Electronic Frontier Foundation
Abbreviation	EFF
Formation	1990, U.S.
Type	Non-profit organization
Legal status	Foundation
Purpose/focus	Law, Freedom, Privacy
Headquarters	San Francisco, California, U.S.
Website	www.eff.org

The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is an international non-profit digital rights advocacy and legal organization based in the United States. Its stated mission is to:^[1]

• Engage in and support educational activities which increase popular understanding of the opportunities and challenges posed by developments in computing and telecommunications.
• Develop among policy-makers a better understanding of the issues underlying free and open telecommunications, and support the creation of legal and structural approaches which will ease the assimilation of these new technologies by society.
• Raise public awareness about civil liberties issues arising from the rapid advancement in the area of new computer-based communications media.
• Support litigation in the public interest to preserve, protect, and extend First Amendment rights within the realm of computing and telecommunications technology.
• Encourage and support the development of new tools which will endow non-technical users with full and easy access to computer-based telecommunications.

The EFF is supported by donations and is based in San Francisco, California, with staff members in Washington, D.C. They are accredited observers at the World Intellectual Property Organization^[2] and one of the participants of the Global Network Initiative.^[3]

EFF has taken action in several ways. It provides funds for legal defense in court, presents amici curiae briefs, defends individuals and new technologies from what it considers baseless or misdirected legal threats, works to expose government malfeasance, provides guidance to the government and courts, organizes political action and mass mailings, supports some new technologies which it believes preserve personal freedoms, maintains a database and web sites of related news and information, monitors and challenges potential legislation that it believes would infringe on personal liberties and fair use, and solicits a list of what it considers patent abuses with intentions to defeat those that it considers without merit.

History[link]

Electronic Frontier Foundation founders Kapor, Gilmore and Barlow

Foundation[link]

The Electronic Frontier Foundation was formed in July 1990 by John Perry Barlow and Mitch Kapor in response to a series of actions by law enforcement agencies that led them to conclude that the authorities were gravely uninformed about emerging forms of online communication,^[4] and that there was a need for increased protection for Internet civil liberties.

In April 1990, Barlow had been visited by a U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation agent in relation to the theft and distribution of the source code for a series of Macintosh ROMs. Barlow described the visit as "complicated by [The Agent's] fairly complete unfamiliarity with computer technology. I realized right away that before I could demonstrate my innocence, I would first have to explain to him what guilt might be." Barlow felt that his experience was symptomatic of a “great paroxysm of governmental confusion during which everyone's liberties would become at risk”.

Barlow posted an account of this experience to The WELL online community and was contacted by Mitch Kapor, who had had a similar experience. The pair agreed that there was a need to defend civil liberties on the internet. Kapor agreed to fund any legal fees associated with such a defense and the pair contacted New York lawyers Rabinowitz, Boudin, Standard, Krinsky and Lieberman about defending several computer hackers from a Harper's magazine forum on computers and freedom who had been the target of Secret Service raids.^[4] This generated a large amount of publicity which led to offers of financial support from John Gilmore and Steve Wozniak. Barlow and Kapor continued to research conflicts between the government and technology and in June 1990 Barlow posted online the influential article entitled "Crime & Punishment" in which Barlow announced his and Kapor's plans to create an organization to "raise and disburse funds for education, lobbying, and litigation in the areas relating to digital speech and the extension of the Constitution into Cyberspace."^{[citation needed]}

This generated further reaction and support for the ideas of Barlow and Kapor. In late June, Barlow held a series of dinners in San Francisco with major figures in the computer industry^{[citation needed]} to develop a coherent response to these perceived threats. Barlow considered that: "The actions of the FBI and Secret Service were symptoms of a growing social crisis: Future Shock. America was entering the Information Age with neither laws nor metaphors for the appropriate protection and conveyance of information itself."^[5] Barlow felt that to confront this a formal organization would be needed and hired Cathy Cook as press coordinator and began to set up what would become the Electronic Frontier Foundation.

