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Year 1929 (MCMXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar. By January 1 of this year, every state in the entire world had adopted the Gregorian calendar, having abandoned the Julian calendar.

Summary[link]

This year marked the end of a period known in American history as the Roaring Twenties after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 ushered in a worldwide Great Depression. In the Americas, an agreement was brokered to end the Cristero War, a counter-revolution in Mexico. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, a British high court, ruled that Canadian women are persons in the Edwards v. Canada (Attorney General) case. The 1st Academy Awards for film were held in Los Angeles, while the Museum of Modern Art opened in New York City. The Peruvian Air Force was created.

In Asia, the Republic of China and the Soviet Union engaged in a minor conflict after the Chinese seized full control of the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway, which ended with a resumption of joint administration. In the Soviet Union, General Secretary Joseph Stalin expelled Leon Trotsky and adopted a policy of collectivization. The Grand Trunk Express began service in India. In the Middle East, rioting occurred between Muslims and Jews in Jerusalem over access to the Western Wall. Mohammed Nadir Shah became King of Afghanistan. Britain, Australia and New Zealand began a joint Antarctic Research Expedition. The centenary of Western Australia was celebrated.

In international affairs, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, a treaty renouncing war as an instrument of national policy, went into effect. In Europe, the Holy See and the Kingdom of Italy signed the Lateran Treaty. The Idionymon law was passed in Greece to outlaw political dissent. Spain hosted the Ibero-American Exposition which featured pavilions from Latin American countries. The BBC broadcast a television transmission for the first time (see "1929 in television"). The German airship LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin flew around the world in 21 days.

Middle East, Asia, and Pacific Isles[link]

On August 16 of this year the 1929 Palestine riots broke out between Palestinians and Jews over control of the Western Wall. The rioting, initiated in part when British police tore down a screen the Jews had constructed in front of the Wall,^[1] continued until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians were killed.^[2][3] Two of the more famous incidents occurring during these riots were the August 23 and August 24 1929 Hebron massacre, in which 65–68 Jews were killed by Palestinians and the remaining Jews are forced to leave Hebron. The Palestinians had been told that Jews were killing Palestinians. Jews would not return to Hebron until after the Six Day War in 1967.^[4] The other major clash was the 1929 Safed massacre, in which 18–20 Jews were killed by Palestinians in Safed in similar fashion.^[5] Elsewhere in the Middle East, Iraq took a big step toward gaining independence from the British. The Iraqi government had, since the end of World War I and the beginning of the British Mandate in the Middle East, constantly resisted British efforts to control or restrict them. In September, Britain announced that it would support Iraq's inclusion in the League of Nations, this signaled the beginning of the end of their direct control of the region.^[6]

Early in 1929, the Afghan leader King Amanullah lost power through revolution and civil war to Amir Habibullah II. Habibulah's rule, however, only lasted nine months. Nadir Shah replaced him in October, starting a line of monarchs which would last 40 years.^[7] In neighboring India, a general strike in Bombay continued throughout the year despite efforts by the British.^[8] On December 29, the All India Congress in Lahore declared Indian independence from Britain, something it had threatened to do if Britain did not grant India dominion status.^[9] China and Russia engaged in a minor conflict after China seized full control of the Manchurian Chinese Eastern Railway. Russia counterattacked and took the cities of Hailar and Manchouli before issuing an ultimatum demanding joint control of the railway to be reinstated. The Chinese agreed to the terms on November 26. The Japanese would later see this defeat as a sign of Chinese weakness, leading to their taking control of Manchuria.^[10] The Far East began to experience economic problems late in the year as the effects of the Great Depression began to spread. Southeast Asia was especially hard hit as its exports (spice, rubber, and other commodities) were more sensitive to economic problems.^[11] In the Pacific, on December 28 – "Black Saturday" in Samoa – New Zealand colonial police killed 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which led the Mau movement to demand independence for Samoa.^[12]

Europe[link]

Western[link]

In 1929, the Fascist Party in Italy tightened its control. National education policy took a major step towards being completely taken over by the agenda of indoctrination.^[13] In that year, the Fascist government took control of the authorization of all textbooks, all secondary school teachers were required to take an oath of loyalty to Fascism, and children began to be taught that they owed the same loyalty to Fascism as they did to God.^[13] On February 11, Mussolini signed the Lateran Treaty, making Vatican City a sovereign state.^[14] On July 25, Pope Pius XI emerged from the Vatican and entered St. Peter's square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of papal self-imprisonment within the Vatican.^[15] Italy used the diplomatic prestige associated with this successful agreement to adopt a more aggressive foreign policy.^[16] Germany experienced a major turning point in this year due to the economic crash. The country had experienced prosperity under the government of the Weimar Republic until foreign investors withdrew their German interests. This began the crumbling of the Republican government in favor of Nazism.^[17] In 1929, the number of unemployed reached three million.^[18] On July 27, the Geneva Convention, held in Switzerland, addressed the treatment of prisoners of war in response to problems encountered during World War I.^[19]

