Inception is a 2010 science fiction action heist film which was written, co-produced, and directed by Christopher Nolan. The film features an international ensemble cast including Leonardo DiCaprio, Ken Watanabe, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Marion Cotillard, Ellen Page, Tom Hardy, Cillian Murphy, Dileep Rao, Tom Berenger, and Michael Caine. DiCaprio plays Dom Cobb, a specialized corporate spy and thief whose work consists of secretly extracting valuable commercial information from the unconscious minds of his targets while they dream. Wanted for murder and unable to visit his children, Cobb is offered a chance to regain his old life as payment for a task considered to be impossible: "Inception", the implantation of an original idea into a target's subconscious.^[5]

In 2001, Nolan wrote an 80-page treatment about "dream stealers", and presented the idea to Warner Bros. in a story envisioned as a horror film inspired by lucid dreaming.^[6] Feeling he needed to have more experience with large-scale film production, Nolan retired the project and instead worked on Batman Begins (2005), The Prestige (2006), and The Dark Knight (2008).^[7] He spent six months polishing the script before Warner Bros. purchased it in February 2009.^[8] Inception was filmed in six countries and four continents, beginning in Tokyo on June 19, 2009, and finishing in Canada on November 22, 2009.^[9]

Its official budget was US$160 million, a cost which was split between Warner Bros and Legendary Pictures.^[3] Nolan's reputation and success with The Dark Knight helped secure the film's $100 million in advertising expenditure,^[3] with most of the publicity involving viral marketing. Inception premiered in London on July 8, 2010, and was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on July 16, 2010.^[10][11] A box office success, Inception has grossed over $800 million worldwide and is thus currently one of the highest-grossing films of all time.^[4] The home video market also had strong results, with $68 million in DVD sales.

Inception has received wide critical acclaim and numerous critics have praised its originality, cast, score, and visual effects.^[12] It won Academy Awards for Best Visual Effects, Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Cinematography, and was also nominated for four more: Best Picture, Best Original Screenplay, Best Original Score, and Best Art Direction.

Plot[link]

Dom Cobb and business partner Arthur perform corporate espionage by dreaming and infiltrating the subconscious of their targets to extract information, their latest being powerful, Japanese businessman Saito (Ken Watanabe). Tiered dream within a dream strategies are used and dreamers awaken by a sudden kick, or dying in the dream. Each extractor carries a totem, a personalized small object whose behavior is only predictable to its owner. Cobb's totem is a spinning top that perpetually spins in the dream state. The extraction fails due to Mal (Marion Cotillard), Cobb's deceased wife, whose memory projection sabotages his missions. Saito reveals that he is in fact auditioning the team to perform the difficult act of inception: using dreams to implant an idea.

Saito wishes to break up the energy conglomerate of his ailing competitor Maurice Fischer, by planting this idea in his son and inheritor Robert Fischer. Should Cobb succeed, Saito will use his influence to clear murder charges against him, so he can return to the U.S. and his children. Cobb accepts and assembles his team: Eames, an identity forger; Yusuf, a chemist who concocts the powerful sedative needed and Ariadne, a young architecture student tasked with designing the labyrinth of the dream landscapes. Saito accompanies as mission observer. Due to the sedative and multi-layered dream, death will result in entering limbo, unconstructed dream space where the dreamer could be trapped indefinitely. Real time in dreams is slowed; in limbo minutes of real time passes as decades. Cobb reveals to Ariadne that he spent years with Mal in limbo, constructing a world together. After waking, Mal remained convinced she was dreaming and committed suicide, persuading Cobb to do so by incriminating him in her death, but he instead fled the U.S. and his children.

When the elder Fischer dies in Sydney and his body flown back to Los Angeles, the team share the flight with Robert Fischer and Cobb sedates him, bringing him into the shared dream. At each stage, the member of the team generating the dream stays behind to initiate the kick, while the other members sleep within the dream to travel a level deeper. In the first level, Yusuf's rainy downtown dream, the team abducts Fischer. However Fischer's antibody-like trained subconscious projections attack, seriously wounding Saito. Eames temporarily takes the appearance of Fischer's godfather, Peter Browning, to suggest Fischer reconsider his father's will. Yusuf drives the team in a van as they are sedated into Arthur's dream, a hotel, where the team recruit Fischer, convincing him his kidnapping was orchestrated by Browning. In the third dream level, a snowy mountain fortress designed by Ariadne and dreamt by Eames, Fischer is told they are in Browning's subconscious, but are really going deeper into Fischer's. Yusuf's driving manifests as distorted gravity, forcing Arthur to improvise a kick using an elevator shaft on the second level and creating an avalanche on the third.