The Electronic Frontier Foundation was formally founded on July 10, 1990, by Kapor, Gilmore and Barlow. Initial funding was provided by Kapor, Wozniak, and an anonymous benefactor.^[6][7]

In 1990, Mike Godwin joined the organization as the first staff counsel. Then in 1991 Esther Dyson and Jerry Berman joined the EFF Board. By 1992 Cliff Figallo became the new director of EFF-Cambridge and in December 1992 Jerry Berman became Acting Executive Director.

Early cases[link]

The creation of the organization was motivated by the massive search and seizure on Steve Jackson Games executed by the United States Secret Service early in 1990. Similar but officially unconnected law-enforcement raids were being conducted across the United States at about that time as part of a state-federal task force called Operation Sundevil. However, the Steve Jackson Games case, which became EFF's first high-profile case, was the major rallying point where EFF began promoting computer and Internet-related civil liberties. In 1993, their offices moved to 1001 G Street in Washington, D.C. That same year Big Dummy's guide to the Internet, an Electronic Frontier Foundation publication, was made available for free download.

EFF's second big case was Bernstein v. United States led by Cindy Cohn, where programmer and professor Daniel J. Bernstein sued the government for permission to publish his encryption software, Snuffle, and a paper describing it. More recently the organization has been involved in defending Edward Felten, Jon Lech Johansen and Dmitry Sklyarov.

Expansion and development[link]

In early 2010, EFF released this poster in celebration of its founding 20 years before.

The organization was originally located at Mitch Kapor's Kapor Enterprises, Inc offices in Cambridge, Massachusetts. By the fall of 1993, the main EFF offices were housed in Washington, D.C., headed up by Jerry Berman. During this time, some of EFF's attention focused on the business of influencing national policy, a business that was not entirely palatable to parts of the organization. In 1994, Mr. Berman parted ways with EFF and formed the Center for Democracy and Technology. EFF moved offices across town, where Drew Taubman briefly took the reins as director. In 1995, under the auspices of director Lori Fena, after some downsizing and in an effort to regroup and refocus on their base support, the organization moved offices to San Francisco, California. There, it took up temporary residence at John Gilmore's Toad Hall, and soon afterward moved into the Hamm's building at 1550 Bryant St. After Fena moved onto the EFF board of directors for a while, the organization was led by Tara Lemmey. Just prior to the EFF's move into its new and present offices at 454 Shotwell St. in SF's Mission District, long-time EFF Legal Director Shari Steele became, and remains as of today, the Executive Director. In the spring of 2006, EFF announced the opening of an office in Washington, D.C. with two new staff attorneys.^[8]

DES Cracker[link]

By the mid-90s the EFF was becoming seriously concerned about the refusal of the US Government to license any secure encryption product for export unless it utilizes key recovery and claims that governments cannot decrypt information when protected by DES, continuing even after the public breaking of the code in the first of the DES Challenges. They coordinated and supported the construction of the EFF DES cracker, using special purpose hardware and software and costing only $210,000.^{[9] [10]} This brought the record for breaking a message down to 56 hours on 17 July 1998 and to under 24 hours on 19 Jan 1999 (in conjunction with distributed.net).

The EFF published the plans and source code for the cracker.^[11] Within four years the Advanced Encryption Standard was standardized as a replacement for DES.

Activities[link]

Litigation[link]

EFF booth at the 2010 RSA Conference

The EFF regularly brings and defends lawsuits at all levels of the US legal system in pursuit of its goals and objectives. Many of the most significant technology law cases have involved the EFF, including MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd., Apple v. Does, and others.

