Dylan.
As The Beatles and other stars from Britain began to dominate the U.S. pop charts, Belafonte's commercial success diminished; 1964's Belafonte at The Greek Theatre was his last album to appear in Billboard's Top 40. His last hit single, "A Strange Song", was released in 1967 and peaked at number 5 on the Adult contemporary music charts. Belafonte has received Grammy Awards for the albums Swing Dat Hammer (1960) and An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba (1965). The latter album dealt with the political plight of black South Africans under Apartheid. He earned six Gold Records.[15]
Later recordings and other activities[link]
Belafonte's recording activity slowed after leaving RCA in the 1970s. From the mid-1970s to early 1980s he spent the greater part of his time touring Japan, Europe, Cuba and elsewhere. His involvement in USA for Africa during the mid-1980s resulted in renewed interest in his music, culminating in a record deal with EMI. He subsequently released his first album of original material in over a decade, Paradise in Gazankulu, in 1988. The album contains ten protest songs against the South African former Apartheid policy and as of 2011 was his last studio album. In the same year Belafonte, as UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, attended a symposium in Harare, Zimbabwe to focus attention on child survival and development in Southern African countries. As part of the symposium, he performed a concert for UNICEF. A Kodak video crew filmed the concert, which was released as a 60-minute concert video entitled "Global Carnival." It features many of the songs from the album Paradise in Gazankulu and some of his classic hits. Also in 1988, Tim Burton used "The Banana Boat Song" and "Jump in the Line" in his movie Beetlejuice.
Following a lengthy recording hiatus, An Evening with Harry Belafonte and Friends, a soundtrack and video of a televised concert were released in 1997 by Island Records. The Long Road to Freedom, An Anthology of Black Music, a huge multi-artist project recorded during the 1960s and 1970s with RCA, was finally released by the label in 2001. The album was nominated for the 2002 Grammy Awards for Best Boxed Recording Package, for Best Album Notes and for Best Historical Album.[citation needed]
Belafonte was the first African American to win an Emmy, with his first solo TV special Tonight with Belafonte (1959).[citation needed] During the 1960s he appeared on TV specials alongside such artists as Julie Andrews, Petula Clark, Lena Horne and Nana Mouskouri. He was also a guest star on a memorable episode of The Muppet Show in 1978, in which he performed his signature song "Day-O" on television for the first time. The episode is best known for Belafonte's rendition of the spiritual song, "Turn the World Around", which he performed with Muppets that resembled African tribal masks. It became one of the series' most famous performances. It was reportedly Jim Henson's favorite episode, and Belafonte reprised the song at Henson's memorial in 1990. "Turn the World Around" was also included in the 2005 official hymnal supplement of the Unitarian Universalist Association, "Singing the Journey."[16]
Belafonte received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1989. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1994 and he won a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000. He performed sold-out concerts globally through the 1950s to the 2000s. Due to illness he was forced to cancel a reunion tour with Nana Mouskouri planned for the spring and summer of 2003 following a tour in Europe. His last concert was a benefit concert for the Atlanta Opera on October 25, 2003.[17] In a 2007 interview he stated that he had since retired from performing.[18]
Film career[link]
_cropped.jpg)
Belafonte has starred in several films. His first film role was in Bright Road (1953), in which he appeared alongside Dorothy Dandridge. The two subsequently starred in Otto Preminger's hit musical Carmen Jones (1954). Ironically, Belafonte's singing in the film was dubbed by an opera singer, as Belafonte's own singing voice was seen as unsuitable for the role. Using his star clout, Belafonte was subsequently able to realize several then-controversial film roles. In 1957's Island in the Sun, there are hints of an affair between Belafonte's character and the character played by Joan Fontaine. The film also starred James Mason, Dandridge, Joan Collins, Michael Rennie and John Justin. In 1959, he starred in and produced Robert Wise's Odds Against Tomorrow, in which he plays a bank robber uncomfortably teamed with a racist partner (Robert Ryan). He also co-starred with Inger Stevens in The World, the Flesh and the Devil. Belafonte was offered the role of Porgy in Preminger's Porgy and Bess, where he would have once again starred opposite Dandridge, but he refused the role because he objected to its racial stereotyping.
