Coordinates	23°33′″N46°38′″N
Name	Armlock
Alt	Staff Sgt. Roark demonstrates armbar
Parent style	Grappling
Classification	Joint-lock
Parent hold	Various Grappling positions
Child holds	Wristlock }}

An armlock in grappling is a single or double joint lock that hyperextends, hyperflexes or hyperrotates the elbow joint and/or shoulder joint. An armlock that hyperflexes or hyperrotates the shoulder joint is referred to as a shoulder lock, and an armlock that hyperextends the elbow joint is called an armbar. Depending on the joint flexibility and integrity of a person, armlocks that hyperrotate the shoulder joint can also hyperrotate the elbow joint, and vice versa.

Obtaining an armlock requires effective use of full-body leverage in order to initiate and secure a lock on the targeted arm, while preventing the opponent from escaping the lock. Therefore, performing an armlock is less problematic on the ground, from positions such as the mount, side control, or guard. Armlocks are more difficult to perform when both combatants are standing up, though the stand-up variants are a focus in certain systems such as Chin Na. Furthermore, a failed armlock can sometimes result in the opponent escaping and obtaining a dominant position.

Armlocks, considered less dangerous techniques in combat sports allowing joint locks, are the most common joint locks used as submission holds. In training, the method of executing an armlock is generally slow and controlled to give the opponent time to submit prior to any infliction of injury. However, in self-defense applications, or when applied improperly or with excessive force, armlocks can cause muscle, tendon and ligament damage, even dislocation, or bone fractures.

Juji-gatame

The juji-gatame (十字固, rendered as Ude-Hishigi-Juji-Gatame) also sometimes used interchangeably with the terms armbar or straight armbar is an official Kodokan Judo technique. The English word "bar" is used here to signify the opponent's extended arm, while the Japanese word "juji" (十字) refers to the armbar's visual resemblance to the number 10 as written in Kanji, 十. The word juji is also found in "juujika" (十字架), meaning a cross. In general, the practitioner secures an arm at the wrist of the opponent, trapping it by squeezing the knees together. The attacker's legs end up across the opponent's chest, with the arm held between the thighs, with the elbow pointing against the thigh or hips. By holding the opponent's wrist to the attacker's chest with the pinky finger on the sternum and the thumb facing up (arm semi supinated or semi pronated), the practitioner can easily extend the opponent's arm and hyperextend the opponent's elbow. The attacker can further increase the pressure on the elbow joint by arching their hips against the elbow. This technique is used in various grappling martial arts, including but not limited to; Brazilian jiu-jitsu, Catch wrestling, Judo, Jujutsu, Sambo, Shoot wrestling, and is one of the most common ways to win a match in mixed martial arts competition.

Flying Armbar

The flying armbar is a version of the juji-gatame that is performed from a stand-up position. Without a gi, it is typically applied when the opponent has a collar tie. By tightly holding the opponent's neck and arm, the practitioner places one of their shins against the opponents midsection, and leans up on the opponent; at the same time, the attacker swings the leg on the same side as the opponent's collar tie over the opponents head, into the typical juji-gatame position. (With a gi, it can be performed without needing to hold the neck.) If improperly performed, this technique will cause the opponent to escape the hold and gain an advantageous position, even the option of slamming the attacker to the ground. The flying armbar is considered to be one of the most visually spectacular joint locks, but it is uncommon because of the risk of losing position.

Sankaku-gatame

The ''sankaku-gatame'' or "triangular armlock" is a juji-gatame performed from the ''sankaku'' position. Originating from Judo it is normally used when the ''shime'' (strangle) is not working. It's an effective competition technique due to the fact that the opponent's arm became exposed while defending the sankaku-jime and their attention is focused in stopping the strangle.

Elbow lock

An elbow lock is a type of joint lock that hyperflexes or hyperrotates the elbow joint. An elbow lock is applied by forcing the arm beyond its normal range of elbow-wise movement, which can be done through a variety of ways. Typically, the body is controlled from moving by using a pinning hold, and the arm is then pulled, pushed or twisted.

Keylock

The keylock, (also known as the figure-four armlock, bent armlock, paintbrush, americana, or ude-garami/arm entanglement in Judo.) is a grappling technique using both of the practitioner’s arms isolate and to cause flexion to the shoulder, elbow, and to a lesser extent the wrist of the opponent. The technique is generally set in motion by the practitioner, using their same side hand, (i.e. to target the right hand he uses his own right hand) pinning the opponent's arm to the ground at the wrist, so that the elbow falls at a right angle with the palm facing upwards. Subsequently, the practitioner will thread his opposite hand under the opponent’s bicep, reach through and grasp his own wrist, doing so creates the signature “figure four,” from which one name for this technique was derived, this also gives the practitioner a mechanical advantage over the opponent. To finish the submission the practitioner slides the wrist of the opponent toward the lower body, while simultaneously elevating the elbow and forearm, in a motion resembling using a paintbrush, creating opposition to the joints and causing the necessary flexion in the shoulder and elbow to cause significant pain, and damage if the opponent fails to submit. While it is feasible to execute this technique from several different positions, the most commonly utilized are the full mount and the side mount positions, most likely because these afford the greatest opportunity to isolate an opponent’s arm. This technique also has numerous variations with their own nomenclature, for instance depending on the rotational direction the arm, the addition of the word "reverse" signifying medial rotation as in reverse keylock or reverse ude-garami, in which case the usage of "keylock" indicates lateral rotation only.

===Kimura (Gyaku ude-garami)=== Kimura (Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu), chicken wing/double wristlock (wrestling), or reverse keylock are terms used to specify a medial keylock known in judo as ''gyaku ude-garami'' (reverse arm entanglement) or simply as ''ude-garami''. The application is similar to the americana, except that it is reversed. It needs some space behind the opponent to be effective, and can be applied from the side control or guard. Contrary to the americana, the opponent's wrist is grabbed with the hand on the same side, and the opposite arm is put behind the opponent's arm, again grabbing the attacker's wrist and forming a figure-four. By controlling the opponent's body and cranking the arm away from the attacker, pressure is put on the shoulder joint, and depending on the angle, also the elbow joint (in some variations the opponent's arm is brought behind their back, resulting in a finishing position resembling that of the ''hammerlock'' outlined below). The kimura was named after the judoka Masahiko Kimura, who used it to defeat one of the founders of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Hélio Gracie.

On November 20, 2010, at UFC 123, Phil Davis submitted Tim Boetsch with a lock that, basically, twisted Boetsch's shoulder on the exact same fashion as a kimura lock, but applied it with a different approach. While the performer generally holds his opponent's hand frontally, Davis used his left hand to hold Boetsch's arm behind his back while laying on his top. Davis, then, put his right hand behind Boetsch's back and used both hands to push his opponent's arm, thus twisting Tim's shoulder in the same way a common kimura does and finishing the fight. At the post-fight interview, Joe Rogan called it the "Mr. Wonderful" lock, a reference to Phil's MMA nickname (Mr. Wonderful), and it was latter dubbed the "Philmura".

Now, it has been described as an inverted kimura.

Shoulder Lock

The "Shoulder Lock" is a technique used as a method of upper body restraint. It should not be confused with a choke because the lock does not block or interferes with the flow of air or oxygen to the brain. The application is executed by applying pressure between the radial bone and shoulder.

Omoplata (sankaku-garami/ude-garami)

The omoplata (referred to in Judo as ''ude-garami'' or ''sankaku-garami'', 三角緘, "triangular entanglement" or ''ashi-garami'', "leg entanglement") is also a commonly featured shoulder lock in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. The locking mechanism is similar to the kimura lock, but instead of using a figure-four, it is applied using a leg. The omoplata can be applied from the guard, by placing one leg under the opponent's armpit and turning 180 degrees in the direction of that leg, so that the leg moves over the back of the opponent and entangles the opponent's arm. By controlling the opponent's body and pushing the arm perpendicularly away from the opponents back, pressure can be put on the opponent's shoulder. It is also possible to put pressure on the elbow joint by bending the leg entangling the arm, and twisting it in a specific manner. Though an effective lock, it is more difficult than other armlocks to successfully apply. The technique called a monoplata is a similar armlock that resembles juji gatame or spiderweb position yet has a mechanism like a omoplata.

Tsunetane Oda, a judo groundwork specialist who died in 1955, was shown on video to have demonstrated the technique.

Hammerlock

A hammerlock is a shoulder lock similar to the kimura lock where the opponent's arm is held bent against their back, and their hand forced upwards towards the neck, thereby applying pressure to the shoulder joint. The hammerlock is well-known as a pain compliance hold in law-enforcement where it is typically used from a stand-up position to control an aggressor, and is also utilized in the application of handcuffs. It is also sometimes seen used as a submission hold in submission wrestling arts. In physical assessments it is similar to the "Inferior Apley's Scratch" test that health practitioners may use for rotator cuff pathologies (Vizniak, 2009).

See also

For armlocks involving a separating motion of the elbow joint, see Biceps slicer.

Leglock

Small joint manipulation

Spinal lock

Wristlock

References

Gracie BBJ. Kimura Lock. ''mmasubmissionmoves.com''.

Bothner, George; Gotch, Frank; Hackenschmidt, George; Liederman, Earle. Hammerlock. ''gnarlmaster.tripod.com''.

Kesting, Stephan. Revolutionary Omo Plata. ''www.grapplearts.com''.

Kesting, Stephan; Soares, Marcus. Mastering the Kimura, ''www.grapplearts.com''.

Ohlenkamp, Neil. The Most Powerful Armlock in Judo. ''judoinfo.com''.

Trnka, Tue. MMA-ordbogen. ''www.mmareporter.dk''. URL last accessed August 18, 2006. (In Danish)

External links

Armbar from Mount - Instructional Videos

Category:Grappling positions Category:Joint locks

de:Hebel (Kampfsport) nl:Armklem ja:アームロック

Coordinates	23°33′″N46°38′″N
name	Georges St-Pierre
birth name	Georges St-Pierre
birth date	May 19, 1981
birth place	Saint-Isidore, Quebec, Canada
other names	RushGSP
nationality	Canadian
height
weight lb	170
weight class	Welterweight
reach in	76
style	Kyokushin, Muay Thai, Boxing, Wrestling, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Gaidojutsu
stance	Orthodox
fighting out of	Montreal, Quebec
team	Jackson's MMA Grudge Training Center Tristar Gym Renzo Gracie Academy
trainer	Head Trainer: Firas Zahabi Strategy: Greg Jackson Boxing: Howard Grant Muay Thai: Phil NurseBrazilian Jiu-Jitsu: John Danaher Strength: Pierre Roy Gymnastics: Patrick Beauchamp
rank	''3rd dan black belt in Kyokushin'' ''Black belt in Gaidojutsu'' ''Black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu''
years active	2002 – present (MMA)
mma win	22
mma kowin	8
mma subwin	5
mma decwin	9
mma loss	2
mma koloss	1
mma subloss	1
url	http://www.gspfightclub.com/
sherdog	3500
updated	August 27, 2009 }}

Georges St-Pierre (; born May 19, 1981), often referred to as GSP, is a Canadian mixed martial artist and the current Welterweight Champion of the UFC. St-Pierre is ranked as the No. 1 Welterweight in the world according to Sherdog, MMAWeekly and numerous other publications. St-Pierre is ranked the No. 2 pound for pound fighter by ESPN sports. He is also ranked as the No. 2 pound for pound fighter by ''Yahoo! Sports'' and No.2 pound for pound by Sherdog. He holds notable wins over Josh Koscheck (2x), Matt Hughes (2x), Jake Shields, B.J. Penn (2x), Jon Fitch, Thiago Alves, Sean Sherk and Frank Trigg.

In 2008, 2009, and 2010 he was named the Canadian Athlete of the Year by Rogers Sportsnet.