On May 31, the British general election returned a hung parliament yet again, with the Liberals in position to determine who would have power. These elections were known as the "Flapper" elections due to the fact that it was the first British election in which women under 30 could vote.^[20] A week after the vote, on June 7 the Conservatives conceded power rather than ally with the Liberals. Ramsay MacDonald founded a new Labour government the next day.^[21] 1929 is regarded as a turning point by French historians, who point out that it was last year in which prosperity was felt before the effects of the Great Depression. The Third Republic had been in power since before World War I. On July 24 French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigned for medical reasons; he was succeeded by Aristide Briand. Briand adopted a foreign policy of both peace and defensive fortification. The Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, went into effect in this year (it was first signed in Paris in 1928 by most leading world powers).^[22] The French began work on the Maginot line in this year, as a defense against a possible German attack, and on September 5 Briand presented a plan for the United States of Europe.^[23] On October 22 Briand was replaced as Prime Minister by Andre Tardieu.^[24] Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in Spain experienced growing dissatisfaction among students and academics, as well as businessmen who blamed the government for recent economic woes. Many called for a fascist regime, like that in Italy.^[25]

Eastern[link]

In May, Joseph Stalin consolidated his power in the Soviet Union by sending Leon Trotsky into exile. The only country that would grant Trotsky asylum was Turkey, in return for his help in their civil war. He and his family left the USSR aboard ship on February 12.^[26] Stalin then turned on his former political ally, Nikolai Bukharin, who was the last real threat to his power. By the end of the year Bukharin had been defeated. Once Stalin was in power, he turned his former support for Lenin's New Economic Policy into opposition.^[27] In November, Stalin declared that it "The Year of the Great Breakthrough" and stated that the country would focus on industrial programs as well as on collectivizing the grain supply. He hoped to surpass the West not only in agriculture, but in industry.^[28] Millions of Soviet farmers were removed from their private farms, their property was collected, and they were moved to state-owned farms. Stalin also emphasized in 1929 a campaign demonizing Kulaks as a plague on society. Kulak property was taken and they were deported by cattle train to areas of frozen tundra.^[29]

The timber market in Finland began to decline in 1929 due to the Great Depression, as well as the Soviet Union's entrance into the market. Financial and political problems culminated in the birth of the fascist Lapua Movement on November 23 in a demonstration in Lapua. The movement's stated aim was Finnish democracy and anti-communism.^[30] The Finnish legislature received heavy pressure to remove basic rights from Communist groups.^[31] Politics in Lithuania was also very heated, as President Voldemaras was unpopular in some quarters, and survived an assassination attempt in Kaunas.^[32] Later, while attending a meeting of the League of Nations, he was ousted in a coup by President Smetona, who made himself dictator. Upon Voldemaras' removal from office, Geležinis Vilkas went underground and received aid and encouragement in its activities from Germany.^[32] Yugoslavia was renamed the "Kingdom of Yugoslavia" as King Alexander sought to unite the Balkans under his rule.^[33] The state's new Monarchy replaced the old parliament, which had been dominated by Serbs.^[34]

North America[link]

In October 1929, the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council overturned a ruling by the Supreme Court of Canada that women could not be members of the legislature. This case, which came to be known as the Persons Case, had important ramifications not just for women's rights but also because in overturning the case, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council engendered a radical change in the Canadian judicial approach to the Canadian constitution, an approach that has come to be known as the "living tree doctrine". The five women who initiated the case are known in Canada as the Famous Five.^[35] In November, the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake occurred off the south coast of Newfoundland in the Atlantic Ocean. It registered as a Richter magnitude 7.2 submarine earthquake centered on Grand Banks, broke 12 submarine transatlantic telegraph cables and triggered a tsunami that destroyed many south coast communities in the Burin Peninsula area, killing 28 (as of 1997, Canada's most lethal earthquake).^[36]

The Mexican Cristero War continued in 1929 as clerical forces attempted an assassination of the provisional president in a train bombing in February. The attempt failed. Plutarco Calles, at the center of power for the anti-clerics, continued to gather power in Mexico City. His government was considered an enemy to more conservative Mexicans who held to traditional forms of government and more religious control. Calles founded the National Revolutionary Party early in the year to increase his power; a party which was, ironically, seen by foreigners as fascist and which was in opposition to the Mexican Right. A special election was held in this year, which Jose Vasconselos lost to Ortiz Rubio. By this time, the war had ended.^[37] The last group of rebels was defeated on June 4, and in the same month US Ambassador Dwight Morrow initiated talks between parties. On June 21 an agreement was brokered ending the Cristero War. On June 27, church bells rang and mass was held publicly for the first time in three years. However, the agreement favored the government heavily, as Priests were required to register with the government and religion was banned from schools.^[38]