Awards[link]

The EFF organizes two sets of awards to promote work in accordance with its goals and objectives:

The EFF Pioneer Awards are awarded annually to recognize individuals who in its opinion are "leaders who are extending freedom and innovation on the electronic frontier."^[12] In 2009, the honorees were Limor Fried, Harri Hursti and Carl Malamud

The EFF Cooperative Computing Awards are a series of four awards meant "to encourage ordinary Internet users to contribute to solving huge scientific problems," to be awarded to the first individual or group who discovers a prime number with a significant record number of decimal digits. The awards are funded by an anonymous donor.^[13] The awards are:

• $50,000 to the first individual or group who discovers a prime number with at least 1,000,000 decimal digits – Awarded April 6, 2000^[14]
• $100,000 to the first individual or group who discovers a prime number with at least 10,000,000 decimal digits – Awarded October 14, 2009^[15]
• $150,000 to the first individual or group who discovers a prime number with at least 100,000,000 decimal digits
• $250,000 to the first individual or group who discovers a prime number with at least 1,000,000,000 decimal digits.

Support[link]

The foundation receives support from its board members^[16] John Buckman (Chairman), Pamela Samuelson (Vice-Chairman), John Perry Barlow, Lorrie Cranor, David J. Farber, Edward Felten, John Gilmore, Brewster Kahle, Joe Kraus and Brad Templeton. The organization often receives additional pro bono legal assistance from Prof. Eben Moglen.

On February 18, 2004, the EFF announced that it had received $1.2 million from the estate of Leonard Zubkoff.^[17] It will use $1 million of this money to establish the EFF Endowment Fund for Digital Civil Liberties.

In April 2011 George Hotz donated $10,000, the remainder of his legal defense money in his case against Sony.

The agitprop art group Psychological Industries has independently issued buttons with pop culture tropes such as the logo of the Laughing Man from the anime series Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex (with the original Catcher in the Rye quotation replaced with the slogan of Anonymous), a bleeding roller derby jammer, and Rosie the Riveter on a series of buttons on behalf of the EFF.^[18]

Charity Navigator has given the EFF an overall rating of three out of four stars, and four for its financial efficiency and capacity.^[19]

In literature[link]

The EFF is featured in Dan Brown's techno-thriller novel Digital Fortress. The book was released in 1998, the same year as the EFF DES cracker was built.

See also[link]

Clipper chip Digital rights Digital rights management EFF-Austin Electronic Frontier Canada Electronic Frontiers Australia Free Software Foundation GNU Project Hardware restrictions Information freedom Internet censorship

League for Programming Freedom OpenMedia.ca Open Rights Group,(UK-based) Protection of Broadcasts and Broadcasting Organizations Treaty Stop Online Piracy Act (SOPA) Switzerland (software) Who Controls the Internet?, a book

Freedom of speech portal Internet portal San Francisco Bay Area portal Information technology portal

Notes[link]

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikinews has related news: Electronic Frontier Foundation

• Official website
  • EFFector
  • Legal Guide for Bloggers
  • History
• Big Dummy's Guide to the Internet on Project Gutenberg
• How to Bypass Internet Censorship, also known by the titles: Bypassing Internet Censorship or Circumvention Tools, a FLOSS Manual, 10 March 2011, 240 pp.

John Perry Barlow
At his home in California, USA, December 2010
Born	(1947-10-03) October 3, 1947 (age 64) Sublette County, Wyoming, United States
Occupation	lyricist, essayist
Nationality	American
Period	1971-1995 (lyrics) 1990-present (essays)
Subjects	Internet (essays)
homes.eff.org/~barlow/

John Perry Barlow (born October 3, 1947) is an American poet and essayist, a retired Wyoming cattle rancher, and a cyberlibertarian^[1] political activist who has been associated with both the Democratic and Republican parties. He is also a former lyricist for the Grateful Dead and a founding member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Since May 1998, he has been a Fellow at Harvard University's Berkman Center for Internet and Society.

Biography[link]

Born in Sublette County, Wyoming, Barlow attended elementary school in a one-room schoolhouse. He was a student at the Fountain Valley School in Colorado. There Barlow met Bob Weir, who would later join the music group the Grateful Dead. Weir and Barlow maintained contact throughout the years; a frequent visitor to Timothy Leary's facility in Millbrook, New York, Barlow introduced the musical group to Leary in 1967. In 1969, Barlow graduated with high honors in comparative religion from Wesleyan University in Middletown, Connecticut, and spent two years traveling. In 1971, he began practicing animal husbandry in Cora, Wyoming, at his family's Bar Cross Land and Livestock Company. He sold that business in 1988.