Biography

Georges St-Pierre was born on May 19, 1981 in Saint-Isidore, Quebec, to Roland and Pauline St-Pierre. St-Pierre had a difficult childhood, attending a school where others would steal his clothes and money. He started learning Kyokushin karate at age seven from his father and later from a Kyokushin Karate Master to defend himself against a school bully. He took up wrestling and Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu after his karate teacher died (at this point he also trained in boxing). Before turning pro as a mixed-martial artist, St-Pierre worked as a bouncer at a Montreal night club in the South Shore called Fuzzy Brossard and as a garbageman for six months to pay for his school fees.

St-Pierre has trained with a number of groups in a large variety of gyms throughout his fighting career. Prior to his fight with B.J. Penn at UFC 58, he trained at the Renzo Gracie Jiu-Jitsu Academy in New York City. St-Pierre received his brown belt in BJJ from Renzo Gracie on July 21, 2006. In September 2008, St-Pierre earned his black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu under Bruno Fernandes.

St-Pierre began training with Rashad Evans, Nathan Marquardt, Keith Jardine, Donald Cerrone and other skilled MMA fighters at Greg Jackson's Submission Fighting Gaidojutsu school in New Mexico. Some of Jackson's students accompanied St-Pierre to Montreal to help prepare him for his fight at UFC 94 against B.J. Penn at the Tristar Gym, including Keith Jardine, Nathan Marquardt, Donald Cerrone and Rashad Evans. Georges' strength and conditioning coach is Jonathan Chaimberg of Adrenaline Performance Centre in Montréal. Georges' Head Trainer is Firas Zahabi of Zahabi MMA, out of the Tristar gym. The two have cornered all of St-Pierre's most recent bouts and remain as his close friends. Currently, St-Pierre trains in Muay Thai under Phil Nurse at the Wat in New York City.

In September 2010, St-Pierre traveled to the Philippines for the first time to promote Mixed Martial Arts to the Filipinos. He received a warm welcome for his first visit in Manila.

Rise to prominence

Joining the UFC

St-Pierre made his UFC debut at UFC 46, where he defeated Karo Parisyan by unanimous decision. His next fight in the UFC was against Jay Hieron at UFC 48. St-Pierre defeated Hieron via technical knockout in only 1:42 of the first round.

St-Pierre vs. Hughes

Following his second win in the UFC, he faced Matt Hughes at UFC 50 for the vacant UFC Welterweight Championship. Despite a competitive performance against the much more experienced fighter, St-Pierre tapped out to an armbar with only 1 second remaining in the first round. The loss was the first of St-Pierre's career and he has since admitted that he was in awe of Hughes going into the title bout.

Road back to the title

After his loss to Matt Hughes, St-Pierre rebounded with a win over Dave Strasser at TKO 19 by a first-round kimura submission. He then returned to the UFC to face Jason Miller at UFC 52, defeating Miller by unanimous decision in a bloody battle.

St-Pierre was then matched up against top contender Frank Trigg at UFC 54. St-Pierre controlled the fight and eventually snuck in a rear naked choke with less than a minute remaining in the first round. He then faced future lightweight champion Sean Sherk at UFC 56. Midway through the second round, St-Pierre became the second fighter to defeat Sherk and the first to finish him.

St-Pierre vs. Penn

At UFC 58, St-Pierre defeated former UFC welterweight champion B.J. Penn to become the No. 1 contender for the UFC welterweight title. St-Pierre won the match by split decision and was set for a rematch against then-champion Matt Hughes at UFC 63. St-Pierre was forced to withdraw from the match, however, due to a groin injury and was replaced by the man he defeated in March, B.J. Penn. The UFC announced afterward that St-Pierre would have the opportunity to fight for the title when his condition was fully healed.

''The Ultimate Fighter''

St-Pierre was seen as a trainer on ''The Ultimate Fighter 4: The Comeback'' on Spike TV, which featured fighters who were previously seen in UFC events including Matt Serra, Shonie Carter, Pete Sell, Patrick Côté, and Travis Lutter. St-Pierre was seen vocally supporting fellow Canadian and training partner Patrick Côté during the season's airing.

Winning and losing the title

St-Pierre vs. Hughes II

At UFC 63, St-Pierre made an appearance to support fellow Canadian David "The Crow" Loiseau. At that time he was seen pushing Loiseau to "fight his fight" against Mike Swick. At the same event, after Matt Hughes had defeated B.J. Penn, St-Pierre stepped into the ring to hype up his upcoming title fight against Hughes, stating that he was glad that Hughes won his fight, but that he was "not impressed" by Hughes' performance.

According to both commentator Joe Rogan and Hughes' own autobiography, Hughes was unhappy with St-Pierre's statement. Hughes said that they "had words" off-camera shortly after, at which time St-Pierre apologized, saying he had misunderstood something Hughes had said on the microphone and did not mean to offend him. St-Pierre challenged Matt Hughes again at UFC 65 for the UFC Welterweight Championship. The fight was almost stopped near the end of the first round when St-Pierre sent Hughes to the mat with a superman punch and left hook, but Hughes managed to survive the first round. In the second round, St-Pierre won the fight via technical knockout after a left kick to Hughes' head followed by a barrage of unanswered punches and elbows.. After the fight, on January 30, 2007, St-Pierre signed a new six-fight deal with the UFC.

St-Pierre vs. Serra

At UFC 69, St-Pierre lost the welterweight title to ''The Ultimate Fighter 4'' winner Matt Serra when he defeated St-Pierre by TKO at 3:25 of round one. Matt Serra was an 11–1 underdog going into the bout. St-Pierre has said that he lost the match partially due to a lack of focus because of problems in his personal life, including the death of a close cousin and his father's serious illness, and later parted ways with his manager and most of his entourage. St-Pierre has since gone on to say that he should not have made any excuses and that Serra was simply the better fighter that night.

Road back to title contention

St-Pierre vs. Koscheck

On August 25, 2007, at ''UFC 74'' St-Pierre won a unanimous decision against Josh Koscheck (30–27, 29–28, 29–28). He outwrestled Koscheck, who is a four-time Division I NCAA All-American and an NCAA wrestling champion, by scoring takedowns, stopping Koscheck's takedown attempts and maintaining top position throughout most of the fight. Many predicted that Koscheck would outmatch St-Pierre on the ground due to his credentials, but St-Pierre was confident that he was a better wrestler and striker and was more well-versed in submissions than Koscheck.

St-Pierre vs. Hughes III

Before and after the fight, St-Pierre stated his intention to reclaim his lost title, miming the act of placing a championship belt around his waist while still in the octagon. His win over Koscheck had placed him in the No. 1 contender spot for the UFC Welterweight Championship. That fight was to be against the winner of Matt Hughes and Matt Serra. Matt Serra had to pull out of UFC 79 due to a back injury sustained during training, and instead St-Pierre faced Hughes in a rubber match for the interim UFC Welterweight Championship. Hughes was unable to mount any serious offense against St-Pierre, who again showcased his wrestling skills by not only avoiding all of Hughes' takedown attempts, but also taking Hughes down at will. In a reversal of their first fight, St-Pierre attempted a kimura on Hughes' right arm, then switched to a straight armbar with fifteen seconds left in the second round. Hughes fought the extension, but was forced to verbally submit at 4:55 of the second round, making St-Pierre the interim Welterweight Champion.

St-Pierre vs. Serra II

At UFC 83 on April 19, 2008, St-Pierre fought Matt Serra to determine the undisputed UFC welterweight champion. It was the UFC's first event in Canada and was held at the Bell Centre in Montreal, Québec. Instead of starting with strikes, St-Pierre pressed the action early with a takedown and then mixed up his attack, which never allowed Serra the chance to mount a significant offense. In the second round, St-Pierre continued his previous actions and forced Serra into the turtle position and delivered several knees to Serra's midsection. Near the end of round two, the fight was stopped by referee Yves Lavigne with Serra unable to defend himself from St-Pierre's continuous knee blows or improve his position.

Defending the title

St-Pierre vs. Fitch

St-Pierre's first title defense since winning the belt back was against Jon Fitch at UFC 87. Fitch was on a 16-fight winning streak; a victory against St-Pierre would have been Fitch's ninth consecutive UFC win, a new UFC record. St-Pierre defeated Jon Fitch by unanimous decision with scores of 50–43, 50–44, and 50–44, to retain his UFC welterweight title. He dominated Fitch, scoring multiple devastating strikes and taking the former Purdue wrestling captain down seemingly at will.

St-Pierre vs. Penn II

The win over Fitch set up one of the most anticipated rematches in UFC history, as BJ Penn stepped into the octagon after the fight to essentially challenge St-Pierre to a rematch of their bout at UFC 58 in 2006, which ended in a split-decision victory for St-Pierre. The rematch occurred on January 31, 2009, at UFC 94. The first round of the fight was somewhat even, with Penn exercising elusive head movement, fast hands and good take-down defense, thwarting all of St-Pierre's take-down attempts while both exchanged punches. In the ensuing three rounds, however, Penn turned out a lackluster performance. St-Pierre scored his first take-down of the night midway through the second round and by the end of the round Penn was visibly tired. At the start of round three, St-Pierre landed a superman punch that bloodied Penn's nose and shortly took Penn down again. From that point on, St-Pierre took Penn down almost at will, repeatedly passed Penn's renowned guard and persistently punished the Hawaiian with a ground-and-pound attack.

Penn later admitted that he could not recall anything that happened during the 3rd and 4th rounds because "I was probably borderline knocked out or something." At the end of the fourth round, after more of St-Pierre's ground-and-pound onslaught, Penn's corner man Jason Parillo requested that the referee stop the fight. Penn failed to attend the post-fight press conference due to having stayed in the hospital. During the fight, Penn complained that St-Pierre was too slippery to hold, which led to suspicion about petroleum jelly being illegally applied to St-Pierre's back. The matter was formally investigated by the UFC and Nevada State Athletic Commission upon the request of the Penn camp. Upon investigation, all claims were dismissed as false and warranted no disciplinary action or further investigation.

St-Pierre vs. Alves

Prior to UFC 100, Beau Dure of ''USA Today'' stated that St-Pierre was possibly "the best in the world." At the event, St-Pierre defeated No. 1 contender Thiago Alves. Alves showed promise on his feet standing up in the fight, but St-Pierre's wrestling offensive, endurance and ground control proved too much for the challenger and put St-Pierre en route to a unanimous decision victory, despite suffering a pulled groin muscle in the third round. While St-Pierre said in his post fight interview that the injury was sustained in the third round, he later said on his blog that the injury in fact occurred in the fourth round. On July 18, 2009, it was revealed that St-Pierre's groin injury would not require surgery.

St-Pierre vs. Hardy

A scheduled bout between Mike Swick and Martin Kampmann would have determined the No. 1 contender for the UFC Welterweight Championship. In early September, Swick pulled out of the fight due to an injury, effectively cancelling the title elimination aspect of the fight. After Martin Kampmann lost to Paul Daley at UFC 103, a fight between Swick and Dan Hardy was announced for UFC 105, with the winner, Dan Hardy, earning No. 1 contendership for St-Pierre's title.

St-Pierre successfully defended his welterweight title against Dan Hardy on March 27, 2010 at UFC 111 which took place in Newark, NJ. St-Pierre dominated the fight with his wrestling. He caught Hardy in the first round with an armbar, but Hardy refused to tap and eventually fought out of the hold. In the fourth round St-Pierre caught Hardy in a kimura while in the reverse-mount position, but Hardy once again refused to tap and St-Pierre released the hold before causing any serious damage. St-Pierre went on to win the fight by unanimous decision (50–43, 50–44 and 50–45). After the fight, he stated that he was glad to win but was not impressed by his performance, stating that he wanted to finish the fight. He also gave credit to Hardy for his toughness.

St-Pierre vs. Koscheck II

St-Pierre's next fight was a rematch against Josh Koscheck at UFC 124, where he won by unanimous decision (50–45, 50–45, 50–45). St-Pierre once again dominated the fight, this time relying on superior striking, utilizing accurate boxing. He landed a total of 55 jabs to Koschecks head. Joe Rogan stated it was "the most jabs I've ever seen in an MMA fight." During the first round, Koscheck's right eye became very swollen from one of St-Pierre's jabs. By the end of the fight, his right eye was completely swollen shut and suffered a broken orbital bone. St-Pierre stated at the post-fight conference that he wanted to catch Koscheck off-guard by striking with him instead of wrestling.