The major event of the year for the United states was the stock market crash on Wall Street, which was to have international effects. On September 3, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) peaked at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November 1954. Then, from October 24 – October 29, stock prices suffered three multi-digit percentage drops, wiping out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).^[39] On December 3 U.S. President Herbert Hoover announced to the U.S. Congress that the worst effects of the recent stock market crash were behind the nation, and that the American people had regained faith in the economy.^[40]

Literature, arts, and entertainment[link]

Literature of the time reflected the memories many harbored of the horrors of World War I. A major seller was All Quiet on the Western Front by Erich Maria Remarque. Remarque was a German who had fought in the war at age eighteen and been wounded in the Third Battle of Ypres. He stated that he intended the book to tell the story "of a generation of men who, even though they may have escaped its shells, were destroyed by the war." Another 1929 book reflecting on World War I was Ernest Hemingway's A Farewell to Arms, as well as Goodbye to All That by Robert Graves.^[41] In lighter media, a few stars of the comic industry made their debut, including Tintin, a comic book character created by Hergé, who would appear in over 200 million comic books in 60 languages. Popeye, another comic strip character created by Elzie Crisler Segar, also appeared in this year. Within the film industry on May 16 the 1st Academy Awards were presented at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood, California, with Wings winning Best Picture. Also in this year Hallelujah! became the first Hollywood film to contain an entirely black cast, and Atlantic, a German film about the Titanic, was the first sound-on-film movie, signaling the beginning of the end for silent films.

The arts were in the midst of the Modernist movement, as Pablo Picasso painted two cubist works, Woman in a Garden and Nude in an Armchair, during this year. The surrealist painters Salvador Dalí and René Magritte completed several works, including The First Days of Spring and The Treachery of Images. On November 7 in New York City, the Museum of Modern Art opened to the public. The latest in modern architecture was also represented by the likes of the Barcelona Pavilion in Spain and the Royal York Hotel in Toronto, at its completion the tallest building in the British Empire.

Science and technology[link]

The year saw several advances in technology and exploration. On June 27 the first public demonstration of color TV was held by H. E. Ives and his colleagues at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images were a bouquet of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system was used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington. By November, Vladimir Zworykin had taken out the first patent for color television. On November 29, Bernt Balchen, U.S. Admiral Richard Byrd, Captain Ashley McKinley, and Harold June, became the first to fly over the South Pole. Within the year, Britain, Australia and New Zealand began a joint Antarctic Research Expedition, and the German airship Graf Zeppelin began a round-the-world flight (ended August 29). This year Ernst Schwarz describes Bonobo (Pan paniscus) as a different species from chimpanzee (Pan troglodites), both very closely phylogenetically related to human beings.

Events[link]

January[link]

• January 1
  • The U.S. Army Air Corps airplane ? begins a six-day non-stop endurance flight over Southern California using aerial refueling.
  • The British Columbian municipalities of Point Grey and South Vancouver are amalgamated into Vancouver.
• January 6
  • 6 January Dictatorship: King Alexander of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes suspends his country's constitution.
  • The Albanian missionary sister Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, later known as Mother Teresa, arrives in Calcutta from Ireland to begin her work among India's poorest and sickest.
• January 10 – First appearance of Hergé's Belgian comic book hero Tintin as Tintin in the Land of the Soviets (Les Aventures de Tintin, reporter..., au pays des Soviets), begins serialization in children's newspaper supplement Le Petit Vingtième.
• January 15 – Annales d'histoire économique et sociale begins publication in France.
• January 17 – First appearance of comic strip hero Popeye in Thimble Theatre.^[42]
• January 29 – All Quiet on the Western Front (Im Westen nichts Neues), by Erich Maria Remarque, is published in book form.

February[link]

• February 9 – The Litvinov Protocol is signed in Moscow among the USSR, Poland, Estonia, Romania and Latvia.^[43]
• February 11 – Italy and the Vatican sign the Lateran Treaty.
• February 14 – St. Valentine's Day Massacre: Seven gangsters, rivals of Al Capone, are murdered in Chicago.
• February 26 – The Grand Teton National Park is established by Congress.

February 26: Grand Teton National Park.

