Hajong (হাজং) is an Indo-Aryan language with Tibeto-Burman roots spoken by more than 175,000 ethnic Hajong in the states of Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh and West Bengal in India and the Mymensingh District in Bangladesh. It is written in the Assamese script, and it is being supplanted by the Assamese language in India. Hajong was originally a Tibeto-Burman language, but it was linguistically mixed with Bengali and Assamese.^[1]

Clans of Hajong[link]

1. Doskina
2. Korebari
3. Sosongia
4. Barohazari
5. Meshparia

Writing system[link]

The Hajong language is written using both the Latin and the Assamese scripts.^[1] Although both of these scripts are in use in India, the Hajongs in Bangladesh expect to use the Bengali script since most education is in Bangla medium.^[2] Often, for writing Hajong, the Assamese script is used. In each script, there is one added unique symbol for the close, back, unrounded vowel /ɯ/. In Latin script, it is written with "â". In Bengali script with "অৗ" or "কৗ" when it is syllable final.^[3]

Phonology[link]

Hajong has 22 consonant phonemes, 2 approximants which have some characteristics of consonants namely /w/ and /j/, and 6 vowel phonemes. The vowel phonemes are /a/, /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, and /ɯ/ (close, back, unrounded). It is somewhat ambiguous whether the final vowel is a phoneme or an allophone of [a] in the environment of other close vowels.^[3] The extra vowel /ɯ/ is not present in other Indo-Aryan languages, but is typical for the Tibeto-Burman family.^[4] The phonology of Hajong includes some vowel harmony and the devoicing of final consonants.^[3]

Grammar[link]

As Hajong is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language, it behaves largely like those in its class, especially Bangla, with respect to word order and other basic grammatical features. Only significant differences are noted here. Hajong does not conjugate verbs in the same way Bangla or Asamiya do, but rather has a simplified system. Grierson documents this from the early 20th century as follows:^[5]

Note that not all of his observations of Hajong from the early 1900s still apply.

The case endings in Hajong are also unique compared to other Indo-Aryan languages and may represent affinity with Tibeto Burman languages.^[5][6] The following table is taken from Phillips:^[6]

== Example short phrases ==^[7]

See also[link]

• Hajong

Further reading[link]

Haldar, Gopal. 1986. A comparative grammar of East Bengali dialects. Calcutta: Puthipatra.

References[link]

1. ^ Script Source
2. ^ Ahmad, S., A. Kim, S. Kim, and M. Sangma. (2005). The Hajong of Bangladesh: A sociolinguistic survey. Unpublished manuscript, p. 13.
3. ^ ^{a b c} Guts, Y. (2007). Phonological description of the Hajong language. Masters Thesis. Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit.
4. ^ Guts, Y. (2007). Phonological description of the Hajong language. Masters Thesis. Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit; p 59.
5. ^ ^{a b} Grierson, G. A. (1903-28). Linguistic survey of India. Repr. Delhi 1967. Calcutta, Motilal Banarsidass, p 215.
6. ^ ^{a b} Phillips, V. C. (2011). "Case Marking in Hajong." In G. Hyslop, S. Morey and M. Post, Eds. North East Indian Linguistics: Volume 3. Delhi, Cambridge.
7. ^ Hajong, Abonis; D. Phillips; V. Phillips. (2008). "Hajong–Ingreji Sobdojor Bôy হাজং–ইংৰেজি শব্দজড় বই Hajong–English Phrase Book" Tura, Meghalaya.

1. ^ Sustainable Development Networking Programme

External links[link]

• Hajong language at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009)

The Hajong is a tribal ethnic group in the Indian Subcontinent^[1]. The Hajong are the fourth majority tribe in Meghalaya.^{[citation needed]}. Hajong people are spread out across northeast India and Bangladesh. At present their population is more than 100,000 in India and 30,000 in Bangladesh.^[2] Hajongs are predominantly rice farmers although some also find work as day labourers or by selling firewood.^[3] Hajong have the status of a Scheduled Tribe in India.^[4]

Religion[link]

Hajongs once practiced an animist religion, but now consider themselves to be Hindus. Some of the animistic worship and beliefs are still prevalent among the Hajong society.^[5]

Geographical Distribution[link]

The Hajong people are spread out across northeast India and Bangladesh with the majority of the population on the India side of the border. In India, Hajongs are found in both the Garo and Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, largely along the Bangladesh border. They also live in the Dhubri and Goalpara districts of lower Assam, Dhemaji and other districts of upper Assam and into Arunachal Pradesh.^[5] In Bangladesh, Hajongs are found in the northern Dhaka division, although there are unconfirmed reports of some Hajong living in Chittagong division. The narrow strip of borderland that stretches from Sherpur district in the west as far Sunamganj district in the east can be considered the southern outpost of the greater Hajong community.^[3]

Language[link]

The Hajong language is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language and closely related to Bengali.

