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A term used in Shi'i terminology, "hujja" means "proof [implied: proof of God]." It is usually used to refer to a single individual in any given human era who represents God's "proof" to humanity.^[1] The hujja is a prophet or an Imam who possess a relationship with God that is greater than anyone else. The Imam who is the hujja of his time functions as the ultimate mediator between God and humanity, giving the Imam the greatest precedence for interpretation of the Qur'an.^[1] As the mediator between God and humanity, the Imam is the only one who can properly resolve conflicting interpretations of the Qur'an's words, giving the Imam ultimate authority over divine knowledge. In Twelver shi'ism the title "hujja" is specifically applied to the Twelfth Imam who is currently in a period of hiding and is attributed with the tradition of using Shi'i hadith to guide the religious community.^[2] It is important to note that the word Imam and hujja do not necessarily refer to the same person because an Imam may not be hujja but may keep the title of Imam.

Proof of Hujja[link]

The Imam that is hujja is hujja for several different logical proofs that are supported by Shi'i Qur'an interpretation and Shi'i hadith. The first proof of an Imam who is hujja is presented by the Imam's role as mediator between God and humanity.^[3] The divine appointment of the Imam, according to Shi'i belief, was passed down from the Prophet Muhammad to 'Ali and his sons al-Hasan and al-Husayn, who passed the divine knowledge onto their sons and so on. Therefore it is only those who are members of the Prophet's family line that possess the divine knowledge from God and therefore are hujja.

The second proof an Imam is hujja is shown by the inner guidance the Imam provides for mankind "for he is a channel of divine grace which comes to him inwardly from the suprasensible realm".^[3] The Imam with his extensive knowledge of the different levels of human behavior and spiritual faith, is able to influence others thoughts and inner beings to help aid them in the refinement of their souls and inward journey. The Imam's divine guidance from God gives him the ability to lead and influence, which is why the Imam is hujja (proof of God).

The third proof an Imam is hujja is based on the Imam's immunity from the pollution of human sin. The Imam is such a divine spiritual figure he is free from committing human error or misinterpreting the Qur'an, which would otherwise lead to human error and sin. For a man who does commit sin is not fit to lead for he can spread sin and is therefore denied the rank of Imam and therefore cannot possess hujja.^[3] Only those who are free from error can be considered divinely touched and therefore are hujja and entitled to the Imamate.

The fourth proof that the Imam is hujja is deducted by reason. God's grace keeps his creatures towards obedience and keeps them away from disobedience. However if God orders man to do something He knows man cannot do or will have difficulty doing, He would contradict His own aim. Therefore God gives humanity hujja to help lead man toward God and His spiritual greatness.^[4] The hujja sent here is filled with spiritual guidance and helps direct man towards God, which is also what the Imam does, which is why the Imam is hujja.

The last justification of the hujja comes from the idea that without the hujja the world would not exist. "The world cannot exist even for a moment without the imam who is the hujja of God. If the imam were to be taken away from the earth even for an hour, the earth would swallow up its inhabitants just as the sea swallows its people".^[5] The idea that the Imam, who is hujja, is always present helps support the fact that God is always present to mankind and it supports the fact that it is only through the Imam that God can be known.

References[link]

Founder of The Ahmadiyya Movement
Claim as Messiah
Personal Information
Name	Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Born	(1835-02-13)13 February 1835 Qadian, Sikh Empire
Died	26 May 1908(1908-05-26) (aged 73) Lahore
Resting place	Bahishti Maqbara, Qadian, India
Spouse(s)	Hurmat Bibi Nusrat Jehan Begum
Children	Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad Mirza Bashir Ahmad Mirza Sharif Ahmad Mubarika Begum Amatul Hafeez Begum
Parents	Mirza Ghulam Murtaza Chiragh Bibi

Part of a series on:
Ahmadiyya
Beliefs & Practices
Five Pillars of Islam · Six articles of faith · Quran Sunnah · Hadith
Distinct views
Prophethood · Jesus Jihad · Evolution
Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
Prophecies · Claims Writings
Literature
Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya · The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam · Jesus in India Noor-ul-Haq · Revelation, Rationality, Knowledge & Truth  · Victory of Islam Malfoozat · Tafseer-e-Kabeer  · Haqā’iq al-Furqān
Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
Successors of the Messiah: I · II · III · IV · V Jalsa Salana · Mosques · Jamia MTA International
Miscellaneous
Persecution · Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement · List of Ahmadis
See also
Ahmadiyya portal v t e

Mīrzā Ghulām Aḥmad^[1] (Arabic: ميرزا غلام أحمد; Urdu: مرزا غلام احمد; 13 February 1835 – 26 May 1908 CE, or Shawal 14, 1250 – Rabi' al-thani 24, 1326 AH) was a religious figure from India and the founder of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community.

He claimed to be the Mujaddid of the fourteenth Islamic century, the Promised Messiah (Second Coming of Christ), and the Mahdi awaited by the Muslims in the end days.^[2][3] He declared that Jesus (Isa) had in fact survived the crucifixion and later died a natural death after having migrated towards Kashmir, and that he had appeared in the spirit and power of Jesus.^[4]

He travelled extensively across the subcontinent of India preaching his religious ideas and ideals and won substantial following within his lifetime. He is known to have engaged in numerous debates and dialogues with the Muslim, Christian and Hindu priesthood and leadership. Ghulam Ahmad founded the Ahmadiyya Movement in Islam on 23 March 1889. The mission of the movement, according to him, was the propagation of Islam in its pristine form.^[5]

Ghulam Ahmad authored around 100 books on various religious, spiritual and theological issues.^[6] He advocated a peaceful propagation of Islam and emphatically argued against the necessity of Jihad in its military form in the present age.^[5]

Life[link]

Early life and education[link]

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was born on 13 February 1835, in Qadian, India,^[7] the surviving child of twins born to an affluent family. His father's name was Mirza Gulam Quader. He was born in Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh where the means of communication were not advanced and majority of the people remained illiterate. He was of Persian descent. At the time of his birth, Christianity had come to India. It was spread all of India except Punjab with the support of British Raj. As a child, he received his early education at home. He learned to read the Arabic text of the Qur'an and studied basic Arabic grammar and the Persian language from a teacher named Fazil-e-Illahi. At the age of 10, he learnt from teacher who was a good and pious man named Fazl Ahmad. Again at the age of 17 or 18, he learnt from a teacher named Gul Ali Shah.^[8] In addition, he also studied some works on medicine from his father, Mirza Ghulam Murtaza, who was a physician.