March[link]

• March 2 – The longest bridge in the world, the San Francisco Bay Toll-Bridge, opens.
• March 3 – A revolt by Generals José Gonzalo Escobar and Jesús María Aguirre fails in Mexico.
• March 4 – Herbert Hoover is inaugurated as the 31st President of the United States, succeeding Calvin Coolidge. His Vice President, Charles Curtis, became the first person with non-European ancestry to reach such a high office.
• March 28 – Japanese forces withdraw from Shandong province to their garrison in Tsingtao bringing an end to the Jinan Incident.

April[link]

• April 3 – Persia signs the Litvinov Protocol.^[43]

May[link]

• May – The Wickersham Commission begins its investigation of alcohol prohibition in the U.S.
• May 16 – The 1st Academy Awards are presented at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood, California, with Wings winning Best Picture.
• May 31 – The British general election returns a hung parliament yet again; the Liberals will determine who has power.

June[link]

• June 1 – The 1st Conference of the Communist Parties of Latin America is held in Buenos Aires.
• June 3 – The Treaty of Lima settles a border dispute between Peru and Chile.
• June 7 – The Lateran Treaty, making Vatican City a sovereign state, is ratified.
• June 8 – Ramsay MacDonald founds a new Labour government.
• June 21 – An agreement brokered by U.S. Ambassador Dwight Whitney Morrow ends the Cristero War in Mexico.
• June 27 – The first public demonstration of color TV is held, by H. E. Ives and his colleagues at Bell Telephone Laboratories in New York. The first images are a bouquet of roses and an American flag. A mechanical system is used to transmit 50-line color television images between New York and Washington.

July[link]

• July 11 – In Russia, a secret decree of the Sovnarkom creates the backbone of the Gulag system.
• July 24
  • French prime minister Raymond Poincaré resigns; he is succeeded by Aristide Briand.
  • The Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war as an instrument of foreign policy, goes into effect (it was first signed in Paris on August 27, 1928 by most leading world powers).
• July 25 – Pope Pius XI emerges from the Vatican and enters St. Peter's square in a huge procession witnessed by about 250,000 persons, thus ending nearly 60 years of papal self-imprisonment within the Vatican.
• July 27
  • Red Crescent adopted as an additional LORCS emblem.
  • The Geneva Convention addresses the treatment of prisoners of war.

August[link]

• August 16 – The 1929 Palestine riots breaks out between Palestinians and Jews and continues until the end of the month. In total, 133 Jews and 116 Palestinians are killed.
• August 23 and August 24 – The 1929 Hebron massacre, in which 65–68 Jews are killed by Palestinians and the remaining Jews are forced to leave Hebron.
• August 29 – The 1929 Safed massacre, in which 18–20 Jews are killed by Palestinians in Safed.
• August 31 – The Young Plan, which set the total World War I reparations owed by Germany at US$26,350,000,000 to be paid over a period of 58½ years, is finalized.

September[link]

• September 3 – The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) peaks at 381.17, a height it would not reach again until November 1954.
• September 5 – Aristide Briand presents his plan for the United States of Europe.
• September 17 – A coup ousts Augustinas Voldemaras in Lithuania; the new president is Antanas Smetona.
• September 30 – Fritz von Opel pilots the first rocket-powered aircraft, the Opel RAK.1, in front of a large crowd in Frankfurt am Main.

October[link]

• October 18 – Women are announced to be persons by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Britain. Women can be appointed to the Canadian Senate, an achievement by five Canadian women called the Famous Five.
• October 22 – The government of Aristide Briand falls in France.

The Wall Street Crash of 1929, the beginning of the Great Depression

• October 24 – October 29 – Wall Street Crash of 1929: Three multi-digit percentage drops wipe out more than $30 billion from the New York Stock Exchange (10 times greater than the annual budget of the federal government).
• October 25 – Former U.S. Interior Secretary Albert B. Fall is convicted of bribery for his role in the Teapot Dome scandal, becoming the first Presidential cabinet member to go to prison for actions in office.

November[link]

• November – Vladimir Zworykin takes out the first patent for color television.
• November 1
  • An annular solar eclipse is seen on Atlantic Ocean and Africa.
  • Conscription in Australia ends.^[44]
• November 7 – In New York City, the Museum of Modern Art opens to the public.
• November 18 – 1929 Grand Banks earthquake^[36]
• November 29 – Bernt Balchen, U.S. Admiral Richard Byrd, Captain Ashley McKinley, and Harold June, become the first to fly over the South Pole.

December[link]

• December 28 – "Black Saturday" in Samoa: New Zealand colonial police kill 11 unarmed demonstrators, an event which leads the Mau movement to demand independence for Samoa.^[12]
• December 29 – The All India Congress in Lahore demands Indian independence.

