Look up European in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

European may mean:

• A person or attribute of the continent or one of the countries of Europe
• A citizen or attribute of or from the European Union
  • See also: Citizenship of the European Union
• A person from a European ethnic group, or descended from one:
  • European American
  • European Latin American
    • European Mexican
    • European Argentine
  • White Africans of European origin
  • Europeans in Oceania
    • New Zealand European
    • European Australian

See also[link]

• The European (disambiguation)
• The Europeans (disambiguation)
• Citizenship of the European Union
• Culture of Europe
• Demographics of Europe
• European cuisine
• Genetic history of Europe
• Languages of Europe
• Europaea (disambiguation)
• Europaeus (disambiguation)
• Europaeum (disambiguation)

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2007)

The Crisis

First Issue of The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races, November 1910. New York: NAACP, 1910
Editor	W.E.B. Du Bois
Staff writers	Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber, Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, W.S. Braithwaite, M. D. Maclean
Monthly[1]
Publisher	NAACP
First issue	November 1910 (1910-November)
Company	The Crisis Publishing Company
Country	United States
Based in	New York, NY
Language	English
Website	www.thecrisismagazine.com
ISSN	1559-1573

The Crisis is the official magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and was founded in 1910 by W. E. B. Du Bois (editor), Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Max Barber, Charles Edward Russell, Kelly Miller, W.S. Braithwaite, M. D. Maclean.^[2]

The original title of the journal was The Crisis: A Record of The Darker Races. From 1997 to 2003, it appeared as The New Crisis: The Magazine of Opportunities and Ideas, but the title has since reverted to The Crisis. The title derives from the poem "The Present Crisis" by James Russell Lowell.^[1] Published monthly, by 1920 its circulation had reached 100,000 copies. Du Bois proclaimed his intentions in his first editorial:

The object of this publication is to set forth those facts and arguments which show the danger of race prejudice, particularly as manifested today toward colored people. It takes its name from the fact that the editors believe that this is a critical time in the history of the advancement of men. …Finally, its editorial page will stand for the rights of men, irrespective of color or race, for the highest ideals of American democracy, and for reasonable but earnest and persistent attempts to gain these rights and realize these ideals.^[3]

Predominantly a current-affairs journal, The Crisis also included poems, reviews, and essays on culture and history. Du Bois' initial position as editor was in line with the NAACP's liberal programme of social reform and racial equality, but by the 1930s Du Bois was advocating a form of black separatism. This led to disputes between Du Bois and the NAACP resulting in his resignation as editor in 1934. He was replaced by Roy Wilkins.

Although The Crisis was officially an organ of the NAACP, Du Bois had a large degree of control over the periodicals expressed opinion. Du Bois wrote in Dusk of Dawn that he intended for The Crisis to represent his personal opinions:

I determine to make the opinion of the Crisis a personal opinion; because, as I argued, no organization can express definite and clear cut opinions… the Crisis would state openly the opinion of its editor, so long, of course, as that opinion was in general agreement with that of the organization.

Du Bois contends that the periodical suffered during the Great Depression as the "circulation dropped steadily until by 1933 it was scarcely more than ten thousand paid subscriptions." Du Bois left the magazine for both financial and ideological reasons.

Throughout the Du Bois years The Crisis published the work of many young African American writers associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Its greatest era as a literary journal was between 1919 and 1926, when Jessie Redmon Fauset was literary editor. Fauset encouraged such writers as Arna Bontemps, Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen and Jean Toomer.

Following the departure of Fauset and Du Bois, the influence of The Crisis declined. The magazine was unable to sustain the high literary standards it had achieved under Fauset, but it continued to have a powerful political voice.

References[link]

A 1911 copy of The Crisis depicting "Ra-Maat-Neb, one of the black kings of the Upper Nile", a copy of the relief of Nebmaatre I on Meroe pyramid 17.

Du Bois, WEB (1940), Dusk of Dawn, Library of America, ISBN [[Special:BookSources/97809400450332|97809400450332]] .

Partington, Paul, The Moon Illustrated Weekly: Black America's First Weekly Magazine, ISBN 978-0-9602538-2-1 .

External links[link]

• The Crisis, http://www.thecrisismagazine.com/ .
• History, NAACP, http://www.naacp.org/about/history/ .
• The Crisis, Footnote, January 1918, http://www.footnote.com/browsemore/179488128_Boom%20and%20Bust:%201920-1935/ .
• The Crisis, Books, Google, http://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks%3A1&tbo=1&q=The+Crisis+Magazine&btnG=Search+Books#q=The+Crisis+Magazine&hl=en&tbo=1&tbs=bks:1,bkt:m&source=lnt&sa=X&ei=TrrMTILMLJG4sQPMn9CPDg&ved=0CBMQpwU&fp=fd2e97bdff999388 .
• The Crisis, 1, 10–23, The Modernist Journals Project, Nov. 1910 – Apr. 1911, May 1915 – Apr. 1922, http://www.modjourn.org/render.php?view=mjp_object&id=crisiscollection .