Dissatisfied with the film roles available to him, he returned to music during the 1960s. In the early 1970s Belafonte appeared in more films among which are two with Poitier: Buck and the Preacher (1972) and Uptown Saturday Night (1974). In 1984 Belafonte produced and scored the musical film Beat Street, dealing with the rise of hip-hop culture. Together with Arthur Baker, he produced the gold-certified soundtrack of the same name. Belafonte next starred in a major film again in the mid-1990s, appearing with John Travolta in the race-reverse drama White Man's Burden (1995); and in Robert Altman's jazz age drama Kansas City (1996), the latter of which garnered him the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also starred as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in the TV drama Swing Vote (1999). In late 2006, Belafonte appeared in the role of Nelson, a friend of an employee of the Ambassador Hotel played by Anthony Hopkins, in Bobby, Emilio Estevez's ensemble drama about the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy.
Personal life[link]
Belafonte and Marguerite Byrd were married from 1948 to 1957. They have two daughters: Adrienne and Shari. Shari Belafonte, married to Sam Behrens, is a photographer, model, singer and actress. In 1997 Adrienne Biesemeyer and her daughter Rachel Blue founded the Anir Foundation/Experience.[19] Anir focuses on humanitarian work in southern Africa.
On March 8, 1957, Belafonte married second wife Julie Robinson (former dancer with the Katherine Dunham Company). They had two children, David and Gina Belafonte. David Belafonte (a former model and actor) is an Emmy-winning producer and the executive director of the family-held company Belafonte Enterprises Inc. A music producer, he has been involved in most of Belafonte's albums and tours. David married Danish model, singer and TV personality Malena Belafonte, born Mathiesen, who won silver in Dancing with the Stars in Denmark in 2009. Malena Belafonte founded Speyer Legacy School, an award-winning private elementary school for gifted and talented children. David and Malena's daughter Sarafina attended this school. Gina Belafonte is a TV and film actress and worked with her father as coach and producer on more than six films. Gina helped found The Gathering For Justice, an intergenerational, intercultural non-profit organization working to reintroduce nonviolence to stop child incarceration. She is married to actor Scott McCray.
In April 2008, Belafonte married photographer Pamela Frank.[20] Belafonte lived in a 21-room apartment at 300 West End Avenue (corner of 74th Street) in New York City for 50 years. In 2007 he sold his fifth-floor apartment to Abigail Disney for 10.8 million dollars. In October 1998 Belafonte contributed a letter to Liv Ullmann's book Letter to My Grandchild.[21]
Political and humanitarian activism[link]
Belafonte's political beliefs were greatly inspired by the singer, actor and activist Paul Robeson, who mentored him. Robeson opposed not only racial prejudice in the United States, but also western colonialism in Africa. Belafonte's success did not protect him from racial discrimination, particularly in the American South. He refused to perform there from 1954 until 1961. In 1960 he appeared in a campaign commercial for Democratic Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy.[22] Kennedy later named Belafonte cultural advisor to the Peace Corps.
Belafonte gave the keynote address at the ACLU of Northern California's annual Bill of Rights Day Celebration In December 2007 and was awarded the Chief Justice Earl Warren Civil Liberties Award. The 2011 Sundance Film Festival featured the documentary film Sing Your Song, a biographical film focusing on Belafonte's contribution to and his leadership in the civil rights movement in America and his endeavours to promote social justice globally.[23] In 2011 Belafonte also presented his memoir My Song.
Civil-rights activist[link]
Belafonte supported the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and was one of Martin Luther King Jr.'s confidants. He provided for King's family, since King made only $8,000 a year as a preacher. Like many other civil rights activists, Belafonte was blacklisted during the McCarthy era. He bailed King out of Birmingham City Jail and raised thousands of dollars to release other civil rights protesters. He financed the Freedom Rides, supported voter registration drives, and helped to organize the March on Washington in 1963.
During "Freedom Summer" in 1964 Belafonte bankrolled the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, flying to Mississippi that August with Sidney Poitier and $60,000 in cash and entertaining crowds in Greenwood. In 1968 Belafonte appeared on a Petula Clark primetime television special on NBC. In the middle of a song, Clark smiled and briefly touched Belafonte's arm, which made the show's sponsor, Plymouth Motors, nervous. Plymouth wanted to cut the segment, but Clark, who had ownership of the special, told NBC that the performance would be shown intact or she would not allow the special to be aired at all. Newspapers reported the controversy, and when the special aired it attracted high ratings.