Saito succumbs to his wounds and Cobb's projection of Mal sabotages the plan by killing Fischer.^[13] Cobb and Ariadne enter limbo to find Fischer and Saito. Cobb confronts his projection of Mal, who tries convincing him to stay in limbo. Cobb refuses and confesses he feels responsible for Mal's suicide, having woken her from limbo by using inception to plant the thought that the world was not real. Mal attacks Cobb but Ariadne shoots her. Through his confession, Cobb attains catharsis and chooses to remain to search for Saito. Eames defibrillates Fischer to bring him back up to the mountain fortress, where he enters a safe room to discover the planted idea; his father wishes him to be his own man and he accepts splitting up the conglomerate. Leaving Cobb, the team members ride the synchronized kicks back up: Eames detonates explosives in the fortress, Arthur crashes the elevator containing the team's bodies and Yusuf plunges the van off a bridge. Cobb eventually finds an aged Saito and the two remember their arrangement, awakening on the flight. Cobb passes through U.S. customs and reunites with his children. He tests reality with his spinning top, but is distracted by his children before seeing the result.

Cast[link]

The cast at a premiere for the film in July 2010: From left to right: Cillian Murphy, Marion Cotillard, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Ellen Page, Ken Watanabe, Michael Caine, and Leonardo DiCaprio

• Leonardo DiCaprio as Dominic "Dom" Cobb, a professional thief who specializes in conning secrets from his victims by infiltrating their dreams. DiCaprio was the first actor to be cast in the film.^[14] Nolan had been trying to work with the actor for years and met him several times, but was unable to convince him to appear in any of his films until Inception.^[15] According to Hollywood Reporter, both Brad Pitt and Will Smith were offered the role.^[16]
• Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Arthur, Cobb's partner who manages and researches the missions. Gordon-Levitt compared Arthur to the producer of Cobb's art, "the one saying, 'Okay, you have your vision; now I'm going to figure out how to make all the nuts and bolts work so you can do your thing'".^[17] The actor did all of his stunts but one scene and said the preparation "was a challenge and it would have to be for it to look real".^[18]
• Ellen Page as Ariadne, a graduate student of architecture who is recruited to construct the various dreamscapes, which are described as mazes. The name Ariadne alludes to a princess of Greek myth, daughter of King Minos, who aided the hero Theseus by giving him a sword and a ball of string to help him navigate the labyrinth which was the prison of the Minotaur. Nolan said that Page was chosen for being a "perfect combination of freshness and savvy and maturity beyond her years".^[19] Page said her character acts as a proxy to the audience, as "she's just learning about these ideas and, in essence, assists the audience in learning about dream sharing".^[20]
• Tom Hardy as Eames, a sharp-tongued associate of Cobb's. He is referred to as a fence but his speciality is forgery, more accurately identity theft. Eames uses his ability to impersonate others inside the dream world in order to manipulate Fischer. Hardy described his character as "an old, Graham Greene-type diplomat; sort of faded, shabby, grandeur – the old Shakespeare lovey mixed with somebody from Her Majesty's Special Forces", who wears "campy, old money" costumes.^[21]
• Ken Watanabe as Mr. Saito, a Japanese businessman who employs Cobb for the team's mission. Nolan wrote the role with Watanabe in mind, as he wanted to work with him again after Batman Begins.^[22] Inception is Watanabe's first work in a contemporary setting where his primary language is English. Watanabe tried to emphasize a different characteristic of Saito in every dream level – "First chapter in my castle, I pick up some hidden feelings of the cycle. It's magical, powerful and then the first dream. And back to the second chapter, in the old hotel, I pick up [being] sharp and more calm and smart and it's a little bit [of a] different process to make up the character of any movie".^[23]
• Dileep Rao as Yusuf, the team's chemist. Rao describes Yusuf as "an avant-garde pharmacologist, who is a resource for people, like Cobb, who want to do this work unsupervised, unregistered and unapproved of by anyone". Co-producer Jordan Goldberg said the role of the chemist was "particularly tough because you don't want him to seem like some kind of drug dealer", and that Rao was cast for being "funny, interesting and obviously smart".^[24]
• Cillian Murphy as Robert Michael Fischer, the heir to a business empire and the team's target.^[22] Murphy said Fischer was portrayed as "a petulant child who's in need of a lot of attention from his father, he has everything he could ever want materially, but he's deeply lacking emotionally". The actor also researched the sons of Rupert Murdoch, "to add to that the idea of living in the shadow of someone so immensely powerful".^[25]
• Tom Berenger as Peter Browning, Robert Fischer's godfather and fellow executive at the Fischers' company.^[1] Berenger said Browning acts as a "surrogate father" to Robert, who calls the character "Uncle Peter", and emphasized that "Browning has been with [Robert] his whole life and has probably spent more quality time with him than his own father".^[24]
• Marion Cotillard as Mallorie "Mal" Cobb, Dom's deceased wife. As the film's main antagonist, she is a manifestation of Dom's guilt about the real Mal's suicide. He is unable to control these projections of her, challenging his abilities as an extractor.^[15] Nolan described Mal as "the essence of the femme fatale," and DiCaprio praised Cotillard's performance saying that "she can be strong and vulnerable and hopeful and heartbreaking all in the same moment, which was perfect for all the contradictions of her character".^[26]
• Pete Postlethwaite as Maurice Fischer, the dying founder of a business empire and the father of Robert. The film became one of Postlethwaite's final film roles before his death in early 2011.
• Michael Caine as Prof. Stephen Miles, Cobb's mentor and father-in-law,^[24] and Ariadne's college professor who recommends her to the team.^[27]
• Lukas Haas as Nash, an architect in Cobb's employment who betrays the team and is later replaced by Ariadne.^[28]
• Talulah Riley as a woman whom Eames disguises himself as in a dream. Riley liked the role, despite it being minimal – "I get to wear a nice dress, pick up men in bars, and shove them in elevators. It was good to do something adultish. Usually I play 15-year-old English schoolgirls."^[29]
• Miranda Nolan plays a minor role as an air hostess. Miranda is a first cousin to the film's director Christopher Nolan.^[30]