Medal record
Competitor for  Norway
Men's snowboarding
Dew Tour Medal Record
Gold	2009	Slopestyle
X Games Medal Record
Gold	2011 Aspen	Big Air
Gold	2008 Aspen	Big Air
Silver	2012 Aspen	Big Air
Silver	2010 Aspen	Big Air
Silver	2009 Aspen	Big Air

Torstein Horgmo (born 18 February 1987) is a Norwegian pro snowboarder. He is 5'8" tall. He is known for his flawless style and executing very technical jumps along with a mastery skill of rails.

Life and career[link]

Torstein won a gold medal in Snowboard Big Air at the 2008 Winter X Games XII in Aspen, Colorado, after first beating Travis Rice in the finals, and Kevin Pearce in the semifinal. He also won 1st in the Slopestyle Final at the 2009 Winter Dew Tour, beating Shaun White, who won the Slopestyle Final in Breckenridge, Colorado.^[1] At the 2009 Winter X-Games XIII, Horgmo was defeated in Big Air by friend and teammate Travis Rice. This event trialed the text-voting system as the only judging system. The riders, including Rice himself, have stated that they do not believe that this voting system produces fair results, as nationality, popularity, and crowd appeal of the tricks can outweigh the technicality of the trick itself. Horgmo performed switch backside 1260's, but was defeated by Rice's backside double rodeo 1080. It is worth noting that both riders threw the same tricks against each other in previous competitions, with Horgmo getting the higher score. Torstein landed his switch backside 1260 without reverting, whereas Travis had to revert both his landings (turning another 180 degrees after landing, because he couldn't stop the rotation).

In Dew Tour winter 2009/10 he took two first place victories over Shaun White in slopestyle, stating his place as one of the best jumpers in the sport.

In the summer of 2010 he was the first to land a triple cork (three off axis flips before coming back in contact with the ground) off a 100 ft jump in Folgefonna, Norway.^[2]

In the Winter X Games XV Finals Torstein landed an attempt of the triple cork in competition in the Big Air Final on January 28, 2011, winning gold medal over Sebastien Toutant, even doing so with a broken rib and a concussion. He agrees it wasn't a true triple cork because the jump wasn't big enough for the full rotation, calling it the "stupidest thing I've done in my whole life, by far." Its a trick that not many people have landed since.

Torstein followed this up in January 2012 landing a true triple cork 1440 in the Winter XGames Big Air Final, scoring a perfect score of 50/50. ^[3]

Results[link]

Swatch TTR World Tour events 2007/08 season[link]

^[4]

References[link]

External links[link]

• Posts tagged 'Torstein Horgmo' on SuperStoker

This Norwegian biographical article related to winter sports is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. v t e

Carolina Kostner
Kostner in 2011
Personal information
Full name	Carolina Kostner
Country represented	Italy
Born	(1987-02-08) February 8, 1987 (age 25) Bolzano, Italy
Home town	Urtijëi, Italy
Height	1.69 m (5 ft 7 in)
Coach	Michael Huth
Former coach	Friedrich Juricek Frank Carroll Christa Fassi Eduardo de Bernardis
Choreographer	Pasquale Camerlengo, Lori Nichol
Former choreographer	Kurt Browning Megan Smith
Skating club	G.S. Fiamme Azzurre
Began skating	1990
World standing	1 (As of 29 April 2012 (2012 -04-29)[update])[1]
Season's bests	2 (2011–2012)[2] 5 (2010–2011)[3] 10 (2009–2010)[4] 8 (2008–2009)[5]
ISU personal best scores
Combined total	189.94 2012 Worlds
Short program	69.48 2012 World Team Trophy
Free skate	128.94 2012 Worlds
Medal record Ladies' Figure Skating Competitor for  Italy World Championships Gold 2012 Nice Singles Silver 2008 Gothenburg Singles Bronze 2005 Moscow Singles Bronze 2011 Moscow Singles European Championships Gold 2012 Sheffield Singles Silver 2011 Bern Singles Gold 2010 Tallinn Singles Silver 2009 Helsinki Singles Gold 2008 Zagreb Singles Gold 2007 Warsaw Singles Bronze 2006 Lyon Singles Grand Prix Final Gold 2011–2012 Quebec Singles Silver 2010–2011 Beijing Singles Bronze 2008–2009 Goyang Singles Bronze 2007–2008 Turin Singles World Junior Championships Bronze 2003 Ostrava Singles Junior Grand Prix Final Silver 2002–2003 The Hague Singles

Carolina Kostner (born 8 February 1987) is an Italian figure skater. She is the 2012 World champion and has three other World medals (2008, silver; 2011 and 2005, bronze). Kostner is also a four-time European champion (2007, 2008, 2010, 2012) and has three other European medals (2009 and 2011 silver, 2006 bronze), the 2011–12 Grand Prix Final champion, the 2010–11 Grand Prix Final silver medalist, the 2007–2008 Grand Prix Final and 2008–2009 Grand Prix Final bronze medalist, the 2003 World Junior bronze medalist, and a six-time Italian champion.