From 1864 to 1868, upon his father's wishes, he worked as a clerk under in Sialkot which was a rare case at that time.At that time a strong anti- British movement was in progress in India. Especially, Muslim leaders called for armed jihad and almost every Muslim groups supported the call of jihad, apart from Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.

After 1868, he returned to Qadian, as per his father's wishes, where he was entrusted to look after some estate affairs. During all this time, Ahmad was known as a social recluse because he would spend most of his time in seclusion studying religious books and praying in the local mosque. As time passed, he began to engage more with the Christian missionaries, particularly in defending Islam against their criticism. He would often confront them in public debates, especially the ones based in the town of Batala.

In 1886, certain leaders of the Arya Samaj held discussion and debate with Ghulam Ahmad about the truthfulness of Islam and asked for a sign to prove that Islam was a living religion. In order to dedicate special prayers for this purpose and so as to seek further divine guidance, Ghulam Ahmad travelled to Hoshiarpur upon what he claimed was divine instruction. Here, he spent forty days in seclusion, a practice known as chilla-nashini. He travelled accompanied by three companions to the small two-storied house of one of his followers and was left alone in a room where his companions would bring him food and leave without speaking to him as he prayed and contemplated. He only left the house on Fridays and used an abandoned mosque for Jumu'ah (Friday prayers). It is during this period that he declared God had given him the glad tidings of an illustrious son.^[9][10]

Taking of the covenant[link]

Ghulam Ahmad claimed divine appointment as a reformer as early as 1882 but did not take any pledge of allegiance or initiation. In December 1888, Ahmad announced that God had ordained that his followers should enter into a Bay'ah with him and pledge their allegiance to him. In January 1889, he published a pamphlet in which he laid out ten conditions or issues to which the initiate would abide by for the rest of his life.^[11] On 23 March 1889, he founded the Ahmadiyya community by taking a pledge from forty followers.^[11] The formal method of joining the Ahmadiyya movement included joining hands and reciting a pledge, although physical contact was not always necessary. This method of allegiance continued for the rest of his life and after his death by his successors.^[12]

His claim[link]

Ahmad proclaimed that he was the Promised Messiah and Mahdi and that he was fulfilment of various prophecies. This sparked great controversy, especially among the Muslim and Christian clergy.^{[citation needed]} Ahmad's followers say that he never claimed to be the same physical Jesus who lived nineteen centuries earlier. Ahmad claimed that Jesus died a natural death, in contradiction to the traditional Muslim view of Jesus' physical ascension to heaven and the traditional Christian belief of Jesus' crucifixion.^[13] He claimed in his books that there was a general decay of Islamic life and a dire need of a messiah.^[14][15][16] He argued that just as Jesus had appeared 1400 years after the time of Moses, the promised messiah—i.e. the Mahdi—must also appear in the 14th century after the appearance of Muhammad.^[17]

In Tazkiratush-Shahadatain, he wrote about the fulfilment of various prophecies. In it, he enumerated a variety of prophecies and descriptions from both the Qur'an and Hadith relating to the advent of the Mahdi and the descriptions of his age, which he ascribed to himself and his age. These include assertions that he was physically described in the Hadith and manifested various other signs; some of them being wider in scope, such as focusing on world events coming to certain points, certain conditions within the Muslim community, and varied social, political, economic, and physical conditions.^[18]

Post-claim[link]

In time, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's claims of being the Mujaddid (reformer) of his era became more explicit.^[19] In one of his most well-known and praised^[20] works, Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya, a work consisting of a number of volumes, he claimed to be the Messiah of Islam,^[19] which has proven a strong challenge for Muslims to accept, since traditional Islamic thought maintained that Jesus will return in the flesh during the last age.^[21] Ahmad, by contrast, asserted that Jesus had in fact survived crucifixion and died of old age much later in Kashmir, where he had migrated. According to Ahmad, the promised Mahdi was a symbolic reference to a spiritual leader and not a military leader in the person of Jesus Christ as is believed by many Muslims. With this proclamation, he also rejected the idea of armed Jihad and argued that the conditions for such Jihad are not present in this age, which requires defending Islam by the pen and tongue but not with the sword.^[22]

Reaction of religious scholars[link]

See also Rejection of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.

In time, the religious scholars turned against him, and he was often branded as a heretic. His opponents accused him of working for the British Government due to the termination of armed Jihad, since his claims of being the Mahdi were made around the same time as the Mahdi of Sudan (Muhammad Ahmad). Many years after his death, he was again accused of working for the British to curb the Jihadi ideology of Muslims.

Following his claim to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi, one of his adversaries prepared a Fatwa (decree) of disbelief against Ahmad, declaring him a Kafir (disbeliever), a deceiver, and a liar. The decree permitted killing him and his followers. It was taken all around India and was signed by some two hundred religious scholars.^[23]

Some years later, a prominent Muslim leader and scholar, Ahmed Raza Khan, was to travel to the Hejaz to collect the opinions of the religious scholars of Makkah and Madina. He compiled these opinions in his work Hussam ul Harmain (The sword of two sanctuaries on the slaughter-point of blasphemy and falsehood);^[24] in it, Ghulam Ahmad was again labelled an apostate. The unanimous consensus of about thirty-four religious scholars was that Ghulam Ahmad's beliefs were blasphemous and tantamount to apostasy and that he must be punished by imprisonment and, if necessary, by execution.

Journey to Delhi[link]

Jama Masjid, Delhi, 1852, William Carpenter

Ghulam Ahmad travelled to Delhi, which was at the time considered a centre of religious learning and home to many prominent religious leaders, in 1891, with the intention of distinguishing what he believed to be the truth from falsehood and attempting to make it openly manifest for people through these influential divines. He published an advertisement in which he invited the scholars to accept his claim and to engage in a public debate with him regarding the life and death of Isa (Jesus), particularly Maulana Nazeer Hussein, who was hailed as the greatest shaikh and a leading religious scholar. He also proposed three conditions that were essential for such a debate: that there should be a police presence to maintain peace, the debate should be in written form (for the purpose of recording what was said), and that the debate should be on the subject of the death of Jesus.

