Field Marshal The Viscount Wolseley KP GCB OM GCMG VD PC
Field Marshal Lord Wolseley
Born	4 June 1833 Golden Bridge, Dublin, Ireland
Died	25 March 1913 (aged 79) Menton, France
Buried at	St Paul's Cathedral, London
Allegiance	British Empire
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1852–1900
Rank	Field Marshal
Commands held	Quartermaster-General to the Forces Adjutant-General to the Forces Commander-in-Chief in Ireland Commander-in-Chief of the Forces Colonel-in-Chief of the Royal Irish Regiment
Battles/wars	Second Burmese War Crimean War Siege of Sevastopol Indian Mutiny Siege of Lucknow Capture of Lucknow Second Opium War Third Battle of Taku Forts Fenian raids Red River Rebellion Third Anglo-Ashanti War Anglo-Zulu War 1882 Anglo-Egyptian War Battle of Tel el-Kebir Mahdist War Nile Expedition
Awards	Knight of the Order of St Patrick Member of the Order of Merit Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George Volunteer Decoration
Other work	Governor of the Gold Coast Governor of Natal and Transvaal

Field Marshal Garnet Joseph Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley, KP, GCB, OM, GCMG, VD, PC (4 June 1833 – 25 March 1913) was an Anglo-Irish officer in the British Army. He served in Burma, the Crimean War, the Indian Mutiny, China, Canada, and widely throughout Africa—including his Ashanti campaign (1873–1874) and the Nile Expedition against Mahdist Sudan in 1884–85. He served as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces from 1895 to 1900. His reputation for efficiency led to the late 19th-century English phrase "everything's all Sir Garnet", meaning "all is in order."

Education and the Second Burmese War[link]

Born the eldest son of Major Garnet Joseph Wolseley of "the King's Own Scottish Borderers" (25th Foot) and Frances Anne Wolseley (née Smith), Wolseley was educated in Dublin and first worked in a surveyor’s office.^[1]

He obtained a commission as an ensign in the 12th Foot on 12 March 1852^[2] without purchase, in recognition of his father's service.^[1] He then transferred to the 80th Foot on 13 April 1852,^[3] with which he served in the Second Anglo-Burmese War.^[4] He was severely wounded in the thigh on 19 March 1853^[4] in the attack on Donabyu, was mentioned in despatches, and received the war medal. Promoted to lieutenant on 16 May 1853 and invalided home, Wolseley transferred to the 84th Regiment of Foot on 27 January 1854^[5] and then to the 90th Light Infantry,^[6] at that time stationed in Dublin, on 24 February 1854.^[4] He was promoted to captain on 29 December 1854.^[7]

The Crimea[link]

He accompanied the regiment to the Crimea, and landed at Balaklava in December 1854. He was selected to be an assistant engineer, and attached to the Royal Engineers during the Siege of Sevastopol.^[4] Wolseley served throughout the siege, where he was wounded at "the Quarries" on 7 June 1855, and again in the trenches on 30 August 1855, losing an eye.^[4]

After the fall of Sevastopol, Wolseley was employed on the quartermaster-general's staff, assisting in the embarkation of the troops and supplies, and was one of the last British soldiers to leave the Crimea in July 1856.^[4] For his services he was twice mentioned in dispatches, received the war medal with clasp, the 5th class of the French Légion d'honneur^[8] and the 5th class of the Turkish Order of the Medjidie.^[9]

Six months after joining the 90th Foot at Aldershot, he went with it in March 1857 to join the troops being despatched for the Second Opium War.^[4] Wolseley was embarked in the transport Transit which was wrecked in the Strait of Banka - the troops were all saved, but with only their personal arms and minimal ammunition. They were taken to Singapore, and from there were dispatched to Calcutta on account of the Indian Mutiny.^[10]

The Indian Mutiny 1857[link]

Wolseley distinguished himself at the relief of Lucknow^[4] under Sir Colin Campbell in November 1857, and in the defence of the Alambagh position^[4] under Outram, taking part in the actions of 22 December 1857, of 12 January 1858 and 16 January 1858, and also in the repulse of the grand attack of 21 February 1858.^[1] That March, he served at the final siege and capture of Lucknow. He was then appointed deputy-assistant quartermaster-general on the staff of Sir Hope Grant's Oudh division,^[1] and was engaged in all of the operations of the campaign, including the actions of Bari, Sarsi, Nawabganj, the capture of Faizabad, the passage of the Gumti and the action of Sultanpur. In the autumn and winter of 1858 he took part in the Baiswara, trans-Gogra and trans-Rapti campaigns ending with the complete suppression of the rebellion.^[10] For his services he was frequently mentioned in dispatches, and having received the Mutiny medal and clasp, he was promoted to brevet major on 24 March 1858^[11] and to brevet lieutenant-colonel on 26 April 1859.^[12]

