- published: 14 Feb 2011
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Abkhazia
Abkhazia (Abkhaz: Аҧсны́ Apsny, IPA /apʰsˈnɨ/; Georgian: აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti; Russian: Абхазия Abkhaziya) is a disputed territory on the eastern coast of the Black Sea and the south-western flank of the Caucasus.
Abkhazia considers itself an independent state, called the Republic of Abkhazia or Apsny. This status is recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Nauru, Tuvalu and Vanuatu and also by the partially recognised states of South Ossetia, Transnistria and Nagorno-Karabakh.
The Georgian government and the majority of the world's governments consider Abkhazia a part of Georgia's territory. Under Georgia's official designation it is an autonomous republic, called the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia, whose government sits in exile in Tbilisi. On 28 August 2008, the Parliament of Georgia passed a resolution declaring Abkhazia a "Russian-occupied territory".
The status of Abkhazia is a central issue of the Georgian–Abkhazian conflict. The wider region formed part of the Soviet Union until 1991. As the Soviet Union began to disintegrate towards the end of the 1980s, ethnic tensions grew between Abkhaz and Georgians over Georgia's moves towards independence. This led to the 1992–1993 War in Abkhazia that resulted in a Georgian military defeat, de facto independence of Abkhazia and the mass exodus and ethnic cleansing of the Georgian population from Abkhazia. In spite of the 1994 ceasefire agreement and years of negotiations, the status dispute has not been resolved, and despite the long-term presence of a United Nations monitoring force and a Russian-dominated Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) peacekeeping operation, the conflict has flared up on several occasions. In August 2008, the sides again fought during the South Ossetia War, which was followed by the formal recognition of Abkhazia by Russia, the annulment of the 1994 cease fire agreement and the termination of the UN and CIS missions.[citation needed]
wn.com/Abkhazia -
Albania
Albania (
i/ælˈbeɪniə/ al-BAY-nee-ə, Albanian: Shqipëri/Shqipëria; Gheg Albanian: Shqipnia), officially known as the Republic of Albania (Albanian: Republika e Shqipërisë pronounced Albanian pronunciation: [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]), is a country in Southern Europe. It is bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, the Republic of Macedonia to the east and Greece to the south and southeast. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the west, and on the Ionian Sea to the southwest. It is less than 72 km (45 mi) from Italy, across the Strait of Otranto which links the Adriatic Sea to the Ionian Sea.
Albania is a member of the UN, NATO, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, Council of Europe, World Trade Organisation, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and one of the founding members of the Union for the Mediterranean. Albania has been a potential candidate for accession to the European Union since January 2003, and it formally applied for EU membership on 28 April 2009.
wn.com/Albania -
Albertville
Coordinates: 45°40′36″N 6°23′36″E / 45.6767°N 6.3933°E / 45.6767; 6.3933
Albertville (Arpitan : Arbèrtvile) is a commune in the Savoie department in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France.
The town is best known for hosting the 1992 Winter Olympics.
Albertville is situated on the Arly River, close to the confluence with the Isère River. Its altitude is between 345 and 2,037 metres (1,132 and 6,683 ft).
Nearby mountains include: Belle Etoile, Dent de Cons, Négresse, Roche Pourrie, Mirantin, Pointe de la Grande Journée, and chaîne du Grand Arc.
Nearby mountain ranges include: the Bauges; the Beaufortain; and the beginning of the Vanoise.
Albertville was founded in 1836 by the Sardinian king Charles Albert. It also consists of the medieval town of Conflans, which has buildings dating back to the 14th century. Since then, Albertville has developed trade between France, Italy, and Switzerland; and industries such as paper mills and hydroelectricity can be found on its river.
The 1992 Winter Olympics were organised in the Savoie region, with Albertville hosting it. Some of the sports venues were later adapted for other uses. Some sports venues still remain such as the ice rink designed by the architect Jacques Kalisz, although the town is more industrial than touristic.
wn.com/Albertville -
Algiers
Algiers (Arabic: الجزائر, al-Jazā’ir; Algerian Arabic: دزاير, Berber: Dzayer / ⴷⵣⴰⵢⴻⵔ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. According to the 1998 census, the population of the city proper was 1,519,570 and that of the urban agglomeration was 2,135,630. In 2009, the population was about 3,500,000. An estimate puts the population at about 3,574,000 as of 2010.