Eventually, it was settled, and Ahmad travelled to the Jama Masjid Delhi (main mosque) of Delhi accompanied by twelve of his followers, where some 5,000 people were gathered. Before the debate started, there was a discussion on the conditions, which led to the conclusion that the debate should not be upon the death of Jesus, but upon the claims of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. He explained that his claim could only be discussed after the death of Jesus was proven, for Jesus was considered by many to be living and the one who will descend to Earth himself. Only when this belief was refuted could his claim to be the Messiah be discussed.

Upon this, there was a clamour among the crowds, and Ahmad was informed that the other party alleged that he was at odds with Islamic beliefs and was a disbeliever; therefore, it was not proper to debate with him unless he clarified his beliefs. Ahmad wrote his beliefs on a piece of paper and had it read aloud, but due to the clamour among the people, it could not be heard. Seeing that the crowd was drifting out of control and that violence was imminent, the police superintendent gave orders to disperse the audience, and the debate did not take place. A few days later, however, a written debate did take place between Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and Maulwi Muhammad Bashir of Bhopal, which was later published.

Ghulam Ahmad is known to have travelled extensively across Northern India during this period of his life and to have held various debates with influential religious leaders.^[25]

Challenge to opponents[link]

Ahmad published a book called The Heavenly Decree, in which he challenged his opponents to a "spiritual duel" in which the question of whether someone was a Muslim or not would be settled by God based on the four criteria laid out in the Qur'an, namely, that a perfect believer will frequently receive glad tidings from God, that he will be given awareness about hidden matters and events of the future from God, that most of his prayers will be fulfilled and that he will exceed others in understanding novel finer points, subtleties and deeper meanings of the Qur'an.^[26]

The sun and moon eclipse[link]

After announcing his claim to be the Messiah and Mahdi, his opponents demanded that he should produce the "heavenly sign" detailed in the tradition attributed to the 7th-century Imam Muhammad al-Baqir,^[27] also known as Muhammad bin Ali, in which it is stated about the appearance of the Mahdi:^[28]

For our Mahdi there are two signs which have never appeared before since the creation of the heavens and the earth, namely the moon will be eclipsed on the first night in Ramadhan and the sun will be eclipsed on the middle day in the same month of Ramadhan, and these signs have not appeared since God created the heavens and the earth.

— Dar Qutni Vol. 1, page 188

Ahmadis maintain that this prophecy was fulfilled in 1894/1895, about three years after Ghulam Ahmad proclaimed himself to be the Promised Mahdi and Messiah, with the lunar and solar eclipse during the month of Ramadhan. Ghulam Ahmad declared that this was a sign of his truth and was in fulfilment of the tradition or prophecy.^[29]

The occurrence has, however, faced some criticism, with critics of Ahmad asserting that this was a weak tradition with unreliable narrators, one that cannot be traced back to Muhammad himself,^[30] and that such eclipses have taken place before. Ahmadis however argue that such eclipses have never taken place as a sign for the truth of any person, and that this sign being mentioned in other religious scriptures such as the Bible^[31] and the Qur'an^[32] and the fact that it actually took place while there was a claimant further enhances the reliability of the tradition.

The eclipses being a sign of the Mahdi are also mentioned specifically in the Letters of Rabbani by Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindi, who is considered to be Mujaddid Alf Thānī, meaning the "reviver of the second millennium" (of Islam).^[33]

Lawsuit[link]

In 1897, a Christian missionary, Henry Martyn Clarke, filed a lawsuit of attempted murder against Ahmad at the court of District Magistrate Captain William Douglas in the city of Ludhiana. The charge laid against him was that he hired a man by the name of Abdul Hameed to assassinate Clarke. However, he was not detained by the police and was declared innocent by the then-Magistrate Captain Douglas.^[34][35]

Ahmad was offered permission to sue the plaintiff. However, he declined to do so, stating that Clarke will be answerable to God.

The Revealed Sermon[link]

In 1900, on the occasion of the festival of Eid ul-Adha, he is said to have delivered an hour-long sermon extempore in Arabic expounding the meaning and philosophy of sacrifice. This episode is celebrated as one of the important events of the history of Ahmadiyya. The sermon was simultaneously written down by two of his companions and came to be known as the Khutba Ilhamiyya, the revealed or inspired sermon. Ahmadiyya literature states that during this sermon, there was a change in his voice, he appeared as if in a trance, in the grip of an unseen hand, and as if a voice from the unknown had made him its mouthpiece. After the sermon ended, Ahmad fell into prostration, followed by the rest of the congregation, as a sign of gratitude towards God.^[36]

Ahmad wrote later:

It was like a hidden fountain gushing forth and I did not know whether it was I who was speaking or an angel was speaking through my tongue. The sentences were just being uttered and every sentence was a sign of God for me.

— Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, Haqeeqatul-Wahi^[37]

The Lahore controversy with Pir Meher Ali Shah[link]

Pir Meher Ali Shah of Golra Sharif is recognised by some as the person at the forefront in striving to bring Ghulam Ahmad and his movement down.^{[citation needed]} He penned the book on the "apostasy" of Ahmad titled Sayf-e-Chishtia.^{[citation needed]} Meher Ali was one of the spiritual leaders whom Ghulam Ahmad had challenged collectively to a "prayer duel". On 20 July 1900, Ghulam Ahmad issued a poster in which he proposed a gathering at Lahore to hold a written contest in Arabic^{[citation needed]} consisting of writing a commentary on forty verses (selected by ballot) of the Qur'an after invoking divine assistance.