Belafonte appeared on The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour and performed a controversial "Mardi Gras" number intercut with footage from the 1968 Democratic National Convention riots. CBS censors deleted the segment.
Humanitarian activist[link]
In 1985, he helped organize the Grammy Award-winning song "We Are the World", a multi-artist effort to raise funds for Africa. He performed in the Live Aid concert that same year. In 1987 he received an appointment to UNICEF as a goodwill ambassador. Following his appointment Belafonte traveled to Dakar, Senegal, where he served as chairman of the International Symposium of Artists and Intellectuals for African Children. He also helped to raise funds—alongside more than 20 other artists—in the largest concert ever held in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1994 he went on a mission to Rwanda and launched a media campaign to raise awareness of the needs of Rwandan children.
In 2001 he went to South Africa to support the campaign against HIV/AIDS. In 2002 Africare awarded him the Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award for his efforts to assist Africa. In 2004 Belafonte went to Kenya to stress the importance of educating children in the region.
Belafonte has been involved in prostate cancer advocacy since 1996, when he was diagnosed and successfully treated for the disease.[24]
On June 27, 2006, Belafonte was the recipient of the BET Humanitarian Award at the 2006 BET Awards. He was named one of nine 2006 Impact Award recipients by AARP The Magazine.[25]
On October 19, 2007, Belafonte represented UNICEF on Norwegian television to support the annual telethon (TV Aksjonen) in support of that charity and helped raise a world record of $10 per inhabitant of Norway. Belafonte was also an ambassador for the Bahamas.[citation needed] He is on the board of directors of the Advancement Project.[26]
Political activist[link]
Belafonte has been a longtime critic of U.S. foreign policy. He began making controversial political statements on this subject in the early 1980s. He has at various times made statements opposing the U.S. embargo on Cuba; praising Soviet peace initiatives; attacking the U.S. invasion of Grenada; praising the Abraham Lincoln Brigade; honoring Ethel and Julius Rosenberg and praising Fidel Castro.[27] Belafonte is additionally known for his visit to Cuba which helped ensure hip-hop’s place in Cuban society. According to Geoffrey Baker’s article “Hip hop, Revolucion! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba”, in 1999 Belafonte met with representatives of the rap community immediately before meeting with Fidel Castro. This meeting resulted in Castro’s personal approval of, and hence the government’s involvement in, the incorporation of rap into his country’s culture.[28] In a 2003 interview Belafonte reflected upon this meeting’s influence:
“When I went back to Havana a couple years later, the people in the hip-hop community came to see me and we hung out for a bit. They thanked me profusely and I said, 'Why?' and they said, 'Because your little conversation with Fidel and the Minister of Culture on hip-hop led to there being a special division within the ministry and we've got our own studio'."[29]
Belafonte was active in the anti-apartheid movement. He was the Master of Ceremonies at a reception honoring African National Congress President Oliver Tambo at Roosevelt House, Hunter College, in New York City. The reception was held by the American Committee on Africa (ACOA) and The Africa Fund.[30] He is a current board member of the TransAfrica Forum and the Institute for Policy Studies.[31]
In 2004 he was awarded the Domestic Human Rights Award by Global Exchange, in San Francisco.
In December 2007 he endorsed John Edwards for the 2008 Presidential Election.