Called El-Behdja (البهجة) or alternatively Alger la Blanche ("Algiers the White") for the glistening white of its buildings as seen rising up from the sea, Algiers is situated on the west side of a bay of the Mediterranean Sea. The modern part of the city is built on the level ground by the seashore; the old part, the ancient city of the deys, climbs the steep hill behind the modern town and is crowned by the casbah or citadel, 122 metres (400 ft) above the sea. The casbah and the two quays form a triangle.
The city name is derived (via French Alger and Catalan Alger) from the Arabic name الجزائر al-Jazā’ir, which translates as "The Islands", referring to the four islands which lay off the city's coast until becoming part of the mainland in 1525. Al-Jazā’ir is itself a truncated form of the city's older name جزائر بني مازغان Jazā’ir Banī Mazghannā, "The Islands of the Sons of Mazghanna", used by early medieval geographers such as al-Idrisi and Yaqut al-Hamawi.
wn.com/Algiers -
Alipašino polje
Alipašino Polje is a neighborhood in Sarajevo located in the municipality of Novi Grad. It is made of three neighborhoods Faza A, Faza B i Faza C, which include six local communities. It started building in 1974, and was finished in 1979. Its lowest buildings have 4 floors and highest one have 18 floors.
Coordinates: 43°50′N 18°21′E / 43.833°N 18.35°E / 43.833; 18.35
wn.com/Alipašino_polje -
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (English /ˈæmstərdæm/; Dutch: [ˌɑmstərˈdɑm] (
listen)) is the largest city and the capital of the Netherlands. The city's status as the capital of the nation is governed by the constitution. Amsterdam has a population of 790,654 within city limits, an urban population of 1,209,419 and a metropolitan population of 2,289,762. The city is located in the province of North Holland in the west of the country. It comprises the northern part of the Randstad, one of the larger conurbations in Europe, with a population of approximately 7 million.
Amsterdam's name is derived from Amstelredamme, indicative of the city's origin: a dam in the river Amstel. Settled as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the Dutch Golden Age, a result of its innovative developments in trade. During that time, the city was the leading center for finance and diamonds. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded, and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were formed. The 17th-century canals of Amsterdam (in Dutch: 'Grachtengordel'), located in the heart of Amsterdam, were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in July 2010.
wn.com/Amsterdam -
Andorra
Andorra (i/ænˈdɔrə/; Catalan pronunciation: [ənˈdorə], locally: [anˈdɔra]), officially the Principality of Andorra (Catalan: Principat d'Andorra), also called the Principality of the Valleys of Andorra, (Catalan: Principat de les Valls d'Andorra), is a small landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France. It is the sixth smallest nation in Europe having an area of 468 km2 (181 sq mi) and an estimated population of 84,082 in 2009. Its capital, Andorra la Vella, is the highest capital city in Europe, at an elevation of 1,023 metres (3,356 ft) above sea level. The official language is Catalan, although Spanish, Portuguese, and French are also commonly spoken.
The Principality was formed in 1278. The role of monarch is exercised jointly by the two co-princes, the Catalan Bishop of Urgell and the President of France (the whole state is a part of Diocese of Urgell).
Andorra is a prosperous country mainly because of its tourism industry, which services an estimated 10.2 million visitors annually, and also because of its status as a tax haven. It is not a member of the European Union, but the euro is the de facto currency. The people of Andorra have the 4th highest human life expectancy in the world — 82 years at birth.
wn.com/Andorra -
Andorra la Vella
Andorra la Vella (Catalan pronunciation: [ənˈdorə ɫə ˈβeʎə], locally: [anˈdɔra la ˈβeʎa]) is the capital of the Principality of Andorra, and is located high in the east Pyrenees between France and Spain. It is also the name of the parish that surrounds the capital.
As of 2011, the city has a population of 22,256, and the urban area, which includes Escaldes-Engordany plus satellite villages, has over 40,000 inhabitants.
The principal industry is tourism, although the country also earns foreign income from being a tax haven. Furniture and brandies are local products. Being at an elevation of 1,023 metres (3,356 ft), it is the highest capital city in Europe and a popular ski resort.
The site of Andorra la Vella (literally, "Andorra the Old") has been settled since prior to the Christian era—notably by the Andosin tribe from the late Neolithic. The state is one of the Marca Hispanica created and protected by Charlemagne in the eighth century as a buffer from the Moorish settlers in the Iberian Peninsula.
wn.com/Andorra_la_Vella -
Ankara
Ankara (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈan.ka.ɾa]; historically known as Angora) is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after Istanbul. The city has a mean elevation of 938 metres (3,077 ft), and as of 2010 the metropolitan area in the entire Ankara Province had a population of 4.4 million.