Production[link]

Development[link]

Emma Thomas and Christopher Nolan answer questions about Inception. The husband and wife team produced the film through their company Syncopy Films. Nolan also wrote and directed it.

Initially, Nolan wrote an 80-page treatment about dream-stealers.^[31] Originally, Nolan had envisioned Inception as a horror film,^[31] but eventually wrote it as a heist film even though he found that "traditionally [they] are very deliberately superficial in emotional terms."^[32] Upon revisiting his script, he decided that basing it in that genre did not work because the story "relies so heavily on the idea of the interior state, the idea of dream and memory. I realized I needed to raise the emotional stakes."^[32] Nolan worked on the script for nine to ten years.^[14] When he first started thinking about making the film, Nolan was influenced by "that era of movies where you had The Matrix (1999), you had Dark City (1998), you had The Thirteenth Floor (1999) and, to a certain extent, you had Memento (2000), too. They were based in the principles that the world around you might not be real."^[32]

Nolan first pitched the film to Warner Bros. in 2001, but then felt that he needed more experience making large-scale films, and embarked on Batman Begins and The Dark Knight.^[7] He soon realized that a film like Inception needed a large budget because "as soon as you're talking about dreams, the potential of the human mind is infinite. And so the scale of the film has to feel infinite. It has to feel like you could go anywhere by the end of the film. And it has to work on a massive scale."^[7] After making The Dark Knight, Nolan decided to make Inception and spent six months completing the script.^[7] Nolan states that the key to completing the script was wondering what would happen if several people shared the same dream. "Once you remove the privacy, you've created an infinite number of alternative universes in which people can meaningfully interact, with validity, with weight, with dramatic consequences."^[33]

Leonardo DiCaprio was the first actor to be cast in the film.^[14] Nolan had been trying to work with the actor for years and met him several times, but was unable to convince him to appear in any of his films until Inception. DiCaprio finally agreed because he was "intrigued by this concept – this dream-heist notion and how this character's going to unlock his dreamworld and ultimately affect his real life."^[34] He read the script and found it to be "very well written, comprehensive but you really had to have Chris in person, to try to articulate some of the things that have been swirling around his head for the last eight years."^[7] DiCaprio and Nolan spent months talking about the screenplay. Nolan took a long time re-writing the script in order "to make sure that the emotional journey of his character was the driving force of the movie."^[14] On February 11, 2009, it was announced that Warner Bros. purchased Inception, a spec script written by Nolan.^[8]

[edit] Locations and sets

Principal photography began in Tokyo on June 19, 2009, with the scene where Saito first hires Cobb during a helicopter flight over the city.^[31][35]

The production moved to the United Kingdom and shot in a converted airship hangar in Cardington, Bedfordshire, north of London.^[36] There, the hotel bar set which tilted 30 degrees was built.^[37] A hotel corridor was also constructed by Guy Hendrix Dyas, the production designer, Chris Corbould, the special effects supervisor, and Wally Pfister, the director of photography, it rotated a full 360 degrees to create the effect of alternate directions of gravity for scenes set during the second level of dreaming; where dream-sector physics become chaotic. The idea was inspired by a technique used in Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968). Nolan said, "I was interested in taking those ideas, techniques, and philosophies and applying them to an action scenario".^[38] The filmmakers originally planned to make the hallway 40 ft (12 m) long but as the action sequence became more elaborate, the hallway's length grew to 100 ft (30 m). The corridor was suspended along eight large concentric rings that were spaced equidistantly outside its walls and powered by two massive electric motors.^[36] Joseph Gordon-Levitt, who plays Arthur, spent several weeks learning to fight in a corridor that spun like "a giant hamster wheel".^[32] Nolan said of the device, "It was like some incredible torture device; we thrashed Joseph for weeks, but in the end we looked at the footage, and it looks unlike anything any of us has seen before. The rhythm of it is unique, and when you watch it, even if you know how it was done, it confuses your perceptions. It's unsettling in a wonderful way".^[32] Gordon-Levitt remembered, "it was six-day weeks of just, like, coming home at night battered ... The light fixtures on the ceiling are coming around on the floor, and you have to choose the right time to cross through them, and if you don't, you're going to fall."^[39] On July 15, 2009, filming took place at University College London library, for the sequences occurring inside a Paris college of architecture in the story.^[31]