Opposition to the George W. Bush administration[link]
Belafonte achieved widespread attention for his political views in 2002 when he began making a series of comments about President George W. Bush, his administration and the Iraq War. During an interview with Ted Leitner for San Diego's 760 KFMB, in October 2002, Belafonte referred to a quote made by Malcolm X.[32] Belafonte said:
| “ | There is an old saying, in the days of slavery. There were those slaves who lived on the plantation, and there were those slaves who lived in the house. You got the privilege of living in the house if you served the master, do exactly the way the master intended to have you serve him. That gave you privilege. Colin Powell is committed to come into the house of the master, as long as he would serve the master, according to the master's purpose. And when Colin Powell dares to suggest something other than what the master wants to hear, he will be turned back out to pasture. And you don't hear much from those who live in the pasture. | ” |
Belafonte used the quote to characterize former United States Secretaries of State Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice, both African Americans. Powell and Rice both responded, with Powell calling the remarks "unfortunate"[33] and Rice saying: "I don't need Harry Belafonte to tell me what it means to be black."[34]
_4.jpg)
The comment was brought up again in an interview with Amy Goodman for Democracy Now! in 2006.[35] In January 2006, Belafonte led a delegation of activists including actor Danny Glover and activist/professor Cornel West to meet with President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez. In 2005 Chávez, an outspoken Bush critic, initiated a program to provide cheaper heating oil for poor people in several areas of the United States. Belafonte supported this initiative.[36] He was quoted as saying, during the meeting with Chávez, "No matter what the greatest tyrant in the world, the greatest terrorist in the world, George W. Bush says, we're here to tell you: Not hundreds, not thousands, but millions of the American people support your revolution."[37] Belafonte and Glover met again with Chávez in 2006.[38] The comment ignited a great deal of controversy. Hillary Clinton refused to acknowledge Belafonte's presence at an awards ceremony that featured both of them.[39] AARP, which had just named him one of its 10 Impact Award honorees 2006, released this statement following the remarks: "AARP does not condone the manner and tone which he has chosen and finds his comments completely unacceptable."[40] During a Martin Luther King, Jr. Day speech at Duke University in 2006 Belafonte compared the American government to the 9/11 hijackers, saying, "What is the difference between that terrorist and other terrorists?" [41] In response to criticism about his remarks Belafonte asked, "What do you call Bush when the war he put us in to date has killed almost as many Americans as died on 9/11 and the number of Americans wounded in war is almost triple? [...] By most definitions Bush can be considered a terrorist." When he was asked about his expectation of criticism for his remarks on the war in Iraq, Belafonte responded: "Bring it on. Dissent is central to any democracy."[42][43]
In another interview Belafonte remarked that while his comments may have been "hasty", nevertheless he felt the Bush administration suffered from "arrogance wedded to ignorance" and its policies around the world were "morally bankrupt."[44] In January 2006, in a speech to the annual meeting of the Arts Presenters Members Conference, Belafonte referred to "the new Gestapo of Homeland Security" saying, "You can be arrested and have no right to counsel!"[45] During the Martin Luther King, Jr. Day speech at Duke University in January 2006 Belafonte said that if he could choose his epitaph it would be, "Harry Belafonte, Patriot."[46]
Discography[link]
Further information: Harry Belafonte discography
Filmography[link]
- Bright Road (1953)
- Carmen Jones (1954)
- Island in the Sun (1957)
- The Heart of Show Business (1957) (short subject)
- The World, the Flesh and the Devil (1959)
- Odds Against Tomorrow (1959)
- King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis (1970) (documentary) (narrator)
- The Angel Levine (1970)
- Buck and the Preacher (1972)
- Uptown Saturday Night (1974)
- Fundi: The Story of Ella Baker (1981) (documentary)
- A veces miro mi vida (1982)
- Drei Lieder (1983) (short subject)
- Sag nein (1983) (documentary)
- Der Schönste Traum (1984) (documentary)
- We Shall Overcome (1989) (documentary) (narrator)
- The Player (1992) (Cameo)
- Ready to Wear (1994) (Cameo)
- Hank Aaron: Chasing the Dream (1995)
- White Man's Burden (1995)
- Jazz '34 (1996)
- Kansas City (1996)
- Scandalize My Name: Stories from the Blacklist (1998) (documentary)
- Fidel (2001) (documentary)
- XXI Century (2003) (documentary)
- Conakry Kas (2003) (documentary)
- Ladders (2004) (documentary) (narrator)
- Mo & Me (2006) (documentary)
- Bobby (2006)
- Motherland (2009) (documentary)
- Sing Your Song (2011) (documentary)
Television work[link]
- Sugar Hill Times (1949–1950)
- Tonight With Belafonte (1959)
- Petula (1968)
- A World in Music (1969)
- Harry & Lena, For The Love Of Life (1969)
- A World in Love (1970)
- Free to Be… You and Me (1974)
- The Muppet Show (1978)
- Grambling's White Tiger (1981)
- Don't Stop The Carnival (1985)
- An Evening With Harry Belafonte And Friends (1997)
- Swing Vote (1999)
- Tanner on Tanner (2004)
- That's What I'm Talking About (2006) (miniseries)
- When the Levees Broke: A Requiem in Four Acts (2006) (miniseries)
Concert videos[link]
- Don't Stop The Carnival (1985)
- Global Carnival (1988)
- An Evening With Harry Belafonte And Friends (1997)
Stage work[link]
- John Murray Anderson's Almanac (December 10, 1953 – June 26, 1954)
- 3 for Tonight (April 6 – June 18, 1955)
- Moonbirds (October 9–10, 1959) (producer)
- Belafonte at the Palace (December 15, 1959 – closing date unknown)
- Asinamali! (April 23 – May 17, 1987) (producer)
References[link]
- ^ "Life in Harlem". Sing Your Song. S2BN Belafonte Productions. http://singyoursongthemovie.com/life-in-harlem/. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
- ^ Genia Fogelson (1996). Harry Belafonte. Holloway House Publishing. p. 13. ISBN 0-87067-772-1. http://books.google.com/?id=Oadlz5gMG9UC&pg=PA13&dq=%22actually+born+in+Harlem%22#v=onepage&q=%22actually+born+in+Harlem%22&f=false.