Centrally located in Anatolia, Ankara is an important commercial and industrial city. It is the center of the Turkish Government, and houses all foreign embassies. It is an important crossroads of trade, strategically located at the centre of Turkey's highway and railway networks, and serves as the marketing centre for the surrounding agricultural area. The city was famous for its long-haired Angora goat and its prized wool (mohair), a unique breed of cat (Angora cat), Angora rabbits and their prized wool (Angora wool), pears, honey, and the region's muscat grapes.
The historical center of Ankara is situated upon a rocky hill, which rises 150 m (492 ft) above the plain on the left bank of the Ankara Çayı, a tributary of the Sakarya (Sangarius) river. The city is located at 39°52'30" North, 32°52' East (39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333Coordinates: 39°52′30″N 32°50′00″E / 39.875°N 32.8333°E / 39.875; 32.8333), about 450 km (280 mi) to the southeast of Istanbul, the country's largest city. Although situated in one of the driest places of Turkey and surrounded mostly by steppe vegetation except for the forested areas on the southern periphery, Ankara can be considered a green city in terms of green areas per inhabitant, which is 72 m2 per head.
wn.com/Ankara -
Armenia
Armeniai/ɑrˈmiːniə/ (Armenian: Հայաստան Hayastan [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն, Hayastani Hanrapetut’yun, [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is a landlocked, mountainous country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bordered by Turkey to the west, Georgia to the north, the de facto independent Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and Azerbaijan to the east, and Iran and the Azerbaijani exclave of Nakhchivan to the south.
A former republic of the Soviet Union, Armenia is a unitary, multiparty, democratic nation-state with an ancient and historic cultural heritage. The Kingdom of Armenia became the first state in the world to adopt Christianity as its religion, in the early years of the 4th century (the traditional date is 301 AD). The modern Republic of Armenia recognizes the Armenian Apostolic Church, the world's oldest national church, as the country's primary religious establishment. Armenians have their own unique alphabet invented by Mesrob Mashtots in 406 AD.
wn.com/Armenia -
Astana
Astana (Russian/Kazakh: Астана, formerly known as Akmola (Kazakh: Ақмола / Aqmola, until 1998), Целиноград / Tselinograd until 1992) and Akmolinsk (Russian: Акмолинск, until 1961), is the capital and second largest city (after Almaty) of Kazakhstan, with an officially estimated population of 708,794 as of 1 August 2010. It is located in the north-central portion of Kazakhstan, within Akmola Province, though administrated separately from the province as a federal city area.
The current mayor of Astana is Imangali Tasmagambetov. He was appointed on 4 April 2008.
The word Astana in Kazakh literally means Capital but the word itself originates from Persian Astane (Persian: آستانه means "sublime threshold," "royal porte" implying a royal capital city or a holy shrine town, (from the Persian verb Istadan (آستان) 'to stand' (in respect)), and literally means "threshold" (royal or sacred, where people stand in respect or awe),[citation needed] implying where the court is seated (the capital city) or the body of a sacred person is interred (a shrine town). The city of Turkistan in Kazakhstan that hosts the body of the saint Ahmad Yasavi is also called the "astana" as is the city of Mashhad in Iran that is the burial place of the 8th Shiite Imam Reza. In fact, long before becoming the new capital of Kazakhstan, the city was "an astana," a burial ground of a saint, hence the old name of the city, Ak Mola (Ақмола), "white mausoleum."
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: 
Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Avaz Twist Tower
The Avaz Twist Tower is a skyscraper in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and at 172 m is the tallest skyscraper in Balkans.[citation needed] It is the headquarters for Dnevni avaz, a Bosnia and Herzegovina newspaper company. The tower is located in the Marijin Dvor district, Sarajevo's business district.[citation needed] Construction began in 2006 and was finished in 2008. The tower is specific for its twisted facade, one of its first kind.[citation needed] German company Schüco has chosen it among the 10 most beautiful buildings in the world.[citation needed] At the height of 150 meters, there is a viewpoint, from where you can see the whole city.[citation needed]
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Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (
i/ˌæzərbaɪˈdʒɑːn/ AZ-ər-by-JAHN; Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijani: Azərbaycan Respublikası) is the largest country in the Caucasus region located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded by the Caspian Sea to the east, Russia to the north, Georgia to the northwest, Armenia to the west, and Iran to the south. The exclave of Nakhchivan is bounded by Armenia to the north and east, Iran to the south and west, while having a short borderline with Turkey to the northwest.