Filming moved to France where they shot Cobb entering the college of architecture (the place used for the entrance was the Musée Galliera) and the pivotal scenes between Ariadne and Cobb, in a bistro (a fictional one set up at the corner of Rue César Franck and Rue Bouchut) and then on the Bir-Hakeim bridge.^[40] For the explosion that takes place during the bistro scene, the local authorities would not allow the actual use of explosives. High-pressure nitrogen was used to create the effect of a series of explosions. Pfister used six high-speed cameras to capture the sequence from different angles and make sure that they got the shot. The visual effects department then enhanced the sequence, adding more destruction and flying debris. For the "Paris folding" sequence and when Ariadne "creates" the bridges, green screen and CGI were used on location.^[40]

Tangiers, Morocco, doubled as Mombasa, where Cobb hires Eames and Yusuf. A foot chase was shot in the streets and alleyways of the historic medina quarter.^[41] To capture this sequence, Pfister employed a mix of hand-held camera and steadicam work.^[42] Tangiers was also used to film an important riot scene during the initial foray into Saito's mind.

Filming moved to the Los Angeles area, where some sets were built on a Warner Brothers sound stage, including the interior rooms of Saito's Japanese castle (the exterior was done on a small set built in Malibu beach). The dining room was inspired by the Nijo Castle built around 1603. These sets were inspired by a mix of Japanese architecture and Western influences.^[42] The production also staged a multi-vehicle car chase on the streets of downtown Los Angeles, which involved a freight train crashing down the middle of a street.^[43] To do this, the filmmakers configured a train engine on the chassis of a tractor trailer. The replica was made from fiberglass molds taken from authentic train parts and then matched in terms of color and design.^[44] Also, the car chase was supposed to be set in the midst of a downpour but the L.A. weather stayed typically sunny. The filmmakers were forced to set up elaborate effects (e.g., rooftop water cannons) to give the audience the impression that the weather was overcast and soggy. L.A. was also the site of the climactic scene where a Ford Econoline van flies off the Schuyler Heim Bridge in slow motion.^[45] This sequence was filmed on and off for months with the van being shot out of a cannon, according to actor Dileep Rao. Capturing the actors suspended within the van in slow motion took a whole day to film. Once the van landed in the water, the challenge for the actors was not to panic. "And when they ask you to act, it's a bit of an ask," explained Cillian Murphy.^[45] The actors had to be underwater for four to five minutes while drawing air from scuba tanks; underwater buddy breathing is shown in this sequence.^[45] Cobb's house was in Pasadena. The hotel lobby was filmed at the CAA building in Culver City. Limbo was made on location in Los Angeles and Morocco with the beach scene filmed at Palos Verdes beach with CGI buildings. N Hope St. in Los Angeles was the primary filming location for Limbo, with green screen and CGI being used to create the dream landscape.

The final phase of principal photography took place in Alberta in late November 2009. The location manager discovered a temporarily closed ski resort, Fortress Mountain.^[46] An elaborate set was assembled near the top station of the Canadian chairlift, taking three months to build.^[47] The production had to wait for a huge snowstorm, which eventually arrived.^[31] The ski-chase sequence was inspired by Nolan's favorite James Bond film, On Her Majesty's Secret Service (1969): "What I liked about it that we've tried to emulate in this film is there's a tremendous balance in that movie of action and scale and romanticism and tragedy and emotion."^[48]

Cinematography[link]

The film was shot primarily in the anamorphic format on 35 mm film, with key sequences filmed on 65 mm, and aerial sequences in VistaVision. Nolan did not shoot any footage with IMAX cameras as he had with The Dark Knight. "We didn't feel that we were going to be able to shoot in IMAX because of the size of the cameras because this film given that it deals with a potentially surreal area, the nature of dreams and so forth, I wanted it to be as realistic as possible. Not be bound by the scale of those IMAX cameras, even though I love the format dearly".^[14] Nolan also chose not to shoot any of the film in 3D as he prefers shooting on film^[14] using prime lenses, which is not possible with 3D cameras.^[49] Nolan has also criticised the dim image that 3D projection produces, and disputes that traditional film does not allow realistic depth perception, saying "I think it's a misnomer to call it 3D versus 2D. The whole point of cinematic imagery is it's three dimensional... You know 95% of our depth cues come from occlusion, resolution, color and so forth, so the idea of calling a 2D movie a '2D movie' is a little misleading."^[50] Nolan did test converting Inception into 3D in post-production but decided that, while it was possible, he lacked the time to complete the conversion to a standard he was happy with.^[31][50] In February 2011 Jonathan Liebesman suggested that Warner Bros were attempting a 3D conversion for Blu-ray release.^[51]

Wally Pfister gave each location and dream level a distinctive look: the mountain fortress appears sterile and cool, the hotel hallways have warm hues, and the scenes in the van are more neutral.^[52] This was done to aid the audience's recognition of the narrative's location during the heavily crosscut portion of the film.^[52]

