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For other similarly named Institutions, see Staff College

The Command and Staff College was established in 1907 at Quetta, Baluchistan, British India, now in Pakistan. It has been the alma mater of many renowned soldiers from countries all around the world.

The College was previously affiliated with University of Balochistan but has recently been affiliated with the National Defence University (NDU) along with other staff and war colleges of Pakistan Navy and Air Force.

Location[link]

The Command and Staff College is located at Quetta, the capital city of Balochistan, at the entrance to the picturesque Urak Valley. To the north, south-east and south-west stand the lonely sentinels of Takatu, Murdarghar and Chiltan, rising to heights of 930–1020 metres (10-11,000 ft). Lower than the Murdarghar and closer to the Staff College, is the Sleeping Beauty, which takes its name from its uncanny resemblance to a lady in repose. She is at her best when the first winter snow throws her in sharp contrast against the skyline.

Motto[link]

A scroll runs through the swords on which are inscribed the Persian words Pir Sho Biyamooz - Saadi. Its literal translation is Grow old by learning - Saadi, who was a famous Persian poet. When paraphrased, it means, "Go on learning and acquiring knowledge until you are old."

Organization[link]

The College is headed by a commandant who is a general officer, and is organised into two wings, namely, the Headquarters Wing and the Instructional Wing. The Instructional Wing, headed by a Chief Instructor, is the mainstay of the college. The Senior Instructor Training of the rank of Colonel is responsible for curricular management and programming of all related activities, he is assisted General Staff Officer Grade 2, training 1. The faculty of research and doctrinal studies, commonly known as FORADS, is headed by a director of the rank of Colonel or Brigadier with four research sections, each being managed by a Directing Staff.

The Instructional Wing has four instructional divisions, each under a Senior Instructor of the rank of Colonel. The Headquarters Wing provides administrative support to the Instructional Wing.

Objectives[link]

The Command and Staff College prepares its students not only to handle and employ their outfits confidently, but more importantly, provides them a broad outlook and intellectual depth to deal efficiently with more complex modes and methods of warfare under challenging leadership environment. At the end of the year, our graduate should:

• Possess a deep insight into the employment of forces in tactical operations under prevailing battlefield environment.
• Be able to confidently and imaginatively handle all operational and administrative staff functions and prepare his outfit to cohesively perform its challenging peace and war time roles.
• Be able to discern the place of tactical plans within the ambit of operational strategy and joint services warfare.
• Be able to thoughtfully apply modern leadership and management skills within our socio-religious setting.
• Cultivate interest in broadening his vision, professional base and outlook and be able to research wide ranging issues of professional import.
• Be able to comprehend the intricacies of international and regional political order, and its compulsions and implications.
• Develop the acumen to identify the central issue of military and general problems and present clear and innovative options for their resolution.

Selection criteria[link]

The Pakistani officers who attend the Course must meet the following prerequisites and qualifications:-

• Rank/Service: Majors with 8–12 years service.
• Courses: Respective arm/service Mid Career Course and Promotion Examinations.
• Selection Criteria: Based on merit list of a competitive examination, service record and professional standing.
• Civil: Preferably Bachelor of Arts/Science to qualify for the award of Master of Science degree in Art and Science of Warfare from the National Defence University, Islamabad.

Notable alumni[link]

Field Marshals

• Archibald Wavell, Bernard Montgomery, Claude Auchinleck and William Slim (United Kingdom)
• Thomas Blamey (Australia)
• Ayub Khan (Pakistan)
• Sam Manekshaw (India)

Generals

• Muhammad Musa, Yahya Khan, Gul Hassan Khan, Tikka Khan, Rahimuddin Khan, Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, Mirza Aslam Beg, Asif Nawaz and Pervez Musharraf who all, later, became Pakistan Army's Chiefs or Chairmen Joint Chiefs
• General M. A. G. Osmani, Supreme Commander of Bangladesh Forces during the Bangladesh Liberation War
• Major General Raza Muhammad

Commandants[link]

1. Brigadier General A.W.L. Bayly
2. Brigadier General Sir Thompson Capper
3. Brigadier General W.P. Braithwaite
4. Major General Sir L.R. Vaughan
5. Major General Sir Gerald F. Boyd
6. Major General C.A.C. Goodwin
7. Major General E.T. Humphreys
8. Major General R.C. Wilson
9. Major General G.C. Williams
10. Major General A.B. Haig
11. Brigadier Sir Philip Christison
12. Brigadier C.A. Osborne
13. Brigadier G.C. Evans
14. Brigadier B.H. Chappel
15. Brigadier H.V. Collingridge
16. Major General S.F. Irwin
17. Major General H.L. Davies
18. Major General I.C.A. Lauder DSO,OBE,PJK
19. Major General A. Tilly
20. Major General M.A. Latif Khan
21. Major General Mian Ghulam Jilani
22. Brigadier S.A.A. Bilgrami
23. Major General Sahabzada Yaqub Khan
24. Major General Akhtar Hussain Malik
25. Major General Abrar Hussain HJ, MBE
26. Major General Muhammad Shariff
27. Major General Azmat Bakhsh Awan
28. Major General Riaz Azim
29. Major General S. Wajahat Hussain
30. Major General Muhammad Iqbal
31. Major General Ahmad Shamim Khan
32. Major General Muhammad Safdar
33. Major General Rehm Dil Bhatti
34. Major General Muhammad Amin Khan Burki
35. Major General Syed Tanwir Husain Naqvi
36. Major General Ali Kuli Khan Khattak
37. Major General Saeeduz Zafar
38. Major General Syed Muhammad Amjad
39. Major General Javed Afzal Khan
40. Major General Tariq Waseem Ghazi
41. Major General Malik Arif Hayat
42. Major General Mohsin Kamal
43. Major General Ahmad Shuja Pasha
44. Lieutenant General Khalid Nawaz Khan
45. Lieutenant General Khalid Rabbani

Notable Instructors[link]

• General Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army from 1962–1966 and the Military Governor of Hyderabad State from 1948-1949.

References[link]

Bibliography[link]

• The Staff College, Quetta. The First Fifty Years of The Staff College Quetta, 1906-1955. (Quetta: The Staff College, 1962). 80 pages.

External links[link]

• Command and Staff College

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Staff colleges (also command and staff colleges or war colleges) train military officers in the administrative, staff and policy aspects of their profession. It is usual for such training to occur at several levels in a career. For example, an officer may be sent to various staff courses: as a captain they may be sent to a single service command and staff school to prepare for company command and equivalent staff posts; as a major to a single or joint service college to prepare for battalion command and equivalent staff posts; and as a colonel or brigadier to a higher staff college to prepare for brigade and division command and equivalent postings.

The success of Staff Colleges spawned, in the mid-twentieth century, a civilian imitation in what are called administrative staff colleges. These institutions apply some of the principles of the education of the military colleges to the executive development of managers from both the public and private sectors of the economy. The first and best-known administrative staff college was established in Britain at Greenlands near Henley, Oxfordshire and is now renamed Henley Management College.

History[link]

The first modern staff college was that of Prussia. Prussian advanced officer education began under the reign of Fredrick the Great.^[when?] The Seven Years War demonstrated the inadequacy of the education that Generals had at that time, but it was not until 1801 that staff training in a modern sense began when Gerhard von Scharnhorst became the director of the Militarakademie. The Prussian defeats at the hand of Napoleon I led to the creation of the Allgemeine Kriegsschule (General War Academy) with a nine month programme covering mathematics, tactics, strategy, staff work, weapons science, military geography, languages, physics, chemistry and administration.^[1] The German staff courses have been used as a basic templates for other staff courses around the world.

Staff Course Formats[link]

Nations have taken a wide variety of approaches to the form, curriculum and status of staff colleges, but have much in common with the Prussian courses of the early 19th Century. Some courses act as filters for promotion or entry into a specialist staff corps. The length of courses vary widely between three (3) months and three (3) years, with some having entrance and/or exit examinations. The more senior the course, the more likely that it will include strategic, political and joint aspects, with junior courses often focusing on single service and tactical military aspects of warfare.

Idiom[link]

Certain terms of art or idiom have developed in staff colleges over time, and then been used in wider college or university settings and everyday usage, including:

• staff refers to the professional personnel (usually called Directing Staff (DS)) and employees of the college;
• fight the white, normally expressed as do not fight the white (as in do not go against the staff's pre-determined answer), where the 'white' is the question given to students, which may lack realism or not fit current operations. A "pink" is the Staff College's staff answer to a particular problem or issue.