Azerbaijan has an ancient and historic cultural heritage. Aside from having been the first Muslim-majority country to have operas, theater and plays, Azerbaijan today is among the Muslim-majority countries where support for secularism and tolerance is the highest. The Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, the first democratic and secular republic in the Muslim world, was established in 1918, but was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1920. Azerbaijan regained independence in 1991. Shortly thereafter, during the Nagorno-Karabakh War, neighboring Armenia occupied Nagorno-Karabakh, its surrounding territories and the enclaves of Karki, Yukhary Askipara, Barkhudarly and Sofulu. The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, which emerged in Nagorno-Karabakh, continues to be not diplomatically recognized by any nation and the region is still considered a de jure part of Azerbaijan, despite being de facto independent since the end of the war. Azerbaijan has come under repeated international criticism for its record on human rights.
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Babića bašća
Babića bašća (Babić's garden) is a local community within the municipality of Stari Grad, Sarajevo. It's one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city of Sarajevo. It derives its name from a garden that was the property of a certain Babić family, and it was located in a street that now has the same name as the local community. The reason why it's named after a garden is that because almost all houses had gardens in their courtyards and in summer, many people who traveled through Sarajevo in the past, described Sarajevo as a green oasis surrounded by hills, making those gardens something as a symbol of the city. The street and old cemetery Alifakovac is located here and therefor the neighborhood is locally and throughout the city known as Alifakovac. It borders the local communities of Baščaršija, Vratnik and Mošćanica to the north, Hrid – Jarčedoli to the south, Bistrik to the west and the Entity of Republika Srpska to the east. The local community counts a population of 2526.
There are many buildings and landmarks to be seen in this local community as it is one of the oldest neighborhoods in the city. Some of the more important and popular one are:
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Baku
Baku (Azerbaijani: Bakı, IPA: [bɑˈcɯ]), sometimes spelled as Baki or Bakou, is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. It is located on the southern shore of the Absheron Peninsula, which projects into the Caspian Sea. The city consists of two principal parts: the downtown and the old Inner City (21.5 ha). Baku's urban population at the beginning of 2009 was estimated at just over two million people. Officially, about 25 percent of all inhabitants of the country live in the metropolitan city area of Baku.
Baku is divided into eleven administrative districts (raions) and 48 townships. Among these are the townships on islands in the Baku Bay and the town of Oil Rocks built on stilts in the Caspian Sea, 60 km (37 mi) away from Baku. The Inner City of Baku along with the Shirvanshah's Palace and Maiden Tower were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000. According to the Lonely Planet's ranking, Baku is also among the world's top ten destinations for urban nightlife.
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Banja Luka
Banja Luka (pronounced [bâːɲaː lǔːka]) or sometimes Banjaluka ([baɲalǔːka]), in Serbian Cyrillic Бања Лука, or Бањалука, is the second largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the administrative capital of the Republika Srpska entity. Traditionally it has been the center of the Bosanska Krajina region, located in the north-western part of the country. It is home of the University of Banja Luka, as well as numerous state and entity institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city lies on the Vrbas river and is well known in the countries of the Former Yugoslavia for being full of tree-lined avenues, boulevards, gardens, and parks.
• Agino Selo • Banja Luka • Barlovci • Bastasi • Bistrica • Bočac • Borkovići • Bronzani Majdan • Cerici • Čokori • Debeljaci • Dobrnja • Dragočaj • Drakulić • Dujakovci • Goleši • Ivanjska • Jagare • Kmećani • Kola • Kola Donja • Krmine • Krupa na Vrbasu • Kuljani • Lokvari • Lusići • Ljubačevo • Melina • Motike • Obrovac • Pavići • Pavlovac • Pervan Donji • Pervan Gornji • Piskavica • Ponir • Prijakovci • Priječani • Prnjavor Mali • Radmanići • Radosavska • Ramići • Rekavice • Slavićka • Stratinska • Stričići • Subotica • Šargovac • Šimići • Šljivno • Verići • Vilusi • Zalužani • Zelenci
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Banovići
Banovići (Cyrillic: Бановићи) is a town and municipality in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The intensive development of Banovići begins with construction of the railway Brčko-Banovići in the year 1946. Due to its quality, brown coal from Banovići is well-known all over Europe.