Births[link]

January–April[link]

• January 1
  • Raymond Chow, Hong Kong film producer
  • Joseph Lombardo, American mafioso
  • Haruo Nakajima, Japanese actor
• January 3
  • Sergio Leone, Italian director
  • Ernst Mahle, Brazilian composer
  • Gordon Moore, American computing entrepreneur and benefactor
• January 5 – Wilbert Harrison, American singer
• January 7 – Terry Moore, American actress
• January 8 – Saeed Jaffrey, Indian actor
• January 9 – Brian Friel, Irish dramatist
• January 12 – Alasdair MacIntyre, Scottish-born American philosopher
• January 15 – Martin Luther King Jr., American civil rights leader, Nobel laureate (d. 1968)
• January 17
  • Eilaine Roth, American female professional baseball player (d. 2011)
  • Elaine Roth, American female professional baseball player (d. 2007)
  • Tan Boon Teik, former Attorney-General of Singapore (d. 2012)
• January 20 – Arte Johnson, American actor
• January 23 – John Charles Polanyi, Canadian chemist, Nobel laureate
• January 25 – Benny Golson, American jazz musician
• January 29 – George Ross Anderson, Jr., Anderson, South Carolina
• January 31
  • Rudolf Mössbauer, German physicist, Nobel laureate (d. 2011)
  • Jean Simmons, English actress (d. 2010)
• February 2 – Věra Chytilová, Czech director
• February 3 – Huntington Hardisty, American admiral (d. 2003)
• February 4 – Jerry Adler, American actor
• February 5 – Luc Ferrari, French Composer (d. 2005)
• February 6 – Sixten Jernberg, Swedish cross-country skier
• February 10 – Hallgeir Brenden, Norwegian cross-country skier (d. 2007)
• February 15
  • Graham Hill, English race car driver (d. 1975)
  • Kauko Armas Nieminen, Finnish physicist
  • James Schlesinger, American politician
• February 17 – Patricia Routledge, English actress
• February 18 – Len Deighton, British author
• February 24 – Zdzislaw Beksinski, Polish surrealist painter (d. 2005)
• March 1 – Georgi Markov, Bulgarian dissident (d. 1978)
• March 8 – Hebe Camargo, Brazilian television presenter, actress and singer
• March 13 – Peter Breck, American actor and former drama teacher
• March 19 – Miquel Martí i Pol, Catalan poet (d. 2003)
• March 23 – Sir Roger Bannister, British athlete
• March 27 – Rita Briggs, American female professional baseball player (d. 1994)
• March 29 – Lennart Meri, former President of Estonia (d. 2006)
• April 1 – Jane Powell, American actress
• April 3 – Poul Schlüter, Danish politician
• April 5 – Ivar Giaever, Norwegian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate
• April 10 – Max von Sydow, Swedish actor
• April 14 – Chadli Bendjedid, former President of Algeria
• April 22 – Michael Atiyah, British-Lebanese mathematician

May–August[link]

• May 1 – Ralf Dahrendorf, Anglo-German sociologist (d. 2009)
• May 2 – Édouard Balladur, French Prime Minister
• May 4
  • Audrey Hepburn, British actress (d. 1993)
  • Ronald Golias, Brazilian comedian and actor (d. 2005)
• May 5 – Ilene Woods, American singer and actress (d. 2010)
• May 6 – Paul Lauterbur, American chemist, Nobel laureate (d. 2007)
• May 8 – Miyoshi Umeki, Japanese singer and actress (The Courtship of Eddie's Father) (d. 2007)
• May 10 – Betty Foss, American female professional baseball player (d. 1998)
• May 11 – Margaret Kerry, American actress
• May 12 – Sam Nujoma, first President of Namibia
• May 20 – Ahmed Hamdi, Egyptian soldier, that fought in Yom Kippur (d. 1973)
• May 21 – Alice Drummond, American actress
• May 26 – Beverly Sills, American soprano (d. 2007)
• June 3 – Werner Arber, Swiss microbiologist, Nobel laureate
• June 6 – Milton Glaser, American graphic designer, illustrator and teacher.
• June 4 – Karolos Papoulias, President of Greece
• June 12 – Anne Frank, German-born diarist and Holocaust victim (d. 1945)
• June 20 – Anne Weale, British writer (d. 2007)
• July 1 – Gerald Edelman, American biologist, Nobel laureate
• July 2 – Imelda Marcos, First Lady of the Philippines
• July 9 – King Hassan II of Morocco (d. 1999)
• July 11 – David Kelly (actor), Irish actor
• July 19 – Alice Pollitt, American female professional baseball player
• July 22 – U. A. Fanthorpe, British poet (d. 2009)
• July 26 – Joseph Jackson, Father of the Jackson Family
• July 28 – Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, American First Lady (d. 1994)
• August 8 – Ronnie Biggs, British robber
• August 24 – Yasser Arafat, Palestinian leader, Nobel laureate (d. 2004)
• August 27 – Ralph T. Coe, American art historian of Native American art