According to the poster, the commentaries were to be written within seven hours and in the presence of witnesses, without the assistance of a book or any person. An hour was to be given for preparation. The commentaries were to span at least twenty pages, purely in Arabic. After their completion and signatures by the contestants, they were to be read out to three learned persons for adjudication, nominated and seen to by Meher Ali Shah. After listening to the two commentaries, the judges would pronounce on solemn triple oath which one was superior and written "with Divine endorsement".^[38]

Pir Meher Ali Shah accepted the challenge to such a contest, provided that first an oral debate take place between him and Ghulam Ahmad on the issue of his claims. Ghulam Ahmad refused to debate. Ahmad's followers claim that he had categorically vowed in Anjam-e-Atham not to engage in any more debates, as he judged them ineffective at convincing the religious clergy to reform (the reason why he had challenged Meher Ali Shah to such a decisive contest in the first place and not to a debate); rather, he would invoke God for divine intervention by holding such contests or "prayer duels", which he called Ejazi-Muqabala, or "miraculous contest", between him and his opponents, primarily Christian missionaries and Muslim scholars and divines.^[25]

This remains a point of contention between the followers of Ghulam Ahmad and those of Pir Meher Ali Shah. According to the followers of Meher Ali Shah, he travelled to Lahore, as per Ghulam Ahmad's proposal, where a large gathering of scholars and laymen had collected, and according to followers of Ghulam Ahmad, did so without notice. Ghulam Ahmad did not show up. Ahmadis argue that the condition of oral debate proposed by Meher Ali Shah was an indirect refusal of Ghulam Ahmad's challenge and a deliberate attempt to trap him, for if he had accepted, he would have broken his promise with God by engaging in debates, but if he had declined, it would have been assumed that Meher Ali Shah was victorious and Ghulam Ahmad had withdrawn. Followers of Meher Ali Shah contend that he accepted the challenge even without the condition of oral debate, but Ghulam Ahmad failed to turn up.^[38]

Ghulam Ahmad later issued another poster describing his beliefs and requesting a written response from the Pir.^{[citation needed]} Later, he published an advertisement proposing a battle of written commentary on the opening chapter of the Quran to settle their dispute. The two commentaries would be printed and published in book form within seventy days. A price of Rs.500 would be paid to Mehr Ali Shah if his commentary was adjudged by three scholars to be superior or equal to that of Ghulam Ahmad.^[38] The party failing to write and publish the proposed commentary within the stated period would be regarded as a liar, and no further proof for that purpose would be needed. Ghulam Ahmad published his planned commentary under the title Ijaz-ul-Masih (Miracle of the Massiah).

As per the challenge, Per Meher Ali Shah was to write a commentary on the opening chapter of the Quran in Arabic. However, instead, Per Mehr Ali wrote a book in Urdu named Saif-e-Chishtiyyi.^[39]

Slogan[link]

Challenge to John Alexander Dowie[link]

In 1899, Scottish-born American clergyman John Alexander Dowie laid claim to be the forerunner of the second coming of Christ. Ghulam Ahmad exchanged a series of letters with him between 1903 and 1907. Ghulam Ahmad challenged him to a prayer duel, where both would call upon God to expose the other as a false prophet. Ghulam Ahmad stated:

The best way to determine whether Dowie's God is true or ours, is that Mr. Dowie should stop making prophecies about the destruction of all Muslims. Instead he should keep me alone in his mind and pray that if one of us is fabricating a lie, he should die before the other.

— Ghulam Ahmad, ^[40]

Dowie declined the challenge,^[41] calling Mirza Ghulam Ahmad the "silly Mohammedan Messiah".^{[citation needed]}Ghulam Ahmad prophesied:

Though he may try hard as he can to fly from death which awaits him, yet his flight from such a contest will be nothing less than death to him; and calamity will certainly overtake his Zion, for he must bear the consequences either of the acceptance of the challenge or its refusal. He will depart this life with great sorrow and torment during my lifetime.

^{[citation needed]}

The challenge of "prayer duel" was made by Mirza in September 1902. The Dictionary of American Biography states that after having been deposed during a revolt in which his own family was involved, Dowie endeavoured to recover his authority via the law courts without success and that he may have been a victim of some form of mania, as he suffered from hallucinations during his last illness.^[42] Dowie died before Mirza, in March of 1907.

Encounter with the Agapemonites[link]

In September 1902, a man by the name of Rev. John Hugh Smyth-Pigott proclaimed himself the Messiah and also claimed to be God while preaching in the Church of the Ark of the Covenant in Clapton, London. This church was originally built by the Agapemonites, a religious movement founded by the Anglican priest Henry James Prince.^[43]

When the news of his claim reached India, Mufti Muhammad Sadiq, a disciple of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, was informed of it and wrote to Pigott informing him of the claim of Ahmad and requesting more information about his own claim. Pigott did not reply directly, but a letter was received from his secretary along with two advertisements, one carrying the title "The Ark of Noah". When the advertisements and letter were read out in the presence of Ahmad, he replied:

Logic is respected and lasts but irrational thought loses its innovativeness in the space of a few lines. Now our Noah's Ark will overpower the false one. The Europeans used to say that false Messiahs are about to come, so first these false prophets and Messiahs stepped out in London. After this the voice of the true Messiah will reach London. It is also recorded in the Ahadith that the Anti-Christ will claim Godhead and Prophethood for himself, so this Nation has also fulfilled this manifestly. Dowie is claiming to be a Prophet in America and Pigott is claiming to be God in London and calls himself God.

— Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, 'Malfoozat, Vol.4, 11 November 1902

After having prayed about Pigott, Ahmad claimed to have seen in a dream "some books on which was written three times: Holy, Holy, Holy" followed by a revelation:

Allah is severe in retribution. They are not acting righteously.

— Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, 'Tazkirah, pg. 531

Ahmad issued an advertisement forewarning Pigott of the "Punishment that awaits him" if he did not repent of his irreverent claim, which is said to have been widely publicised in English newspapers. It is said that thenceforth, Pigott became silent and did not repeat his claim. He left London and retreated to a small village in Somerset, changed his name, seeking a life of anonymity, and was defrocked by the Anglican Church following the birth of three sons from one of his many spiritual brides. He eventually died in March 1927.^[43]

The White Minaret[link]

The White Minaret at Qadian

According to Islamic tradition, Jesus, upon his second advent, would descend with or near a White Minaret disputably to the east of Damascus or in the eastern side of Damascus.^[44] Ghulam Ahmad argued that this Hadith does not explain whether the minaret will be within the eastern side of Damascus or to the eastern side of the city. According to him, this prophecy was fulfilled with his advent in Qadian, a town situated to the east of Damascus, and the significance of the minaret symbolic. The minaret, according to him, symbolised the spread of the "light of Islam", its message reaching far and wide, and the "supremacy of Islam", which was to tower up as it were like a minaret in the time of the promised one. The prophecy is also believed to be pointing to an age of enlightenment and one where there are numerous facilities for communication and transport, thereby making conveyance and proselytising easier. This was reflective of the physical purpose that minarets were used in medieval Islamic societies, the efficient communication of the call to prayer to a wider audience in the locality.^[45] Ghulam Ahmad claimed that God had revealed to him:

Step forth, that your time has Arrived and the feet of the people of Muhammad have been firmly planted on a high tower. Holy Muhammad, the chosen one, Chief of the Prophets.

— Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, 'Tadhkirah, pg. 444

In 1903, Ahmad laid the foundation of a minaret to commemorate the prophecy. This, according to him, will represent the physical as well as spiritual aspects of Islam with a light and a clock fixed on its top symbolising the "light of Islam" spreading far and wide and "so man will recognize his time", and a Muezzin to give the call to prayer five times a day symbolising an invitation to Islam. The construction of this minaret was completed in 1916 and has since become a symbol and distinctive mark in Ahmadiyyat.

Heavenly Graveyard[link]

Ahmad mentioned the establishment of a "Heavenly Graveyard" (Bahishti Maqbara)^[46] under divine commandment in his booklet Al-Wasiyyat (The Will). It is stated that in a spiritual vision, Ahmad was shown a plot of land called "Bahishti Maqbara", containing the graves of such members of his community who are destined to be in heaven. In order to fulfill this vision, Ahmad donated a parcel of his land in Qadian for those members of the community who fulfilled certain conditions:^[47]

• Whoever desires to be buried in this graveyard should contribute towards the expenses of its maintenance according to his capacity.
• Whoever desires to be buried therein should make a testamentary disposition that one tenth of his property shall, under direction of the Movement, be devoted to the propagation of Islam, and carrying out the teachings of the Quran. It will be open to every righteous person whose faith is perfect to provide for this purpose in his will more than one tenth, but it shall not be less.
• Whoever shall lead a righteous life and abstain from all that is prohibited and shall not do anything that amounts to association of something with God or to innovation in the faith. He should be a true and sincere Muslim. (Al-Wasiyyat, pp. 16–19)

Over time, the cemetery in Qadian has expanded, while another one was established in Rabwah, Pakistan, after the partition of India. Established under the direction Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad, the second Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, the cemetery in Rabwah has over 10,000 graves.^[48]

Last journey[link]

Towards the end of 1907 and early 1908, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to have received numerous revelations informing him of his imminent death. In April 1908, he travelled to Lahore with his family and companions. Here, he gave many lectures. A banquet was arranged for dignitaries where Ghulam Ahmad, upon request, spoke for some two hours explaining his claims, teachings and speaking in refutation of objections raised against his person; here, he preached reconciliation between Hindus and Muslims. He completed writing his last work, entitled Message of Peace,^[49] a day before his death.^[50]

Death[link]

While he was in Lahore at the home of Dr. Syed Muhammad Hussain (who was also his physician), Mirza Ghulam Ahmad fell ill from excessive weakness.^[51] His body was subsequently taken to Qadian and buried there.^[52][53] A few years before his death, Ahmad claimed to have received several prophecies relating to his upcoming death.^[54] '

Marriages and children[link]

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad with his son, Mirza Sharif Ahmad

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad married twice. His first wife was his paternal cousin Hurmat Bibi. Later, they separated and lived separately for a long time. At the time of his second marriage, Hurmat Bibi gave him the permission to live with the second wife and decided against a divorce.

Children[link]

With his first wife, Hurmat Bibi, he had two sons:

1. Mirza Sultan Ahmad (1853–1931)
2. Mirza Fazal Ahmad (1855–1904)

With his second wife, Nusrat Jehan Begum, he had ten children:

Five children died young:

1. Ismat (1886–1891)
2. Bashir (1887–1888)
3. Shaukat (1891–1892)
4. Mirza Mubarik Ahmad (1899–1907)
5. Amtul Naseer (1903–1903)

Five children lived longer:

1. Mirza Basheer-ud-Din Mahmood Ahmad (1889–1965)
2. Mirza Bashir Ahmad (1893–1963)
3. Mirza Sharif Ahmad (1895–1961)
4. (Nawab) Mubarika Begum (1897–1977)
5. (Nawab) Sahiba Amtul Hafeez Begum (1904–1987)

Legacy[link]

One of the main sources of dispute during his lifetime and continuing since then is Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's use of the terms Nabi ("prophet") and Rasool ("messenger") when referring to himself. Muslims consider the prophet Muhammad to be the last of the prophets^[55] and believe that Ahmad's use of these terms is a violation of not only the rudimentary concept of the finality of prophethood, but the Qur'an itself.^[56] His followers fall into two camps in this regards. The Ahmadiyya Muslim Community believe in a literal interpretation of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's prophethood (with some qualifications)^[57] and is currently headed by Ahmad's fifth Caliph, or successor, carrying the title of Khalifatul Masih, an institution believed to have been established soon after Ahmad's death. The Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement believe in an allegorical interpretation of these two terms and is administered by a body of people called the Anjuman Ishat-e-Islam ("movement for the propagation of Islam"), headed by an Emir.^[58] This, among other reasons, caused a split in the movement soon after Ahmad's death.

Followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad are considered non-Muslims in Pakistan and Saudi Arabia and have faced relentless persecution of various types over the years.^[59] In 1974, the Pakistani parliament amended the Pakistani constitution to declare Ahmadis as non-Muslims for purposes of the constitution of the Islamic Republic.^[60] In 1984, a series of changes in the Pakistan Penal Code sections relating to blasphemy were made, which, in essence, made it illegal for Ahmadis to preach their creed, leading to arrests and prosecutions. However, no one has been executed yet, even though it is allowed under the law.

In 2007, the Ahmadiyya were banned from practising their faith openly in the state of Belarus and given a similar status to other banned religious groups in the country.^[61]

Relative to the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, some mainstream Muslim opinion towards the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement has been more accepting,^[62] with the Lahore Ahmadiyya literature finding easier compatibility with Orthodox Muslims^[63][64] and some Orthodox Muslim scholars considering the members of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement as Muslims.^[62]

A number of modern Muslim scholars and Muslim intellectuals seem to conform to the idea of peaceful Jihad as a struggle for reform through civil means, in accordance with Mirza Ghulam Ahmed's standpoint on the issue. Furthermore, some Islamic scholars have opined that Jesus has died (Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's assertion) or expressed their own confusion on this matter,^[65][66][67] though the majority orthodox position of most Muslims with regard to this issue has not changed.