Culture[link]

Hajong women can be easily identified by their brightly striped red dress called a Pathin& "Phula Agon". Traditionally, and in many present day villages, women are accomplished weavers who make their own Pathin,Phula Agon,Phula Kompes, Gamsa and their household's clothing.^[6]

Traditional Hajong houses consist of separate buildings centered around a courtyard. Floors are earthen and walls are made of split bamboo plastered with cow dung.^[7] The buildings in a Hajong house are

• Bhat ghor - dining hall and also bedroom
• Akhli ghor - kitchen
• Kasri ghor - dormitory with provision for guests
• Khopra ghor - bedroom for a married son or daughter
• Chang ghor - granary
• Dheki ghor - husking house
• Guli ghor - cattle shed
• Deo ghor - room for daily prayer and worship

In addition to the implements needed for rice farming, households have many bamboo fishing implements.^[8] The staple food is rice eaten with lentils and vegetables. For special occasions, rice is ground to a powder and used to make deep fried cakes called pitha. Tortoise is traditionally the favorite meat.^[9] The traditional hajong dishes are

• Dingpora - A type of sweet rice cooked in special type of Bamboo
• Lebahak - Made from ground rice
• Bukni Bhat - Fermented Rice
• Bisi Bhat - A type of sticky & sweet rice cooked on vapour
• Bhatuwahak - Curry cooked with rice flour & rotten fish
• Putamas - Small fish cooked by wrapping banana leave.
• Chonsahak - Small quantity of vegetable cooked for special guest
• Topla Bhat - Rice wrapped with banana leaves
• Kharpani - Vegetable boiled with dryfish and Soda
• Chungahak - Curry cooked in bamboo with its mouth air tied

Festivals[link]

In addition to common Hindu festivals of the region such as Durga Puja, Hajongs celebrate some festivals unique to their culture. One type of traditional festival in honor of the Bastu ,Paabni & group of deities is conducted by a village priest called a Deoshi or Nongtang.^[10] Bastu puja takes place in a fixed location outside the village and does not involve idol worship. Tortoises and pigeons are sacrificed for Bastu.^[11]

Another festival is called chormaga in Mymensingh and chorkhela in the Garo Hills. During this festival, troops of youth go around from house to house in the village, or from village to village, playing music and acting out stories, sometimes from the Ramayana. The parties receive some rice or money in return for their entertainment. Since every person, young and old, comes out to watch the fun, this is considered a chance to check out prospective brides and grooms.^[12]

Proverbs[link]

Below are some Hajong proverbs with both literal and meaning-based translations^[13]

• Bibak bangosla tengol nahoi বিবাক বাংশলা তেঙল নহয়

All bamboo cannot be made into tie strips. Or 'All that glitters isn't gold'.

• Gasoni kaholra, otoni telra গাছনি কাহলৰা, ওঠনি তেলৰা

While the jackfruit is still on the tree, there is already oil on the lip. Or 'Don't count your chickens before they are hatched'.

• Huwâr kopalni condon phota শুৱৗৰ কুপালনি চন্দন ফোটা

A religious mark on a pig's forehead. Or 'A wolf in sheep's clothing'.

See also[link]

• Hajong language

References[link]

This article about ethnicity or ethnology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Seongha Jeong (정성하) (colloquially: Sungha Jung) (born 2 September 1996) is a South Korean professional acoustic finger-style guitarist who has risen to fame on YouTube and other sites. As of 2012, his channel had over 17 million views, with his videos getting a total of over 454 million views, and also over 726,000 subscribers.^[1]

Seongha typically takes three days to learn and practice a new piece, and video-record it for upload onto YouTube.^[2] His genre selection is rather broad, as he learns and plays many pieces that are playable on guitar, therefore consequently spread across numerous genres.