Banovići Municipality is situated on the foothills of Konjuh mountain. Town settlement of Banovići was built on the embankments of Litva river. Its average height above sea-level is 332 meters. The municipality encompasses 185 km2and it includes the following settlements: Grad I, Grad II, Grad III, Banovići Selo, Repnik, Podgorje, Grivice, Treštenica, Tulovići, Oskova, Željova, Omazići, Lozna, Seona, Aljkovići, Pribitkovići, Brezovača, Bučik. According the 1991 census, there were 26,507 inhabitants, out of the number there were 72% Bosniaks, 17% of Serbs, 2% of Croats and 9% of the others. According to some estimates in 2000, the population of Banovići is about 29,000, and a considerable number of them are refugees.
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Barcelona
Barcelona (English /bɑrsɨˈloʊnə/, Catalan: [bərsəˈɫonə], Spanish: [barθeˈlona]) is the capital of Catalonia and the second largest city in Spain, after Madrid, with a population of 1,621,537 within its administrative limits on a land area of 101.4 km2 (39 sq mi). The urban area of Barcelona extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of between 4,200,000 and 4,500,000 within an area of 803 km2 (310 sq mi), being the sixth-most populous urban area in the European Union after Paris, London, the Ruhr, Madrid and Milan. About five million people live in the Barcelona metropolitan area. It is also Europe's largest metropolis on the Mediterranean Sea. It is the main component of an administrative area of Greater Barcelona, with a population of 3,218,071 in an area of 636 km² (density 5,060 hab/km²). It is located on the Mediterranean coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs and is bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola ridge (512 m/1,680 ft).
Founded as a Roman city, Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. After merging with the Kingdom of Aragon, Barcelona became one of the most important cities of the Crown of Aragon. Besieged several times during its history, Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination. Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner, which have been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean is located in Barcelona. The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions, including the 1888 Exposición Universal de Barcelona, the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition (Expo 1929), the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures, and the 2004 World Urban Forum.
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Baščaršija
Baščaršija is Sarajevo's old bazaar and the historical and cultural center of the city. Baščaršija was built in the 15th century when Isa-Beg Isaković founded the town. The word Baščaršija derives from the Turkish language. The word "baš" which is "baş" in Turkish literally means "head", in some contexts however also "primary", "main", "capital" and "čaršija" which is "çarşı" in Turkish means "bazaar" or "market". Due to the large fire in the 19 century, today Baščaršija is twice smaller than it once was.
Baščaršija is located on the north bank of the river Miljacka, in the municipality of Stari Grad. On Baščaršija there are several important historic buildings, such as the Gazi Husrev-beg Mosque and sahat-kula. Today Baščaršija is the major tourist attraction of Sarajevo.
Before the arrival of the Ottomans in the largest settlement on Sarajevo field was the village square Tornik, which was located at the crossroad of the roads where today is the Ali Pasha's Mosque. Baščaršija was built in 1462 when Isa-Beg Isaković built the Ishaković han, in addition to its many shops. At that time, most of the inhabitants of Sarajevo lived in the vicinity of the Emperor's Mosque. Therefore, Isa-Beg Isaković built a bridge across the Miljacka to focus the main Sarajevo suburb and a new economic center of the city, Baščaršija.
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BBI Centar
BBI Centar (BBI Real Estate) is a modern shopping mall in the center of Sarajevo. It is one of the largest shopping malls in Bosnia and Herzegovina, stretching to 43 000 square metre and it was opened on 6 of April, 2009. This place was built on the site where former department store has been demolished. The construction starts on 2006 and finished on 2009.
Coordinates: 43°51′29″N 18°24′59″E / 43.85806°N 18.41639°E / 43.85806; 18.41639
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Belarus
Belarus (i/bɛləˈruːs/ bel-ə-ROOSS; Belarusian: Беларусь, Russian pronunciation: [bʲɛlaˈrusʲ] Russian: Беларусь, Белоруссия, Belarus', Belorussiya), officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Its capital is Minsk; other major cities include Brest, Grodno (Hrodna), Gomel (Homiel), Mogilev (Mahilyow) and Vitebsk (Vitsebsk). Over forty percent of its 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) is forested, and its strongest economic sectors are agriculture and manufacturing.