Nolan has said that the film "deals with levels of reality, and perceptions of reality which is something I'm very interested in. It's an action film set in a contemporary world, but with a slight science-fiction bent to it," while also describing it as "very much an ensemble film structured somewhat as a heist movie. It's an action adventure that spans the globe".^[53]

Visual effects[link]

For dream sequences in Inception, Nolan used little computer-generated imagery, preferring practical effects whenever possible. Nolan said, "It's always very important to me to do as much as possible in-camera, and then, if necessary, computer graphics are very useful to build on or enhance what you have achieved physically."^[54] To this end, visual effects supervisor Paul Franklin built a miniature of the mountain fortress set and then blew it up for the film. For the fight scene that takes place in zero gravity, he used CG-based effects to "subtly bend elements like physics, space and time."^[55]

The most challenging effect was the "limbo" city level at the end of the film because it continually developed during production. Franklin had artists build concepts while Nolan gave his ideal vision: "Something glacial, with clear modernist architecture, but with chunks of it breaking off into the sea like icebergs".^[55] Franklin and his team ended up with "something that looked like an iceberg version of Gotham City with water running through it."^[55] They created a basic model of a glacier and then designers created a program that added elements like roads, intersections and ravines until they had a complex, yet organic-looking, cityscape. For the Paris-folding sequence, Franklin had artists producing concept sketches and then they created rough computer animations to give them an idea of what the sequence looked like while in motion. Later during principal photography, Nolan was able to direct Leonardo DiCaprio and Ellen Page based on this rough computer animation Franklin had created. Inception had close to 500 visual effects shots (in comparison, Batman Begins had approximately 620) which is considered minor in comparison to contemporary visual effects epics that can have around 1,500 or 2,000 special effects images.^[55]

Music[link]

The score for Inception was written by Hans Zimmer,^[1] who described his work as "a very electronic,^[56] dense score",^[57] filled with "nostalgia and sadness" to match Cobb's feelings throughout the film.^[58] The music was written simultaneously to filming,^[57] and features a guitar sound reminiscent of Ennio Morricone, played by Johnny Marr, former guitarist of The Smiths. Édith Piaf's "Non, je ne regrette rien" appears recurringly throughout the film, and Zimmer reworked pieces of the song into cues of the score.^[58] A soundtrack album was released on July 11, 2010 by Reprise Records.^[59] Hans Zimmer's music was nominated for an Academy Award in the Best Original Score category in 2011, losing to Trent Reznor and Atticus Ross of The Social Network.^[60]

Themes[link]

Reality and dreams[link]

Penrose stairs are incorporated into the film as an example of the impossible objects that can be created in lucid dream worlds.

In Inception, Nolan wanted to explore "the idea of people sharing a dream space...That gives you the ability to access somebody's unconscious mind. What would that be used and abused for?"^[14] The majority of the film's plot takes place in these interconnected dream worlds. This structure creates a framework where actions in the real or dream worlds ripple across others. The dream is always in a state of production, and shifts across the levels as the characters navigate it.^[61] By contrast, the world of The Matrix (1999) is an authoritarian, computer-controlled one, alluding to theories of social control developed by Michel Foucault and Jean Baudrillard. Nolan's world has more in common with the works of Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari.^[61]

David Denby compared Nolan's cinematic treatment of dreams to Luis Buñuel's in Belle de Jour (1967) and The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie (1972).^[62] He criticised Nolan's "literal-minded" action level sequencing compared to Buñuel, who "silently pushed us into reveries and left us alone to enjoy our wonderment, but Nolan is working on so many levels of representation at once that he has to lay in pages of dialogue just to explain what’s going on." The latter captures "the peculiar malign intensity of actual dreams."^[62]

Deirdre Barrett, a dream researcher at Harvard University, said that Nolan did not get every detail accurate regarding dreams, but their illogical, rambling, disjointed plots would not make for a great thriller anyway. However, "he did get many aspects right," she said, citing the scene in which a sleeping Cobb is shoved into a full bath, and in the dream world water gushes into the windows of the building, waking him up. "That's very much how real stimuli get incorporated, and you very often wake up right after that intrusion".^[63]

Nolan himself said, "I tried to work that idea of manipulation and management of a conscious dream being a skill that these people have. Really the script is based on those common, very basic experiences and concepts, and where can those take you? And the only outlandish idea that the film presents, really, is the existence of a technology that allows you to enter and share the same dream as someone else."^[32]

Dreams and cinema[link]