Staff colleges[link]

The following list numerates the known staff colleges around the world, arranged by continent:

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Africa[link]

Nigeria

• Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji in Kaduna State

Kenya

• Defense Staff College, Nairobi

Uganda

• Uganda Senior Command and Staff College, Kimaka in Jinja District
• Uganda Junior Staff College, Jinja in Jinja District

The Americas[link]

Argentina

• Escuela Superior de Guerra "Teniente General Luis María Campos". [1]

Canada

• Canadian Land Force Command and Staff College
• Canadian Forces College

United States of America

• Air Force
  • Air University, HQ at Maxwell AFB, Alabama
    • Air Command and Staff College
    • Air War College
    • Air Force Institute of Technology (Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio)
• Army
  • Command and General Staff College in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas
  • School of Advanced Military Studies
  • U.S. Army War College (Carlisle, Pennsylvania)
  • U.S. Army Warrant Officer Career College
• Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island
  • College of Naval Command and Staff
  • College of Naval Warfare
• Naval Postgraduate School (Monterey, California) - The Naval War College Monterey is a satellite office of the United States Naval War College, College of Distance Education (CDE) located on campus at the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) in Monterey, California. NPS itself is not a NWC school and is not a Staff College.
• Marine Corps University
  • Marine Corps Command and Staff College
• Defense Acquisition University - five campuses - HQ at Fort Belvoir, Virginia
• National Defense University in Washington D.C.
  • National War College
  • Industrial College of the Armed Forces
  • Joint Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Virginia,

Asia[link]

Bangladesh

• Defence Services Command And Staff College Mirpur

Lebanon

• Fouad Shehab Command and Staff College

India

• Defence Services Staff College, Wellington

Japan

• Naval War College (Japan)

Pakistan

• National Defence University
• Command and Staff College
• PAF Air War College
• Pakistan Navy War College

Philippines

• Armed Forces of the Philippines Command and General Staff College

Singapore

• Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College

Sri Lanka

• General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University
• Defence Services Command and Staff College
• SLAF Junior Command & Staff College

Europe[link]

France

• École de guerre ("War School"). Created in 1993 by the fusion of the four Écoles supérieures de guerre ("War Higher Schools"). Formerly known as
• Centre des hautes études militaires ("School of Advanced Military Studies"). Created in 1952. The students must have completed the École de guerre.
• Institut des hautes études de la défense nationale ("School of Advanced Defense Studies"). Created in 1936. The students are civilians, both civil servants and high-profile executives, but the students of the Centre des hautes études militaires also attend the Institut..
• École supérieure des officiers de réserve spécialistes d'état-major ("Reserve Staff Officers School"). Following the defeat of 1870-71 war, it was created in 1899 by a group of Reserve Officers and then officially became a staff college in 1900.

All these schools are seated in the école militaire in Paris.

Germany

• Führungsakademie der Bundeswehr, Armed Forces Staff and Command College
• Bundesakademie für Sicherheitspolitik, Federal Academy for Security Policy

United Kingdom

• Defence Academy of the United Kingdom (Shrivenham)
  • Joint Services Command and Staff College for officers (OF2 to OF6) and Warrant Officers (Shrivenham)
  • Royal College of Defence Studies for officers (OF6 to OF7) and civilians (London)
  • Staff College, Camberley (1802–1997)

Oceania[link]

Australia

The Australian Defence College (ADC) was officially opened in 1999 in Canberra. It is a Joint organisation, and comprises:

• the Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies (CDSS), Weston Creek,
• the Australian Command and Staff College (ACSC), Weston Creek, and
• the Australian Defence Force Academy (ADFA).

Prior to the establishment of the Australian Command and Staff College, middle management officer Command and Staff training was conducted at separate single Service staff colleges:

• the RAN Staff Course at the RAN Staff College at HMAS Penguin in Sydney
• the Army Command and Staff Course was conducted at the Army Command and Staff College at Fort Queenscliff in Victoria; and
• the RAAF Staff Course at the RAAF Staff College at RAAF Base Fairbairn in Canberra.

New Zealand

• New Zealand Defence College

Intercontinental[link]

NATO

• NATO Defence College

See also[link]

• Staff (military)
• Military Academy
• United States military academies
• List of defunct United States military academies
• Higher Command and Staff Course (UK)
• Air Command and Staff College

References[link]

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

Goh Keng Swee (simplified Chinese: 吴庆瑞; traditional Chinese: 吳慶瑞; pinyin: Wú Qìngruì; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Gô͘ Khèng-sūi; 6 October 1918 – 14 May 2010) was the second Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore between 1973 and 1984, and a Member of Parliament for the Kreta Ayer constituency for a quarter of a century. Born in Malacca in the Straits Settlements into a Peranakan family, he came to Singapore at the age of two years. Educated at Raffles College and the London School of Economics and Political Science, his interest in politics began during his time in London where he met fellow students seeking independence for British Malaya, including Abdul Razak, Maurice Baker, Lee Kuan Yew and Toh Chin Chye. From 1945 onwards he worked for the Department of Social Welfare, eventually rising to become its Director. In 1958 he resigned from the Civil Service to work full-time for the People's Action Party (PAP), becoming a key member and later vice-chairman of its Central Executive Committee. The following year he successfully contested the Kreta Ayer seat in the 1959 general election for the Legislative Assembly, and joined the first government of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew as Minister for Finance. Upon Singapore's independence on 9 August 1965, Goh became the nation's first Minister for the Interior and Defence. He subsequently served as Finance Minister (1967–1970), Minister for Defence (1970–1979) and Minister for Education (1979–1980, 1981–1984).

Following his retirement from politics, Goh continued to be active in public life, serving as Deputy Chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (1981–1994); Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Institute of East Asian Philosophies (1983–1992) and Executive Chairman and Chairman of the Board of Governors of its successor, the Institute of East Asian Political Economy (1992–1995); Economic Adviser to the State Council of the People's Republic of China on coastal development and Adviser on tourism (1985); Deputy Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (1985–1992); Chairman of the Singapore Totalisator Board (1988–1994); adviser to the United Overseas Bank group (from 1993); Chairman of N.M. Rothschild & Sons (Singapore) Ltd. (from 1994); and Vice-Chairman of Hong Leong Asia Ltd. (from 1995).

In 1972, Goh was the recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Services, and was conferred the Order of Sikatuna by the Philippine Government. Following his retirement from politics, in 1985 Goh was awarded the Darjah Utama Temasek (Order of Temasek), First Class, Singapore's highest civilian honour. He was also made the first Distinguished Fellow of the Economic Development Board Society in 1991.

Early years, education and career[link]

Goh Keng Swee was born in Malacca in the Straits Settlements on 6 October 1918^[3] into a middle-income Peranakan family, the fifth of six children.^[4] His father Goh Leng Inn was a manager of a rubber plantation, while his mother Tan Swee Eng^[5] was from the family that produced the Malaysian politicians Tun Tan Cheng Lock and his son Tun Tan Siew Sin, who would later become Goh's lifelong political opponent.^[6][7]

Goh was given the Christian name Robert, which he disliked and refused to respond to. When he was two years old, his family moved from Malacca to Singapore where his maternal grandparents owned several properties. The Gohs later relocated to the Pasir Panjang rubber estate when his father found work there, and became manager in 1933. In common with many Peranakan families, the Gohs spoke both English and Malay at home; church services were held at home on Sundays in Malay.^[8] Goh's father Leng Inn and the latter's brothers-in-law Chew Cheng Yong and Goh Hood Keng taught in the Anglo-Chinese School for various periods, and were also involved in the Middle Road Baba Church while Hood Keng was pastor there. Goh himself attended this church as well.^[9]

After studying at the Anglo-Chinese Primary School and the Anglo-Chinese Secondary School^[4] between 1927 and 1936 where he was second in his class in the Senior Cambridge Examinations, Goh went on to graduate from Raffles College in 1939 with a Class II Diploma in Arts with a special distinction in economics.^[5] He then joined the colonial Civil Service as a tax collector with the War Tax Department but, according to his superiors, was not very good at his job and was almost fired.^[4] Shortly after the start of World War II, he joined the Singapore Volunteer Corps, a local militia, but returned to his previous work after the fall of Singapore. Goh married Alice Woon, a secretary who was a colleague,^[4] in 1942 and they had their only child, Goh Kian Chee, two years later. In 1945 he relocated his young family to Malacca, but they returned to Singapore the following year after the Japanese occupation ended. That year, he joined the Department of Social Welfare, and was active in post-war administration. He became supervisor of the Department's Research Section six months later.^[5]