Views[link]

Different scholars had different views on him.

• Maulvi Muhammad Hussein of Batala who was a significant leader of Ahl-e-Hadith sect. He was one of his key opponents and his fellow from youth on the writing of Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya that in his journal.^[68][69]

The writer of this book from the practicaland theoretical observation of followers and enemies is religiously on the path of Sharia of Muhammad and is verily truthful.

• Maulvi Sirajuddin, who is father of Zafar Ali Khan in his newspaper Zamindar on the death of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad wrote.^[70]

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad(1860–1861) had lived in Sialkot. He will be of age 22 and 23. We are an eye witness to say that he was pious and saint in his youth.

• Molvi Noor Mohammad Naqshbandi had his praised contributions for Islam and against Christians.^[71]

Criticism[link]

This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. It may contain original research. Tagged since September 2010. It may contain previously unpublished synthesis of published material that conveys ideas not attributable to the original sources. Tagged since September 2010. It contains weasel words: vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information. Tagged since September 2010.

Due to the nature of his claims and teachings, he had been a subject of criticism throughout his life and has been ever since his death. He and his movement are still regarded by most Muslim scholars as kuffar (unbelievers) and as guilty for an attempted schism in Islam.^[72]

Ahmadis believe that Mirza Ghulahm Ahmad's writings are taken completely out of context by critics. For example, critics may show parts of writing that support their view, but fail to show the parts of writing that contradict their view.

Relationship with the British[link]

Many orthodox Muslims feel that Ghulam Ahmad was aided in his mission by the British government, whose stated policy of "divide and rule" was expressed in their approval of Ahmad's introducing a dissident faction within Islam.^[73] Ghulam Ahmad is criticised by the orthodox Muslims for his support of the British Government in India and maintain that he and his associates went on publishing in favour of British control and even tried to convince Muslims in other Muslim countries that a British government would be in their favour. It is alleged that he had collaborated with the British against Muslims.^[74] They give reference to one of his books in which he said:

[…] The service that has been rendered on my part, in favour of the English government is that I have published fifty thousand books, magazines and posters and distributed them in this and other Islamic countries […] It is as a result of my endeavors that thousands of people have given up thoughts of Jihad which had been propounded by ill-witted mullahs and embedded in the minds of the people. I can rightly feel proud of this that no other Muslim in British India can equal me in this respect […]

— ^[75]

His followers reject this criticism and point out that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was constantly engaged in controversies with the British missionaries. Western historians have recorded this effort as one of the features of Ahmad's legacy.^[76] Francis Robinson states:

At their most extreme religious strategies for dealing with the Christian presence might involve attacking Christian revelation at its heart, as did the Punjabi Muslim, Ghulam Ahmad (d. 1908), who founded the Ahmadiyya missionary sect.

His followers also say that Ahmad openly supported the British government in India, and therefore, his critics' consideration of this being tantamount to "conspiring" with the British is baseless.^[77] They further argue that his open support for the British was on account of the religious freedom the British extended to the Muslims, as opposed to the preceding Sikh rule in Punjab wherein Muslims were persecuted and their religious freedom curtailed,^[78] and that one of the reasons for his expression of loyalty towards the British was due to him being repeatedly presented as a threat and danger to the government with rebellious intent by his opponents such as Maulvi Muhammad Hussein, who warned the government in the following words:^[79]

His deception is proved by the fact that in his heart he considers it lawful to put an end to the authority of a non-Muslim government and to plunder its belongings […] Therefore, it would not be proper on the part of the Government to rely on him and it would be necessary to be aware of him, otherwise such harm might be suffered at the hands of this Mahdi of Qadian as was experienced at the hands of the Sudanese Mahdi.

— Ishaatus Sunnah, Vol. VI, 1893

It is also pointed out by them that some prominent mainstream Muslim leaders of the time had also openly expressed similar sentiments for the British rule for the same reasons.^[80] Such leaders included Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, Maulvi Muhammad Hussain Batalvi, Deputy Nazir Ahmad and members of Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam.^[81] Furthermore, the famous founders of the Muslim League had also expressed similar sentiments of loyalty to the British Government at around the same time as Mirza Ghulam Ahmad.^[82] In summary, the followers of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad contend that his views towards the British rulers at the time were the same as those of numerous other well-regarded Muslim leaders of the same time.^[83]

Termination of Jihad[link]

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad's critics^[who?] allege that he had terminated Jihad, which is an important Islamic requirement, to appease the British. His followers,^[who?] however, argue that he never terminated Jihad, in the broader sense of the word, but only forbade using Jihad as a pretext to fight against a government that gives freedom of religion. An official British government report of 1901 states:

It is also interesting to notice that there is at the present time in Northern India a religious teacher of the name of Ghulam Ahmed who claims to be the Mahdi or Messiah expected by Muhammadans and Christians alike, and has obtained a considerable number of followers in the United Provinces, the Punjab and Sind. He »repudiates the doctrine of Jihád with the sword«, and regards as absolutely unlawful wars undertaken for the propagation of religion.

— Report on the Census of India, 1901, page 373^[84]

Ahmad wrote:

Behold! I have come to you people with a directive that henceforth jihad with the sword has come to an end but jihad for the purification of your souls still remains. This injunction is not from me but rather it is the will of God.

— British Government and Jihad, pg. 15^[85]

According to Ahmad this age did not require defending Islam by the sword but that the Jihad of this age was to be carried out by preaching and defending Islam by speech and by the pen. In another place he writes:

The Jihad of this age is to strive in upholding the word of Islam, to refute the objections of the opponents, to propagate the excellences of the Islamic faith, and to proclaim the truth of the Holy Prophet, peace and blessings of Allah be upon him, throughout the world. This is Jihad till God Almighty brings about other conditions in the world.