Wolseley continued to serve on Sir Hope Grant's staff in Oudh, and when Grant was nominated to the command of the British troops in the Anglo-French expedition to China of 1860,^[4] accompanied him as the deputy-assistant quartermaster-general. He was present at the action at Sin-ho, the capture of Tang-ku, the storming of the Taku Forts,^[4] the Occupation of Tientsin, the Battle of Pa-to-cheau and the entry into Beijing (during which the destruction of the Chinese Imperial Old Summer Palace was begun).^[4] He assisted in the re-embarkation of the troops before the winter set in. He was mentioned, yet again, in dispatches, and for his services received the medal and two clasps. On his return home he published the Narrative of the War with China in 1860.^[13] He was given the substantive rank of major on 15 February 1861.^[14]

Canada[link]

Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley

In November 1861, Wolseley was one of the special service officers sent to Canada in connection with the Trent incident. In 1862, shortly after the battle of Antietam, Wolseley took leave from his military duties and went to investigate the American Civil War. He befriended Southern sympathizers in Maryland, who found him passage into Virginia with a blockade runner across the Potomac River. He met the Generals Robert E. Lee, James Longstreet, and Stonewall Jackson.^[4]

On 10 April 1892, the New Orleans Picayune published his ten-page heroic portrayal of Lieutenant-General Nathan Bedford Forrest, which recycled much of what was written about Forrest by biographers of the time. This work appeared in the Journal of the Southern Historical Society in the same year, and is commonly cited today, although it is a great example of how Post-Reconstruction biographers of Forrest at the time tried to elevate Forrest's reputation as a citizen-soldier and military genius of classical proportions. Wolseley apologized for Forrest's role at the Fort Pillow Massacre near Memphis, Tennessee in April, 1864 in which African-American USCT troops and white officers were slaughtered after Fort Pillow had been conquered. Wolseley wrote, "I do not think that the fact that one-half of the small garrison of a place taken by assault was either killed or wounded evinced any very unusual bloodthirstiness on the part of the assailants."^[15]

He became a brevet colonel on 5 June 1865^[4] and Assistant Quartermaster-General in Canada with effect from the same date.^[16] He was actively employed the following year in connexion with the Fenian raids from the United States, and was appointed Deputy Quartermaster-General in Canada on 1 October 1867.^[17] In 1869 his Soldiers' Pocket Book for Field Service was published,^[18] and has since run through many editions. In 1870, he successfully commanded the Red River Expedition to establish Canadian sovereignty over the Northwest Territories and Manitoba.^[18] Manitoba had entered Canadian Confederation as the result of negotiations between Canada and a provisional Métis government headed by Louis Riel.^[18] The only route to Fort Garry (now Winnipeg), the capital of Manitoba (then an outpost in the Wilderness), which did not pass through the United States was through a network of rivers and lakes extending for six-hundred miles from Lake Superior, infrequently traversed by non-aboriginals, and where no supplies were obtainable.^[18] The admirable arrangements made and the careful organization of the transport reflected great credit to the commander, who upon his return home was made a KCMG on 22 December 1870^[19] and a CB on 13 March 1871.^[20]

Appointed assistant adjutant-general at the War Office in 1871^[18] he worked hard at furthering the Cardwell schemes of army reform.^[18]

Ashanti[link]

Wolseley in 1874, from the Illustrated London News

In 1873, he commanded the expedition to Ashanti,^[18] and, having made all his arrangements at the Gold Coast before the arrival of the troops in January 1874, was able to complete the campaign in two months,^[18] and re-embark them for home before the unhealthy season began. This was the campaign which made him a household name in England. He fought the Battle of Amoaful^[18] on 31 January of that year, and, after five days' fighting, ending with the Battle of Ordashu, entered Kumasi,^[18] which he burned. He received the thanks of both houses of Parliament and a grant of £25,000 was promoted to brevet major-general for distinguished service in the field on 1 April 1874,^[21] received the medal and clasp and was made GCMG on 31 March 1874^[22] and KCB. The freedom of the city of London was conferred upon him with a sword of honour, and he was made honorary DCL of Oxford and LL.D of Cambridge universities. On his return home he was appointed inspector-general of auxiliary forces with effect from 1 April 1874;^[23] however, in consequence of the indigenous unrest in Natal, he was sent to that colony as governor and general-commanding on 24 February 1875.^[24]