LSE, where Goh Keng Swee spent six years studying (1948–1951, 1954–1956), photographed in January 2005

Goh won a scholarship which enabled him to further his studies at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). During his time in London, Goh met fellow students seeking independence for British Malaya, including Abdul Razak (later Malaysia's second Prime Minister), Maurice Baker (subsequently Singapore's High Commissioner to Malaysia), Lee Kuan Yew and Toh Chin Chye. A student discussion group, the Malayan Forum, was organized in 1948 with Goh as the founding chairman.^[3][5] Goh graduated with first class honours in economics in 1951, and won the William Farr Prize for achieving the highest marks in statistics.^[3] Upon his return to the Department of Social Welfare, he was appointed assistant secretary of its Research Section. In 1952, together with fellow civil servant Kenneth M. Byrne, he formed the Council of Joint Action to lobby against salary and promotion policies that favoured Caucasians over Asians. Byrne later became self-governing Singapore's first Minister for Labour and Minister for Law.^[5]

In 1954, Goh was able to return to LSE for doctoral studies with the help of a University of London scholarship. He completed his Ph.D. in Economics in 1956,^[10] and returned to the Department of Social Welfare, where he served as Assistant Director and then Director. In 1958 he was made Director of the Social and Economic Research Division in the Chief Minister's Office. He resigned from the civil service in August that year to work full-time for the People's Action Party (PAP).^[5]

Political career[link]

Goh was a key member of the PAP's Central Executive Committee, and later became its vice-chairman. Goh successfully contested the Kreta Ayer seat in the 1959 general election, was elected to the Legislative Assembly on 30 May,^[11] and joined the first government of Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew as Minister for Finance. In this role, he assumed stewardship of Singapore's economy. As a budget deficit of S$14 million was forecast that year, he introduced stringent fiscal discipline which including cutting civil service salaries. As a result of these measures, he was able to announce at the end of the year when delivering the budget that the Government had achieved a surplus of $1 million.^[12] He initiated the setting up of the Economic Development Board which was established in August 1961 to attract foreign multinational corporations to invest in Singapore.^[3][13] The next year, he started the development of the Jurong industrial estate on the western end of the island which was then a swamp, offering incentives to local and foreign business to locate there.^[3][5] According to former Permanent Secretary Sim Kee Boon, Goh admitted that the Jurong project was "an act of faith and he himself jokingly said that this could prove to be Goh's folly".^[13] Nonetheless, Goh also felt strongly that "the only way to avoid making mistakes is not to do anything. And that ... will be the ultimate mistake."^[14]

Jurong Industrial Estate with Jurong Island in the background, photographed in November 2006

In the 1960s, there were great pressures from communist agitators working through Chinese-medium schools and trade unions. Divisions existed within the PAP as well, with a pro-Communist faction working to wrest control of the party from the moderate wing, of which Goh and Lee Kuan Yew were key members. A key source of division was the issue of merger with Malaya to form a new state of Malaysia. Goh and his fellow moderates believed this was a necessary condition for Singapore's economic development because Malaya was a key economic hinterland; merger would also provide an alternate vision against Communism for Singapore's Chinese majority. In July 1961, 16 members of the pro-Communist faction broke away from the PAP to form the Barisan Sosialis, and captured control of the main trade unions.^{[citation needed]}

The Singaporean government won approval from Tunku Abdul Rahman for a merger in 1961, with the Tunku being motivated by a desire to stabilize the security situation in Singapore, and notably to neutralize the perceived communist threat. Singapore merged with Malaya and the British Borneo states in 1963 to form the Federation of Malaysia. Merger, however, proved to be problematic for the Singaporean leaders. There was a clash of fundamental principles, both political and economic, notably on the issue of Malay dominance. Communitarian violence in 1964 was inflamed in Singapore by Malay and Chinese activists. According to Lee Kuan Yew, Goh fought to protect Singapore's interests against the Federal Minister of Finance, his cousin Tan Siew Sin, "who was out to spite Singapore". Goh played a crucial role in orchestrating the subsequent secession of Singapore from the Federation on 9 August 1965. After two difficult years, Lee asked him to negotiate with the Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak and Minister for External Affairs Tun Dr. Ismail Abdul Rahman in July 1965 for Singapore to have a looser arrangement with Malaysia within the Federation. However, following the discussions, Goh decided on his own that it would be better for Malaysia and Singapore to have a clean break.^[15] He would later claim this was the "best thing that ever happened to Singapore".^{[citation needed]}

Infantry soldiers of the Singapore Army awaiting the arrival of the deputy commanding general of the Army National Guard, United States Army Pacific, for a joint training exercise in July 2009. Compulsory National Service was initiated by Goh when he was Singapore's first Minister for the Interior and Defence.

Upon independence in 1965, Goh relinquished his finance portfolio and became Minister for the Interior and Defence until 16 August 1967, assuming responsibilities for strengthening Singapore's military and domestic security capabilities. A key policy was the creation of National Service, a mandatory conscription system for able-bodied young males. He was again Finance Minister between 17 August 1967 and 10 August 1970,^[3][5] during which time he declined to allow the central bank to issue currency, favouring instead a currency board system as this would signal to citizens, academics and the financial world that governments cannot "spend their way to prosperity". Subsequently, in 1981, he expressed the view that the central bank need not hold large amounts of cash in reserve to defend the currency, proposing that the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) be established to invest excess reserves. At the time, it was unprecedented for a non-commodity-based economy to have such a sovereign wealth fund.^[16]

Goh encouraged the establishment of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies in 1968, and on 11 August 1970 he was reappointed Minister for Defence.^[3][5] In 1971, he put together the Electronic Warfare Study Group, a team of newly graduated engineers who had excelled in their university studies which was headed by Dr. Tay Eng Soon, then a university lecturer. The group worked on Project Magpie, a secret project to develop Singapore's defence technology capabilities. In 1977, the group was renamed the Defence Science Organisation (DSO). Originally part of the Ministry of Defence, in 1997 the organization became a non-profit corporation called DSO National Laboratories.^[17]

The Jurong Bird Park was one of Goh's many projects

Goh was also responsible for projects that sought to improve Singaporeans' cultural and leisure life, such as the Jurong Bird Park, the Singapore Zoo and the Singapore Symphony Orchestra.^[18] He backed the construction of the Kreta Ayer People's Theatre in his constituency as a venue for Chinese opera performances.^[19] He was also instrumental in introducing rugby in the Singapore Armed Forces and later in schools. In recognition of his role in promoting the sport, the Schools "C" Division Cup is named after him.^[20] Impressed by an oceanarium in the Bahamas, he contacted the Sentosa Development Corporation and convinced them to have one.^[4] Underwater World Singapore opened in 1991.

On 1 March 1973,^[11] Goh was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore concurrently with his other Cabinet portfolio.^[5] On 12 February 1979, Goh moved on from the Defence Ministry to the Ministry of Education, where his Goh Report^[21] greatly influenced the development of Singapore's education system. He himself was described as both a key political and strategic leader responsible for the transformation of the system over thirty years from "fair" to "great", according to a November 2010 McKinsey report.^[22] He set up the Curriculum Development Institute, and introduced key policies such as religious education (subsequently discontinued) and, in 1980, the channelling of students into different programmes of study according to their learning abilities, known as "streaming". Goh served two terms as Education Minister, his first ending on 31 May 1980, and his second following the 1980 general election from 1 June 1981 till his retirement. From 1 June 1980 he was redesignated First Deputy Prime Minister upon S. Rajaratnam being made Second Deputy Prime Minister, and served as Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) until he stepped down from Parliament on 3 December 1984 at the age of 66 years.^[3][5][11] In a tribute to mark the occasion, Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew wrote: "A whole generation of Singaporeans take their present standard of living for granted because you had laid the foundations of the economy of modern Singapore."^[23]

Later life[link]

The two towers of UOB Plaza with OUB Centre visible in between. Goh was adviser to the United Overseas Bank group following his retirement from politics.