Seongha has won 13 awards on YouTube, including 6 "#1" awards. Also on YouTube, Seongha has 523 videos with over one million views. Seongha's video with the most views is the one which shows him playing the theme from "Pirates Of The Caribbean".

In 2010, he was featured on Narsha's solo album "Narsha" for the song "I'm in Love" Seongha has composed 18 pieces as of February 2011, two of which are featured in his debut album, "Perfect Blue". He released his second album, "Irony", on 21 September 2011.

In 2011, he performed in the US with Trace Bundy, as well as touring in Scandinavia and Japan.^[1]

See also[link]

• Yuto Miyazawa, Seongha's Japanese electric guitar-playing counterpart
• Trace Bundy, Fellow acoustic guitarist with whom Seongha collaborates
• Ulli Bögershausen, Fellow acoustic guitarist who helped him get his sponsorship with Lakewood Guitars

References[link]

External links[link]

• Official website

Ha Jung-woo (Hangul: 하정우, born March 11, 1979) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for his role in the 2008 film The Chaser.

Career[link]

Born as Kim Seong-hun, Ha Jung-woo comes from an acting family. His father Kim Yong-geon is a well-known veteran actor who has appeared in many movies and television series, while his younger brother Kim Yeong-hoon is an aspiring actor. Ha has said that since he was 4 or 5 years old, he has always dreamed of becoming an actor like his father. Before entering college, Ha studied at a private acting institute and at one point had actor Lee Beom-soo as his instructor. He then enrolled at Chung-Ang University as a theater major, where he acted on the stage.

In 1998, Ha began his military service, working in the Armed Forces Public Relations Department. He put his acting experience to good use during this time, appearing in 10 promotional films for the military. In 2002, he made his acting debut in the SBS sitcom Honest Living and his feature film debut in the 2002 film Madeleine. For the next few years, Ha's acting career was relatively low-key, appearing in several supporting roles, but not receiving a lot of attention. Things started to change in 2005. He signed with talent agency Sidus HQ and on their recommendation changed his name to "Ha Jung-woo" from Kim Seong-hun. Ha would also appear in his first starring role in the indie film The Unforgiven - a film centered around the relationships between military personnel.^[1] He then appeared in Kim Ki-duk's Time and Breath, which brought more notice to his acting talents in Korea and overseas. During this time, his popular MBC drama series H.I.T garnered him more female fans, with his portrayal of a cool-headed prosecutor who is romantically involved with a feisty police officer played by Go Hyun-jung. He also starred in the American indie film Never Forever opposite Vera Farmiga, which garnered praise from the film festival circuit.

Ha's breakout came in the 2008 film The Chaser, in which he played a character loosely based on serial killer Yoo Young-chul. The movie became a huge hit at the Korean box office, raking in over 5 million ticket sales, while also garnering high praise from critics and numerous awards from local award-giving bodies. Ha's portrayal of a psychopath, coupled with his performance as a charming scoundrel in My Dear Enemy that same year, showcased his versatility and elevated his status as one of the most sought-after actors in the Korean film industry. Since The Chaser, Ha has worked virtually non-stop for the next several years, taking on diverse but compelling roles in The Moonlight in Seoul, Boat, and Take Off. Take Off, based on the Korean national ski jumping team, became one of the biggest box office hits of 2009.^[2][3]

American director Martin Scorsese, rumored to be attached to a Hollywood remake of The Chaser,^[4] has complimented Ha as having as much potential as his The Departed stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Matt Damon.^[5]

Ha reunited with his The Chaser director Na Hong-jin and costar Kim Yoon-seok in Na's sophomore feature The Yellow Sea,^[6] which netted Ha Best Actor trophies from the Asian Film Awards, Baeksang Arts Awards and the Korean Association of Film Critics.^[7][8][9]

Ha said the legal thriller The Client evoked his early days of theater, and the director praised Ha for his "moments of true brilliance and genius" during the production.^[10][11][12]