Until the 20th century, the lands of modern-day Belarus belonged to several countries, including the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, Belarus became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union and was renamed as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR). The borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939 when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were incorporated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland. The nation and its territory were devastated in World War II, during which Belarus lost about a third of its population and more than half of its economic resources. The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945 the Belorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union and the Ukrainian SSR.
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Belgium
Belgium (i/ˈbɛldʒəm/ BEL-jəm), officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO. Belgium covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres (11,787 sq mi), and it has a population of about 11 million people. Straddling the cultural boundary between Germanic and Latin Europe, Belgium is home to two main linguistic groups, the Dutch-speakers, mostly Flemish (about 60%), and the French-speakers, mostly Walloons (about 40%), plus a small group of German-speakers. Belgium's two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region, officially bilingual, is a mostly French-speaking enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia. Belgium's linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in the political history and a complex system of government.
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Belgrade
Belgrade ( /ˈbɛlɡreɪd/; Serbian: Београд; [beǒɡrad] ( listen); names in other languages) is the capital and largest city of Serbia. The city is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers, where the Pannonian Plain meets the Balkans. Its name in English translates to White city. The city proper has a population of over 1.1 million, while its metropolitan area has over 1.6 million people, making it one of the largest cities in Southeast Europe.
One of the largest prehistoric cultures of Europe, the Vinča culture, evolved around the area Belgrade in the 6th millennium BC. In antiquity, Thraco-Dacians inhabited the region, and after 279 BC Celts conquered the city, naming it Singidūn. It was conquered by the Romans during the reign of Augustus, and awarded city rights in the mid 2nd century. It was settled by the Slavs in the 520s, and changed hands several times before it became the capital of King Stephen Dragutin (1282–1316). In 1521 Belgrade was conquered by the Ottoman Empire and became the seat of a the Sanjak of Smederevo. It frequently passed from Ottoman to Habsburg rule, which saw the destruction of most of the city during the Austro-Ottoman wars. Belgrade was again named the capital of Serbia in 1841. The north of Belgrade remained a Habsburg outpost until 1918, when it was merged into the capital city. As a strategic location, the city was battled over in 115 wars and razed to the ground 44 times. Belgrade was the capital of Yugoslavia (in various forms of governments) from its creation in 1918, to its final dissolution in 2006.
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Berkovići
Berkovići (Serbian Cyrillic: Берковићи) is a village and a municipality in southeastern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The municipality was created in 1995, after the Bosnian War out of the Republika Srpska controlled portions of the pre-war municipality of Stolac.
The majority of the population of the municipality are Serbs.
In 1991, the population of the town of Berkovići numbered 159 people, including:
In 1991., the population of the municipality of Berkovići numbered 3,510 people, including:
Berkovići, Bitunja, Brštanik, Dabrica, Hatelji, Ljubljenica, Ljuti Do, Meča, Predolje, Strupići, Selišta, Suzina, Šćepan Krst, Trusina and Žegulja, and parts of settlements: Burmazi, Do, Hodovo, Hrgud and Poplat.
The municipality is underdeveloped and much of the economic activity is agricultural.
Coordinates: 43°07′N 18°04′E / 43.117°N 18.067°E / 43.117; 18.067
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Berlin
Berlin ( /bɜrˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ( listen)) is the capital city of Germany and one of the 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the Berlin-Brandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has 5.9 million residents from over 190 nations. Located in the European Plains, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.
First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918), the German Empire (1871–1918), the Weimar Republic (1919–1933) and the Third Reich (1933–1945).Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world. After World War II, the city became divided into East Berlin—the capital of East Germany—and West Berlin, a West German exclave surrounded by the Berlin Wall (1961–1989). Following German reunification in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of Germany, hosting 147 foreign embassies.
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Bihać
Bihać (pronounced [bǐxaːt͡ɕ]) is a city and municipality on the river Una in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the Bosanska Krajina region. Bihać is located in the Una-Sana Canton (Canton I) in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The area of Bihać was populated by the tribe of Iapydes (Japodes) as early as the 8th century B.C. The Iapydes left many remains that testify about their presence in this area.
During the 2nd century B.C. this area was populated by Romans. It's in this period that the river Una was given its name by a Roman soldier (latin: una- one, unique). The only important remains left behind the Romans are roads. In the 6th century this area is populated by Slavs, an Indo-European group of people.