St-Pierre vs. Shields

UFC president Dana White stated that Jake Shields would be St-Pierre's next opponent and confirmed that the two would meet in the main event of UFC 129 on April 30, 2011, in Toronto. White had said that if St-Pierre defeated Shields, it could mark a move to middleweight and a superfight against Anderson Silva. St-Pierre defeated Shields via unanimous decision.

St-Pierre received a 60-day medical suspension following his UFC 129 fight with Shields due to damage to his left eye. St-Pierre's trainer, Firas Zahabi, just two days after the fight, however, said that doctors had examined St-Pierre and declared that his eye didn't suffer any serious damage and he should be able to resume training after 10 days.

St-Pierre vs. Diaz

At the UFC 129 post-fight press conference, UFC President Dana White stated that St-Pierre could next fight Strikeforce Welterweight champion Nick Diaz. "I've got to go talk him about boxing first, and then we'll see what happens there. It's an interesting fight," White said. "I was there live for that last fight and I was blown away by Nick Diaz’s last fight. He looked incredible."

Dana White confirmed via Twitter that GSP's next opponent would be Nick Diaz at UFC 137 at the Mandalay Bay Event Center in Las Vegas, Nevada.

2012 Summer Olympics

It was revealed on January 2, 2010 that St-Pierre was considering leaving MMA so he could try out for the Canadian freestyle wrestling team and compete at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Though many sources have stated (his wrestling coaches, Rob "The Caveman" Moore and Cleo "Zulu Man" Ncube) that he is a great wrestler within MMA, it is generally agreed that he would have to spend many years preparing before he can even qualify for the Olympic team. He has stated that he is a mixed martial artist first, and that MMA and the UFC take precedence over training for the Olympics. Prior to UFC 111, St-Pierre also stated that he was still considering trying to qualify for wrestling in the 2012 Olympic Games, but that he had not yet decided.

Championships and accomplishments

Black Belt Magazine

2008 MMA Fighter of the Year

Inside MMA on HDNet

*Fighter of the Year 2009

MMAJunkie.com

*Fighter of the Year (2009)

*Fight of the Year (2010)

Rogers Sportsnet

*Rogers Sportsnet Canadian Athlete of the Year (2008)

*Rogers Sportsnet Canadian Athlete of the Year (2009)

*Rogers Sportsnet Canadian Athlete of the Year (2010)

Spike Guys' Choice Awards

*Most Dangerous Man of the Year 2010

Sports Illustrated (SI.com)

*Fighter of the Year 2009

TKO Major League MMA

*TKO Canadian Welterweight Championship (1 time)

Ultimate Fighting Championship

*UFC Interim Welterweight Championship (1 time)

*UFC Welterweight Championship (2 times, current)

*Fight of the Night (2 times)

*Submission of the Night (1 time)

*Second most consecutive championship defenses in UFC (Six)

*Most consecutive Welterweight Championship defenses in UFC (Six)

*Canadian Cover Athlete for UFC Undisputed 2009

Wrestling Observer Newsletter awards

2008 Most Outstanding Fighter

2009 Most Outstanding Fighter

2010 Most Outstanding Fighter

Fighters Only

*2008 Submission of the Year

MMAPayout

*Fighter of the Year 2009

World MMA Awards

*Fighter of the Year 2009

Mixed martial arts record

| | style="text-align:center;"| | Nick Diaz | | UFC 137 | | style="text-align:center;"| | style="text-align:center;"| | Las Vegas, Nevada, USA | For UFC Welterweight Championship |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 22–2 | Jake Shields | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 129 | | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:center;"| 5:00 | Toronto, Ontario, Canada | Defended UFC Welterweight Championship |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 21–2 | Josh Koscheck | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 124 | | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:center;"| 5:00 | Montreal, Quebec, Canada | Defended UFC Welterweight Championship, Fight of The Night |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 20–2 | Dan Hardy | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 111 | | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:center;"| 5:00 | Newark, New Jersey, US | Defended UFC Welterweight Championship |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 19–2 | Thiago Alves | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 100 | | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:center;"| 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, US | Defended UFC Welterweight Championship |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 18–2 | B.J. Penn | TKO (corner stoppage) | UFC 94 | | style="text-align:center;"| 4 | style="text-align:center;"| 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, US | Defended UFC Welterweight Championship |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 17–2 | Jon Fitch | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 87 | | style="text-align:center;"| 5 | style="text-align:center;"| 5:00 | Minneapolis, Minnesota, US | Defended UFC Welterweight Championship, Fight of the Night |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 16–2 | Matt Serra | TKO (knees to the body) | UFC 83 | | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:center;"| 4:45 | Montreal, Quebec, Canada | Won UFC Welterweight Championship |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 15–2 | Matt Hughes | Submission (armbar) | UFC 79 | | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:center;"| 4:54 | Las Vegas, Nevada, US | Won Interim UFC Welterweight Championship, Submission of the Night |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 14–2 | Josh Koscheck | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 74 | | style="text-align:center;"| 3 | style="text-align:center;"| 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, US | |- | Loss | style="text-align:center;"| 13–2 | Matt Serra | TKO (punches) | UFC 69 | | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3:25 | Houston, Texas, US | Lost UFC Welterweight Championship |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 13–1 | Matt Hughes | TKO (head kick and punches) | UFC 65 | | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:center;"| 1:25 | Sacramento, California, US | Won UFC Welterweight Championship |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 12–1 | B.J. Penn | Decision (split) | UFC 58 | | style="text-align:center;"| 3 | style="text-align:center;"| 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, US | |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 11–1 | Sean Sherk | TKO (punches and elbows) | UFC 56 | | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:center;"| 2:53 | Las Vegas, Nevada, US | |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 10–1 | Frank Trigg | Submission (rear naked choke) | UFC 54 | | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:center;"| 4:09 | Las Vegas, Nevada, US | |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 9–1 | Jason Miller | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 52 | | style="text-align:center;"| 3 | style="text-align:center;"| 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, US | |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 8–1 | Dave Strasser | Submission (kimura) | TKO Major League MMA 19: Rage | | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1:52 | Montreal, Quebec, Canada | |- | Loss | style="text-align:center;"| 7–1 | Matt Hughes | Submission (armbar) |UFC 50 | | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:center;"| 4:59 | Atlantic City, New Jersey, US | |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 7–0 | Jay Hieron | TKO (punches) | UFC 48 | | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:center;"| 1:42 | Las Vegas, Nevada, US | |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 6–0 | Karo Parisyan | Decision (unanimous) | UFC 46 | | style="text-align:center;"| 3 | style="text-align:center;"| 5:00 | Las Vegas, Nevada, US | |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 5–0 | Pete Spratt | Submission (rear naked choke) | TKO 14: Road Warriors | | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3:40 | Victoriaville, Quebec, Canada | |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 4–0 | Thomas Denny | TKO (cut) | UCC 12: Adrenaline | | style="text-align:center;"| 2 | style="text-align:center;"| 4:45 | Montreal, Quebec, Canada | |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 3–0 | Travis Galbraith | TKO (elbows) | UCC 11: The Next Level | | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:center;"| 2:03 | Montreal, Quebec, Canada | Defended UCC Welterweight Championship |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 2–0 | Justin Bruckmann | Submission (armbar) | UCC 10: Battle for the Belts 2002 | | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:center;"| 3:53 | Gatineau, Quebec, Canada | Won UCC Welterweight Championship |- | Win | style="text-align:center;"| 1–0 | Ivan Menjivar | TKO (punches) | UCC 7: Bad Boyz | | style="text-align:center;"| 1 | style="text-align:center;"| 4:50 | Montreal, Quebec, Canada |

Entrance music

St-Pierre is noted for using French language rap music (from Québec and France) during his entrance walks.

Event	Entrance Music
UFC 50	"Jesus Walks" by Kanye West
UFC 52
UFC 54	"Ambitionz Az a Ridah" by 2Pac
UFC 56	"Tout Le Monde Debout" by Neg' Marrons
UFC 58	"Tout Le Monde Debout" by Neg' Marrons
UFC 65	"Samurai" by Shurik'n
UFC 69	"Samurai" by Shurik'n
UFC 74	"Dirty Hous" by Rohff (feat. Big Ali)
UFC 79	"Territoire Hostile" by Sans Pression
UFC 83	"Numéro 1" by Sans Pression
UFC 87	"Boulbi" by Booba
UFC 94	"Sinik vs. Booba" by Sinik vs. Booba
UFC 100	"Mornier 4 Life" by Imposs
UFC 111	"Juicy" by The Notorious B.I.G.
UFC 124
UFC 129	"Ne Compare Pas" by Youssoupha (feat. Arsenik & Mams)

Acting career

St-Pierre has acted in two films, both written by martial artist Hector Echavarria. He plays Shaman in ''Death Warrior'', and Georges in ''Never Surrender''.

See also

List of current mixed martial arts champions

List of current UFC fighters

List of male mixed martial artists

References

External links

Official UFC profile

Official Blog

Facebook

Twitter

Category:1981 births Category:Canadian mixed martial artists Category:Canadian practitioners of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Category:Canadian karateka Category:Living people Category:Ultimate Fighting Championship champions Category:Welterweight mixed martial artists Category:Canadian Roman Catholics Category:French Quebecers Category:People from Montérégie

de:Georges St. Pierre es:Georges St-Pierre fr:Georges St-Pierre ja:ジョルジュ・サンピエール no:Georges St-Pierre pl:Georges St-Pierre pt:Georges St. Pierre ru:Сен-Пьер, Жорж simple:Georges St-Pierre fi:Georges St. Pierre sv:Georges St. Pierre uk:Жорж Сен-П'єр

Coordinates	23°33′″N46°38′″N
name	Braulio Estima
other names	Carcará
height
weight
nationality	Brazilian
birth place	Recife, Brazil
team	Gracie Barra
rank	2nd degree black belt in BJJ }}

Braulio Estima is a Ze Radiola black belt and world champion in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. He received his black belt on January 4, 2003. His highest achievements include winning the CBJJ Championship in 2004, 2006, and 2009, Absolute World Cup Champion 2006, European CBJJ Absolute Champion 2006 and 2009 and ADCC 2007 silver medalist and 2009 double gold (-88kg and absolute).

Biography

He lost to Xande Ribeiro in the finals of the ADCC 2007 –99 kg. At ADCC 2009, Estima won both the -88 kg and Absolute divisions, defeating Andre Galvao (inverted triangle choke) and Xande Ribeiro (injury) in the respective finals.

Braulio is the head instructor and owner of the Gracie Barra Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu academy in Birmingham, England. The club is called Gracie Barra Birmingham and is based out of Birmingham City Centre in Birmingham, England. Braulio runs the academy with the help of his brother Victor Estima and Otavio Souza, both of whom are also world class black belts.

Braulio is responsible for the instruction of many of the UK's top grapplers on the current scene such as Kevin Webb, Luke Costello, Chiu Kwong Man, Michael Dean, Rob Stevens, Norby and Stephen Martin. Braulio is currently training for his mixed martial arts debut. MMA organization Shine Fights has signed him to a multi-fight deal.