After retirement from politics, Goh continued to be active in public life, serving as Deputy Chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (1981–1994), Economic Adviser to the State Council of the People's Republic of China on coastal development and Adviser on tourism (1985), Deputy Chairman of the MAS (1985 – 31 May 1992), Chairman of the Singapore Totalisator Board (1988–1994), a Director of Gateway Technologies Services Pte. Ltd. (from 1991), adviser to the United Overseas Bank group (from 1 January 1993), Chairman of N.M. Rothschild & Sons (Singapore) Ltd. (from 1994), and Vice-Chairman of Hong Leong Asia Ltd. (from 1995).^[3] Between 1983 and 1992, he was Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Institute of East Asian Philosophies, which was originally founded to study Confucianism. The Institute later turned its focus on China's political and economic development, renaming itself the Institute of East Asian Political Economy, and Goh continued as its Executive Chairman and the Chairman of its Board of Governors until 1995.^[5] In April 1997, the Institute was reconstituted as the East Asian Institute, an autonomous research organization under the auspices of the National University of Singapore.^[24]

In 1986, Goh separated from his first wife Alice. He married his former Ministry of Education colleague Dr. Phua Swee Liang in 1991.^[4][5] He suffered his first stroke in 1999 and another one in 2000 which affected the vision in his right eye.^[25] According to Goh's daughter-in-law, Tan Siok Sun, this caused him to withdraw and become extremely quiet. In July 2007 Tan published a biography entitled Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait. Goh's second wife issued a statement claiming that Goh had not been consulted on the book and had indicated to her that he did not want any book to be written about him. "Therefore, the publication of this book is contrary to his wishes, and is a show of disregard and utmost disrespect to him." In an interview with The Straits Times, Tan said she did not start the dispute between Mrs. Goh and herself, nor did she wish to prolong it.^[26]

Goh died in the early morning of 14 May 2010 at the age of 91, leaving behind his wife, his son, two grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.^[27] His body lay in state at Parliament House from 20 to 22 May,^[28] and there was a state funeral on 23 May 2010 at the Singapore Conference Hall followed by a private ceremony for family members at the Mandai Crematorium.^[29] The latter was conducted by the pastor-in-charge of Barker Road Methodist Church, with a message delivered by the Bishop of the Methodist Church in Singapore, Dr. Robert M. Solomon.^[9] As a mark of respect, the State flag was flown at half-staff from all Government buildings between 20 and 23 May.^[30]

Awards and honours[link]

In 1966, Goh was made an Honorary Fellow of the LSE. In 1972 he was the recipient of the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Services, which is often regarded as Asia's Nobel Prize.^[31] It is awarded to people who have demonstrated integrity in government, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society. The same year, the Philippine Government conferred upon him the Order of Sikatuna, which is given to diplomats, officials and nationals of foreign states who have rendered conspicuous services in fostering, developing and strengthening relations between their country and the Philippines.^[3]

Following his retirement from politics, in 1985 Goh was awarded the Darjah Utama Temasek (Order of Temasek), First Class, Singapore's highest civilian honour. He was also presented with the LSE's Distinguished Alumnus Award on 21 January 1989,^[32] and made the first Distinguished Fellow of the Economic Development Board Society in 1991.^[3]

At the National Day Rally on 29 August 2010, the Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced that the Singapore Command and Staff College, where senior officers of the Singapore Armed Forces receive training; and a complex to be constructed at the Ministry of Education's North Buona Vista Road headquarters for specialist teacher training academies in English language, physical education, sports and the arts would be respectively named the Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College and the Goh Keng Swee Centre for Education.^[33]

Works[link]

• The Economic Front: From a Malayan Point of View, Singapore: Government Printers, 1940, OCLC 226068826 .
• Urban Incomes & Housing: A Report on the Social Survey of Singapore, 1953–54, Singapore: [Department of Social Welfare], 1956, OCLC 504452751 .
• Techniques of National Income Estimation in Under-developed Territories, with Special Reference to Asia and Africa [Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of London, London School of Economics, 1956], London: University of London Library, Photographic Section, 1978, OCLC 63630985 .
• This is How Your Money is Spent [Budget statement by Goh Keng Swee, Minister for Finance; Towards Socialism, vol. 3], Singapore: Ministry of Finance, [1960], OCLC 63838096 .
• Some Problems of Industrialisation [Towards Socialism; vol. 7], Singapore: Government Printing Office, 1963, OCLC 17270555 .
• Communism in Non-Communist Asian Countries, Singapore: Printed by the Government Printing Office for the Ministry of Culture, 1967?, OCLC 433094 .
• The Economics of Modernization and other Essays, [Singapore]: Asia Pacific Press, [1972], OCLC 534320 . Later editions:
  • The Economics of Modernization, Singapore: Federal Publications, 1995, ISBN 978-9-810-12317-8 (pbk.) .
  • The Economics of Modernization, Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic, 2004, ISBN 978-981-210-330-7 .
• Some Problems of Manpower Development in Singapore [Occasional publication (Singapore Training and Development Association); no. 1], Singapore: Ad Hoc Publications Sub-committee, Singapore Training & Development Association, 1974, OCLC 226024028 .
• Some Unsolved Problems of Economic Growth [Kesatuan lecture; 1], Singapore: Kesatuan Akademis Universiti Singapura, 1976, ISBN 9971-68-076-9, OCLC 3072805 .
• The Practice of Economic Growth, Singapore: Federal Publications, 1977, OCLC 4465760 . Later edition:
  • The Practice of Economic Growth, Singapore: Federal Publications, 1995, ISBN 978-981-01-2322-2 .
• Goh, Keng Swee; Education Study Team (1979), Report on the Ministry of Education 1978, Singapore: Printed by Singapore National Printers, OCLC 416421063 .
• Goh, Keng Swee; Low, Linda, ed. (1995), Wealth of East Asian Nations: Speeches and Writings, Singapore: Federal Publications, ISBN 978-9-810-12297-3 (pbk.) .

Notes[link]

References[link]

• "From civil servant to PAP stalwart", The Straits Times (Saturday): D2, 15 May 2010 .
• Nur Dianah Suhaimi (16 May 2010), "His work was his passion: The late Goh Keng Swee showed brilliance even when he was a child", The Sunday Times (Singapore): 10 .
• "Parliament pays respects", The Straits Times, 18 May 2010 .
• Tien, Jenny Mui Mun (8 October 2002), Dr Goh Keng Swee, Singapore Infopedia, National Library, Singapore, archived from the original on 23 June 2008, http://web.archive.org/web/20080623062124/http://infopedia.nl.sg/articles/SIP_662_2005-01-11.html, retrieved 15 May 2010 .

Further reading[link]

Books[link]

• Austin, Ian Patrick (2004), Goh Keng Swee and Southeast Asian Governance, Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic, ISBN 978-9-812-10351-2 (pbk.) .
• Desker, Barry; Kwa, Chong Guan, eds. (2011), Goh Keng Swee – A Public Career Remembered, Singapore: World Scientific, ISBN 978-981-4291-38-5 .
• Doshi, Tilak; Coclanis, Peter (1999), "The Economic Architect: Goh Keng Swee", in Lam, Peng Er; Tan, Kevin, eds., Lee's Lieutenants: Singapore's Old Guard, St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, pp. 24–44, ISBN 978-1-864-48639-1 (pbk.) .
• Kuah, Adrian (2007), UnChartered territory: Dr Goh Keng Swee and the ST Engineering Story, Singapore: Published for ST Engineering by SNP International, ISBN 978-981-248-169-6 .
• Kwok, Kian-Woon (1999), "The Social Architect: Goh Keng Swee", in Lam, Peng Er; Tan, Kevin, eds., Lee's Lieutenants: Singapore's Old Guard, St. Leonards, N.S.W.: Allen & Unwin, pp. 45–69, ISBN 978-1-864-48639-1 (pbk.) .
• Nair, E. Shailaja (2008), The Master Sculptor: Goh Keng Swee [Great Singapore Stories. Founding Fathers.], Singapore: SNP Editions, ISBN 978-9-812-48160-3 (pbk.), ISBN 978-981-248-167-2 (pbk. set) .
• Ngiam, Tong Dow (2006), A Mandarin and the Making of Public Policy: Reflections by Ngiam Tong Dow, Singapore: NUS Press, ISBN 978-9-971-69350-3 (pbk.) .
• Ooi, Kee Beng (2010), In Lieu of Ideology: The Intellectual Biography of Goh Keng Swee, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, ISBN 978-981-4311-30-4 .
• Tan, Siok Sun (2007), Goh Keng Swee: A Portrait, Singapore: Editions Didier Millet, ISBN 978-981-4155-82-3 .
• Yeo, Siew Siang (1990), Tan Cheng Lock, the Straits Legislator and Chinese Leader, Petaling Jaya, Selangor: Pelanduk Publications, ISBN 978-967-978-236-3 .