Barlow in 2006, European Graduate School, Leuk, Switzerland

The seeds of the Barlow-Weir collaboration were sown at a Grateful Dead show at the Capitol Theater in Port Chester, New York, in February 1971. Until this point, Weir had mostly worked with resident Dead lyricist Robert Hunter. Hunter preferred that those who sang his songs stuck to his "canonical" lyrics rather than improvising additions or rearranging words. A feud erupted backstage over a couplet in "Sugar Magnolia" from the band's most recent release (most likely "She can dance a Cajun rhythm/Jump like a Willys in four wheel drive"), culminating in a disgruntled Hunter summoning Barlow and telling him "take him (Weir) -- he's yours.^[2]" In the fall of 1971, with a deal for a solo album in hand and only two songs completed, Weir and Barlow began to write together for the first time.

Fueled by massive amounts of Wild Turkey^{[citation needed]} and a traditional Native American creativity spell recommended by band friend Rolling Thunder, the twosome hammered out such enduring songs as "Cassidy," "Mexicali Blues," and "Black Throated Wind," all three of which would remain in the repertoires of the Grateful Dead and Weir's varied solo projects for years to come. Other songs to emerge from the Weir-Barlow collaboration include "Let It Grow," "The Music Never Stopped," "Estimated Prophet," "I Need A Miracle," "Lost Sailor," "Saint of Circumstance," and "Throwing Stones." Barlow also did collaborations with Grateful Dead keyboardists Brent Mydland then later Vince Welnick.

In 1986, Barlow joined The WELL online community, then known for a strong Deadhead presence. He served on the company's board of directors for several years. In 1990, Barlow founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) along with fellow digital-rights activists John Gilmore and Mitch Kapor. As a founder of EFF, Barlow helped publicize the Secret Service raid on Steve Jackson Games. Barlow's involvement is later documented in the non-fiction book The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier (1992) by Bruce Sterling.^[3] EFF later sponsored the ground-breaking case Steve Jackson Games, Inc. v. United States Secret Service. Steve Jackson Games won the case in 1993.

He married Elaine Parker Barlow, with whom he had three daughters: Amelia Rose, Anna Winter, and Leah Justine. Elaine and John were separated in 1992. He was engaged to Dr. Cynthia Horner, whom he met at a convention center. She died in 1994 from a heart arrhythmia, apparently caused by undetected viral cardiomyopathy.^[4]

Barlow was a good friend of John F. Kennedy Jr.^[5]

Politics[link]

Barlow is a former chairman of the Sublette County Republican Party and served as western Wyoming campaign coordinator for Dick Cheney during his 1978 Congressional campaign.^[6] By the early 2000s, Barlow was unable to reconcile his ardent libertarianism with the prevailing neoconservative movement and "didn't feel tempted to vote for Bush"; after an arrest for possession of a small quantity of marijuana while traveling, he joined the Democratic Party and publicly committed himself to outright political activism for the first time since his spell with the Republican Party.^{[citation needed]} Barlow has subsequently declared that he is a Republican.^[7] He has also claimed on many occasions to be an anarchist.^[8] Barlow has said he voted for Natural Law Party Presidential candidate John Hagelin in 2000 after discovering in the voting booth that his friend Nat Goldhaber was Hagelin's running mate.^[9] He said in 2004: "I'm embarrassed for my country that in my entire voting life, there has never been a major-party candidate whom I felt I could vote for. All of my presidential votes, whether for George Wallace, Dick Gregory, or John Hagelin, have been protest votes."^[9] Barlow said that year he was "voting for John Kerry, though with little enthusiasm."^[9]

Current work[link]

Barlow currently serves as vice-chairman of the EFF's board of directors. The EFF was designed to mediate the "inevitable conflicts that have begun to occur on the border between Cyberspace and the physical world."^[10] They were trying to build a legal wall that would separate and protect the Internet from territorial government, and especially from the U.S. government.^[11]