In 2011, Georges St Pierre invited Braulio Estima to become one of his Brazilian Jiu Jitsu coaches

Grappling credentials

World Professional Jiu-Jitsu Cup 2010 (2nd place in Absolute and -83kg divisions)

World Professional Jiu-Jitsu Cup 2009 (2nd place in Absolute and 4th place in -95kg divisions)

2009 ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship - 88kg and Absolute Champion

Absolute World Cup Champion - 2006

Absolute World Champion - 2002

World Champion - 2004, 2006, 2009

Grand Slam Capital Challenge Jordan - 2008 heavy weight and Absolute Champion

Pan American Champion - 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006

Absolute Pan American Champion - 2003

Pan American No Gi Champion - 2008

Absolute Pan American No Gi Champion - 2008

European Champion - 2007, 2009, 2011

Absolute European Champion - 2007, 2009

Champion of the International Team - 2003, 2007

Champion's Challenge BRAZIL X USA - 2003

ADCC Silver Medalist - 2007

World Silver Medalist - 2008

3rd placed on the World Championship - 2003

3rd placed on the World Championship - 2001

References

External links

Braulio Estima Online Video Instruction Series - Invisible Jiu Jitsu

Confederation of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Results

Category:1979 births Category:Living people Category:Brazilian practitioners of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu

The Three Stooges were an American vaudeville and comedy act of the early to mid–20th century best known for their numerous short subject films. Their hallmark was physical farce and extreme slapstick. In films, the Stooges were commonly known by their first names: "Moe, Larry, and Curly" and "Moe, Larry, and Shemp," among other lineups. They first started as "Ted Healy and his Stooges" which contained Moe, Larry and Shemp. "The Three Stooges" film trio was originally composed of Moe Howard, brother Curly Howard and Larry Fine. Shemp Howard replaced brother Curly, when Curly suffered a debilitating stroke in May 1946.

After Shemp's death from a heart attack in November 1955, he was replaced by comedian Joe Besser, after the use of film actor Joe Palma to film four Shemp-era shorts. Ultimately, Joe DeRita (nicknamed "Curly Joe") replaced Joe Besser by 1958. The act regained momentum throughout the 1960s as popular kiddie fare until Larry Fine's paralyzing stroke in January 1970 effectively marked the end of the act proper. Moe tried unsuccessfully one final time to revive the Stooges with longtime supporting actor Emil Sitka filling in for Larry. Larry ultimately succumbed to a series of additional strokes in January 1975, followed by Moe, who died of lung cancer in May 1975.

History

Ted Healy and his stooges

The Three Stooges started in 1925 as part of a raucous vaudeville act called 'Ted Healy and His Stooges' (a.k.a. 'Ted Healy and His Southern Gentlemen', 'Ted Healy and His Three Lost Souls' and 'Ted Healy and His Racketeers'—the moniker 'Three Stooges' was never used during their tenure with Healy). In the act, lead comedian Healy would attempt to sing or tell jokes while his noisy assistants would keep "interrupting" him. Healy would respond by verbally and physically abusing his stooges. Brothers Moe and Shemp were joined later that year by violinist-comedian Larry Fine, and Fred Sanborn joined the group as well.

In 1930, Ted Healy and His Stooges (including Sanborn) appeared in their first Hollywood feature film, ''Soup to Nuts'', released by Fox Film Corporation. The film was not a critical success, but the Stooges' performances were singled out as memorable, leading Fox to offer the trio a contract minus Healy. This enraged the prickly Healy, who told studio executives that the Stooges were his employees. The offer was withdrawn, and after Howard, Fine and Howard learned of the reason, they left Healy to form their own act, which quickly took off with a tour of the theatre circuit. Healy attempted to stop the new act with legal action, claiming they were using his copyrighted material. There are accounts of Healy threatening to bomb theaters if Howard, Fine and Howard ever performed there, which worried Shemp so much that he almost left the act; reportedly, only a pay raise kept him on board. Healy tried to save his act by hiring replacement stooges, but they were inexperienced and not as well-received as their predecessors. In 1932, with Moe now acting as business manager, Healy reached a new agreement with his former Stooges, and they were booked in a production of Jacob J. Shubert's ''The Passing Show of 1932''. During rehearsals, Healy received a more lucrative offer and found a loophole in his contract allowing him to leave the production. Shemp, fed up with Healy's abrasiveness, decided to quit the act and found work almost immediately, in Vitaphone movie comedies produced in Brooklyn, New York.

With Shemp gone, Healy and the two remaining stooges (Moe and Larry) needed a replacement, so Moe suggested his younger brother Jerry Howard. Healy reportedly took one look at Jerry, who had long chestnut red locks and a handlebar mustache, and remarked that he did not look like he was funny. Jerry left the room and returned a few moments later with his head shaved (though his mustache remained for a time), and then quipped "Boy, do I look girly." Healy heard "Curly," and the name stuck. (There are varying accounts as to how the Curly character actually came about.)

In 1933, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) signed Healy and his Stooges to a movie contract. They appeared in feature films and short subjects, either together, individually, or with various combinations of actors. The trio was featured in a series of musical comedy shorts, beginning with ''Nertsery Rhymes''. The short was one of a few shorts to be made with an early two-strip Technicolor process, including one featuring Curly without Healy or the other Stooges, ''Roast Beef and Movies'' (1934). The shorts themselves were built around recycled film footage of production numbers cut from MGM musicals, such as ''Children of Pleasure'', ''Lord Byron of Broadway'', and the unfinished ''March of Time'' (all 1930), which had been filmed in early Technicolor. Soon, additional shorts followed (sans the experimental Technicolor), including ''Beer and Pretzels'' (1933), ''Plane Nuts'' (1933), and ''The Big Idea'' (1934).

Healy and company also appeared in several MGM feature films as comic relief, such as ''Turn Back the Clock'' (1933), ''Meet the Baron'' (1933), ''Dancing Lady'' (1933), ''Fugitive Lovers'' (1934), and ''Hollywood Party'' (1934). Healy and the Stooges also appeared together in ''Myrt and Marge'' for Universal Pictures.

In 1934, the team's contract with MGM expired, and the Stooges parted professional company with Healy. According to Moe Howard's autobiography, the Stooges split with Ted Healy in 1934 once and for all because of Healy's alcoholism and abrasiveness. Their final film with Healy was MGM’s 1934 film, ''Hollywood Party''. Both Healy and the Stooges went on to separate successes, with Healy dying under mysterious circumstances in 1937.

The Columbia years: Moe, Larry and Curly

In 1934, the trio – now officially christened "The Three Stooges" – signed on to appear in two-reel comedy short subjects for Columbia Pictures. In Moe's autobiography, he said they each got $600 per week on a one-year contract with a renewable option; in the Ted Okuda–Edward Watz book ''The Columbia Comedy Shorts'', the Stooges are said to have received $1,000 between them for their first Columbia effort, ''Woman Haters'', and then signed a term contract for $7,500 per film, to be divided among the trio.

Within their first year at Columbia, the Stooges became wildly popular. Realizing this, Columbia Pictures president Harry Cohn used the Stooges as leverage, as the demand for their films was so great that Columbia eventually refused to supply exhibitors with the trio's shorts unless they also agreed to book some of the studio's mediocre B movies. Cohn also saw to it that the Stooges remain ignorant of their popularity. During their 23 years spent at Columbia, the Stooges were never completely aware of their amazing drawing power at the box office. As their contracts with the studio included an open option that had to be renewed every year, Cohn would tell the boys that the short subjects were in decline, which was not a complete fabrication (Cohn's yearly mantra was "the market for comedy shorts is dying out, fellahs.") Thinking their days were numbered, the Stooges would sweat it out each and every year, with Cohn signing the trio up for another year at the last minute. This cruel deception kept the insecure Stooges unaware of their true value, resulting in them having second thoughts about asking for a better contract without a yearly option. Cohn's scare tactics worked for all 23 years the Stooges were at Columbia; the team never once asked for—nor were they ever given—a salary increase. It was not until after they stopped making the shorts in December 1957 did Moe learn of the game Cohn was playing, what a valuable commodity the Stooges had been for the ailing studio, and how many millions more the act could have earned.

The Stooges were required to churn out up to eight short films per year within a 40-week period; for the remaining 12 or so weeks, they were free to pursue other employment. Usually, the Stooges would either spend this time with their families or tour the country promoting their live act. The Stooges appeared in 190 film shorts and five features while at Columbia. Del Lord directed more than three dozen Stooge films; Jules White directed dozens more, and his brother Jack White directed several under the pseudonym "Preston Black".

According to a published report, Moe, Larry, and director Jules White considered their best film to be ''You Nazty Spy!''. This 18-minute short subject starred Moe as "Moe Hailstone", an Adolf Hitler-like character, and satirized the Nazis in a period when America was still neutral and resolutely isolationist. Curly played a Hermann Goering character, replete with medals, and Larry a Ribbentrop-type ambassador. ''You Nazty Spy!'' was the first Hollywood film to spoof Hitler, as it was released in January, 1940, nine months before Charlie Chaplin's ''The Great Dictator''. Reportedly this film caused the Stooges to be placed on Hitler's so-called "death list" because of its anti-Nazi stance. Chaplin, along with Jack Benny, would also be on this list due to their later anti-Nazi films. The Stooges made occasional guest appearances in feature films, though generally they stuck to short subjects. Columbia offered theater owners an entire program of two-reel comedies (15 to 25 titles annually) featuring such stars as Buster Keaton, Andy Clyde, Charley Chase, and Hugh Herbert, but the Three Stooges shorts were the most popular of all.

Curly was easily the most popular member of the team. His childlike mannerisms and natural comedic charm (he had no previous acting experience) made him a hit with audiences. The fact that Curly had to shave his head for the act led him to feel unappealing to women. To mask his insecurities, Curly ate and drank excessively and caroused whenever the Stooges made personal appearances, which was approximately seven months out of the year. His weight ballooned in the 1940s, and his blood pressure was dangerously high. His wild lifestyle and constant drinking eventually caught up with him in 1945, and his performances suffered. In his last dozen shorts (ranging from 1945's ''If a Body Meets a Body'' through 1947's ''Half-Wits Holiday''), he was seriously ill, struggling to get through even the most basic scenes.

It was during the final day of filming ''Half-Wits Holiday'' on May 6, 1946 that Curly suffered a debilitating stroke on the set, ending his 14-year career. Curly's health necessitated a temporary retirement from the act, and while the Stooges hoped for a full recovery, Curly never starred in a film again, except for one brief cameo appearance in the third film after Shemp returned to the trio, ''Hold That Lion!'' It was the only film that contained all ''four'' of the original Stooges (the three Howard brothers and Larry) on screen simultaneously; Jules White recalled Curly visiting the set one day, and White had him do this bit for fun. (Curly's cameo appearance was recycled in the 1953 remake ''Booty and the Beast''.) In 1949, Curly was supposed to play a cameo role in the Stooge comedy ''Malice in the Palace'', but he was physically unable to perform. His chef role was played by Larry.

Shemp returns

Moe Howard turned to his older brother Shemp Howard to take Curly's place. Shemp, however, was hesitant to rejoin the Stooges, as he had a successful solo career at the time of Curly's untimely illness. However, he realized that Moe and Larry's careers would be finished without the Stooge act. Shemp wanted some kind of assurance that his rejoining was indeed temporary, and that he could leave the Stooges once Curly recovered. Unfortunately, Curly remained gravely ill after 1950, dying of a cerebral hemorrhage caused by additional strokes on January 18, 1952.

Shemp appeared with the Stooges in 76 more shorts and a quickie Western comedy feature titled ''Gold Raiders''. Upon Shemp's return, the quality of the films picked up; the last few Curly efforts had been marred by his sluggish performances. Entries like ''Out West'', ''Squareheads of the Round Table'', and ''Punchy Cowpunchers'' proved that there was life after Curly, and that Shemp could easily hold his own. Though some say he lacked his younger brother's childlike charisma, Shemp was a gifted, professional comedian. More often than not, his astute gift of comedic timing buoys weak material. In fact, one the finest entries in the series, ''Brideless Groom'', was made during this period.

Another interesting plus from the Shemp era was that Larry was given more time on screen. Throughout most of the Curly era, Larry was relegated to a background role, only being called upon to break up a potential scuffle between Moe and Curly. By the time Shemp rejoined the Stooges, Larry was allotted equal footage, even becoming the focus of several films (''Fuelin' Around'', ''He Cooked His Goose'').