Eulogies at the state funeral[link]

• Lee, Hsien Loong (24 May 2010), "Without him, much of S'pore wouldn't exist: Eulogy by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong", The Straits Times: A4 & A6 ; Lee, Hsien Loong (24 May 2010), "A giant in our midst [eulogy by the Prime Minister]", Today: 12–14, archived from the original on 29 May 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5q4F4QcEe . See also "'He turned the tide for Singapore': PM Lee recounts Dr Goh's contributions and compassion", Today: 4, 24 May 2010, archived from the original on 29 May 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5q4FNDtrz .
• Lee, Kuan Yew (24 May 2010), "He made the greatest difference: Eulogy by Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew", The Straits Times: A6 . See also "As my troubleshooter, I gave him toughest jobs in Govt: MM", Today: 3, 24 May 2010, archived from the original on 29 May 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5q4FjzYZU .
• S. Dhanabalan (24 May 2010), "Singapore's greatest entrepreneur: Eulogy by S. Dhanabalan, chairman of Temasek Holdings", The Straits Times: A8 . See also "Dhanabalan: How Dr Goh changed my life", Today: 4, 24 May 2010, archived from the original on 29 May 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5q4G5KByv .
• Goh, Ken-Yi (24 May 2010), "A caring, selfless grandfather: Eulogy by grandson Goh Ken-Yi", The Straits Times: A10 . See also Zul Othman (24 May 2010), "'To me, he was simply a great grandfather'", Today: 2, archived from the original on 29 May 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5q4GWXAEn .
• Hui, Marian (24 May 2010), "He motivated me to pursue my dreams: Excerpt of eulogy by Grand-niece Marian Hui", The Straits Times: A8 .

Letters of condolence[link]

• Lee, Hsien Loong (15–16 May 2010), "A far-sighted visionary and pragmatic manager [letter from the Prime Minister to Mrs. Goh Keng Swee]", Weekend Today: 10, archived from the original on 18 May 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5poRR3u1b .
• S.R. Nathan (15–16 May 2010), "Nothing too insignificant for his attention [letter from the President to Mrs. Goh Keng Swee]", Weekend Today: 10, archived from the original on 18 May 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5poRmBUIx .
• Goh, Chok Tong (15–16 May 2010), "Practical and full of ideas [letter from the Senior Minister to Mrs. Goh Keng Swee]", Weekend Today: 11, archived from the original on 18 May 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5poRwykfh .
• Tan, Tony Keng Yam (15–16 May 2010), "Farsightedness and fortitude [letter from the Deputy Chairman and Executive Director of the Government Investment Corporation of Singapore to Mrs. Goh Keng Swee]", Weekend Today: 11, archived from the original on 18 May 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5poS7LhLk .

News reports[link]

• Chang, Rachel; Cai, Haoxiang; Kor, Kian Beng (15 May 2010), "Ex-MPs recall a fearsome technocrat: A strict taskmaster who didn't suffer fools, but he was never brusque", The Straits Times: A8 .
• "Leaders salute 'this marvellous man'", The Straits Times: A4, 15 May 2010 .
• S. Ramesh (15–16 May 2010), "A national hero who touched people's lives", Weekend Today: 2, archived from the original on 18 May 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5poSGJFcA .
• "Goh Keng Swee: Passing of a colossus [editorial]", The Straits Times: A32, 22 May 2010 .
• Balji, P.N. (22–23 May 2010), "Dr Goh, the Dream No 2", Weekend Today: 11, archived from the original on 23 May 2010, http://www.webcitation.org/5pw3YBwqw .
• Devan, Janadas (23 May 2010), "Simply sincere: Dr Goh's simple yet eloquent writing style showed desire to reach out to ordinary people", The Sunday Times (Singapore): 35 .

External links[link]

• Channel NewsAsia – Obituary: Goh Keng Swee 1918–2010
• National Library Singapore – NLS Resource guide on Dr. Goh Keng Swee

General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani NI(M) HI اشفاق پرویز کیانی
Chief of Army Staff
Incumbent
Assumed office 29 November 2007
President	Pervez Musharraf Asif Ali Zardari
Preceded by	General Pervez Musharraf
Director General of the Inter-Services Intelligence
In office October 2004 – October 2007
President	Pervez Musharraf
Preceded by	Ehsan ul Haq
Succeeded by	Nadeem Taj
Personal details
Born	(1952-04-20) 20 April 1952 (age 60)[1] Gujar Khan Tehsil, Punjab, Pakistan
Military service
Nickname(s)	Kayani
Allegiance	Pakistan
Service/branch	Pakistan Army
Years of service	1971-present
Rank	General
Unit	Baloch Regiment
Commands	12th Infantry Division DG Military Operations (DGMO) X Corps Vice Chief of Army Staff
Battles/wars	Bangladesh War of Liberation 1971 2001–2002 India–Pakistan standoff War in North-West Pakistan
Awards	Hilal-i-Imtiaz (Military) Hilal-i-Imtiaz (civilian) Nishan-e-Imtiaz (Military) Legion of Merit

Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, NI(M), HI (Urdu: اشفاق پرویز کیانی , born April 1952) is a four-star general in the Pakistan Army, and the current Chief of Army Staff of the Pakistan Army. He replaced General Pervez Musharraf as the Chief of Army Staff and the commandant of the army on November 29, 2007. General Kayani is the former Director General of Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), and Director General of Military Operations (MO). On 24 July 2010, Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani extended Kayani’s term as Chief of the Army Staff by three years, making him the first four-star general to receive a term extension from any democratic government. In 2008, Newsweek named him the 20th most powerful person in the world.^[2][3]

Corps Commander Rawalpindi[link]

Kayani was promoted as Lieutenant General in September 2003, and was given the command of the X Corps in Rawalpindi. The promotion indicated Musharraf's significant trust in Kayani, since an army chief cannot build an army coup without the help of the X Corps commander. Kayani led the corps until October 2004, when he was transferred to the ISI as its chief.

During Kayani's tenure at the X Corps, he led the successful investigation of the two back-to-back suicide attacks against Musharraf in December 2003. It is believed that Kayani won the trust of Musharraf after the investigation, and a prelude to Kayani's promotion to the sensitive position of ISI chief.^[4] He was awarded Hilal-e-Imtiaz, the civilian medal, for his achievement.

Inter-Services Intelligence[link]

In October 2004, Ashfaq Kayani was made the director general of Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), in place of General Ehsan ul Haq, who was promoted as the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee. Kayani led the ISI during a bleak period, with insurgencies in North-West Pakistan and Balochistan, Abdul Qadeer Khan's nuclear proliferation scandal, and waves of suicide attacks throughout Pakistan emanating from the northwestern tribal belt. In his final days at the ISI, he also led the talks with Benazir Bhutto for a possible power sharing deal with Musharraf.^[4] In October 2007, after three years, he was replaced at the ISI by Lt Gen Nadeem Taj.^[5]

Kayani was also present at the March 2007 meeting that took place between Musharraf and Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, when the former military ruler informed the top judge that he was suspended. Accounts of that meeting narrated that Kayani was the only one among Musharraf’s aides who did not speak a word.^[6]

Chief of Army Staff[link]

In October 2007, Kayani was promoted as a full general, and made the Vice Chief of Army Staff. At the time of promotion, Kayani superseded one officer, Lt Gen Khalid Kidwai who was on an extension for a year. He took over as the new army chief of Pakistan Army after Musharraf's retirement on November 28, 2007. The ceremony was held at the sports stadium near General Headquarters, Rawalpindi. Kayani is the first officer in the history of Pakistan who held the position of DG ISI and then went on to become the Chief of Army Staff (COAS). The last time a Director General of the ISI was to be made army chief in 1999, the Army staged a bloodless coup to reinstate the proposed outgoing Chief of Army Staff, General Pervez Musharraf.