He is a Fellow with the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School and Diamond Management & Technology Consultants, and a member of the International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences. He spends much of his time on the road, lecturing and consulting about civil rights, freedom of speech, the state of the internet and the Electronic Frontier Foundation. He delivered lectures and panel discussions at TWiT Live,^[12] TedxHamburg, Hamburg (Germany),^[13] Greenfest SF,^[14] Civitas (Norwegian think tank),^[15] Internet Society (NY Chapter, New York),^[16] the USC Center on Public Diplomacy,^[17] and the European Graduate School (EGS), Saas-Fee, Switzerland.^[18]

Barlow also serves on the advisory boards of Clear Path International, TTI/Vanguard and the global company Touch Light Media^[19] founded by Anita Ondine.

He is listed as a Managing Partner at Algae Systems^[20] of Nevada, a company dedicated to commercializing a novel method for growing microalgae offshore as a biofuel feedstock. He is listed as a member of the faculty of the European Graduate School (EGS), in Saas-Fee, Wallis, Switzerland.

Barlow sits on the advisory board of the Marijuana Policy Project.^[21]

Writing[link]

From 1971 until 1995, Barlow wrote lyrics for the Grateful Dead, mostly through his relationship with Bob Weir. Among others, Barlow's songs include "Cassidy" (about Neal Cassady and Cassidy Law),^[22] "Estimated Prophet", "Black-Throated Wind", "Hell in a Bucket", "Mexicali Blues", "The Music Never Stopped", and "Throwing Stones".

His writings include "A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace", which was written in response to the enactment of the Communications Decency Act in 1996 as the EFF saw the law as a threat to the independence and sovereignty of cyberspace. He argued that the cyberspace legal order would reflect the ethical deliberation of the community instead of the coercive power that characterized real-space governance.^[23] Since online "identities have no bodies," they found it inappropriate to obtain order in the cyberspace by physical coercion. ^[24] Instead ethics, enlightened self-interest and the commonwealth were the elements they believed to create a civilization of the Mind in Cyberspace.^[23] Later, articles such as "The Economy of Ideas" were also widely circulated in providing a vision for human creativity online.

Barlow has written extensively for Wired magazine, as well as The New York Times, Nerve, and Communications of the ACM. In his writings, he explained the wonder of the Internet. The Internet to him is more than a computer network. It is a place that he called an "electronic frontier".^[1] "He frequently wrote in language that echoed Henry Stanley's African diary. "Imagine discovering a continent so vast that it may have no end to its dimensions. Imagine a new world with more resources than all our future greed might exhaust, more opportunities than there will ever be entrepreneurs enough to exploit, and a peculiar kind of real estate that expands with development. Imagine a place where trespassers leave no footprints, where goods can be stolen infinite number of times and yet remain in the possession of their original owners, where business you never heard of can own the history of your personal affairs.""^[25] He has wanted to encourage and provoke youngsters to explore the cyberspace through his writing.

Barlow has also returned to writing lyrics, most recently collaborating with The String Cheese Incident's mandolinist and vocalist Michael Kang, including their song "Desert Dawn." Barlow is often seen at String Cheese Incident concerts mixing with the fans and members in the band.

He has also recently collaborated with the Chicago-based jamband Mr. Blotto on their release Barlow Shanghai. He is an advisor to the Hypothes.is project. ^[26]

Further source[link]

• Goldsmith, Jack, and Tim Wu (February 24, 2006). Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515266-2. 

References[link]

External links[link]