During this period, Moe, Larry, and Shemp made a pilot for a ''Three Stooges'' television show called ''Jerks of All Trades'' in 1949. The series was never picked up, although the pilot is currently in the public domain and is available on home video, as is an early television appearance from around the same time on a vaudeville-style comedy series, ''Camel Comedy Caravan'', originally broadcast live on CBS-TV on March 11, 1950 and starring Ed Wynn. Also available commercially is a kinescope of Moe, Larry, and Shemp's appearance on ''The Frank Sinatra Show'', broadcast live over CBS-TV on January 1, 1952. Frank Sinatra was reportedly a big fan of the Stooges and slapstick comedy in general. On this broadcast, the Stooges are joined by one of their longtime stock-company members, Vernon Dent, who plays "Mr. Mortimer", a party-goer who requests a drink. The Stooges oblige with disastrous results.

Columbia's short-subject division downsized in 1952. Producer Hugh McCollum was discharged and director Edward Bernds resigned out of loyalty to McCollum, leaving only Jules White to both produce and direct the Stooges' remaining Columbia comedies. Production was significantly faster, with the former four-day filming schedules now tightened to two or three days. In another cost-cutting measure, White would create a "new" Stooge short by borrowing footage from old ones, setting it in a slightly different storyline, and filming a few new scenes often with the same actors in the same costumes. White was initially very subtle when recycling older footage: he would reuse only a single sequence of old film, re-edited so cleverly that it was not easy to detect. The later shorts were cheaper and the recycling more obvious, with as much as 75% of the running time consisting of old footage. White came to rely so much on older material that he could film the "new" shorts in a single day.

Three years after Curly's death, Shemp Howard died of a sudden heart attack at age 60 on November 22, 1955. Archived footage of Shemp, combined with new footage of Joe Palma, were used to complete the last four films originally planned with Shemp: ''Rumpus in the Harem'', ''Hot Stuff'', ''Scheming Schemers'', and ''Commotion on the Ocean''.

Joe Besser replaces Shemp

Joe Besser replaced Shemp in 1956, appearing in 16 shorts. Besser, noting how one side of Larry Fine's face seemed "calloused", had a clause in his contract specifically prohibiting him from being hit too hard (though this restriction was later lifted). Besser was the only "third" Stooge that dared to hit Moe back in retaliation and get away with it; Larry Fine was also known to hit Moe on occasion, but always with serious repercussions. "I usually played the kind of character who would hit others back," Besser recalled.

With Besser on board, the Stooge films began to resemble sitcoms. Sitcoms, though, were now available for free. Television was the new popular medium, and by the time Besser joined the act, the Stooges were generally considered throwbacks to an obsolete era. In addition, Moe and Larry were growing older, and could not perform pratfalls and physical comedy as they once had. The inevitable occurred soon enough. Columbia was the last studio still producing shorts, and the market for such films had all but dried up. As a result, the studio opted not to renew the Stooges' contract when it expired in late December 1957. The final comedy produced was ''Flying Saucer Daffy'', filmed on December 19–20, 1957. Several days later, the Stooges were unceremoniously fired from Columbia Pictures after 24 years of making low-budget shorts. Joan Howard Maurer, daughter of Moe, wrote the following in 1982:

{{bquote|The boys' careers had suddenly come to an end. They were at Columbia one day and gone the next—no 'Thank yous,' no farewell party for their 24 years of dedication and service and the dollars their comedies had reaped for the studio.

Moe Howard recalled that a few weeks after their exit from Columbia, he drove to the studio to say goodbye to several studio executives when he was stopped by a guard at the gate (obviously, not a Stooges fan) and, since he did not have the current year's studio pass, was refused entry. For the moment, it was a crushing blow.}} Although the Stooges were no longer working for Columbia, the studio had enough completed films on the shelf to keep releasing new comedies for another 18 months, and not in the order they were produced. The final Stooge release, ''Sappy Bull Fighters'', did not reach theaters until June 4, 1959. With no active contract in place, Moe and Larry discussed plans for a personal appearance tour; meanwhile, Besser's wife had a minor heart attack, and he preferred to stay local, leading him to withdraw from the act. For the first time in nearly 30 years, the Stooges hit a dead end.

The comeback: Larry, Moe and Curly Joe

Seeing the success of how television, in its early years, allowed movie studios to unload a backlog of short films thought unmarketable, the Stooge films seemed perfect for the burgeoning genre. ABC television had even expressed interest as far back as 1949, purchasing exclusive rights to 30 of the trio's shorts. However, the success of television revivals for such names as Laurel and Hardy, Woody Woodpecker, Tom and Jerry and the ''Our Gang'' series in the late 1950s led Columbia to cash in again on the Stooges. In January 1958, Columbia's television subsidiary Screen Gems offered a package consisting of 78 Stooge shorts (mainly from the Curly era), which were well received. Almost immediately, an additional 40 shorts hit the market, and by 1959, all 190 Stooge shorts were airing regularly. Due to the massive quantity of Stooge product available for broadcast, the films were broadcast Monday through Friday, leading to heavy exposure aimed squarely at children. This led parents to watch alongside of their offspring, and before long, Howard and Fine found themselves in high demand. Moe quickly signed movie and burlesque comic Joe DeRita for the "third Stooge" role; DeRita adopted first a crew cut and then a completely shaven hairstyle and became "Curly Joe" because of his resemblance to the original Curly Howard (also to make it easier to distinguish him from Joe Besser, the earlier Stooge called Joe).

This Three Stooges lineup went on to make a series of popular full-length films from 1959 to 1965, most notably ''Have Rocket, Will Travel'', ''The Three Stooges Meet Hercules'' and ''The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze''. The films were aimed at the kiddie-matinee market, and most were Farce outings in the Stooge tradition, with the exception of ''Snow White and the Three Stooges'', a children's fantasy in Technicolor. They also appeared as firemen (the role that helped make them famous in ''Soup to Nuts'') in the film ''It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World''. Throughout the 1960s, The Three Stooges were one of the most popular and highest-paid live acts in America. The trio also filmed 41 short comedy skits for ''The New Three Stooges'', which features a series of 156 animated cartoons produced for television. The Stooges appeared in live-action color footage, which preceded and followed each animated adventure in which they voiced their respective characters.

Final years

In 1969, the Three Stooges filmed a pilot episode for a new TV series entitled ''Kook's Tour'', a combination travelogue-sitcom that had the "retired" Stooges traveling around the world, with the episodes filmed on location.

On January 9, 1970, during production of the pilot, Larry suffered a paralyzing stroke, ending his acting career, as well as plans for the television series. thumb|150px|lefgt|A proposed incarnation of the Three Stooges. A promotional picture taken after Larry Fine's death in 1975 features a very ill Moe Howard (who died shortly thereafter) flanked by Curly Joe DeRita to the left and Emil Sitka to the right.Plans were in the works for longtime foil Emil Sitka to replace Larry as the "Middle Stooge" in 1971, but nothing ever came of that idea other than the proposed publicity still reproduced here. Three years later, just before Christmas of 1974, Larry Fine suffered yet another stroke at the age of 72 and four weeks later, suffered a more massive one. Slipping into a coma, he died a week later of a stroke-induced cerebral hemorrhage on January 24, 1975.

Devastated by his friend's death, Moe nevertheless decided that the Three Stooges should continue. Several movie ideas were considered, one of which according to critic and movie historian Leonard Maltin, (who also uncovered a pre-production photo) was entitled ''Blazing Stewardesses''. Unfortunately, before pre-production could begin, after a lifetime of smoking, Moe fell ill from lung cancer, and died three months later on May 4, 1975, finally putting to rest the last original surviving member of one of the most famous comedy troupes of the 20th Century.

However, ''Blazing Stewardesses'', the last film idea that the Three Stooges had ever seriously considered, was eventually made, starring the last of the surviving Ritz Brothers comedy troupe and released to moderate acclaim later that year.

Curly Joe continued to perform live into the mid-1970s with Mousie Garner and Frank Mitchell as "The New 3 Stooges" enjoying recognition well into old age, before retiring by 1979.

Of the remaining “original-replacement” Stooges, Joe Besser died of heart failure on March 1, 1988, followed by Curly Joe DeRita of pneumonia on July 3, 1993.

Legacy and perspective

Some 50 years after their last short film was released, the Three Stooges remain wildly popular with audiences. Their films have never left the television airwaves since first appearing in 1958, and they continue to delight old fans while attracting a new legion of fervent admirers. A hard-working group of working-class comedians who were never the critic's darlings, the team endured several personnel changes in their careers that would have permanently sidelined a less persistent act. Despite watching two of his brothers die in a brief span of time, the Stooges would not have lasted as long as they did as a unit without Moe Howard's guiding hand. However, despite their massive popularity, they never received a raise during their entire employment at Columbia nor were they ever allowed to make a full-length feature film during the height of their popularity. Columbia Studios chief Harry Cohn preferred to use the popular Stooges shorts in packages with his weaker features so that exhibitors would have to accept the movies in order to show the shorts, which would bring in the public.

The Ted Okuda/Edward Watz-penned book ''The Columbia Comedy Shorts'' puts the Stooges legacy in critical perspective:

Beginning in the 1980s, the Stooges finally began to receive long-overdue critical recognition. More often than not, the praise was directed at Curly, usually at the expense of his castmates, most especially Shemp. With the advent of cable television and the burgeoning home video market, the praise was eventually spread more evenly throughout the team. Critics began to realize that Moe and Larry were gifted performers; though less flamboyant than Curly, they were by no means less talented. Curly was indeed brilliant and a one-of-a-kind, but taken for long periods of time, he could also be irritating and exhausting without Moe and Larry present to provide a counterbalance. This balance would be handled better after Shemp returned to the act, with Larry in particular receiving more screen time. The release of nearly all their films on DVD by 2010 has allowed critics of Joe Besser and Joe DeRita—often the recipients of significant fan backlash—to appreciate the unique style of comedy both comedians brought to the Stooges. In addition, the DVD market in particular has allowed fans to view the entire Stooge film corpus as distinct periods in their long, distinguished career instead of comparing one Stooge to the other (the Curly vs. Shemp debate continues to this day).

The team appeared in 220 films. In the end, it is the durability of the 190 timeless short films the Stooges made at Columbia Pictures that acts as an enduring tribute to the comedy team. Their continued popularity worldwide has proven to even the most skeptical critics that their films—quite simply—are funny. American television personality Steve Allen went on record in the mid-1980s saying "though they never achieved widespread critical acclaim, they achieved exactly what they had always intended to do: they made people laugh."

Line-ups

!	! Ted	! Moe	! Shemp	! Larry	! Curly	! Joe	! Curly Joe	! Emil Sitka
1.									1922–1924
2.									1925–1932
3.									1932–1934
4.									1934–1946
5.									1946–1955
6.									1956–1958
7.									1958–1971
8.									1971–1975

Ted Healy Real Name: Clarence Ernst Lee Nash Born: October 01, 1896 Died: December 21, 1937 Stooge Years: 1922–1931, 1932–1934

Moe Howard Real Name: Moses Harry Horwitz Born: June 19, 1897 Died: May 04, 1975 Stooge years: 1922–1927, 1928–1975

Larry Fine Real Name: Louis Feinberg Born: October 05, 1902 Died: January 24, 1975 Stooge years: 1925–1927, 1928–1971

Curly Howard Real Name: Jerome Lester Horwitz Born: October 22, 1903 Died: January 18, 1952 Stooge years: 1932–1946

Shemp Howard Real Name: Samuel Horwitz Born: March 04, 1895 Died: November 22, 1955 Stooge years: 1922–1927, 1928–1932, 1946–1955

Joe Besser Born: August 12, 1907 Died: March 01, 1988 Stooge years: 1956–1958

Joe DeRita Real Name: Joseph Wardell Born: July 12, 1909 Died: July 03, 1993 Stooge years: 1958–1975

Emil Sitka Born: December 22, 1915 Died: January 16, 1998 Stooge years: n/a

Shorts

The Three Stooges appeared in 220 films throughout their career. Of those 220, 190 short films were made for Columbia Pictures between 1934 and 1959, for which the trio are best known. Their contract was extended each year from 1934 until the final one expired on December 31, 1957. The last 8 of the 16 shorts with Joe Besser were released soon afterward.