— ^[86]

Plagiarism[link]

Ghulam Ahmad has been accused^{[by whom?]} of plagiarising, and altering the words of Arab linguists to appear as his own. He claimed that his book Hujjatullah [Convincing Proof from God] was of superior Arabic. However, his critics allege that several sentences and paragraphs in this text are taken directly without alteration, from Maqamat al-Hariri, the best known poetry collection of the Arabic scholar and poet Al-Hariri of Basra.^{[citation needed]} For this reason, his claim to divine instruction in Arabic is not accepted in Islamic Orthodoxy^{[citation needed]}. Ahmadis, however, claim^{[citation needed]} that the alleged instances of plagiarism are not true because Mirza Ghulam Ahmad had deliberately inserted the writings of Al-Hariri with his own and then openly declared that he had done as such as a challenge to his critics to compare and separate the two. His followers claim that as clearly stated by him in the beginning of his book Hujjatullah^[87] it was only after his use of Arabic was labelled inadequate, ungrammatical and 'unchaste' by his opponents that Ghulam Ahmad deliberately amalgamated his own writings with that of Al-Hariri's in order to expose his adversaries; whom he called upon to distinguish between his writings and that of Al-Hariri’s. Ghulam Ahmad stated:

Thus the method which will free the people from his deception is that we present to him paragraphs from our writing and some other paragraphs from the writings of a great Arab writer while concealing the names of the authors, and then call upon him to tell us which paragraph out of this is ours and which is theirs, if you are truthful. Then if he recognises my sayings and theirs and distinguishes between them as between a shell and its kernel, then we shall give him fifty rupees as a reward.

— Hujjatulla, pg. 4–5

Disrespect of Jesus[link]

Following are few excerpts from his writings, based on which Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is accused of disrespecting Jesus.

(Jesus) had the habit of uttering obscenities and frequently using foul language. (Zamima Anjam-e-Atham, Roohani Khazain , Vol 11, p.289 )

It should be remembered that he (Jesus) had also to some extent the habit of lying. (Zamima Anjam Atham, Roohani Khazain Vol 11, p.289)

A cunning and wicked (person) who had the soul of the Messiah from head to toe. (Zamimah Anjam Atham, Roohani Khazain Vol 11, p. 289)

What is your opinion about the character of the Messiah? (it is that Jesus ) was an Alcoholic and Gluttonous person, neither Abstinent nor a Pious Worshipper, nor a Truth seeker. He was a Proud and a Self- conceited Claimant of Divinity. ((Nur-ul-Quran, Roohani Khazain Vol 9 p.387)

The root cause of all the damage that alcohol consumption has had on the Europeans was that Jesus used to drink alcohol, perhaps because of some disease or an old habit. (Kashti-e-Nooh, Roohani Khazain vol 19 p.71)

Once a friend advised me that opium is good for diabetes so there is no harm in taking opium for the purpose of treatment. I replied , thank you very much for your sympathetic advice. But if I get into the habit taking opium I am afraid the people will mock that the first Messiah (Jesus) was an alcoholic and the second a drug addict. (Kashti-e-Nooh, Roohani Khazain vol 19 p.434)

Ahmadiyya Muslims believe that this allegation is wrong, and that this allegation is raised without properly considering the context. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad said

We inform our readers that our belief concerning Jesus is extremely noble. We most sincerely believe that he was a true prophet of Allah, and He loved him. As the Holy Qur’an tells us, we hold firm faith that he most sincerely believed in our lord and master prophet Muhammad Mustafa (may peace and blessings of Allah be on him) for his salvation, and that he was one of the hundreds of obedient servants of the Law of Moses. Therefore, we hold a great esteem for him in

accordance with his exalted status.

(Nur-ul-Qur’an, Part 2, Ruhani Khaza’in, Vol. 9, p. 374.)

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad responded to allegations as follows:

“You say that I have, as if, insulted Hadrat Masih (the Messiah) to some extent by using an abusive word with reference to him. This is a misunderstanding of yours. I believe Hadrat Masih to be a true prophet, a chosen one and beloved servant of God. What I said in retaliation was in keeping with your own faith. Hence it is you, not me, who stand accused of the accusation

that you level at me

(Jange Muqadas page 170)

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad also said

“When we are deeply hurt and unjustified attacks of all kinds are made on our Holy Prophet Muhammad, only then,as a warning, we retaliate in kind on the basis of their (Christians’) own authentic books. … they ought to point out in my writings any thing which I have written as a retaliatory response and it is not found in the Gospels. After all it is not possible for me, that on hearing the insult of the Holy Prophet, I remain silent. (Malfuzat, Vol. 9, page 479, edition 1961)

Mirza Ghulam Ahmad published a poster on 20 December 1895, and explained his position as follows:

“Everywhere in my writing I (referring to Christ) have meant the supposed Jesus of the Christians; and the humble servant of God, ‘Isa bin Maryam , who was a prophet of God and who is mentioned in the Holy Qur’an is certainly never intended in my harsh comments. I adopted this path after constantly listening to the abuses of padres for the last forty years. Some ignorant mullahs—who should better be called blind and sightless— excuse the padres and say that they, the poor, helpless fellows, do not utter a word (against the Holy Prophet), nor are they in the least disrespectful to him. But it must be borne in mind that in reality it is the padres who are in the forefront in displaying contempt, hurling insults and shouting abuses. I have a stockpile of books by those padres who have filled their writings with hundreds of abuses. Any mullah who wishes should come and see for himself. And let it be remembered that if in future any padre, shunning the ways of abuse, speaks politely, I, too, shall be polite with him. At present they themselves are responsible for the attacks on their Jesus for under no circumstances they refrain from abuse and vituperation. We are sick of listening to them.” (Nur-ul-Qur’an, Part 2, Ruhani Khaza’in, Vol. 9, page 375)

^[88][89]

See also[link]

• Yuz Asaf
• Mohammadi Begum
• List of founders of religious traditions
• List of people who have claimed to be Jesus
• Khalifatul Masih
• People claiming to be the Mahdi
• Seal of the prophets

Literature[link]