Others have argued that the film is itself a metaphor for film-making, and that the filmgoing experience itself, images flashing before one's eyes in a darkened room, is akin to a dream. Writing in Wired, Jonah Lehrer supported this interpretation and presented neurological evidence that brain activity is strikingly similar during film-watching and sleeping. In both, the visual cortex is highly active and the prefrontal cortex, which deals with logic, deliberate analysis, and self-awareness, is quiet.^[64] Paul argued that the experience of going to a picturehouse is itself an exercise in shared dreaming, particularly when viewing Inception: the film's sharp cutting between scenes forces the viewer to create larger narrative arcs to stitch the pieces together. This demand of production parallel to consumption of the images, on the part of the audience is analogous to dreaming itself. As in the film's story, in a cinema one enters into the space of another's dream, in this case Nolan's, as with any work of art, one's reading of it is ultimately influenced by one's own subjective desires and subconscious.^[61] At Bir-Hakeim bridge in Paris, Ariadne creates an illusion of infinity by adding facing mirrors underneath its struts, Stephanie Dreyfus in la Croix asked "Is this not a strong, beautiful metaphor for the cinema and its power of illusion?"^[65]

Cinematic technique[link]

Genre[link]

Marion Cotillard photographed by Studio Harcourt, Paris, in 1999. She plays Mal, a projection of Cobb's subconscious guilt about his beloved wife's suicide. Nolan described the character as "the essence of the femme fatale"–a key trope in film noir.^[66]

Nolan combined elements from several different film genres into Inception, notably science fiction, heist film, and film noir. Marion Cotillard plays "Mal" Cobb, Dom Cobb's projection of his guilt over his deceased wife's suicide. As the film's main antagonist, she is a frequent, malevolent presence in his dreams. Dom is unable to control these projections of her, challenging his abilities as an extractor.^[15] Nolan described Mal as "the essence of the femme fatale",^[66] the key noir reference in the film. As a "classic femme fatale" her relationship with Cobb is in his mind, a manifestation of Cobb's own neurosis and fear of how little he knows about the woman he loves.^[67] DiCaprio praised Cotillard's performance saying that "she can be strong and vulnerable and hopeful and heartbreaking all in the same moment, which was perfect for all the contradictions of her character".^[68]

Nolan began with the structure of a heist movie, since exposition is an essential element of that genre, though adapted it to have a greater emotional narrative suited to the world of dreams and subconscious.^[67] Or, as Denby surmised, "the outer shell of the story is an elaborate caper".^[62] Kirstin Thompson argued that exposition was a major formal device in the film. While a traditional heist movie has a heavy dose of exposition at the beginning as the team assembles and the leader explains the plan, in Inception this becomes nearly continuous as the group progresses through the various levels of dreaming.^[69] Three-quarters of the film, until the van begins to fall from the bridge, are devoted to explaining its plot. In this way, exposition takes precedence over characterisation. Their relationships are created by their respective skills and roles. Ariadne, like her ancient namesake, creates the maze and guides the others through it, but also helps Cobb navigate his own subconscious, and as the sole student of dream sharing, helps the audience understand the concept of the plot.^[70]

Nolan drew inspiration from the works of Jorge Luis Borges,^[31][71] the anime film Paprika (2006) by the late Satoshi Kon as an influence on the character "Ariadne", and Blade Runner (1982) by Ridley Scott.^[72]

Ending[link]

The film cuts to the closing credits from a shot of the top wobbling ambiguously, inviting speculation about whether the final sequence was reality or another dream. Nolan confirmed that the ambiguity was deliberate, saying "I've been asked the question more times than I've ever been asked any other question about any other film I've made... What's funny to me is that people really do expect me to answer it."^[73] The film's script concludes with "Behind him, on the table, the spinning top is STILL SPINNING. And we – FADE OUT"^[74] However, Christopher Nolan also said, "I put that cut there at the end, imposing an ambiguity from outside the film. That always felt the right ending to me – it always felt like the appropriate 'kick' to me… The real point of the scene – and this is what I tell people – is that Cobb isn't looking at the top. He's looking at his kids. He's left it behind. That's the emotional significance of the thing."^[75]

In September 2010, Michael Caine, explained his interpretation of the ending, "If I'm there it's real, because I'm never in the dream. I'm the guy who invented the dream."^[76] Nolan himself noted that "I choose to believe that Cobb gets back to his kids, because I have young kids. People who have kids definitely read it differently than those who don't".^[67] He indicated that the top was not the most crucial element of the ending, saying "I've read plenty of very off-the-wall interpretations... The most important emotional thing about the top spinning at the end is that Cobb is not looking at it. He doesn't care."^[67]

Release[link]

Marketing[link]

Warner Bros. spent $100 million marketing the film. Unlike most tent-pole films, which are adaptations or sequels, Inception was a totally original property, but Sue Kroll, president of Warner's worldwide marketing, said the company believed it could gain awareness due to the strength of "Christopher Nolan as a brand". Knoll declared that "We don't have the brand equity that usually drives a big summer opening, but we have a great cast and a fresh idea from a filmmaker with a track record of making incredible movies. If you can't make those elements work, it's a sad day."^[77] The studio also tried to maintain a campaign of secrecy – as reported by the Senior VP of Interactive Marketing, Michael Tritter, "You have this movie which is going to have a pretty big built in fanbase... but you also have a movie that you are trying to keep very secret. Chris [Nolan] really likes people to see his movies in a theater and not see it all beforehand so everything that you do to market that – at least early on – is with an eye to feeding the interest to fans."^[78]