C3 Entertainment, Inc.

Throughout their career, Moe acted as both their main creative force and business manager. Comedy III was formed by Moe, Larry and Curly-Joe in 1959 to manage all business and merchandise transactions for the team. Comedy III was basically in the background, with Moe's son-in-law Norman Maurer managing the comedy teams' film interests under Normandy Productions, and merchandising affairs under Norman Maurer Productions (NMP). Norman Maurer died in 1986.

In 1994 the heirs of Larry Fine and Joe DeRita filed a lawsuit against Moe's family, particularly Joan Howard Maurer and her son Jeffrey, who had inherited the NMP/Normandy business. The result reestablished Comedy III as a three-way interest of Fine/[Moe]Howard/DeRita. The DeRita heirs received the proxy to the Howard share, giving them majority control on the company's management. Curly-Joe's stepsons, Robert and Earl Benjamin, became the senior management of Comedy III. The Benjamins later incorporated the company, and C3 Entertainment, Inc. is currently the owner of all Three Stooges trademarks and merchandising. Larry's grandson Eric Lamond is the representative of the Fines' one-third interest in the company.

C3 has also, since 1995, authorized and provided the services of veteran actors Jim Skousen, Alan Semok, and Dave Knight (as Moe, Larry, and Curly respectively) for numerous "personal appearances" by the Stooge characters for a variety of merchandising and promotional events. This latter day trio has also provided voices for the characters in a variety of radio spots, merchandising tie-ins, and most recently for the first new Three Stooges short in fifty years. A CGI animation by Famous Frames Mobile Interactive, a first-wave "new media" company, entitled ''The Grate Debate'', has Moe, Larry and Curly running for President.

Television broadcasts and rights issues

A handful of Three Stooges shorts first aired on television in 1949, on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) network. It was not until 1958 that Screen Gems packaged 78 shorts for national syndication; the package was gradually enlarged to encompass the entire library of 190 shorts. In 1959, KTTV in Los Angeles purchased the Three Stooges films for air, but by the early 1970s, rival station KTLA began airing the Stooges films, keeping them in the schedule until early 1994. The Family Channel (now ABC Family) ran the shorts as part of their ''Stooge TV'' block from February 19, 1996 to January 2, 1998. In the late 1990s, AMC had held the rights to the Three Stooges shorts, originally airing them under the ''Stooges Playhouse'' block, but replacing it in 1999 with ''N.Y.U.K.'' (New Yuk University of Knuckleheads). Featuring host Leslie Nielsen in the form of a college instructor, the block aired several shorts often grouped by a theme, such as similar schtick used in different films. Although the block was discontinued after AMC revamped their format in 2002, the network still ran Stooges shorts occasionally. The AMC run ended when Spike TV picked them up in 2004, airing them in their ''Stooges Slap-Happy Hour''. By 2007, the network had discontinued the block. Although Spike did air Stooges shorts for a brief period of time after the block was canceled, as of late April 2008, Three Stooges has disappeared from the network's schedule entirely. The Three Stooges returned on December 31, 2009 on AMC, starting with the "Countdown with the Stooges" New Year's Eve marathon. AMC planned to put several episodes on their website in 2010.

Since the 1990s Columbia and its television division's successor, Sony Pictures Television, has preferred to license the Stooges shorts to cable networks, precluding the films from being shown on local broadcast TV. Two stations in Chicago and Boston, however, signed long-term syndication contracts with Columbia years ago and have declined to terminate them. Thus, WMEU-CA in Chicago currently airs all 190 Three Stooges shorts on ''Stooge-a-Palooza'', hosted by Rich Koz, and WSBK-TV in Boston airs Stooge shorts and feature films. KTLA in Los Angeles dropped the shorts in 1994, but brought them back in 2007 as part of a special retro-marathon commemorating the station's 60th anniversary. Since that time, the station's original 16mm Stooges film prints have aired occasionally as part of mini-marathons on holidays. Antenna TV, a network broadcasting on the digital subchannels of local broadcast stations (owned by Tribune Broadcasting, who also owns KTLA), began airing the Stooges shorts upon the network's January 1, 2011 launch, which run in multi-hour blocks on weekends; most of the Three Stooges feature films are also broadcast on the network, through Antenna TV's distribution agreement with Sony Pictures Entertainment (whose Columbia Pictures subsidiary released most of the films).

Some of the Stooge films have been colorized by two separate companies. The first colorized DVD releases, distributed by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, were prepared by West Wing Studios in 2004. The following year, Legend Films colorized the public domain shorts ''Malice in the Palace'', ''Sing a Song of Six Pants'', ''Disorder in the Court'' and ''Brideless Groom''. ''Disorder in the Court'' and ''Brideless Groom'' also appear on two of West Wing's colorized releases. In any event, the Columbia-produced shorts (aside from the public domain films) are handled by Sony Pictures Entertainment, while the MGM Stooges shorts are owned by Warner Bros. via their Turner Entertainment division. Sony offers 21 of the shorts on their web platform Crackle, along with eleven Minisodes. Meanwhile, the rights to the Stooges' feature films rests with the studios that originally produced them (Columbia/Sony for the Columbia films, and 20th Century Fox for the Fox films).

Home video release and public reception

Between 1984 and 1985, RCA Columbia Pictures Home Video released a total of thirteen Three Stooges volumes on VHS, Beta and Laserdisc, each containing three shorts. These titles were later reissued on VHS by its successor, Sony Pictures Entertainment, between 1995 and 1997, with a DVD reissue between 2000 and 2004.

On October 30, 2007, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released a two-disc DVD set entitled The Three Stooges Collection, Volume One: 1934–1936. The set contains shorts from the first three years the Stooges worked at Columbia Pictures, marking the first time ever that all 19 shorts were released in their original theatrical order to DVD. Additionally, every short was remastered in high definition, a first for the Stooge films. Previous DVD releases were based on themes (wartime, history, work, etc.), and sold poorly. Fans and critics alike praised Sony for finally giving the Stooges the proper DVD treatment. One critic states "the Three Stooges on DVD has been a real mix'n match hodgepodge of un-restored titles and illogical entries. This new...boxset...seems to be the first concerted effort to categorize their huge body of work chronologically with many shorts seeing the digital light for the first time." Videolibrarian.com critic added "finally, the studio knuckleheads got it right! The way that the Three Stooges have been presented on home video has been a real slap in the face and poke in the eye to fans. They’ve been anthologized, colorized, and public domain-ed, as their shorts have been released and re-released in varying degrees of quality. Highly recommended." Critic James Plath of DVDtown.com added, "Thank you, Sony, for finally giving these Columbia Pictures icons the kind of DVD retrospective that they deserve. Remastered in High Definition and presented in chronological order, these short films now give fans the chance to appreciate the development of one of the most successful comedy teams in history."

The chronological series proved very successful and wildly popular, and Sony wasted little time preparing the next set for release. Volume Two: 1937–1939 was released on May 27, 2008, followed by Volume Three: 1940–1942 three months later on August 26, 2008. Demand exceeded supply, proving to Sony that they had a hit on their hands. In response, Volume Four: 1943–1945 was released on October 7, 2008, a mere two months after its predecessor. The global economic crisis slowed down the release schedule after Volume Four, and Volume Five: 1946–1948 was belatedly released on March 17, 2009. Volume Five is the first in the series to feature Shemp Howard with the Stooges. Volume Six: 1949–1951 was released June 16, 2009. and Volume Seven: 1952–1954 was released on November 10, 2009.

The eighth and final volume was released on June 1, 2010, bringing the series to a close. For the first time in history, all 190 ''Three Stooges'' short subjects became available to the public.

Music

Several instrumental tunes were played over the opening credits at different times in the production of the short features. The most commonly used themes were:

* The verse portion of the Civil War era song "Listen to the Mockingbird", played in a comical way, complete with sounds of birds and such. This was first used in ''Pardon My Scotch'', their ninth short film, in 1935. (Prior to that comedic short, the opening theme varied and was typically connected to the storyline in some fashion.)

* "Three Blind Mice", beginning in 1939 as a slow but straightforward presentation (dubbed the "sliding strings" version), often breaking into a "jazzy" style before ending. In mid-1942, another more driving version, complete with accordion was played fast all the way through.

The Columbia short subject ''Woman Haters'' was done completely in rhyme, mostly recited (not sung), in rhythm with a Jazz-Age underscore running throughout the film, but with some key lines sung. It was sixth in a ''Musical Novelties'' short subject series, and appropriated its musical score from the first five films. The memorable “My Life, My Love, My All,” was originally “At Last!” from the film ''Um-Pa''.

"Swinging the Alphabet" (a.k.a. B-A-bay, B-E-be, B-I-bicky-bi…) from ''Violent Is the Word for Curly'' is perhaps the best-known song performed by the Stooges on film.

The “Lucia Sextet” (''Chi mi frena in tal memento?''), from the opera ''Lucia di Lammermoor'' by Gaetano Donizetti (announced by Larry as “the Sextet from Lucy”), is played on a record player and lip-synched by the Stooges in ''Micro-Phonies''. The same melody re-appears in ''Squareheads of the Round Table'' as the tune of “Oh, Elaine, can you come out tonight?”. ''Micro-Phonies'' also includes the Johann Strauss II waltz “Voices of Spring” ("Frühlingsstimmen") Op. 410. Another Strauss waltz, "The Blue Danube", is featured in ''Ants in the Pantry'' and ''Punch Drunks''.

The song “Fredric March” (named after the actor) was a favorite of director Jules White; it appeared in at least six different Columbia shorts:

* ''Termites of 1938'' - the Stooges "play" this song on a violin, flute, and string bass at a dinner party in an attempt to attract mice.

* ''Dutiful But Dumb'' - Curly is hidden inside a floor-standing radio, and plays the song on a modified harmonica.

* ''Three Little Twirps'' - heard as background music at the circus while Moe and Curly sell tickets.

* ''Idle Roomers'' - Curly plays the song on a trombone to calm a wolf man.

* ''Gents Without Cents'' - three girls perform acrobatics on stage while this song is playing

* ''Gents in a Jam'' - Shemp and Moe have a problem with a radio that will not stop playing this song

* ''Pardon My Backfire'' - the song plays on a car radio

The Moe–Larry–Curly Joe lineup of the Stooges recorded several musical record albums in the early 1960s. Most of their songs were adaptations of nursery rhymes. Among their more popular recordings were "Making a Record" (a surreal trip to a recording studio built around the song "Go Tell Aunt Mary"), "Three Little Fishes", "All I Want for Christmas Is My Two Front Teeth", "Wreck the Halls with Boughs of Holly", "Mairzy Doats" and "I Want a Hippopotamus for Christmas".

In 1983, a group called the Jump 'N the Saddle Band recorded a track called "The Curly Shuffle", which featured the narrator singing about his love of the Stooges mixed with a chorus of many of Curly's catchphrases and sound effects. In the mid-1980s, the song became a popular mid-game hit for New York Mets fans in the Shea Stadium bleachers, who would dance in small groups to the tune whenever the song was played between innings. The music video, which featured clips of the classic Stooges shorts, was also included as a bonus feature on one of the 1984 VHS releases.