Biography portal

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: John Perry Barlow

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: John Perry Barlow

• "Barlow Home(stead)Page". Electronic Frontier Foundation. https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/. Retrieved 2010-11-27. 
• "John Perry Barlow Profile (Biography, filmography, photos and video lectures)". European Graduate School. http://www.egs.edu/faculty/john-perry-barlow/biography/. Retrieved 2010-11-27. 
• List of Barlow's lyrical work for the Grateful Dead, in Allan, Alex (ed.). "John Perry Barlow Songs". Grateful Dead Lyric And Song Finder (clearlight.com). http://www3.clearlight.com/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/~acsa/findbarl.pl. Retrieved 2007-11-12. 
• Davis, Aaron (July 28, 2005). "Interview: John Perry Barlow, Wyoming's Estimated Prophet". Planet Jackson Hole. http://www.planetjh.com/news/A_100072.aspx. Retrieved 2007-11-12. 
• This American Life "74:Conventions" Featuring John Perry Barlow in the 3rd Part
• An interview given to Reason magazine
• Publications John Perry Barlow at EFF
• Personal blog copy hosted on Internet Archive.
• Managing Partner at Algae Systems

This article relies on references to primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject, rather than references from independent authors and third-party publications. Please add citations from reliable sources. (July 2006)

Cindy Cohn is an American attorney specializing in Internet law. She represented Daniel J. Bernstein and the Electronic Frontier Foundation in Bernstein v. United States, and in 1997 was recognized by California Lawyer Magazine as one of the Lawyers of the Year for this work. She currently serves as Legal Director and General Counsel for the Electronic Frontier Foundation. In 2006, Ms. Cohn was named one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America by the National Law Journal. Ms. Cohn also serves on the Board of Directors of the nonprofits Human Rights Advocates and the Verified Voting Foundation.

She studied law at the University of Michigan. She received her undergraduate degree at the University of Iowa and the London School of Economics.

In addition to Bernstein, some of Ms. Cohn's significant cases include Hepting v. AT&T (class action against AT&T for collaborating with the National Security Agency program to wiretap and data-mine Americans' communications), In re Sony BMG Tech. litigation (class action against Sony BMG for placing dangerous digital rights management (DRM) on customers' computers), OPG v. Diebold (Diebold was held liable for sending out unfounded cease and desist notices to internet service providers (ISPs) in an effort to stop public discussion of the flaws in its electronic voting machines), and DVDCCA v. Bunner^[1] (representing Andrew Bunner against the DVD Copy Control Association defending his right to republish a computer program that he found republished elsewhere on the Internet).

References[link]

External links[link]

• Cindy Cohn's Bio on EFF Site
• Human Rights Advocates Home Page

This American law-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Lori B. Andrews is a professor of law at Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago-Kent College of Law; Director of IIT's Institute for Science, Law, and Technology; and in Spring 2002, she was a Visiting Professor at Princeton University. She received her B.A. summa cum laude from Yale College and her J.D. from Yale Law School.^[1] Andrews is a Fellow of the Hastings Center.

Career[link]

Andrews is an internationally-recognized expert on biotechnologies.^[2] Her path-breaking litigation about reproductive and genetic technologies and the disposition of frozen embryos caused the National Law Journal to list her as one of the "100 Most Influential Lawyers in America". She was listed as a "Newsmaker of the Year", in the American Bar Association Journal's January 2008 issue. The ABA Journal described Andrews as "a lawyer with a literary bent who has the scientific chops to rival any CSI investigator" and "a genetics expert of international renown, whose influence in the legal ethics surrounding genetics doesn’t stop at the border."^[3]

Andrews has also been involved in setting policies for genetic technologies. She has been an adviser on genetic and reproductive technology to the United States Congress, the World Health Organization, the National Institutes of Health, the Centers for Disease Control, the United States Department of Health and Human Services, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, and several foreign nations including the Emirate of Dubai and the French National Assembly. She served as chair of the federal Working Group on the Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project. She also served as a consultant to the science ministers of twelve countries on the issues of embryo stem cells, gene patents, and DNA banking. She has advised artists who want to use genetic engineering to become creators with a capital "C" and invent new living species. She is a contributor to a blog, dealing with topics of genetics and reproductive technologies.^[4]

Andrews is the author of fourteen books and more than one hundred scholarly articles, monographs, and book chapters on subjects including informed consent, medical genetics, and health policy. She coauthored the law school casebook Genetics: Ethics, Law and Policy (West Publishing, 3d edition, 2010) (with Mark Rothstein and Maxwell Mehlman). In June 2002, she was awarded the Health Law Teachers Award, given by the Health Law Teachers section of the American Society of Law, Medicine and Ethics. In March 2005, she was named an Honorary Fellow of the American College of Legal Medicine.