Personal life[link]

Carolina Kostner was born in Bolzano, Italy and lives in Urtijëi (Ortisei/St. Ulrich), Italy. She began skating at age 4.^[6] Her mother, Patrizia, was a nationally ranked figure skater in the 1970s. She was also a geometric arts teacher.^[7] Her father, Erwin, played ice hockey for the Italian national team at the World Championships and Olympic Games and presently coaches ice hockey teams. One of her grandfathers was the director of the Art Academy in her hometown.^[7] She has two brothers, one year older Martin and three years younger Simon, who plays ice hockey competitively in JYP-Akatemia in Jyväskylä, Finland.^[8] Kostner is the cousin and godchild of Isolde Kostner, a silver medalist in alpine skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics.^[9]

Kostner speaks Ladin (a Rhaeto-Romanic language), German, Italian, English and French.^[6] In the fall of 2007, she enrolled at the University of Turin. She is studying art history mainly through correspondence courses.^[10]

Career[link]

Kostner in 2004

Early career[link]

Kostner began skating in 1990. She has said, "Half of my family on my Dad's side is in sports, and my mother's side is more involved in arts. For me figure skating was a good mix of the two."^[7] When her home rink was destroyed in a landslide^[9] in 2001, Kostner chose to work with Michael Huth in Oberstdorf, Germany, about a four-hour drive from her home in Bolzano. She made her senior debut in the 2002–2003 season, finishing 4th at the European championships. Later that year, she became the first Italian skater to medal at Junior Worlds, winning a bronze.

2003–2006[link]

In the 2003–2004 season, Kostner finished 5th at the 2004 European Championships and at the 2004 World Championships. In the 2004–2005, she finished 7th at the 2005 European Championships before beating Michelle Kwan for the bronze medal at the 2005 Worlds in Moscow.^[11]

Kostner won her first European medal in 2006, and was chosen to be flag bearer for the host Italian team during the opening ceremony of the 2006 Winter Olympics.^[12] At the Olympics, she placed 9th. The next month, at the 2006 World Championships, she placed 12th.

2007–2010[link]

Kostner missed the 2006–2007 Grand Prix season due to injury. She won the Italian national title and went on to win her first European title at the 2007 European Championships.^[13] She set a new personal best to finish third in the short program at the 2007 Worlds but faltered in the long program and finished 6th overall.^[14]

During the 2007–2008 season, Kostner medaled at both her Grand Prix events and went to the Grand Prix Final for the first time. At that event, she won the bronze medal. She won her second European title at the 2008 Europeans after winning the short program and placing second in the free skate.^[15] At the 2008 Worlds, Kostner won the short program and placed third in the free skate, winning the silver medal overall.^[16]

Kostner performs at the 2009 World Figure Skating Championships.

Kostner had a difficult 2008–2009 season, finishing off the podium at her first Grand Prix event, 2008 Skate Canada, losing her European title to Laura Lepistö,^[17] and placing twelfth at the 2009 World Championships after a disastrous long program in which she failed to land a single clean triple. As a result, Italy qualified only one ladies spot for the 2010 Olympics.^[18]

Kostner's assigned events for the 2009–10 Grand Prix series were the Trophée Eric Bompard and the 2009 Cup of China. She placed sixth in both. In December 2009, Kostner lost her national title to Valentina Marchei, which threatened her spot on the Italian team for the Vancouver Games, but the following month she rebounded to win gold at the 2010 European Championships, held in Tallinn, Estonia. At the 2010 Olympic Winter Games, she placed sixteenth overall after again failing in most of her jumping elements in the free skate. She was able to finish the season on a better note by placing sixth at the 2010 World Championships, which took place in Turin, near her hometown. In 2011, Kostner said that her bad experience at the Olympics led her to question whether she should continue skating, but that she came to realize that she loved skating.^[19]

2010–present[link]