Withdrawal of military from civilian government[link]

In January 2008 General Kayani passed a directive which ordered military officers not to maintain contacts with politicians.^[7] It was further made public on 13 February 2008 that General Kayani ordered the withdrawal of military officers from all of Pakistan's government civil departments. It was an action that reversed the policies of his predecessor, President Musharraf. It was welcomed by President Musharraf’s critics, who have long demanded that the military distance itself from politics. The Pakistani media reported that the army officers would be withdrawn from 23 wide-ranging civil departments, including the National Highway Authority, National Accountability Bureau, Ministry of Education, and Water and Power Development Authority.^[8]

2008 general election[link]

On 7 March 2008 General Kayani confirmed that Pakistan's armed forces will stay out of politics and support the new government. He told a gathering of military commanders in the garrison city of Rawalpindi that "the army fully stands behind the democratic process and is committed to playing its constitutional role." The comments made were after the results of the Pakistani general election, 2008 where the Pakistan Peoples Party won the election and began forming a coalition government who were opposed to President Pervez Musharraf.^[9]

Perceptions of Kayani as COAS[link]

When he became COAS, several top-level U.S. officials visited General Kayani in succession to make up their own minds about him. Most, including the then CIA chief Michael Hayden, National Intelligence Director Mike McConnell and former CENTCOM-commander Admiral William Fallon came away confident that Kayani "knows what he’s doing."^[10]

Kayani's first move as army chief was to visit the front lines in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Spending the Muslim holiday of Eid not with his family, but rather with his soldiers prompted American military officials to praise him as a "soldier’s soldier." A U.S. report quoted retired Pakistani military officials as saying that in "an army deeply enmeshed in Pakistani politics, General Kayani had declined to ally himself with any political groups". As a Brigadier, he briefly served as a military aide to Benazir Bhutto during her first term as prime minister in the late 1980s, but has stayed away from politicians since then.

Recent events[link]

Gen. Kayani and Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal (Commander of NATO ISAF and U.S. Forces Afghanistan) during 29th Tripartite Commission meeting.

About the Afghan war, Kayani is reported to have said, "the Pakistani people believe that the real aim of U.S. [war] strategy is to denuclearize Pakistan."^[11]

In January 2011, and after, there was criticism of General Kayani's handling of the Raymond Davis saga. Davis, a CIA contractor, was hastily tried and acquitted of murder charges in exchange for blood money paid to relatives of the victims, after which he was sent out of Pakistan within a matter of hours. Knowing the dynamics of the Pakistani state and the nature of this particular case, it was impossible for Davis to be released and deported from Pakistan without the knowledge and cooperation of Pakistan's Army and the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).^{[citation needed]}

The day after Davis' release, over 40 people were killed in the Datta Khel airstrike in North Waziristan in the FATA, in a drone strike by a US Predator aircraft. The target appeared to be a compound operated by Hafiz Gul Bahadur, a Taliban leader. The dead included local tribal leaders.^[12] The strike, intended to further the local war effort, instead added to the unpopularity of drone strikes and added to the anti-American sentiment in Pakistan. Kayani conducted a rare press conference in which he condemned the drone strike (even persuading the Pakistani government to summon American Ambassador to Pakistan, Cameron Munter, and lodge a "protest in the strongest possible terms") and labeled it "intolerable". However, this has not satisfied most Pakistanis who feel that mere condemnations of American brutality and provocation aren't enough and that instead more tangible steps such as withdrawal of cooperation in the war on terror need to taken in order to salvage Pakistan's own interests.^{[citation needed]}

Kayani's comments about the Datta Khel strike came to be put in the broader context of public and private communications by Pakistani officials with Washington, including an April, 2011, visit by the head of the ISI, Lt. Gen. Ahmed Shuja Pasha, to CIA Director Leon Panetta at CIA headquarters. "[S]ome officials in both countries [were] saying intelligence ties [we]re at their lowest point since the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks spurred the alliance," according to one report. The report went on to say the overall communications included private demands that the CIA suspend drone strikes and also reduce the number of U.S. intelligence and Special Operations personnel in the country. After the ISI-CIA meeting, CIA spokesman George Little said the intelligence relationship "remains on solid footing."^[13]

Forbes Magazine[link]

Ashfaq Pervez Kayani was named the 34th most powerful person in 2011 by Forbes Magazine.

References[link]

External links[link]

Military of Pakistan portal

• Official profile at ISPR website
• Official profile at Pakistan Army website
• Profile at BBC News
• Profile at The News
• [2]

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Ross Perot
Perot at the United States Department of Veterans Affairs, 2008
Born	Henry Ross Perot (1930-06-27) June 27, 1930 (age 81) Texarkana, Texas
Education	Texarkana Junior College United States Naval Academy
Occupation	Businessman
Net worth	US$3.5 billion (2011)[1]
Political party	Independent Reform
Spouse	Margot Birmingham
Children	H. Ross, Jr., Nancy, Suzanne, Carolyn, and Katherine

Henry Ross Perot (/pəˈroʊ/; born June 27, 1930) is a U.S. businessman best known for running for President of the United States in 1992 and 1996. Perot founded Electronic Data Systems (EDS) in 1962, sold the company to General Motors in 1984, and founded Perot Systems in 1988. Perot Systems was bought by Dell for $3.9 billion in 2009.^[2]

With an estimated net worth of about US$3.4 billion in 2011, he is ranked by Forbes as the 99th-richest person in the United States.^[1]

Early life[link]

Perot was born in Texarkana, Texas, to Lula May Perot (née Ray) and Gabriel Ross Perot.^[3] His father was a cotton broker.^[4] He attended a private school called Patty Hill. He graduated from Texas High School in Texarkana in 1947.^[5] One of Perot's boyhood friends was Hayes McClerkin, later Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives and a prominent Texarkana, Arkansas, lawyer.^[6]

Perot joined the Boy Scouts of America and made Eagle Scout in 1942, after only thirteen months in the program. He is a recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.^[7][8]

From 1947–1949, he attended Texarkana Junior College, then entered the U.S. Naval Academy in 1949 and helped establish its honor system.^{[9] [7]} Perot said his appoinment notice to the academy—sent by telegram—was sent by W. Lee "Pappy" O'Daniel, Texas' 34th governor and former senator.^[10] By the time Perot graduated in 1953 he was president of his class and battalion commander.^{[citation needed]} By late 1954, Perot was made a lieutenant, junior grade. In 1955, however, Perot expressed some discontent with his life in the U.S. Navy in a letter to his father. He quietly served the remainder of his four-year commitment and resigned his commission.^{[citation needed]}. Perot married Margot Birmingham of Greensburg, Pennsylvania, in 1956.

Business[link]

After he left the Navy in 1957, Perot became a salesman for International Business Machines. He quickly became a top employee, filling his year's sales quota in two weeks,^[11] and tried to pitch his ideas to supervisors who largely ignored him.^{[citation needed]} He left IBM in 1962 to found Electronic Data Systems (EDS) in Dallas, Texas, and courted large corporations for his data processing services. Perot was refused seventy-seven times before he was given his first contract. EDS received lucrative contracts from the U.S. government in the 1960s, computerizing Medicare records. EDS went public in 1968 and the stock price rose from $16 a share to $160 within days. Fortune called Perot the "fastest, richest Texan" in a 1968 cover story. In 1984 General Motors bought controlling interest in EDS for $2.4 billion.

In 1974 Perot gained some press attention for being "the biggest individual loser ever on the New York Stock Exchange" when his EDS shares dropped $450 million in value in a single day in April 1970.^[12]

Just prior to the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the government of Iran imprisoned two EDS employees in a contract dispute. Perot organized and sponsored their rescue. The rescue team was led by retired U.S. Army Special Forces Colonel Arthur D. "Bull" Simons. When the team was unable to find a way to extract their two prisoners, they decided to wait for a mob of pro-Ayatollah revolutionaries to storm the jail and free all 10,000 inmates, many of whom were political prisoners. The two prisoners then connected with the rescue team, and the team spirited them out of Iran via a risky border crossing into Turkey. The exploit was recounted in a book, On Wings of Eagles by Ken Follett, which became a best-seller. In the 1986 miniseries, Perot was portrayed by Richard Crenna.