- ^ Hardy, Phil; Dave Laing (1990). The Faber Companion to Twentieth Century Music. Faber. p. 54. ISBN 0-571-16848-5.
- ^ Harry Belafonte Biography (1927–). Filmreference.com. Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ a b The African American Registry Harry Belafonte, an entertainer of truth
- ^ "Harry Belafonte", "Calypso: A World Music" University of Southern Florida
- ^ Fogelson, Genia (1996-09-01). Harry Belafonte. ISBN 978-0-87067-772-4. http://books.google.com/?id=Oadlz5gMG9UC&pg=PA13&dq=%22Harold+George+Belafonte%22#v=onepage&q=%22Harold%20George%20Belafonte%22&f=false.
- ^ Arenson, Karen W. "Commencements; Belafonte Lauds Diversity Of Baruch College Class", The New York Times, June 2, 2000. Accessed April 16, 2008. "(He said that he had not gotten past the first year at George Washington High School, and that the only college degrees he had were honorary ones.)"
- ^ NPR interview http://www.npr.org/2011/10/12/141243628/harry-belafonte-out-of-struggle-a-beautiful-voice
- ^ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 18 – Blowin' in the Wind: Pop discovers folk music. [Part 1] : UNT Digital Library"]. Pop Chronicles. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19768/m1/.
- ^ The Louise Bennett version of Day O (The Banana Boat Song) is available and documented in both French and English on the Jamaica – Mento 1951–1958 album.
- ^ "Frémeaux & Associés éditeur , La Librairie Sonore". Fremeaux.com. 1932-06-19. http://www.fremeaux.com/index.php?option=com_virtuemart&page=shop.livrets&content_id=5362&product_id=1176&category_id=128. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
- ^ odetta. Spclarke.com (1999-09-29). Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ Grossman, Roberta (2011). "Video – What does Hava Nagila mean?". http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zJqXjvlKa2w.
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Unitarian Universalist Association website, "Publications > Singing the Journey >Song Information". Uua.org (2011-06-17). Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ [2][dead link]
- ^ «Besser als es jetzt ist, kann es nicht werden»
- ^ Anir Experience. Anirfoundation.org. Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ Harry Belafonte: A Living Legend. Community-2.webtv.net. Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ Ullmann, Liv (October 1998). Liv Ullmann. ed. Letter to My Grandchild. Atlantic Monthly Press. ISBN 0-87113-728-3. http://www.amazon.com/Letter-My-Grandchild-Liv-Ullmann/dp/0871137283.
- ^ Kennedy ad. Livingroomcandidate.org. Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ 'Sing Your Song' recounts Harry Belafonte's life, Moira Macdonald, Seattle Times, January 26, 2012 http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/movies/2017343454_mr27sing.html?prmid=head_main
- ^ Harry Belafonte and prostate cancer. Phoenix5.org (1997-04-21). Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ Impact Awards 2006 Honorees. Aarpmagazine.org. Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ Advancement Project web page
- ^ Magazine. Frontpagemag.com (2007-06-26). Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ Baker, Geoffrey. 2005. "Hip hop Revolucion! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba." Ethnomusicology, 49, no. 3: 368–402.