• Yohanan Friedmann, Prophecy Continuous – Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and Its Medieval Background; Oxford University Press (2003) ISBN 965-264-014-X
• Jesus in India, Ahmadiyya Muslim Foreign Mission Department, 1978, ISBN 978-1-85372-723-8; Original Masih Hindustan Mein, Oriental & Religious Publications Ltd., Rabwah (Online)
• The Essence of Islam, Islam International Publications, Ltd.; 2nd edition (2004), ISBN 1-85372-765-2
• Teachings of Islam, Kessinger Publishing (August 2003), ISBN 978-0-7661-7614-0
• The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam, The London Mosque Publishing, 1979
• Iain Adamson: Ahmad, The Guided One, Islam International Publications, 2000
• S. R. Valentine, 'Islam & the Ahmadiyya Jama'at', Hurst & Co, London/New York, 2008

Notes[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

Wikisource has original works written by or about: Mirza Ghulam Ahmad

• Official Website of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community
• Official Website of the Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement
• Complete List of the Works of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad
• Islam-Ahmadiyya specifically caters to an Arabic-speaking audience. Like Al Islam itself, Islam-Ahmadiyya is home to a wide variety of content including books, articles and multimedia content.
• How To Distinguish Between A True Prophet And A False Prophet – Truthfulness of Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Qadiani (as) according to Holy Qur'an.

v t e Ahmadiyya topics Beliefs and practices Five Pillars of Islam Six articles of faith Qur'an Hadith Sunnah Distinct views Prophethood Jesus Jihad Evolution Mirza Ghulam Ahmad Prophecies Claims Writings Death Literature Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya The Philosophy of the Teachings of Islam Jesus in India Noor-ul-Haq Victory of Islam Malfoozat Tafseer-e-Kabeer Ahmadiyya Muslim Community Successors of the Messiah: I II III IV V Jalsa Salana Mosques MTA International Miscellaneous Persecution Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement Category:Ahmadiyya Portal:Ahmadiyya

Shaikh Ghulam Ahmad (23 May 1923 – 20 September 2003) was a Pakistan Air Force engineer officer, fighter pilot and military engineer who formed Resources Company Limited, a holding company that promotes resource development in Pakistan. He was Managing Director and former chairman of Pakistan Chrome Mines Ltd., the largest and oldest chrome mining company in Pakistan.^[1]

He wrote Unique and Everliving, a biography of prophet Muhammad. The book was written over a period of five years. The book is published by Ferozeson's Ltd., a book publisher in Pakistan.^[2][3]

Life and Education[link]

He was born in the city of Poonch, in Poonch District of Kashmir, on 23 May 1923. He was educated in Poonch at a school where his father, Shaikh Ghulam Rasul, was the headmaster. He migrated to Pakistan, from Kashmir along with his family. Before partition of India, his father was Head Master of High School in Poonch, while his younger brother Ghulam Rabani graduated in law from Aligarh University. Shaikh Ghulam Rabani, migrated to Pakistan and was appointed as a district court Judge. Later Shaikh Ghulam Rabani joined the Pakistan Foreign Service and served as Pakistans' Ambassador to numerous countries in Asia and North Africa including, Tunisia, North Korea and Romania. He married to Jamila Begum at Rehara, Azad Kashmir, Pakistan on 11 May 1949. He had three sons and two daughters, he received a B.Sc (honours) degree in Physics and a Masters in Statistics from the University of Punjab in Lahore. He received a Postgraduate Diploma in Natural Resource Development ITC, Delft, Holland and completed postgraduate studies for a Ph. D in Civil Engineering at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.

His grand father fought along with Tipu Sultan against the British East India Company. While his father Shaikh Ghulam Rasul was the head master of the Middle School in Poonch and Rawalakot. His father-in law fought against the Nazis in North Africa and Europe.

Family[link]

Mr. Ahmad had three sons and two daughters, His daughter Dr. Rehana Kausar MD was the first woman doctor from Rawalakot. His other daughter is also a Doctor while his three sons are engineers. His youngest son was a US Army officer and later a metallurgical and Petroleum Engineer. His grandson, a Captain was awarded the Purple Heart for his military service as a United States Army Officer in Iraq.

He had three brothers, Shaikh Ghulam Rabbani, was the Ambassador of Pakistan to North Korea, Tunisia and Romania. Shaikh Gilani Kamran, was a Professor of English Literature at Government College Lahore and an author who wrote over 35 books and his youngest brother Saeed Ahmad was a Pakistani Businessman.

Military career[link]

Ghulam Ahmad Royal Indian Air Force

Ghulam Ahmad
Ft.Lt. Ghulam Ahmad flew Hawker Hurricanes during World War II as an Royal Indian Air Force fighter pilot.
Allegiance	British India  Pakistan
Service/branch	Indian Air Force  Pakistan Air Force
Years of service	1947-1948
Rank	Flight Lieutenant
Unit	No. 1 Squadron, Indian Air Force No. 9 Squadron Griffins, P. A. F.
Battles/wars	World War II Burma Campaign Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
Other work	Educationist, Military advisor, and an environmental scientist

He joined the Royal Indian Air Force as a Fighter Pilot in the No. 1 Squadron, Indian Air Force. He fought against the Japanese Imperial Army in Burma during World War II, flying in a Hawker Hurricane fighter plane.

Ground Subject Cup RIAF

Academic career[link]

He was selected for the Forest Service after World War II and trained at the Forest Research Institute at Dehradun, India. After partition of India and Pakistan he joined the Pakistan Forest Service, becoming the Chief Conservator of Forests and Director of the Aerial Survey Project in Peshawar, Pakistan, where he surveyed the North-West Frontier Province for a Natural Resources Survey from 1965-1969. He introduced hybrid poplars in Pakistan, including Azad Kashmir, and especially Rawalakot, changing the living conditions of the rural population.

He supervised an aerial survey of the Indus River Basin for the development of natural resources. He emigrated to United States in August 1971 to complete a PhD in Civil Engineering at Colorado State University. After retiring from the Pakistani Forest Service, Ahmad joined the Colorado Department of Military Affairs, where he helped to draft the Emergency Response Plan for the State of Colorado. From 1983 until 1999 he was the Managing Director of Pakistan Chrome Mines Ltd.

Philanthropy[link]

He gave scholarships for education to residents of Poonch District. He died on September 20, 2003, at the age of 80 in New Jersey.

He was buried at his favourite place on earth, his apple orchard in Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir. His family, especially his daughter Dr. Rehana Kausar, continues giving scholarships for academic excellence, in Mr. Ahmad's name, for students studying science in Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir.

See also[link]

• List of Kashmiris

References[link]