A viral marketing campaign was employed for the film. After the revelation of the first teaser trailer, in August 2009, the film's official website featured only an animation of Cobb's spinning top. In December, the top toppled over and the website opened the online game Mind Crime, which upon completion revealed Inception's poster.^[79] The rest of the campaign unrolled after WonderCon in April 2010, where Warner gave away promotional T-shirts featuring the PASIV briefcase used to create the dream space, and had a QR code linking to an online manual of the device.^[80] Mind Crime also received a stage 2 with more resources, including a hidden trailer for the movie.^[81] More pieces of viral marketing began to surface before Inception's release, such as a manual filled with bizarre images and text sent to Wired magazine,^[82] and the online publication of posters, ads, phone applications, and strange websites all related to the film.^[83][84] Warner also released an online prequel comic, Inception: The Cobol Job.^[85]

The official trailer released on May 10, 2010 through Mind Game was extremely well received.^[81] It featured an original piece of music, "Mind Heist", by marketing composer Zack Hemsey, rather than music from the score.^[86] The trailer quickly went viral with numerous mashups copying its style, both by amateurs on sites like YouTube^[87] and by professionals on sites such as CollegeHumor.^[88][89] On June 7, 2010, a behind-the-scenes featurette on the film was released in HD on Yahoo! Movies.^[90]

Home media[link]

Inception was released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 3, 2010, in France,^[91] and the week after in the UK and USA (December 7, 2010).^[92][93] Warner Bros. also made available in the United States a limited Blu-ray edition packaged in a metal replica of the PASIV briefcase, which included extras such as a metal replica of the spinning top totem. With a production run of less than 2000, it sold out in one weekend.^[94]

[edit] Putative video game

In a November 2010 interview, Nolan expressed his intention to develop a video game set in the Inception world, working with a team of collaborators. He described it as "a longer-term proposition", referring to the medium of video games as "something I've wanted to explore".^[95]

Reception[link]

[edit] Box office earnings

Inception was released in both conventional and IMAX theaters on July 16, 2010.^[10][97] The film had its world premiere at Leicester Square in London, United Kingdom on July 8, 2010.^[98] In the United States and Canada, Inception was released theatrically in 3,792 conventional theaters and 195 IMAX theaters.^[10] The film grossed $21.8 million during its opening day on July 16, 2010, with midnight screenings in 1,500 locations.^[99] Overall the film made $62.7 million and debuted at No.1 on its opening weekend.^[100] Inception's opening weekend gross made it the second-highest-grossing debut for a science-fiction film that was not a sequel, remake or adaptation, behind Avatar's $77 million opening weekend gross in 2009.^[100] The film held the top spot of the box office rankings in its second and third weekends, with drops of just 32% ($42.7 million) and 36% ($27.5 million) respectively,^[101][102] before dropping to second place in its fourth week, behind The Other Guys.^[103]

Inception grossed $292 million in the United States and Canada and $532 million overseas. In total, the film has grossed $823 million worldwide.^[4] Its five highest-grossing markets after the U.S.A. and Canada were China ($68 million), the United Kingdom, Ireland and Malta ($56 million), France and the Maghreb region ($43 million), Japan ($40 million) and South Korea ($38 million).^[104] It was the sixth-highest grossing film of 2010 in North America,^[105] and the fourth-highest internationally, behind Toy Story 3, Alice in Wonderland and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1.^[106] The film currently stands as the 29th highest-grossing of all time.^[107] Inception is the second most lucrative production in the careers of both Christopher Nolan – behind The Dark Knight -^[108] and Leonardo DiCaprio – behind Titanic.^[109]

Critical reception[link]

The film was critically acclaimed. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 86% of 274 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 8/10. The website reported the critical consensus as "smart, innovative, and thrilling," and lauded the film as "that rare summer blockbuster that succeeds viscerally as well as intellectually."^[112] Metacritic, another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 74 (out of 100) based on 42 reviews from mainstream critics, considered to be "generally favorable reviews."^[113] In polls conducted by CinemaScore during the opening weekend cinemagoers gave Inception and average "B+" on an A+ to F scale.^[114]

While some critics have tended to view the film as perfectly straightforward, and even criticize its overarching themes as "the stuff of torpid platitudes," online discussion has been much more positive.^[115] Heated debate has centered on the ambiguity of the ending, with many critics like Davin Faraci making the case that the film is self-referential and tongue-in-cheek, both a film about film-making and a dream about dreams.^[116] Other critics read Inception as Christian allegory and focus on the film's use of religious and water symbolism.^[117] Yet other critics, such as Kirsten Thompson, see less value in the ambiguous ending of the film and more in its structure and novel method of storytelling, highlighting Inception as a new form of narrative that revels in "continuous exposition".^[118]