In early 2012, Samsung Electronics produced an ambitious PPL-frequent-film project featuring Galaxy Note, their latest Tablet hybrid mobile. Titled as Cine Note, the giant project comprises three shorts by directors Kang Hyeong-cheol (Sunny), Jang Hoon (The Front Line) and E J-yong (Actresses, Untold Scandal). Ha played the leading role for all the three of the films, while celebrated musician Lee Seung-cheol produced music using the device, and noted webtoon artists artists Son Jae-ho and Lee Gwang-soo created the film’s animated content.^[13]

Nameless Gangster was Ha's third collaboration with longtime friend director Yun Jong-bin, also starring acclaimed veteran actor Choi Min-shik.^[14] This was followed shortly by the unconventional romantic comedy Love Fiction opposite Gong Hyo-jin, his second film with The Fox Family director Jeon Kye-soo.^[15] Both were box office hits.^[16]

After wrapping Love Fiction, Ha along with the film's cast and crew went on a cross-country walking trip from Seoul to Haenam, South Jeolla Province. Their journey was chronicled in the documentary 577 Project, denoting the total distance covered in kilometers. Ha did it to thank fans for their support after he won back-to-back Best Actor awards for Take Off and The Yellow Sea.^[17]

In Ryu Seung-wan's upcoming film The Berlin File, Ha is set to star as a North Korean agent in Berlin who is betrayed and cut loose in the midst of a financial espionage intrigue. Jun Ji-hyun will play his wife, a translator at the North Korean embassy in Berlin. Together they try to escape being purged, with Ryu Seung-beom and Han Suk-kyu playing North and South Korean operatives on their trail.^[18]

Other activities[link]

Ha Jung-woo is also an artist. Though it began as a hobby in his university days, Ha began painting in earnest in 2007.^[19] His paintings, all done in a hybrid of Pop art and Expressionist styles,^[20] have been displayed in several solo art exhibitions.^{[21][22][23][24][25]} Critics have said his paintings, with their strong colors and interesting composition^[26] are reminiscent of those by American artist Jean-Michel Basquiat.^[27]

In 2011 he published a compilation of essays titled Ha Jung-woo, Good Feeling. Besides his musings on life, Ha also wrote his thoughts on famous artists such as Pablo Picasso. The book also included about 60 of his own drawings.^[28]

Personal life[link]

After dating fashion model Gu Eun-ae since August 2008,^[29][30] she and Ha broke up in January 2012.^[31][32]

Filmography[link]

• The Berlin File (2012)
• 577 Project (documentary, 2012)
• Love Fiction (2012)
• Nameless Gangster (2012)
• Cine Note (shorts, 2012)
• The Client (2011)
• Come Rain, Come Shine (2011) (voice cameo)
• The Yellow Sea (2010)
• Parallel Life (2010)
• Take Off (2009)
• Boat (2009)
• Like You Know It All (2009)
• My Dear Enemy (2008)
• Our School's E.T. (2008) (cameo)
• The Moonlight in Seoul (2008)
• The Chaser (2008)
• Forever the Moment (2008) (cameo)
• Breath (2007)
• "The Show Must Go On"(2007)
• Never Forever (2007)
• The Fox Family (2006)
• Time (2006)
• I'm Not That Kind of Person (short, 2006)
• The Unforgiven (2005)
• She's On Duty (2005)
• Mr. Gam's Victory (2004)
• Madeleine (2002)

Television[link]

• H.I.T. (MBC, 2007)
• Lovers in Prague (SBS, 2005)
• Loveholic Project (MBC Best Theater, 2005)
• Age of Warriors (KBS1, 2003)
• Unstoppable Man (KBS Wedding Story, 2003)
• My Husband is 19 (KBS Wedding Story, 2003)
• Honest Living (SBS, 2002)

Theater[link]

• Othello (2003)
• Waiting for Godot (2002)
• The Glass Menagerie (2002)
• The Good Doctor (2001)
• Carmen (2001)
• Be Strong, Geum-soon! (2000)

Music Video[link]

• Betrayal (Big Mama, 2007)

Discography[link]

• Alaska (collaboration with Romantic Chimpanzee - Love Fiction OST, 2012)

Awards[link]