In her nonfiction work The Clone Age, published in 2000, Andrews offers a highly critical account of the motives and methods of a new breed of biological scientists. She expresses concerns about the role of venture capital in medical research and what she sees as technology racing ahead of legal and ethical ground rules.^[5]

Her book co-authored with sociologist Dorothy Nelkin, Body Bazaar: The Market for Human Tissue in the Biotechnology Age (Crown Publishers) discusses the psychological, social and financial impacts of the commercialization of human tissue. Future Perfect: Confronting Decisions About Genetics (Columbia University Press) outlines the policy models that Andrews recommends for consideration as we enter an age of increasing knowledge of the human genome.

Her forthcoming book I Know Who You Are and I Saw What You Did: Social Networks and the Death of Privacy (Free Press) will be released in January 2012. In the book, she explains how individuals' rights are being violated and she proposes a Constitution for social networks and the Web.^[6]

Andrews is the author of three mystery novels featuring a female geneticist and military lawyer. The Silent Assassin (2007), the second novel in the Dr. Alexandra Blake series, revolves around enemy skulls brought back from the Vietnam War by American soldiers and now stored in a drawer at the National Museum of Health and Medicine in Washington, D.C. This story line was based on six actual existing Vietnamese trophy skulls that are, in fact, stored in a drawer in Washington. On June 22, 2007, Andrews published an Op-Ed in the New York Times in response to the White House visit of Vietnamese President Nguyen Minh Triet. She urged President Bush to return the "trophy skulls."

In September 2008, Andrews released the third installment of her mystery series, Immunity. The book involves a geneticist and DEA agent who works feverishly to stop an epidemic in the Southwest United States.

A frequent guest on Nightline, 60 Minutes, CBS Morning News, Oprah, and various other programs, Andrews is often interviewed about bioethics. A documentary, "Frozen Angels," which describes her work, premiered at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival.

Bibliography[link]

• New Conceptions: A Consumer's Guide to the Newest Infertility Treatments, Including in Vitro Fertilization, Artificial Insemination,& Surrogate Mother. New York: St. Martins, 1984. ISBN 0-312-56610-7
• State Laws and Regulations Governing Newborn Screening. National Center for Education in Maternal & Child Health, Georgetown University, 1985. ISBN 0-910059-04-7
• Between Strangers: Surrogate Mothers, Expectant Fathers, and Brave New Babies. Harper & Row, 1989. ISBN 0-06-016058-6
• Assessing Genetic Risks: Implications for Health and Social Policy. National Academy Press, 1994. Co-edited with Jane E. Fullarton, Neil A. Holtzman, and Arno G. Motulsky. ISBN 0-309-04798-6
• The Clone Age: Adventures in the New World of Reproductive Technology. Owl Books, 2000. ISBN 0-8050-6446-X
• Black Power, White Blood: The Life and Times of Johnny Spain. Temple University Press, revised edition, 2000. ISBN 1-56639-750-2
• Body Bazaar: The Market for Human Tissue in the Biotechnology Age. New York: Crown, 2001. With Dorothy Nelkin. ISBN 0-609-60540-2
• Future Perfect. New York: Columbia University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-231-12163-6
• Sequence. New York: St. Martin's, 2006. ISBN 0-312-94245-1
• The Silent Assassin. New York: St. Martin's, 2007. ISBN 0-312-35271-9
• Immunity. New York: St. Martin's, 2008. ISBN 0-312-35272-7
• Genetics: Ethics, Law and Policy. St. Paul: West, 2002, 2nd edition, 2006, 3rd edition, 2010. With Mark Rothstein and Maxwell Mehlman. ISBN 0-314-91186-3
• I Know Who You Are and I Saw What You Did: Social Networks and the Death of Privacy. New York: Free Press, 2012. ISBN 1-4516-5051-5

See also[link]