For the 2010–2011 ISU Grand Prix season, Kostner was assigned to the 2010 NHK Trophy and to the 2010 Skate America. During the season, she had a left knee injury.^[20] As a result, she did not practice the flip and lutz until the end of 2010.^[7] Nevertheless, she was the bronze medalist at Skate America and won the NHK trophy for the second time in her career. At the 2010–2011 Grand Prix Final, Kostner placed second in the short program and fourth in the long, winning the silver medal. She also won the silver medal at the 2011 European Championships, where she had a difficult short program but won the free skate.^[21] Between the Europeans and Worlds, she took part in the Gardena Spring Trophy, which she won. At the 2011 Worlds in Moscow, Kostner was sixth in the short program but won the bronze medal after a personal-best free skate. It was her first podium finish at Worlds since 2008 and her third overall; she had won her first Worlds medal, also a bronze, in Moscow six years prior.^[22] After winning medals at all of her events in 2010–11, Kostner finished atop the ISU season standings.^[23] She underwent physiotherapy and took a two-and-a-half month break from skating, returning to training in mid-July.^[7]

As a top six finisher at the 2011 Worlds, Kostner was allowed to compete in three Grand Prix events in 2011. She elected to do so and was assigned to Skate America, the Cup of China, and the Trophée Eric Bompard. She was the silver medalist at Skate America and won the Cup of China, thus becoming the first skater to qualify for the Grand Prix Final.^[19] Kostner then won the silver medal at the Trophée Eric Bompard. In an interview after the event, she stated that her knee was fully recovered and her goal was to include more difficult jumps in the 2012 ISU championships.^[7] Kostner posted season's-best scores in the short program (66.43) and the free program (121.05) to win her first-ever gold medal at the Grand Prix Final; her overall score of 187.48 was a new personal best.^[24] She is the first Italian single skater to become a Grand Prix Final champion and the second overall after Barbara Fusar-Poli / Maurizio Margaglio, who won the ice dancing title in 2000.

Kostner won the 2012 Europeans, her fourth continental title in ten appearances at the event.^[25] Her next competition was the 2012 International Challenge Cup, which she won by more than twenty-six points.^[26]

At the 2012 World Championships in Nice, France, Kostner finished third in the short program^[27] and first in the free skating with a new personal best score to take the gold. She became Italy's first World champion in ladies' singles and second in any discipline after Fusar-Poli / Margaglio in 2001.^[28][29] Kostner's final event of the season was the 2012 World Team Trophy, where she competed as part of the Italian team. She set a new personal best score in the short program but was only third in the free skate, and finished 2nd overall.^[30][31]

For the 2012–2013 season, Kostner has been assigned to the 2012 Cup of China and 2012 Trophee Eric Bompard events.

Coaching changes[link]

Kostner with coach Michael Huth in 2010

After eight years of training with coach Michael Huth, Kostner made a coaching change in the summer of 2009,^[32] relocating to El Segundo, California to work with Frank Carroll and Christa Fassi, the widow of the late Carlo Fassi.^[33] In the middle of the 2009–2010 season, she left Carroll but continued training with Christa Fassi,^[34] as well as Eduardo de Bernardis. However, Kostner felt homesick being so far from home,^[10] so she returned to Oberstdorf and resumed training with Huth in July 2010.^[35]

Skating technique[link]

She is known for her speed across the ice. Kostner can land triple-triple combinations, including the triple flip – triple toe loop. She can also land a triple flip – triple toe loop – double loop combination and a double axel-triple toe loop combination. She has also landed a triple lutz – triple toe combination and a double axel – half loop – triple salchow combination. She spins and jumps in the clockwise direction.

She has also landed a triple flip-triple toe loop-triple loop combination^[36]

Endorsements and shows[link]

Kostner's current and former sponsors^[37] include Alto Adige/Südtirol, Asics, Grissin Bon, Lancia, Herbalife (from 2010–11 season), Torino Olympic park and Roberto Cavalli (until 2009–10 season). Kostner's current and former official suppliers^[38] include Maybelline, L'Oréal Professionnel, Fratelli Rossetti, Damiani, Swarovski, Iceberg and T-SHIRT T-SHOPS.^[39]

Kostner designed her own costumes for the 2011–2012 season.^[40]

Kostner participated in the show "Winx On Ice^[41][42]" from November 2008, and took part in Opera on Ice, held in October 2011 at the Arena of Verona; this show was broadcast simultaneously in 40 countries worldwide.^[43]

Programs[link]

Kostner performs her short program at the 2010 European Championships.

Competitive highlights[link]

Detailed results[link]

Kostner at the 2012 World Figure Skating Championships

Kostner at the 2011 World Championships

Kostner at the 2010 European Figure Skating Championships

Kostner at the 2009 European Figure Skating Championships.

Kostner at the 2008 European Figure Skating Championships

References[link]

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Carolina Kostner

• Official Site
• Carolina Kostner at the International Skating Union
• "Carolina Kostner". IceNetwork.com. http://web.icenetwork.com/skaters/detail.jsp?id=100224&mode=I.