• 2011 Korean Critics' Choice Awards: Best Actor (The Yellow Sea)
• 2011 Baeksang Arts Awards: Best Actor (The Yellow Sea)
• 2011 Asian Film Awards: Best Actor (The Yellow Sea)
• 2010 Baeksang Arts Awards: Best Actor (Take Off)
• 2010 Max Movie Awards: Best Actor (Take Off)
• 2009 Blue Dragon Film Awards: Popularity Award (Take Off)
• 2009 University Film Festival of Korea: Best Actor (Take Off)
• 2009 Buil Film Awards: Best Actor (My Dear Enemy)
• 2009 Pusan Film Critics Awards: Best Actor (My Dear Enemy)
• 2009 Chunsa Film Art Awards: Ensemble Acting Award (Take Off cast)
• 2009 Mnet 20's Choice Awards: Hot Movie Star - Male (Take Off)
• 2008 Golden Cinematography Awards: Best Actor (The Chaser)
• 2008 Director's Cut Awards: Best Actor (The Chaser, My Dear Enemy)
• 2008 A-Awards (organized by Audi Korea and Arena Homme +): Man of the Year (Intelligence category)
• 2008 Korea Visual Arts Festival (Korea Broadcasting Camera Directors Association): Photogenic Award (The Chaser)
• 2008 Premiere Rising Star Awards: Best Actor (The Chaser)
• 2008 Chunsa Film Art Awards: Best Actor (The Chaser)
• 2007 Oporto International Film Festival: Best Actor (Time)
• 2006 Pyeongtaek Film Festival: New Currents Best New Actor (The Unforgiven, Time)
• 2005 Director's Cut Awards: Best New Actor (The Unforgiven)
• 2005 Korean Critics' Choice Awards: Best New Actor (The Unforgiven)

References[link]

External links[link]

• Mini-Homepage at Cyworld
• Fan Cafe at Daum
• Ha Jung-Woo at Fantagio
• Ha Jeong-woo at HanCinema
• Ha Jung-woo at the Internet Movie Database

David Howell Jerome (November 17, 1829 – April 23, 1896) was an American politician. He served as the 18th Governor of Michigan (1881–1883)

Early life[link]

He was born in Detroit, Michigan to Horace and Elizabeth Rose (Hart) Jerome who had emigrated to Michigan from Trumansburg, New York in 1828. He was the last of nine children (four by his first wife, five by his second) born to his father, who died on March 30, 1831. Soon after his father’s death, Jerome's mother returned with her children to her native New York, near Syracuse. In 1834, they returned to Michigan, to a farm in St. Clair County. As a boy he did farm work and excelled in school attending the St. Clair Academy, where he was allowed to remain until the age of sixteen. He also worked for a time hauling and rafting logs down the St. Clair River to Algonac.

In 1855, Jerome and a brother moved to Saginaw where he served as alderman. On June 15, 1859, Jerome married Lucy Peck. He enthusiastically helped raise a Civil War regiment in 1862, serving as the colonel of the 23rd Michigan Infantry, and was an active Union supporter throughout his subsequent state senate service.

Politics[link]

Jerome, a Republican, was a merchant by profession. He was a member of the Michigan Senate from the 27th District 1863–66 and from the 26th District 1867–68, and was appointed Chairman of the Committee on State Affairs upon taking office. He also served as Governor Henry Crapo's military aide from 1865 to 1866, and was a member of the State Military Board from 1865 to 1873. He was also an alternate delegate to the 1868 Republican National Convention, and, appointed by Governor John J. Bagley, a member of the Michigan state constitutional commission in 1873 from the 8th district, and was Chairman of the Committee on Finance. He served, as well, on the U.S. Board of Indian Commissioners from 1876 to 1881.

On November 2, 1880, Jerome was elected the 18th Governor of Michigan serving from January 1, 1881 to January 1, 1883, defeating Democrat Frederick M. Holloway. During his tenure, an immigration commissioner was named; the Traverse City State Hospital for the Insane was founded; the state's railroad system was advanced; and the Michigan School for the Blind was established in Lansing. He was defeated for re-election in 1882, by Democrat Josiah Begole, ending a record 28-year span of Republican Governors in Michigan.

Retirement and death[link]

Six years after leaving office, he was appointed and served on the Cherokee Commission, which attained land from the Indians to form the Oklahoma Territory. An Episcopalian, he died in Saginaw, Michigan and is interred at Oak Hill Cemetery in Pontiac.

References[link]

• Political Graveyard
• Memorial Library
• Find a Grave
• National Governors Association

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