September–December[link]

• September 4 – Thomas Eagleton, 77, United States Senator for Missouri (1969–1987) (d. 2007)
• September 5 – Bob Newhart, American comedian and actor
• September 10 – Arnold Palmer, American golfer
• September 15 – Murray Gell-Mann, American physicist, Nobel laureate
• September 16 – Maxine Kline, American female professional baseball player
• September 19 – Mel Stewart, African-American actor (d. 2002)
• September 21 – Sandor Kocsis, Hungarian football player (d. 1979)
• September 22 – Hédi Váradi, Hungarian actress (d. 1987)
• September 25 – Barbara Walters, American journalist
• September 28 – Lata Mangeshkar, Indian singer
• October 2 – Moses Gunn, African-American actor (d. 1993)
• October 13 – Walasse Ting, Chinese-American painter (d. 2010)
• October 15 – Antonino Zichichi, Italian physicist
• October 22 – Lev Yashin, Russian footballer (d. 1990)
• October 24 – Clifford Rose, British classical actor
• November 2
  • Richard E. Taylor, Canadian-born physicist, Nobel laureate
  • Rachel Ames, American actress
• November 7 – Eric R. Kandel, Austrian-born neuroscientist, Nobel laureate
• November 9 – Imre Kertesz, Hungarian writer, Nobel laureate
• November 12 – Grace Patricia Kelly, American actress and Princess of Monaco (d. 1982)
• November 13– Fred Phelps, American Pastor (Westboro Baptist Church)
• November 24 – Franciszek Kokot, nephrologist
• November 30 – Dick Clark, American television entertainer (d. 2012)
• December 9 – Bob Hawke, twenty-third Prime Minister of Australia
• December 16 – Nicholas Courtney, British actor (d. 2011)
• December 29 – Susie Garrett, American actress and sister of Marla Gibbs (d. 2002)

Deaths[link]

January–June[link]

• January 5
  • Marc McDermott, Australian-American actor (b. 1881)
  • Nikolai Nikolaevich Romanov, Grand Duke of Russia (b. 1856)
• January 13 – Wyatt Earp, American gunfighter (b. 1848)
• January 30 – La Goulue, French dancer (b. 1866)
• February 6 – Maria Christina of Austria, Queen Regent of Spain (b. 1858)
• February 11 – Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1840)
• February 12 – Lillie Langtry, British singer and actress (b. 1853)
• February 14 – Thomas Burke, American sprinter (b. 1875)
• February 18 – William Russell, American actor (b. 1884)
• February 24 – Frank Keenan, American actor (b. 1858)
• February 27 – Briton Hadden, co-founder of Time Magazine. (b. 1898)
• March 1 – Royal H. Weller, American politician (b. 1881)
• March 2 – Sir Edward Hobart Seymour, British admiral (b. 1840)
• March 5 – David Dunbar Buick, Scottish-American inventor
• March 12 – Asa Griggs Candler, American businessman and politician (b. 1851)
• March 15 – Pinetop Smith, American blues pianist (b. 1904)
• March 18 – William P. Cronan, Naval Governor of Guam (b. 1879)
• March 20 – Ferdinand Foch, French commander of Allied forces in World War I (b. 1851)
• April 4
  • Karl Benz, German automotive pioneer (b. 1844)
  • William Michael Crose, United States Navy Commander and the seventh Naval Governor of American Samoa (b. 1867)
• April 22 – Henry Lerolle, French painter (b. 1848)
• April 24 – Caroline Rémy, French feminist (b. 1855)
• May 21 – Archibald Primrose, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1847)
• June 8 – Bliss Carman, Canadian poet (b. 1861)
• June 11 – William Dickson Boyce, American entrepreneur and founder of the Boy Scouts of America (b. 1858)
• June 16 – Bramwell Booth, General of The Salvation Army (b. 1856)
• June 26 – Amandus Adamson, Estonian sculptor (b. 1855)
• June 28 – Edward Carpenter, English poet (b. 1844)

July–December[link]