Feature motion pictures

The Three Stooges also made appearances in many feature length movies in the course of their careers:

{|class="wikitable" |- ! Film || Year || Moe || Larry || Curly || Shemp || Joe || Curly Joe |- |''Soup to Nuts'' || 1930 || Moe || Larry || || Shemp || || |- |''Turn Back the Clock'' || 1933 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Meet the Baron'' || 1933 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Dancing Lady'' || 1933 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Broadway to Hollywood'' || 1933 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Myrt and Marge'' || 1933 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Fugitive Lovers'' || 1934 || Moe || Larry ||Curly || || || |- |''Hollywood Party'' (cameos) || 1934 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''The Captain Hates the Sea'' (cameos)|| 1934 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Start Cheering'' || 1938 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Time Out for Rhythm'' || 1941 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''My Sister Eileen'' (cameos) || 1942 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Rockin' in the Rockies'' || 1945 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Swing Parade of 1946'' || 1946 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Gold Raiders'' || 1951 || Moe || Larry || || Shemp || || |- |''Have Rocket, Will Travel'' || 1959 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''Stop! Look! and Laugh!'' (compilation)|| 1960 || Moe || Larry || Curly || || || |- |''Snow White and the Three Stooges'' || 1961 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''The Three Stooges Meet Hercules'' || 1962 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''The Three Stooges in Orbit'' || 1962 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''The Three Stooges Go Around the World in a Daze'' || 1963 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World'' (cameos)|| 1963 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''4 for Texas'' || 1963 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''The Outlaws Is Coming'' || 1965 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |- |''Kook's Tour'' (TV pilot) || 1970 || Moe || Larry || || || || Curly Joe |} Joe Besser never appeared with the Stooges in a feature film.

Three feature-length Columbia releases were actually packages of older Columbia shorts. ''Columbia Laff Hour'' (introduced in 1956) was a random assortment that included the Stooges among other Columbia comedians like Andy Clyde, Hugh Herbert, and Vera Vague; the content and length varied from one theater to the next. ''Three Stooges Fun-o-Rama'' (introduced in 1959) was an all-Stooges show capitalizing on their TV fame, again with shorts chosen at random for individual theaters. ''The Three Stooges Follies'' (1974) was similar to ''Laff Hour'', with a trio of Stooge comedies augmented by Buster Keaton and Vera Vague shorts, a Batman serial chapter, and a Kate Smith musical.

Museum

Gary Lassin opened the Stoogeum in 2004 in a renovated architect's office in Spring House, Pennsylvania, 25 miles (40 kilometers) north of Philadelphia. The museum-quality exhibits fill three stories (10,000 square feet or 929 square meters), including an 85-seat theater. Peter Seely, editor of the book ''Stoogeology: Essays on the Three Stooges'' said that the Stoogeum has "''more stuff than I even imagined existed''." 2,500 people visit it yearly, many during the annual Three Stooges Fan Club gathering in April.

In other media

Comic books

Over the years, several Three Stooges comics were produced.

St. John Publications published the first Three Stooges comics in 1949 with 2 issues, then again in 1953–54 with 7 issues.

Dell Comics published a Three Stooges series first as one-shots in their ''Four Color Comics'' line for five issues, then gave them a numbered series for four more issues (#6–9). With #10, the title would be published by Gold Key Comics. Under Gold Key, the series lasted through issue #55 in 1972.

Gold Key Comics then published the ''Little Stooges'' series (7 issues, 1972–74) with story and art by Norman Maurer, Moe's son-in-law. This series featured the adventures of three fictional sons of the Three Stooges, as sort of modern-day teen-age versions of the characters.

Eclipse Comics published the ''Three-D Three Stooges'' series (3 issues, 1986–1987) which reprinted stories from the St. John Publications series.

Malibu Comics did a couple of one-shot comics, reprinting stories from the Gold Key Comics in 1989 and 1991.

Music

Beginning in 1959, the Three Stooges began to appear in a series of novelty records. Their first recording was a 45 rpm single of the title song from ''Have Rocket, Will Travel.'' The trio released additional singles and LPs on the Golden and Coral labels, mixing comedy adventure albums and off-beat renditions of children's songs. Their final recording was the 1966 ''Yogi Bear and the Three Stooges Meet the Mad, Mad, Mad Dr. No-No'', which incorporated the Three Stooges into the cast of the Yogi Bear cartoons.

The Stooges are referenced in the video for Weird Al Yankovic's Like a Surgeon with a hospital PA system asked for "Dr. Howard, Dr. Fine, Dr. Howard."

Radio

Sirius XM Radio aired a special about the Stooges hosted by Tom Bergeron on Friday, July 31, 2009, at 2:00PM on the Sirius Howard 101 channel. Bergeron had conducted the interviews at the age of 17 back when he was still in high school in 1971. The television host had the tapes in storage for many years and was convinced on air during a Howard Stern Radio interview to bring them in and turn it into a special show by Howard Stern himself, upon learning how much of a fan Bergeron was of the Three Stooges, as is he. Bergeron agreed.

After finding "the lost tapes," Bergeron brought them into Howard Stern's production studio. He stated that the tapes were so old that the tapes with the Larry Fine interviews began to shred as Howard Stern's radio engineers ran them through their cart players. They only really had the one shot, and fortunately for Three Stooges fans, the tapes were saved.

"The Lost Stooges Tapes" were hosted by Tom Bergeron with modern commentary on the almost 40 year old interviews that he had conducted with Larry Fine and Moe Howard. At the times of these interviews, Moe was still living at home and Larry had suffered a stroke and was living in a Senior Citizen's home.

Television

In addition to the unsuccessful television series pilot ''Jerks of All Trades'' (see "History", above) and the incomplete ''Kook's Tour'', the Stooges appeared in a show called ''The New Three Stooges'' which ran from 1965 to 1966. This series featured a mix of thirty-nine live-action segments which were used as wraparounds to 156 animated Stooges shorts. That cartoon program became the only regularly scheduled television show in history for the Stooges. Unlike other films shorts that aired on TV like the ''Looney Tunes'', ''Tom and Jerry'', and ''Popeye'', the film shorts of the Stooges never had a regularly scheduled national television program to air in, neither on network nor syndicated. When Columbia/Screen Gems licensed the film library to television, the shorts aired in any fashion the local stations chose (examples: late-night "filler" material between the end of the late movie and the channel's sign-off time; in "marathon" sessions running shorts back-to-back for one, one-and-a-half, or two hours; etc.)

Two episodes of Hanna-Barbera's ''The New Scooby-Doo Movies'' aired on CBS featuring animated Stooges as guest stars: the premiere, "Ghastly Ghost Town" (September 9, 1972) and "The Ghost of the Red Baron" (November 18, 1972). There also was a short-lived animated series, also produced by Hanna-Barbera, titled ''The Robonic Stooges'', originally seen as a featured segment on ''The Skatebirds'' (CBS, 1977–1978), featuring Moe, Larry, and Curly (voiced by Paul Winchell, Joe Baker and Frank Welker, respectively) as bionic cartoon superheroes with extendable limbs, similar to the later ''Inspector Gadget''. ''The Robonic Stooges'' later aired as a separate half-hour series, retitled ''The Three Robonic Stooges'' (each half-hour featured two segments of ''The Three Robonic Stooges'' and one segment of ''Woofer And Whimper, Dog Detectives'', the latter re-edited from episodes of ''Clue Club'', an earlier Hanna-Barbera cartoon series). There are also many ''Stooges'' references in the sitcom ''ALF''.

In the episode "Beware The Creeper" of ''The New Batman Adventures''. the Joker retreats to his hide-out after a quick fight with Batman. He yells out for his three henchmen "Moe? Larr? Cur?" only to find that they are not there. Shortly after that, Batman comes across these three goons in a pool hall; they have distinctive accents and hair styles similar to those of Moe, Larry, and Curly. These henchmen are briefly seen throughout the rest of the season.

2000 television film

In spring of 2000, longtime Stooge fan Mel Gibson executive-produced a TV movie (''The Three Stooges'') about the lives and careers of the comedians. Playing Moe was Paul Ben-Victor; Evan Handler was Larry; John Kassir was Shemp; and Michael Chiklis was Curly. It was filmed in Sydney, Australia and was produced for and broadcast on ABC. It was based on Michael Fleming's authorized biography of the Stooges, ''The Three Stooges: From Amalgamated Morons to American Icons''. Its unflattering portrayal of Ted Healy led Healy's son to give media interviews calling the film inaccurate. Additional errors of fact included the hints that Moe Howard was down on his luck later in life, and worked as a gofer at the studio where he and his brothers had formerly worked as actors, and that he never owned his own house. In reality, Moe was the most careful with his money, which he invested well. He and his wife Helen owned the comfortable house in Toluca Lake in which they raised their children.

The film regularly runs on the American Movie Classics (AMC) channel.

Feature film revival

A film about the Three Stooges, simply titled ''The Three Stooges'', is currently in development with 20th Century Fox and will be directed by the Farrelly Brothers. The film has been in what one critic has dubbed "development hell". The Farrellys, who have wanted to make this film since 1996, have said that they were not going to do a biopic or remake, but instead new Three Stooges episodes set in the present day. The plot of the episodes is said to be an adventure that revolves around the Stooges characters.

The studio has had a difficult time putting together a cast to play the Three Stooges. Originally slated were Sean Penn to play Larry, Benicio del Toro to play Moe and Jim Carrey to play Curly. Both Sean Penn and Benicio del Toro left the project but returned while no official confirmation has been made about Jim Carrey. When del Toro was interviewed on MTV News for ''The Wolfman'', he spoke about playing Moe. He was later asked who was going to play Larry and Curly in the film and commented that he still thought that Sean Penn and Jim Carrey were going to play them, though he added "Nothing is for sure yet." A story in the Hollywood Reporter stated that Will Sasso will play Curly in the upcoming comedy and that Hank Azaria is the front runner to play Moe. Sean Hayes of ''Will & Grace'' fame has officially been cast as Larry Fine, while Chris Diamantopoulos was cast as Moe. On April 27, Jane Lynch joined the cast; she will be playing a nun.

Video games

In 1984 Gottlieb released an arcade game featuring the Stooges trying to find three kidnapped brides. Later in 1987, game developers Cinemaware released a successful Three Stooges computer game, available for Apple IIGS, Amiga, Commodore 64, MS-DOS, and Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). Based on the Stooges earning money by doing odd jobs to prevent the foreclosure of an orphanage, it incorporated audio from the original films and was popular enough to be reissued for the Game Boy Advance in 2002, as well as for PlayStation in 2004.

In foreign languages

In most other languages, the Three Stooges are known by their English name. However, in Chinese, the trio is known as ''Sānge Chòu Píjiàng'' (三個臭皮匠) or ''Huóbǎo Sānrénzǔ'' (活寶三人組). ''Sānge Chòu Píjiàng'', literally "Three Smelly Shoemakers", derives from a saying in the ''Romance of the Three Kingdoms'': ''Sāngè chòu píjiàng shèngguò yīgè Zhūgě Liàng'' (三個臭皮匠，勝過一個諸葛亮) or "Three smelly shoemakers (are enough to) overcome one Zhuge Liang [a hero of the story]", i.e. three inferior people can overpower a superior person when they combine their strength. ''Huóbǎo Sānrénzǔ'' translates as "Trio of Buffoons".

In Japanese they are known as ''San Baka Taishō'' (三馬鹿大将) meaning "Three Idiot Generals" or "Three ''Baka'' Generals". The Japanese term ''baka'' (馬鹿, "fool" or "idiot", lit. "horse deer") is associated with the Chinese idiom ''zhǐlù wéimǎ'' (指鹿為馬; lit. "point at a deer and call it a horse", in Japanese ''shika o sashite uma to nasu'' [鹿を指して馬と為す]) meaning "deliberate misrepresentation for ulterior purposes". In Spanish they are known as ''Los tres chiflados'' or, roughly, "The Three Crackpots". In French and German usage, the name of the trio is partially translated as ''Les Trois Stooges'' and ''Die drei Stooges'' respectively. In Thai, the trio is known as 3 สมุนจอมป่วน (''3 Samunčhǭmpūan''; ) or 3 พี่น้องจอมยุ่ง (''Phīnǭngčhǭmyung''; ). In Portuguese, they are known as ''Os Três Patetas'' in Brazil, and ''Os Três Estarolas'' in Portugal, being "estarola" a direct translation to "stooge", while "pateta" being more related to "goofy".