- ^ Sandra Levinson An exclusive interview with Harry Belafonte on Cuba. Cuba Now, 10/25/03.
- ^ Activist Archive Project[dead link]
- ^ Institute for Policy Studies: Trustees. Ips-dc.org. Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ Jennings Hypes Saudi Opposition to Iraq War – 10/10/2002 – Media Research Center CyberAlert. Mediaresearch.org. Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ "Belafonte won't back down from Powell slave reference". CNN. October 14, 2002. http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/10/15/belafonte.powell/. Retrieved May 4, 2010.
- ^ "Powell, Rice Accused of Toeing the Line". Fox News. October 22, 2002. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,66288,00.html.
- ^ Harry Belafonte on Bush, Iraq, Hurricane Katrina and Having His Conversations with Martin Luther King Wiretapped by the FBI. Democracy Now! Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ Venezuela plans to expand program to provide cheap heating oil to US poor. Taipei Times (2011-07-26). Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ Belafonte calls Bush ‘greatest terrorist’ – Americas – MSNBC.com. MSNBC (2011-02-08). Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ "Chavez Repeats 'Devil' Comment at Harlem Event". Fox News. September 21, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,214973,00.html.
- ^ "New York News, Traffic, Sports, Weather, Photos, Entertainment, and Gossip – NY Daily News". Daily News (New York). http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/382483p-324705c.html. [dead link]
- ^ AARP Reacts to Comments by Harry Belafonte. Aarp.org. Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ Harry Belafonte on Bush, Iraq, Hurricane Katrina and Having His Conversations with Martin Luther King Wiretapped by the FBI. Democracy Now! Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ Audience applauds Belafonte. Dailybeacon.utk.edu (2006-09-13). Retrieved on 2011-08-02.
- ^ [3][dead link]
- ^ POLITICS-US: Belafonte on Thinking Outside the Ballot Box
- ^ "Belafonte Blasts 'Gestapo' Security". Fox News. January 23, 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,182413,00.html.
- ^ Harry Belafonte Speaks at Duke. Duke Today. January 16, 2006.
External links[link]
|
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Harry Belafonte |
- Harry Belafonte at the Internet Movie Database
- Harry Belafonte at the Internet Broadway Database
- Harry Belafonte at the Internet Off-Broadway Database
- Harry Belafonte discography
- [4] English version of the text found at the bottom of the page.
- 2004 Global Exchange Human Rights Award – Belafonte's acceptance speech in San Francisco
- Ubben Lecture at DePauw University
- Democracy Now! transcript/MP3/video of interview by Amy Goodman, January 30, 2006
- The Bigotry of Belafonte – by Andrew Sullivan, Salon.com, Oct. 25, 2002
- "The Man Behind Belafonte's Music – Irving Burgie" – by Ronald David Jackson, with video
- Discography at SonyBMG Masterworks
- The HistoryMakers Biography and video clips
- Harry Belafonte: Belafonte At Carnegie Hall
- Belafonte and Nat King Cole sing "Mama Look at Bubu"
- Belafonte: "Iraq & Afghanistan Wars Are Immoral" – video report by Democracy Now!
|
||||||||
|
||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Belafonte, Harry |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 1927-3-1 |
| Place of birth | Harlem, New York, U.S. |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Harry_Belafonte
Related pages:
http://it.wn.com/Harry Belafonte
http://id.wn.com/Harry Belafonte
http://es.wn.com/Harry Belafonte
http://ru.wn.com/Белафонте, Гарри
http://nl.wn.com/Harry Belafonte
http://pt.wn.com/Harry Belafonte
http://pl.wn.com/Harry Belafonte
http://fr.wn.com/Harry Belafonte
http://de.wn.com/Harry Belafonte
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Belafonte
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
 |
Look up banana boat in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
banana boat may refer to:
- Banana boat (boat), an unpowered recreational boat
- Banana boat (ship), a ship whose primary role is the transportation of bananas as cargo
- Banana boat (food), campfire delicacy
- "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)", a 1956 traditional Jamaican folk song
- Banana Boat, a Polish a capella group created in 1994
- A dish used to serve the banana split dessert
- A brand of sunscreen manufactured by Sun Pharmaceuticals Corp, owned by Energizer Holdings
- A liqueur based cocktail.
 |
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. |
http://wn.com/Banana_boat
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banana_boat
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