• July 2 – Gladys Brockwell, American actress (b. 1893)
• July 3 – Dustin Farnum, American actor (b. 1874)
• July 12 – Robert Henri, American painter (b. 1865)
• July 15 – Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Austrian writer (b. 1874)
• August – Mary MacLane, Canadian feminist writer (b. 1881)
• August 3
  • Thorstein Veblen, Norwegian-American economist (b. 1857)
  • Emil Berliner, German-born inventor (b. 1851)
• August 5 – Millicent Fawcett, British suffragist and feminist (b. 1847)
• August 19 – Sergei Diaghilev, Russian ballet impresario (b. 1872)
• August 26 – Sir Ernest Satow, British diplomat and scholar (b. 1843)
• August 27 – Herman Potočnik Noordung, Slovenian rocket engineer (b. 1892)
• September 2 – Paul Leni, German filmmaker (b. 1885)
• September 12 – Rainis, Latvian poet and playwright (b. 1865)
• September 23 – Richard Adolf Zsigmondy, Austrian-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)
• September 24 – Mahidol Adulyadej, Thai doctor and father of King Rama IX (b. 1892)
• September 29 – Tanaka Giichi, 26th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1863)
• October 1 – Antoine Bourdelle, French sculptor (b. 1861)
• October 3
  • Jeanne Eagels, American actress (b. 1890)
  • Gustav Stresemann, Chancellor of Germany, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1878)
• October 28 – Bernhard von Bülow, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1849)
• October 29 – Emily Robin, English Madame
• November 6 – Prince Maximilian of Baden, Chancellor of Germany (b. 1867)
• November 17 – Herman Hollerith, American businessman and inventor (b. 1860)
• November 24
  • Georges Clemenceau, Premier of France (b. 1841)
  • Raymond Hitchcock, American actor (b. 1865)
• December 10 – Harry Crosby, American publisher and poet (b. 1898)
• December 20 – Émile Loubet, 8th President of France (b. 1838)
• December 29 – Wilhelm Maybach, German automobile designer (b. 1846)

[edit] Nobel Prizes

• Physics – Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie
• Chemistry – Arthur Harden, Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin
• Physiology or Medicine – Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
• Literature – Thomas Mann
• Peace – Frank Billings Kellogg

References[link]

• The 1930s Timeline: 1929 — from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia

Red Nichols
Background information
Birth name	Ernest Loring Nichols
Born	May 8, 1905
Origin	Ogden, Utah USA
Died	June 28, 1965 (aged 60)
Genres	Jazz
Occupations	Cornettist, Bandleader, Composer
Instruments	Cornet
Associated acts	California Ramblers Paul Whiteman Red

Ernest Loring "Red" Nichols (May 8, 1905 – June 28, 1965) was an American jazz cornettist, composer, and jazz bandleader.

Over his long career, Nichols recorded in a wide variety of musical styles, and critic Steve Leggett^[1] describes him as "an expert cornet player, a solid improviser, and apparently a workaholic, since he is rumored to have appeared on over 4,000 recordings during the 1920s alone."

Biography[link]

Early life and career[link]

Red Nichols is a name which comes to us from the jazz of the 1920s, a time when Nichols was a fecund recording artist. But that name got a second lease on life when Hollywood made a movie, The Five Pennies, (starring Danny Kaye) very loosely based on Nichols’ life, in 1959.

Ernest Loring (“Red”) Nichols was born on May 8, 1905 in Ogden, Utah. His father was a college music professor, and Nichols was a child prodigy, because by twelve he was already playing difficult set pieces for his father’s brass band. The young Nichols heard the early recordings of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (which was not in fact “original,” but was the first “jazz” band to record), and later those of Bix Beiderbecke, and these had a strong influence on the young cornet player. His style became polished, clean and incisive.

In the early 1920s, Nichols moved to the Midwest and joined a band called The Syncopating Seven. When that band broke up he joined the Johnny Johnson Orchestra and came with it to New York City in 1923. New York would remain his base for years thereafter.

In New York he met and teamed up with trombonist Miff Mole, and the two of them were inseparable for the next decade.

Jazz was still comparatively young then and consisted of two racially separated streams. The musicians of both races mingled, listened to each other, and played together at least in after-hours jams.

Brunswick Records Era[link]

Red Nichols had good technique, could read music, and easily got session and studio work. In 1926 he and Miff Mole began a prodigious stint of recording with a variety of bands, most of them known as “Red Nichols and His Five Pennies.” Very few of these groups were actually quintets; the name was simply a pun on “Nickel,” since there were “five pennies” in a nickel. “That was only a number we tied in with my name,” Nichols once explained. “We’d generally have eight or nine [musicians], depending on who was around for the session and what I was trying to do.”

Under that band name Nichols recorded over 100 sides for the Brunswick label. But he also recorded under a number of other names, among them, The Arkansas Travelers, The California Red Heads, The Louisiana Rhythm Kings, The Charleston Chasers, Red and Miff’s Stompers, and Miff Mole and His Little Molers. Nichols and his bands were making ten to a dozen records a week in some weeks.

His recordings of the late 1920s are regarded as the most progressive jazz of the period, in both concept and execution, with widely-ranging harmonies and a balanced ensemble. But they were small-band Dixieland groups, emphasizing collective improvisation and playing. They were very different from Louis Armstrong’s Hot Fives of that period.