See also

The Three Stooges in popular culture

References

;Notes

;Bibliography

Besser, Joe (with Lenburg, Jeff, and Lenburg, Greg), ''Not Just a Stooge'' (1984) Excelsior Books, Inc. (reissued 1987 as ''Once a Stooge, Always a Stooge'') Roundtable Publications (Autobiography of Joe Besser, including anecdotes about Abbott and Costello and Olsen and Johnson)

Bruskin, David N., ''Behind the Three Stooges: The White Brothers: Conversations with David N. Bruskin'' (1993) Directors Guild of America (In-depth interviews with producer-directors Jules White, Jack White, and Sam White)

Comedy III Productions, Inc., ''Pop, You’re "Poifect!": A Three Stooges Salute to Dad'' (2002) Andrews McMeel

Cox, Steve and Terry, Jim, ''One Fine Stooge: Larry Fine's Frizzy Life in Pictures'' (2005) Cumberland House Publishing

Davis, Lon and Davis, Debra (eds.), ''Stooges Among Us'' (2008) BearManor Media ISBN 1-59393-300-2

Feinberg, Morris, ''Larry: The Stooge in the Middle'' (1984) Last Gasp of San Francisco (Biography of Larry Fine, attributed to his brother but actually ghostwritten by Bob Davis)

Fericano, Paul, ''Stoogism Anthology'' (1977) Poor Souls Printing

Fine, Larry (with Carone, James), ''Stroke of Luck'' (1973) Siena Publishing Co. (Larry Fine's autobiography, transcribed from interviews toward the end of his life)

Flanagan, Bill, ''Last of the Moe Haircuts'' (1986) McGraw-Hill/Contemporary Books, Inc.

Fleming, Michael, ''The Three Stooges: An Illustrated History, from Amalgamated Morons to American Icons'' (2002) Broadway Publishing

Forrester, Jeffrey, ''The Stoogephile Trivia Book'' (1982) Contemporary Books, Inc.

Forrester, Jeffrey, ''The Stooges Chronicles'' (1981) Contemporary Books, Inc. (Comprehensive overview of the team's career; also discusses the various Ted Healy stooges)

Forrester, Jeffrey, and Forrester, Tom, ''The Stooges' Lost Episodes'' (1988) Contemporary Books, Inc. (Discussion of obscure Stooges appearances, including solo films by individual Stooges)

Forrester, Jeff, with Forrester, Tom, and Wallison, Joe, ''The Three Stooges: The Triumphs and Tragedies of the Most Popular Comedy Team of All Time'' (2004) Donaldson Books (Revised, updated edition of ''The Stooges Chronicles'')

Garner, Paul, ''Mousie Garner: Autobiography of a Vaudeville Stooge'' (1999) McFarland & Co.

Hansen, Tom and Forrester, Jeffrey, ''Stoogemania: An Extravaganza of Stooge Photos, Puzzles, Trivia, Collectibles and More'' (1984) Contemporary Books, Inc. (Overview of Three Stooges memorabilia)

Howard, Moe, ''Moe Howard and the Three Stooges'' (1977) Citadel Press (Moe Howard's autobiography, completed and released posthumously by his daughter)

Koceimba, Bill, with Kaufman, Eric A., and Sack, Steve, ''The Three Stooges Golf Spoof and Trivia Book'' (1999) Gazelle, Inc.

Kurson, Robert, ''The Official Three Stooges Encyclopedia: The Ultimate Knucklehead's Guide to Stoogedom, from Amalgamated Association of Morons to Ziller, Zeller, and Zoller'' (1999) McGraw-Hill

Kurson, Robert, ''The Official Three Stooges Cookbook'' (1998) Contemporary Books, Inc.

Lenburg, Jeff, with Maurer, Joan Howard, and Lenburg, Greg, ''The Three Stooges Scrapbook'' (1982, revised 1994, 2000) Citadel Press

Longley, Maximillian, ''The Conservative In Spite of Himself: A Reluctant Right-Winger's Thoughts on Life, Law and the Three Stooges'' (2007) Monograph Publishers

Maltin, Leonard, ''The Great Movie Comedians'' (1978) Crown Books

Maltin, Leonard, ''Movie Comedy Teams'' (1970, revised 1985) New American Library

Maltin, Leonard, ''Selected Short Subjects'' (first published as ''The Great Movie Shorts'', 1972) Crown Books, (revised 1983) Da Capo Press

McGarry, Annie, ''The Wacky World of the Three Stooges'' (1992) Crescent Books

Maurer, Joan Howard, ''Curly: An Illustrated Biography of the Superstooge'' (1985, revised 1988) Citadel Press

Maurer, Joan Howard (ed.), ''The Three Stooges Book of Scripts'' (1984) Citadel Press

Maurer, Joan Howard and Maurer, Norman (eds.), ''The Three Stooges Book of Scripts, Volume II'' (1987) Citadel Press

Okuda, Ted and Watz, Edward, ''The Columbia Comedy Shorts'' (1998) McFarland & Co. (Comprehensive history of the Columbia short subject department; Stooge colleagues Edward Bernds and Emil Sitka are quoted extensively)

Seely, Peter and Pieper, Gail W., ''Stoogeology: Essays on the Three Stooges'' (2007) McFarland & Co.

Smith, Ronald L., ''The Stooge Fans' I.Q. Test'' (1988) Contemporary Books, Inc.

Solomon, Jon, ''The Complete Three Stooges: The Official Filmography and Three Stooges Companion'’ (2000) Comedy III Productions

External links

Three Stooges Online Filmography at threestooges.net

The Three Stooges Official Website (sanctioned by C3 Entertainment, Inc. - threestooges.com)

The Stoogeum (Three Stooges Museum) – stoogeum.com

Portrait (2009) of The Three Stooges (with Shemp) by noted illustrator Drew Friedman

Interview with Moe Howard on new success with the younger generation from the Ocala Star-Banner – Feb 22, 1959 accessed via Google News

Category:Television series by Sony Pictures Television Category:1925 introductions Category:Jewish comedy and humor Category:The Three Stooges films Category:Pie throwing Category:Slapstick comedians Category:Gold Key Comics titles Category:Dell Comics titles Category:Jewish comedians

de:The Three Stooges es:Los tres chiflados fr:Les Trois Stooges gl:The Three Stooges id:The Three Stooges it:Three Stooges kn:ದ ಥ್ರೀ ಸ್ಟೂಜಸ್ lb:Three Stooges nl:Three Stooges ja:三ばか大将 pt:Three Stooges sq:The Three Stooges simple:The Three Stooges sh:Three Stooges fi:The Three Stooges sv:The Three Stooges tl:Three Stooges th:3 สมุนจอมป่วน zh:三個臭皮匠

Coordinates	23°33′″N46°38′″N
name	Diego Brandão
birth name	Diego Brandão
birth date	May 27, 1987
birth place	Manaus, Brazil
death date
other names	Ceara
nationality	Brazilian
height
weight
weight class	155 ''(2005–2010)'' 145''(2010-present)''
style	Muay Thai, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, Capoeira
stance	Southpaw
fighting out of	Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S.
team	Jackson Submission Fighting
trainer	Greg Jackson
rank	''black belt in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu''
years active	2005–present
mma win	13
mma kowin	8
mma subwin	3
mma decwin	2
mma loss	7
mma koloss	4
mma subloss	1
mma decloss	2
mma draw	0
mma nc	0
occupation	MMA Fighter
url	http://www.diegobrandaomma.com
sherdog	25097
updated	February 13, 2011 }}

Diego "Ceara" Brandão (born May 27. 1987) is a Brazilian mixed martial artist with a background in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Capoeira, and Muay Thai. Brandao is currently a featherweight fighter out of Albuquerque, New Mexico.

He trains at Jackson's Submission Fighting in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and is coached by Greg Jackson. Notable fighters in his corner have been Donald Cerrone as well as Damacio Page

Mixed martial arts career

Diego Brandao began his experience in Brazilian Jiu Jitsu at the age of 12, an art that he earned a black belt in under Junhor Cardoso. He earned his black belt in April of 2010, having prior trained under fellow mixed martial artists Rodrigo Pinheiro and Pete Spratt. He met Donald Cerrone when Cerrone was training for a fight and was offered the opportunity to train with him in Albuquerque, New Mexico, as a member of the Tapout House ranch that Cerrone owns.

At the age of 15, he started competing in Vale Tudo and started in mixed martial arts at the age of 16. He's won medals in Absolute Gi, Absolute No-Gi, and is a 2 time NAGA Champion. Following his loss to Defkon 1 MMA's Ururahy Rodrigues, he has announced that he will be dropping to the 145 lb. weight class. Brandao made his featherweight debut October 30, 2010, scoring a 30-second knockout in the Evolution Combat Sports Championship promotion against opponent Michael Casteel.

Brandao made a brief return to the lightweight division, submitting Richard Villa by rear naked choke at the Jackson's MMA Series 3 event in Albuquerque, New Mexico on December 18, 2010. His next fight he will go down again to featherweight.

Personal life

Diego was born and raised in Manaus, Brazil and came to the United States to pursue his MMA career.

Championships and awards

: 1 Fight of the Night Honors (vs. Derek Campos at King of Kombat 8) : Brazilian Jiu Jitsu black belt under Junhor Cardoso

MMA record

Result	Record	Opponent	Method	Event	Date	Round	Time	Location	Notes
align='center' Win		Nick Buschman	KO (Flying Knee)	Evolution Combat Sports: Friday Night Fights				Clovis, NM, US
align='center' Win		Richard Villa	Submission (Rear naked choke)	Jackson's MMA Series 3				Albuquerque, NM, US
align='center' Win		Michael Casteel	KO (Punches)	Evolution Combat Sports Championship:				Clovis, NM, US
align='center' Loss		Ururahy Rodrigues	Decision (Unanimous)	Ultimate Warrior Challenge 8: Judgement Day				Fairfax, VA, US
align='center' Win		Derek Campos	Decision (Split)	King of Kombat 8: The Uprising				Austin, Texas, US
align='center' yLoss		Gert Kocani	TKO	Respect is Earned: Battle of the Burg 2				Penn Laird, Virginia, US
align='center' yLoss		Ran Weathers	KO (punch)	Supreme Warrior Championship 7: Discountenance				Frisco, TX, US
align='center' yWin		Fernando Vieira	TKO (Strikes)	Mr. Cage 2				Manaus, Amazonas,
align='center' yWin			Submission (rear naked choke)	King of Kombat 5: Season's Beatings				Austin, TX, US
align='center' yLoss		Matt Veach	TKO (Injury)	Pro Battle MMA: Immediate Impact				Springdale, Arkansas, US
align='center' yWin		Brian Foster	KO	TAP Entertainment: Fight Night				Sallisaw, Oklahoma, US
align='center' yWin		Orlean Smith	TKO (Strikes)	Amazon Tribal Kombat 1				Manaus, Amazonas,
align='center' yLoss		George Clay	Decision (Unanimous)	Amazon Challenge 2				Manaus, Amazonas,
align='center' yWin		Fabiano Silva	Decision (Split)	Amazon Challenge				Manaus, Amazonas,
align='center' yWin		Juarez Harles	KO	Amazon Challenge				Manaus, Amazonas,
align='center' yWin		Arilson Paixao	TKO (Strikes)	Cassino Fight 4				Manaus, Amazonas,
align='center' yLoss		Ronys Torres	TKO	Cassino Fight 3				Manaus, Amazonas,
align='center' yLoss		Daniel Trindade	Submission (rear naked choke)	Roraima Combat 3				Brazil
align='center' yWin		Elifrank Cariolano	TKO (Punches)	Cassino Fight				Manaus, Amazonas,
align='center' yWin		Michel Addario Bastos	Submission	Mega Combat Vale Tudo

References

External links

Diego Brandao Official Website

Jackson's MMA

ABQ Kickboxing & MMA

Category:1987 births Category:Living people Category:Brazilian mixed martial artists Category:Featherweight mixed martial artists Category:Lightweight mixed martial artists Category:People from Manaus Category:Brazilian expatriates in the United States