He accepted a seat on the council of India in November 1876 and was promoted to the substantive rank of major-general on 1 October 1877.^[25] Having been promoted to brevet lieutenant-general on 25 March 1878,^[26] he went as high-commissioner to the newly acquired possession of Cyprus on 12 July 1878,^[27] and in the following year to South Africa to supersede Lord Chelmsford in command of the forces in the Zulu War,^[18] and as governor of Natal and the Transvaal and the High Commissioner of Southern Africa. But, upon his arrival at Durban in July, he found that the war in Zululand was practically over,^[18] and, after effecting a temporary settlement, he went on to the Transvaal. He was promoted to brevet general while serving in South Africa on 4 June 1879.^[28] Having reorganized the administration there and reduced the powerful chief, Sikukuni, to submission, he returned home in May 1880 and was appointed Quartermaster-General to the Forces on 1 July 1880.^[29] For his services in South Africa he received the South Africa Medal with clasp, and was advanced to GCB on 19 June 1880.^[30]

Egypt and Commander-in-Chief[link]

1882 caricature from Punch

On 1 April 1882, Wolseley was appointed Adjutant-General to the Forces,^[31] and, in August of that year, given command of the British forces in Egypt under Muhammad Ali and his successors to suppress the Urabi Revolt.^[32] Having seized the Suez Canal, he then disembarked his troops at Ismailia and, after a very short campaign, completely defeated Urabi Pasha at the Battle of Tel el-Kebir, thereby suppressing yet another rebellion.^[32] For his services, he received the thanks of Parliament and the medal with clasp, was raised to the peerage as Baron Wolseley, of Cairo and of Wolseley in the County of Stafford,^[33] and received from the Khedive the 1st class of the Order of Osminieh.^[34]

On 1 September 1884, Wolseley was again called away from his duties as adjutant-general, to command the Nile Expedition for the relief of General Gordon and the besieged garrison at Khartoum.^[35] The expedition arrived too late; Khartoum had been taken, and Gordon was dead.^[32] In the spring of 1885, complications with Imperial Russia over the Panjdeh Incident occurred, and the withdrawal of that particular expedition followed. For his services there, he received two clasps to his Egyptian medal, the thanks of Parliament, and was created Viscount Wolseley, of Wolseley in the County of Stafford,^[36] and a Knight of St Patrick.^[1] He was given the substantive rank of general on 21 January 1887.^[37]

Wolseley continued at the War Office as Adjutant-General to the Forces until 1890, when he became Commander-in-Chief, Ireland.^[32] He was promoted to be a field marshal on 26 May 1894,^[38] and appointed by the Conservative government to succeed the Duke of Cambridge as Commander-in-Chief of the Forces on 1 November 1895.^[39] This was the position to which his great experience in the field and his previous signal success at the War Office itself had fully entitled him. Field Marshal Viscount Wolseley's powers in that office were, however, limited by a new Order in Council, and after holding the appointment for over five years, he handed over the command-in-chief to his fellow field marshal, Earl Roberts, on 3 January 1901.^[40] He had also suffered from a serious illness in 1897, from which he never fully recovered.^[32] The unexpectedly large force required for South Africa, was mainly furnished by means of the system of reserves which Wolseley had originated; but the new conditions at the War Office were not to his liking, and, upon being released from responsibilities he brought the whole subject before the House of Lords in a speech.^[41]

He was Gold Stick in Waiting to Queen Victoria and took part in the funeral procession following the death of Queen Victoria in May 1901.^[42] Following her death, was made Gold Stick in Waiting to King Edward VII. He was also admitted to the Order of Merit on 9 August 1902.^[43]

He was awarded the Volunteer Officers' Decoration on ll August 1903.^[44] He was also honorary colonel of the 23rd Middlesex Regiment from 12 May 1883,^[45] honorary colonel of the Queen's Rifle Volunteer Brigade, the Royal Scots (Lothian Regiment) from 24 April 1889,^[46] colonel of the Royal Horse Guards from 29 March 1895^[47] and colonel-in-chief of the Royal Irish Regiment from 20 July 1898.^[48]

He died on 26 March 1913, at Menton on the French Riviera and was buried in the crypt of St Paul's Cathedral, London.^[49]

Family[link]

Wolseley was married in 1867 to Louisa, the daughter of Mr. A. Erskine.^[4] His only child, Frances (1872–1936) was an author and founded The College for Lady Gardeners at Glynde. She was heiress to the viscountcy under special remainder.^[49]

The Channel Tunnel[link]

Wolseley was deeply opposed to Sir Edward Watkin's attempt to build a Channel Tunnel. He gave evidence to a parliamentary commission that the construction might be "calamitous for England", he added that "No matter what fortifications and defences were built, there would always be the peril of some continental army seizing the tunnel exit by surprise." Various contrivances to satisfy his objections were put forward including looping the line on a viaduct from the Cliffs of Dover and back into them, so that the connection could be bombarded at will by the Royal Navy. All to no avail, and over 100 years were to pass before a permanent link was made.^[50]

Publications[link]

Garnet Joseph Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley by Paul Albert Besnard

A frequent contributor to periodicals, he also published The Decline and Fall of Napoleon (1895), The Life of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough to the Accession of Queen Anne (1894), and The Story of a Soldier's Life (1903), giving, in the last-named work, an account of his career down to the close of the Ashanti War.