Nichols’ band started out with Mole on trombone and Jimmy Dorsey on alto sax and clarinet. Other musicians who played for a time in his bands were Benny Goodman (clarinet), Glenn Miller (trombone), Jack Teagarden (trombone), Pee Wee Russell (clarinet), Joe Venuti (violin), Eddie Lang (banjo and guitar), and Gene Krupa (drums) – a veritable Who’s Who of important white jazz musicians in the following decade. The Five Pennies’ version of “Ida” was a surprise hit record.

During his Brunswick career (1926–1932) a virtual who's who of great jazz musicians were members of Nichols' studio recording sessions; see below for more information.

Other labels Nichols recorded for included Edison 1926, Victor 1927, 1928, 1930, 1931 (individual sessions), Bluebird 1934, 1939, back to Brunswick for a session in 1934, Variety 1937, and finally OKeh in 1940.

The next decade was the Swing Era, and swing eclipsed the Dixieland Nichols loved to play. He tried to go along with the changes, and formed a swing band of his own, but his recording career seemed to stall in 1932. Michael Brooks writes:

What went wrong? Part of it was too much, too soon. Much of his vast recorded output was released in Europe, where he was regarded by early jazz critics as the equal, if not the superior of Louis Armstrong and Bix Beiderbecke. People who make fools of themselves usually find a scapegoat, and when the critics were exposed to the music of Duke Ellington, Benny Carter, Coleman Hawkins and others they turned on Nichols and savaged him, trashing him as unfairly as they had revered him. Nichols' chief fault was an overly stiff, academic approach to jazz trumpet, but he did recognize merit as far as other jazz musicians were concerned and made some wonderful small group recordings.^[2]

Later career[link]

Nichols kept himself alive during the first years of the Great Depression by playing in show bands and pit orchestras. He led Bob Hope’s orchestra for a while, moving out to California. He’d married Willa Stutsman, a “stunning” George White “Scandals” dancer, and they had a daughter. She came down with polio (misdiagnosed at first as spinal meningitis) in 1942, and Nichols quit a gig playing with Glen Gray and the Casa Loma Orchestra and left the music business to work in the wartime shipyards.

Unable to stay away from music, Nichols formed a new Five Pennies band and began playing small clubs in the Los Angeles area soon after the war ended. Before long the word was out and musicians began showing up, turning his gigs into jam sessions.

Soon the little club dates were turning into more prestigious bookings at the chic Zebra Room, the Tudor Room of San Francisco’s Palace Hotel, and Pasadena’s posh Sheraton. He toured Europe as a goodwill ambassador for the State Department. Nichols and his band performed briefly, billed as themselves, in Quicksand, a 1950 crime film starring Mickey Rooney. And in 1956 he was the subject of one of Ralph Edwards’ This Is Your Life TV shows, which featured his old buddies Miff Mole, Phil Harris and Jimmy Dorsey, who praised Nichols as a bandleader who made sure everybody got paid.

In 1965 Nichols took his Five Pennies band to Las Vegas, to play at the then-new Mint Hotel. He was only a few days into the date when, on June 28, 1965, he was sleeping in his suite and was awakened by paralyzing chest pains. He managed to call the front desk and an ambulance was summoned, but it arrived too late. That night the band went on as scheduled, but at the center of the band a spotlight pointed down at an empty chair in Nichols’ customary spot. Red’s bright and shiny cornet sat alone on the chair. Around it swirled the “happy music” Nichols had loved all his life.

Biographical Film & Film Career[link]

The 1959 Hollywood film The Five Pennies, the film biography of Red Nichols, starring Danny Kaye as Red Nichols, was very loosely based on Nichols' career. Nichols played his own cornet parts for the film, but did not appear on screen. The Paramount movie received four Academy Award nominations. "The Five Pennies" movie theme song was composed by Sylvia Fine, the wife of Danny Kaye. Nichols also made a cameo appearance in the biopic The Gene Krupa Story in 1959.

Compositions by Red Nichols[link]

Red Nichols' compositions include "Hurricane" with Paul Madeira Mertz, "Five Pennies" (1927), "That's No Bargain", "Get With It", "Hangover" with Miff Mole, "The King Kong", "Nervous Charlie", "Trumpet Sobs" (1926), "The Parade of the Pennies", "Sugar", "Overnight Hop", "Lowland Blues", and "Meet Miss 8 Beat".

Albums[link]

• Jazz Time (Capitol H 215, 1950)
• Parade of the Pennies (Capitol ST 1051, 1958)
• Blues and Old-Time Rags (Capitol ST 2065, 1963)
• The Rarest Brunswick Masters (MCA 1518)

Honors[link]