• Armed Forces Institute of Pathology
• Bioethics
• Biopolitics
• Eugenics Wars argument

References[link]

External links[link]

• Lori Andrews official website
• Lori Andrews Social Network Constitution website
• Institute for Science, Law & Technology
• At the Edges of Science and Law: The Blog of the Institute for Science, Law & Technology

Jennifer Chambers Lynch (born April 7, 1968) is an American film director and screenwriter, best known for writing the book The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer and for being Hollywood's youngest female writer and director with her 1993 feature film Boxing Helena.^[1]

Biography[link]

Early life[link]

Lynch was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the daughter of artist and filmmaker David Lynch and painter Peggy Reavey. She began practicing Transcendental Meditation when she was six years old.^[2]

Movie career[link]

Lynch was educated in Los Angeles and Michigan (at the prestigious Interlochen Arts Academy) and, as a teen, played the role of a little girl in her father's movie Eraserhead. After that she worked as a production assistant on her father's Blue Velvet (1986). She authored The Secret Diary of Laura Palmer to accompany the television show Twin Peaks (created by her father and Mark Frost). She also wrote an episode of Friday the 13th: The Series.^[3]

Her commissioned screenplay for Boxing Helena, which she would later go on to direct, attracted many actresses, including Madonna.^[4] Sherilyn Fenn, who was one of the stars of her father's Twin Peaks and Wild at Heart, ultimately was cast for the part of Helena. Kim Basinger was also attached and was famously sued after walking away. The controversy surrounding that case, as well as feminist outcry over Helena's sadistic subject matter and accusations of nepotism, accompanied the movie's critical drubbing upon its release in 1993.

In an interview with The Hollywood Interview, Lynch mentions her reactions to the critical reception of Boxing Helena:

"I would love to know why people were so mad at me for telling a crazy fairy tale. I’m the first to say I didn’t know what I was doing. I did the best I could at 19, and all these crazy things happened. The idea that the film was faulted when everyone involved worked so fucking hard and believed in me, and there were these adults believing in me, who was essentially a child…when the National Organization of Women slammed me, that was sort of the final straw. It was no wonder I put my legs behind my ears and got pregnant. (laughs) Not that I didn’t love sex before then, but seriously. It was my child, essentially, who saved my life."^[5]

Also in 1993, she directed the music video "Living in the Rose" by the British rock band New Model Army.^[6]

Lynch retreated from the public eye but came back into the spotlight with the film Surveillance. She was announced as director of the film Nagin (the film is also known as Hisss) starring Bollywood actress Mallika Sherawat.^[7][8]

In October 2008, Surveillance took the top prize at the Festival de Cine de Sitges.^[9] A month later, Lynch became the first woman to receive the New York City Horror Film Festival's Best Director award.^[10]

On March 21, 2010, Lynch was a judge at the International Surrealist Film Festival.^[11] She works as producer for the upcoming Corey Brandenstein natural horror film The Compound.^[12]

She is set to film Visibility for the Motion Picture Corporation of America in 2011.^[13] A documentary titled Despite the Gods about Lynch's struggles to make the film Hisss was released in 2012.

The horror film Chained (2012) which Lynch directed is completed and stars Vincent D'Onofrio as a cab-driving serial killer, ^[14] and pre-production has begun on A Fall From Grace (2013), starring Tim Roth as a St. Louis detective investigating the murder of young girls by a mysterious assailant.^[15]

Filmography (as director)[link]

Awards and Nominations[link]

Boxing Helena received incredibly scathing reviews^[16] upon its release and though it was nominated for Grand Jury Prize in the Dramatic category at the Sundance Film Festival^[17], it did not take the prize.

References[link]

External links[link]

• Jennifer Lynch at the Internet Movie Database
• Jennifer Lynch page at Allmovie
• A French article about Jennifer Lynch's works (The secret diary of Laura Palmer and Boxing Helena)
• "Living in the Rose" music video, directed by Jennifer Chambers Lynch
• Jennifer Lynch at FEARnet
• Interview with Hisss (2010) director Jennifer Chambers Lynch