Whatever its meaning, the film has had excellent reviews in general. Perhaps playing off the film's game imagery, Rolling Stone magazine's Peter Travers called Inception a "wildly ingen­ious chess game," and concluded "the result is a knockout."^[119] In Variety, Justin Chang praised the film as "a conceptual tour de force" and wrote, "applying a vivid sense of procedural detail to a fiendishly intricate yarn set in the labyrinth of the unconscious mind, the writer-director has devised a heist thriller for surrealists, a Jungian's Rififi, that challenges viewers to sift through multiple layers of (un)reality."^[120] Jim Vejvoda of IGN rated the film as perfect, deeming it "a singular accomplishment from a filmmaker who has only gotten better with each film."^[121] Relevant Magazine's David Roark called it Nolan's greatest accomplishment, saying, "Visually, intellectually and emotionally, Inception is a masterpiece."^[122]

Empire magazine rated it five stars in the August 2010 issue and wrote, "it feels like Stanley Kubrick adapting the work of the great sci-fi author William Gibson ... Nolan delivers another true original: welcome to an undiscovered country."^[123] Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ rating and Lisa Schwarzbaum wrote, "It's a rolling explosion of images as hypnotizing and sharply angled as any in a drawing by M.C. Escher or a state-of-the-biz videogame; the backwards splicing of Nolan's own Memento looks rudimentary by comparison."^[124] The New York Post gave the film a four star rating and Lou Lumenick wrote, "DiCaprio, who has never been better as the tortured hero, draws you in with a love story that will appeal even to non-sci-fi fans."^[125] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times awarded the film a full four stars and said that Inception "is all about process, about fighting our way through enveloping sheets of reality and dream, reality within dreams, dreams without reality. It's a breathtaking juggling act."^[126] Richard Roeper, also of the Sun-Times, gave Inception a perfect score of "A+" and called it "one of the best movies of the [21st] century."^[127]

BBC Radio 5 Live's Mark Kermode named Inception as the best film of 2010, stating "Inception is proof that people are not stupid, that cinema is not trash, and that it is possible for blockbusters and art to be the same thing."^[128]

In his review for the Chicago Tribune, Michael Phillips gave the film 3 stars out of 4 and wrote, "I found myself wishing Inception were weirder, further out ... the film is Nolan's labyrinth all the way, and it's gratifying to experience a summer movie with large visual ambitions and with nothing more or less on its mind than (as Shakespeare said) a dream that hath no bottom."^[129] TIME magazine's Richard Corliss wrote the film's "noble intent is to implant one man's vision in the mind of a vast audience ... The idea of moviegoing as communal dreaming is a century old. With Inception, viewers have a chance to see that notion get a state-of-the-art update."^[130] Los Angeles Times' Kenneth Turan felt that Nolan was able to blend "the best of traditional and modern filmmaking. If you're searching for smart and nervy popular entertainment, this is what it looks like."^[131] USA Today rated the film three-and-a-half stars out of four and Claudia Puig felt that Nolan "regards his viewers as possibly smarter than they are—or at least as capable of rising to his inventive level. That's a tall order. But it's refreshing to find a director who makes us stretch, even occasionally struggle, to keep up."^[132]

Not all reviewers, however, gave the film positive reviews. New York magazine's David Edelstein claimed in his review to "have no idea what so many people are raving about. It's as if someone went into their heads while they were sleeping and planted the idea that Inception is a visionary masterpiece and—hold on ... Whoa! I think I get it. The movie is a metaphor for the power of delusional hype—a metaphor for itself."^[133] Rex Reed of The New York Observer explained the film's development as "pretty much what we've come to expect from summer movies in general and Christopher Nolan movies in particular ... [it] doesn't seem like much of an accomplishment to me."^[134] A. O. Scott of The New York Times commented "there is a lot to see in Inception, there is nothing that counts as genuine vision. Mr. Nolan's idea of the mind is too literal, too logical, and too rule-bound to allow the full measure of madness."^[135] David Denby, writing in The New Yorker, considered the film not nearly as much fun as Nolan imagined it to be, concluding "Inception is a stunning-looking film that gets lost in fabulous intricacies, a movie devoted to its own workings and to little else."^[136]

Several sources have noted many plot similarities between 2010's Inception and the 2004 Uncle Scrooge comic, The Dream of a Lifetime.^{[137][138][139]}

Accolades[link]

Inception appeared on over 273 critics' lists of the top ten films of 2010, being picked as No.1 on 55 of those lists. It was the second most mentioned film behind The Social Network and one of the most critically acclaimed films of 2010, alongside the former, The King's Speech and Black Swan.^[140]

The film won many awards in technical categories, such as Academy Awards for Best Cinematography, Best Sound Editing, Best Sound Mixing, and Best Visual Effects,^[60] and the British Academy Film Awards for Best Production Design, Best Special Visual Effects and Best Sound.^[141] In most of its artistic nominations, such as Film, Director and Screenplay at the Oscars, BAFTAs and Golden Globes, the film was defeated by The Social Network and The King's Speech.^{[60][141][142]} However, the film did win the two highest honors for a science fiction or fantasy film: the 2011 Bradbury Award for best dramatic production^[143] and the 2011 Hugo Award for best dramatic presentation, long form.^[144]

References[link]