In 1984 Perot bought a very early copy of the Magna Carta, one of only a few to leave the United Kingdom. It was lent to the National Archives in Washington, D.C., where it was displayed alongside the Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution. In 2007, it was sold by the Perot Foundation, in order to provide "for medical research, for improving public education and for assisting wounded soldiers and their families."^[13] The document sold for US$21.3 million on December 18, 2007 to David Rubenstein, managing director of the Carlyle Group and kept on display at the National Archives.^[14]

As Steve Jobs lost the original power struggle at Apple to found NeXT, his angel investor was Perot who invested over 20 million dollars because he believed in Jobs and did not want to miss out as he had when had the chance to invest in Bill Gates' fledging Microsoft.^[15]

In 1988 he founded Perot Systems Corporation, Inc. in Plano, Texas. His son, Ross Perot, Jr., eventually succeeded him as CEO. In September 2009, Perot Systems was acquired by Dell for $3.9 billion.^[16]

Early political activities[link]

In the same year that Perot organized the rescue mission in Iran, Texas governor Bill Clements requested his assistance developing policy to reduce illegal drug use.^{[citation needed]} Perot led the Texas War on Drugs Committee that proposed five laws, all of which were passed by the legislature.^{[citation needed]}

In 1983 he was called upon by Democratic Governor Mark White to help improve the quality of the state's public education, and ended up leading the effort ("Select Committee on Public Education") to reform the school system, which resulted in major legislative changes.^{[citation needed]} The best known of Perot's proposals that were passed into law was the "No Pass, No Play" rule, under which it was required that students have passing grades in order to participate in any school-sponsored extracurricular activities.^{[citation needed]} The intent was to prevent high school sports from being the focus of the school's funding, and to emphasize the importance of education for the students who participated in sports.^{[citation needed]} Another key reform measure was a call for teacher competency testing, which was strongly opposed by the teachers unions in Texas.^{[citation needed]}

Perot became heavily involved in the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue. He believed that hundreds of American servicemen were left behind in Southeast Asia at the end of the U.S. involvement in the war,^[17] and that government officials were covering up POW/MIA investigations in order to avoid revealing a drug smuggling operation used to finance a secret war in Laos.^[18] Perot engaged in unauthorized back-channel discussions with Vietnamese officials in the late 1980s, which led to fractured relations between Perot and the Reagan and George H.W. Bush administrations.^[17][18] In 1990, Perot reached agreement with Vietnam's Foreign Ministry to become its business agent in the event that diplomatic relations were normalized.^[19] Perot also launched private investigations of, and attacks upon, U.S. Department of Defense official Richard Armitage.^[17][18]

Perot stands next to a portrait of George Washington at his office in 1986.

Beginning in the late 1980s and continuing in the early 1990s, Ross Perot began speaking out about what he described as the failings of the United States government.^{[citation needed]} Perot asserted that the United States "had grown arrogant and complacent after the War" [referring to World War II] and was no longer the world's greatest nation. Instead of looking into what was to come, he argued, America was "daydreaming of [its] past while the rest of the world was building its future."^{[citation needed]} He said:

Go to Rome, go to Paris, go to London. Those cities are centuries old. They're thriving. They're clean. They work. Our oldest cities are brand new compared to them and yet… go to New York, drive through downtown Washington, go to Detroit, go to Philadelphia. What's wrong with us?

^{[citation needed]}

In Florida in 1990, retired financial planner Jack Gargan funded a series of "I'm mad as hell and I'm not going to take it anymore" (a reference to a famous quotation from the 1976 political and mass media satire movie, Network) newspaper advertisements denouncing the U.S. Congress for voting for legislative pay raises at a time when average wages nationwide were not increasing.^{[citation needed]} Gargan later founded "Throw the Hypocritical Rascals Out" (THRO), which Ross Perot supported.^{[citation needed]}

Maya Lin, architect of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial received harassment from Perot after her race was revealed: he was known to have called her an "egg roll" after it was revealed that she was Asian.^[20]

Perot did not support President George H. W. Bush and vigorously opposed the United States involvement in the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf War.^{[citation needed]} He unsuccessfully urged Senators to vote against the war resolution, and began to consider his own presidential run.^{[citation needed]}

1992 presidential candidacy[link]

On February 20, 1992, he appeared on CNN's Larry King Live and announced his intention to run as an independent if his supporters could get his name on the ballot in all fifty states. With such declared policies as balancing the federal budget, a firm pro-choice stance on abortion, expansion of the war on drugs, ending outsourcing of jobs, support for gun control, belief in protectionism on trade, advocating the Environmental Protection Agency and enacting electronic direct democracy via "electronic town halls," he became a potential candidate and soon polled roughly even with the two major party candidates.^[21]

Perot's candidacy received increasing media attention when the competitive phase of the primary season ended for the two major parties. With the insurgent candidacies of Republican Pat Buchanan and Democrat Jerry Brown winding down, Perot was the natural beneficiary of populist resentment toward establishment politicians. On May 25, 1992 he was featured on the cover of Time Magazine with the title "Waiting for Perot," an allusion to Samuel Beckett's play Waiting for Godot.^[22]

Several months before the Democratic and Republican conventions, Perot filled the vacuum of election news, as his supporters began petition drives to get him on the ballot in all fifty states. This sense of momentum was reinforced when Perot employed two savvy campaign managers in Democrat Hamilton Jordan and Republican Ed Rollins.^{[citation needed]} In July, while Perot was pondering whether to run for office, his supporters established a campaign organization United We Stand America. Perot was late in making formal policy proposals, but most of what he did call for were intended to reduce the deficit. He wanted a gasoline tax increase and some cutbacks of Social Security.^{[citation needed]}

By the summer Perot commanded a lead in the presidential race with thirty-nine percent of the vote.^[23] By mid-July, the Washington Post reported that Perot's campaign managers were becoming increasingly disillusioned by his unwillingness to follow their advice^[24] to be more specific on issues, and his need to be in full control of operations^[24] with such tactics as forcing volunteers to sign loyalty oaths.^[25] Perot's poll numbers began to slip to 25%, and his advisers warned that if he continued to ignore them, he would fall into single digits. Co-manager Hamilton Jordan threatened to quit, and on July 15, Ed Rollins resigned after Perot fired advertisement specialist Hal Riney, who worked with Rollins on the Reagan campaign. Rollins would later claim that a member of the campaign accused him of being a Bush plant with ties to the CIA.^[26] Amidst the chaos, Perot's support fell to 20%.^[27] The next day, Perot announced on Larry King Live that he would not seek the presidency. He explained that he did not want the House of Representatives to decide the election if the result caused the electoral college to be split. Perot eventually stated the reason was that he received threats that digitally altered photographs would be released by the Bush campaign to sabotage his daughter's wedding.^[28] Regardless of the reasons for withdrawing, his reputation was badly damaged. Many of his supporters felt betrayed and public opinion polls would subsequently show a large negative view of Perot that was absent prior to his decision to end the campaign.^[29]

In September he qualified for all fifty state ballots. On October 1, he announced his intention to reenter the presidential race. He said that Republican operatives had wanted to reveal compromising photographs of his daughter, which would disrupt her wedding, and he wanted to spare her from embarrassment. Scott Barnes, a private investigator and security consultant who had testified to that effect, later recanted his story. He revealed in 1997 that he had deceived Perot about the existence of the photographs, and that he had created the hoax with others who were not involved with any political campaign. Barnes was a Bush supporter, and believed that if it were revealed that Republicans were involved in dirty tricks, it would harm Bush's candidacy.^[30]

He campaigned in 16 states and spent an estimated $12.3 million of his own money.^[31] Perot employed the innovative strategy of purchasing half-hour blocks of time on major networks for infomercial-type campaign advertisements; this advertising garnered more viewership than many sitcoms, with one Friday night program in October attracting 10.5 million viewers.^[32]

Perot's running mate was retired Vice Admiral James Stockdale, a highly-decorated former Vietnam prisoner of war (POW). In December 1969 he organized and flew to North Vietnam in an attempt to deliver thirty tons of supplies to beleaguered American POWs in North Vietnam. Although North Vietnam blocked the flights, the effort was instrumental in bringing the plight of those POWs to the world's attention and their captors soon began treating them better.^[7]

At one point in June, Perot led the polls with 39% (versus 31% for Bush and 25% for Clinton). Just prior to the debates, Perot received 7-9% support in nationwide polls.^[33] It is likely that the debates played a significant role in his ultimate receipt of 19% of the popular vote. Although his answers during the debates were often general, many Democrats and Republicans conceded that Perot won at least the first debate. In the debate he remarked: "Keep in mind our Constitution predates the Industrial Revolution. Our founders did not know about electricity, the train, telephones, radio, television, automobiles, airplanes, rockets, nuclear weapons, satellites, or space exploration. There's a lot they didn't know about. It would be interesting to see what kind of document they'd draft today. Just keeping it frozen in time won't hack it."^[34]

Perot denounced Congress for its inaction in his speech at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., on March 18, 1992. Perot said:

This city has become a town filled with sound bites, shell games, handlers, media stuntmen who posture, create images, talk, shoot off Roman candles, but don't ever accomplish anything. We need deeds, not words, in this city.^[35]

In the 1992 election, he received 18.9% of the popular vote, approximately 19,741,065 votes (but no electoral college votes), making him the most successful third-party presidential candidate in terms of the popular vote since Theodore Roosevelt in the 1912 election.^{[citation needed]} Unlike Perot, however, some other third party candidates since Roosevelt have won electoral college votes. (Strom Thurmond had 39 in 1948, George Wallace had 46 in 1968 and John Hospers won one in 1972). Compared with Thurmond and Wallace, who polled very strongly in a small number of states, Perot's vote was more evenly spread across the country. Perot managed to finish second in two states: In Maine, Perot received 30.44% of the vote to Bush's 30.39% (Clinton won Maine with 38.77%); in Utah, Perot received 27.34% of the vote to Clinton's 24.65% (Bush won Utah with 43.36%). Although Perot won no state, he received the most votes in some counties, including Trinity County, California.