In recognition of his success, an expression arose: "all Sir Garnet" meaning; that everything is in good order.^[51] Garnet Wolseley was also the inspiration behind the celebrated Gilbert and Sullivan character "Major-General Stanley" (from The Pirates of Penzance), who was " ... the very model of a modern Major-General ...".^[18]

Legacy[link]

There is an equestrian statue of Wolseley on Horse Guards Parade in London.^[52]

Wolseley Barracks, at London, Ontario, is a Canadian military base (now officially known as ASU London), established in 1886. It is the site of Wolseley Hall, the first building constructed by a Canadian Government specifically to house an element of the newly created Permanent Force. Wolseley Barracks has been continuously occupied by the Canadian army since its creation, and has always housed some element of The Royal Canadian Regiment. At present, Wolseley Hall is occupied by The Royal Canadian Regiment Museum and the Regiment's 4th Battalion, among other tenants.^[53] The white pith helmet still worn as part of the full-dress uniform of the RCR (pictured in the caricature above from Punch) is known as a Wolseley helmet.^[54] Wolseley is also a Senior Boys house at the Duke of York's Royal Military School.^[55]

The residential areas of Wolseley in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, located in the west central part of the city^[56] and of Wolseley in Saskatchewan, Canada are named after him^[57]

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
• Heathcote, T.A. (1999). The British Field Marshals 1736-1997. Pen & Sword Books Ltd. ISBN 0-85052-696-5
• Kochanski, Halik, Sir Garnet Wolseley: Victorian Hero, London, Hambledon Press, 1999.
• Lehmann, Joseph, All Sir Garnet; a life of Field-Marshal Lord Wolsele, London, J. Cape, 1964.
• Stead, W. T., Character Sketch: Lord Wolseley, Review of Reviews, September 1890, p. 275.
• Tabor, Paddy, The Household Cavalry Museum, Ajanta Book Publishing, 2010, ISBN 978-1-84820-882-7
• Wolseley, Garnet, The Story of a Soldier’s Life, Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1904. (Lord Wolseley’s Memoirs, in two volumes).

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Garnet Wolseley

v t e Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces and Chiefs of the General Staff of the British Army Commanders-in-Chief of the Forces Duke of Albemarle Duke of Monmouth Earl of Marlborough Duke of Leinster Duke of Marlborough Duke of Ormonde Earl of Stair George Wade Duke of Cumberland Viscount Ligionier Marquess of Granby Lord Amherst Henry Conway Lord Amherst Duke of York Sir David Dundas Duke of York Duke of Wellington Viscount Hill Duke of Wellington Viscount Hardinge Duke of Cambridge Viscount Wolseley Earl Roberts Chief of the General Staff Sir Neville Lyttelton Chiefs of the Imperial General Staff Sir William Nicholson Sir John French Sir Charles Douglas Sir James Murray Sir Archibald Murray Sir William Robertson Sir Henry Wilson The Earl of Cavan Sir George Milne Sir Archibald Montgomery-Massingberd Sir Cyril Deverell The Viscount Gort Sir Edmund Ironside Sir John Dill Sir Alan Brooke The Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Sir William Slim Sir John Harding Sir Gerald Templer Sir Francis Festing Sir Richard Hull Chiefs of the General Staff Sir Richard Hull Sir James Cassels Sir Geoffrey Baker Sir Michael Carver Sir Peter Hunt Sir Roland Gibbs Sir Edwin Bramall Sir John Stanier Sir Nigel Bagnall Sir John Chapple Sir Peter Inge Sir Charles Guthrie Sir Roger Wheeler Sir Michael Walker Sir Mike Jackson Sir Richard Dannatt Sir David Richards Sir Peter Wall

Garnet Wolseley,
1st Viscount Wolseley

Viscount Wolseley, of Wolseley in the County of Stafford, was a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1885 for the distinguished military commander Garnet Wolseley, 1st Baron Wolseley, with remainder, in default of male issue, to his daughter and only child Frances, and the heirs male of her body. He had already been created Baron Wolseley, of Cairo and of Wolseley in the County of Stafford, in 1882, with normal remainder to the heirs male of his body. On Lord Wolseley's death in 1913 the barony became extinct while he was succeeded in the viscountcy according to the special remainder by his daughter Frances. On her death in 1936 the viscountcy became extinct as well.

Viscounts Wolseley (1885)[link]

• Garnet Joseph Wolseley, 1st Viscount Wolseley (1833–1913)
• Frances Garnet Wolseley, 2nd Viscountess Wolseley (1872–1936)

References[link]

• Leigh Rayment's Peerage Pages ^{[self-published source?][better source needed]}
• David Beamish's Peerage Page