A detailed analysis of voting demographics revealed that Perot's support drew heavily from across the political spectrum, with 20% of his votes coming from self-described liberals, 27% from self-described conservatives, and 53% coming from self-described moderates. Economically, however, the majority of Perot voters (57%) were middle class, earning between $15,000 and $49,000 annually, with the bulk of the remainder drawing from the upper middle class (29% earning more than $50,000 annually).^[36] Exit polls also showed that Ross Perot drew 38% of his vote from Bush, and 38% of his vote from Clinton, while the rest of his voters would have stayed home had he not been on the ballot.^[37]

Based on his performance in the popular vote in 1992, Perot was entitled to receive federal election funding for 1996. Perot remained in the public eye after the election and championed opposition to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), urging voters to listen for the "giant sucking sound" of American jobs heading south to Mexico should NAFTA be ratified.

Reform Party and 1996 presidential run[link]

Perot tried to keep his movement alive through the mid-1990s, continuing to speak about the increasing national debt. He was a prominent campaigner against the North American Free Trade Agreement, and even debated with Al Gore on the issue on Larry King Live. Perot's behavior during the debate was a source of mirth thereafter, including his repeated pleas to "let me finish" in his southern drawl. The debate was seen by many as effectively ending Perot’s political career.^[38] Support for NAFTA went from 34% to 57%.

In 1995, he founded the Reform Party and won their nomination for the 1996 election. His running mate was Pat Choate. Because of the ballot access laws, he had to run as an Independent on many state ballots. Perot received eight percent of the popular vote in 1996, much less than in the 1992 race but still an unusually successful third-party showing by U.S. standards. He spent much less of his own money in this race than he had four years before, and also allowed other people to contribute to his campaign, unlike his prior race. One common explanation for the decline was Perot's exclusion from the presidential debates, based on the preferences of the Democratic and Republican party candidates (as described by George Farah in Open Debates).

Later activities[link]

Perot attending the 2009 EagleBank Bowl in Washington, D.C.

Later in the 1990s, Perot's detractors accused him of not allowing the Reform Party to develop into a genuine national political party, but rather using it as a vehicle to promote himself. They cited as evidence the control of party offices by operatives from his presidential campaigns. Perot did not give an endorsement during Jesse Ventura's run for governor of Minnesota in the 1998 election, and this became suspicious to detractors when he made fun of Ventura at a conference after Ventura had a falling out with the press. The party leadership grew in tighter opposition to groups supporting Ventura and Jack Gargan. Evidence of this was demonstrated when Gargan was officially removed as Reform Party Chairman by the Reform Party National Committee.

In the 2000 presidential election, Perot refused to become openly involved with the internal Reform Party dispute between supporters of Pat Buchanan and of John Hagelin. Perot was reportedly unhappy with what he saw as the disintegration of the party, as well as his own portrayal in the press; thus he chose to remain quiet. He appeared on Larry King Live four days before the election and endorsed George W. Bush for president. Despite his earlier opposition to NAFTA, Perot remained largely silent about expanded use of guest worker visas in the United States, with Buchanan supporters attributing this silence to his corporate reliance on foreign workers.^[39] Some state parties have affiliated with the new (Buchananite) America First Party; others gave Ralph Nader their ballot lines in the 2004 presidential election.

Since then, Perot has been largely silent on political issues, refusing to answer most questions from the press. When interviewed, he usually remains on the subject of his business career and refuses to answer specific questions on politics, candidates, or his past activities.

The one exception to this came in 2005, when he was asked to testify before the Texas Legislature in support of proposals to extend technology to students, including making laptops available to them; additionally, changing the process of buying textbooks, by making electronic books (ebooks) available and by allowing schools to buy books at the local level instead of going through the state. In an April 2005 interview, Perot expressed concern about the state of progress on issues that he had raised in his presidential runs.^[40]

In January 2008, Perot publicly came out against Republican candidate John McCain and endorsed Mitt Romney for President. He also announced that he would soon be launching a new website with updated economic graphs and charts.^[41] In June 2008, the blog launched, focusing on entitlements (Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security), the U.S. national debt and related issues.^{[42] [43]}

Family[link]

Perot is married to Margot Birmingham; they have five children (Ross Jr., Nancy, Suzanne, Carolyn, and Katherine). As of 2007, the Perots have 15 grandchildren.

Honors[link]

• On April 22, 2009, Ross Perot was made an Honorary Green Beret at the John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center in Fayetteville, North Carolina, that also honored the OSS, Alamo Scouts and the First Special Service Force, elite World War Two units that were inducted into the "1st Special Forces" Regiment.
• Mr. Perot was inducted into the Junior Achievement U.S. Business Hall of Fame in 1988.
• On September 18, 2009, the Texarkana Independent School District named him (1947 graduate of Texas High School) as a 2009 Distinguished Alumnus.^[44]
• In May 2009, he was appointed an honorary chairman of The OSS Society.
• On October 15, 2009, the U.S. Military Academy at West Point awarded him with the distinguished Sylvanus Thayer Award.^[45]
• In honor of his 80th birthday, the bridge connecting Walton and University drives in Texarkana, Texas, was named the H. Ross Perot Bridge.^[46]
• On Oct. 2, 2010, Perot was given the William J. Donovan Award from the OSS Society at the Mandarin Oriental Hotel in Washington, D.C. He is the 26th receipent of the award.^[47]
• On October 28th, 2011 the Museum of Nature & Science in Dallas announced it was naming a new species of the dinosaur genus Pachyrhinosaurus after the Perot family. The new species is named Pachyrhinosaurus perotorum ^[48]

Electoral history[link]

United States presidential election, 1992

• Bill Clinton/Al Gore (D) – 44,909,806 (43.0%) and 370 electoral votes (32 states and D.C. carried)
• George H. W. Bush/Dan Quayle (R) (Inc.) – 39,104,550 (37.4%) and 168 electoral votes (18 states carried)
• Ross Perot/James Stockdale (I) – 19,743,821 (18.9%) and 0 electoral votes
• Andre Marrou/Nancy Lord (L) – 290,087 (0.3%) and 0 electoral votes

United States presidential election, 1996

• Bill Clinton/Al Gore (D) (Inc.) – 47,400,125 (49.2%) and 379 electoral votes (31 states and D.C. carried)
• Bob Dole/Jack Kemp (R) – 39,198,755 (40.7%) and 159 electoral votes (19 states carried)
• Ross Perot/Pat Choate (Ref.) – 8,085,402 (8.4%) and 0 electoral votes

References[link]

Further reading[link]

• Thomas M. Defrank et al. Quest for the Presidency, 1992 Texas A&M University Press. 1994.
• Mason, Todd (1990). Perot. Business One Irwin. ISBN 1-55623-236-5 An unauthorized biography by a longtime Perot watcher.
• Doron P. Levin, Irreconcilable Differences: Ross Perot Versus General Motors (New York: Plume, 1990)
• Thomas Moore, The GM System is Like a Blanket of Fog, Fortune, February 15, 1988
• Posner, Gerald Citizen Perot: His Life and Times Random House. New York 1996
• Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
• Forbes 400
• Rapoport, Ronald and Walter Stone. Three's a Crowd: The Dynamic of Third Parties, Ross Perot, and Republican Resurgence Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005.

External links[link]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Ross Perot

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Ross Perot

• Perot Charts; a blog launched June 2008 by Perot to examine different national issues with charts and graphs. Link is dead 11 Aug 2011.
• United We Stand, H. Ross Perot; text of the book published by Perot in 1992 to mark the launch of his Presidential campaign, complete with charts. The text is hosted by the site of the organization he created that year United We Stand America, as saved by The Internet Archive.
• Booknotes interview with Carolyn Barta on Perot and His People: Disrupting the Balance of Political Power, January 16, 1994.
• "Ross Perot, Presidential Contender" from C-SPAN's The Contenders