The name of Bihać was first mentioned as early as 1260 as property of a church in Topusko, Croatia in a document by the Hungarian-Croatian king Bela IV, and became a free city in 1262. Bihać was the temporary capital of the Croatian Kingdom. It lost its civic status in the 14th century following dynastic struggles in the kingdom, and became a property of the Frankopan nobles. In the 16th century it passed under direct royal rule, when battles with the Ottoman Empire had begun. The town of Bihać, in the region of the same name, withstood the Ottoman attacks until it fell with the Bosnia sanjak (in 1592).
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Bijeljina
Bijeljina (Serbian Cyrillic: Бијељина, IPA: [bîjɛʎina]) is a city and municipality in northeastern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The city is the second largest in the Republika Srpska entity after Banja Luka and fifth largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is situated on the flat rich plains of Semberija. Bijeljina is the unofficial center of eastern part of Republika Srpska, with about 140,000-150,000 inhabitants. Bijeljina is located at 6 km (4 mi) from the border of Serbia and 40 km (25 mi) from Croatia. As a prolific lowland city makes one of the centers of production and trade of food. Bijeljina is recognized by the vast central square, which increases the beauty of a pleasant ambience of the City Park.
In May 2012, the government of Republic of Srpska made a decision to change the status of Bijeljina municipality and assigned status of the city to Bijeljina.
In the area of Bijeljina municipality the verfied oldest traces of human life come from the New Stone Age (5000 – 3000 years BC). Also there were found remains from the Neolithic period, Bronze and Iron Ages and antiquity. Investigated the sites of Gradac and farm in Batkovic, Glavičica, Kučerina the courts, Village in Kojčinovac, boats in the Triješnici, and from the ancient period was investigated at the site of a Roman villa in Prekaja Brodac, and in the Obarska the lead plates found in the cult uses to play 'Danubian horseman'.
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Bileća
Bileća (Serbian Cyrillic: Билећа) is a town and municipality in the southeast of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the entity of Republika Srpska. It is in eastern Herzegovina near the border with Montenegro, north of Trebinje and south of Gacko. Administratively, Bileća is part of the Trebinje Region.
The first traces of civilization in Bileća date from the Neolithic period, although archaeological sites are insufficiently explored. The first written documentation of Bileća as an inhabited place can be found in Dubrovnik documents dating from 1286, when it is mentioned under the name Bilechia. Bileća is mentioned in the 14th and 15th century as an important cross road town in caravan routes. A document dated 8 September 1388, mentions that the army of duke Vlatko Vuković defeated the Turkish army at the Battle of Bileća. In the period from 13th to 16th century in the history of this area is a large number of the "stećci" monolith markers which weigh up to 5 tons. Bileća was held by the Turks from 1466, although this was a rebellious area difficult to control. Nearby, there lies the town of Vučji Do, in which the Battle of Vučji Do took place in 1876 . The Berlin's Congress included Bileća in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which brought economic development to the region. The first primary school in Bileća was opened in 1880.
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Bosanska Krupa
Bosanska Krupa (Serbian Cyrillic: Босанска Крупа, pronounced [bɔ̌sanskaː krûpa]) is a town and municipality in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the Una river. It is located 30 km (19 mi) northeast from Bihać (350 km away from Sarajevo). It is the seat of a municipality within the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Bosanska Krupa is located on the border within the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina adjacent to the municipalities of Bužim, Cazin, Bihać, Bosanski Petrovac, Sanski Most, and Krupa na Uni. The last mentioned municipality is part of the Republika Srpska and was part of the Bosanska Krupa municipality before the Bosnian war, but after the Dayton agreements it became separate municipality.
• Arapuša • Bag • Banjani • Baštra • Benakovac • Bosanska Krupa • Bužim • Dobro Selo • Donja Suvaja • Donji Dubovik • Donji Petrovići • Drenova Glavica • Glavica • Gorinja • Gornja Suvaja • Gornji Bušević • Gornji Petrovići • Gudavac • Hašani • Ivanjska • Jasenica • Jezerski • Konjoder • Lubarda • Ljusina • Mahmić Selo • Mali Badić • Mali Dubovik • Mali Radić • Mrazovac • Osredak • Ostrožnica • Bosanska Otoka • Perna • Pištaline • Potkalinje • Pučenik • Srednji Bušević • Srednji Dubovik • Varoška Rijeka • Velika Jasenica • Veliki Badić • Veliki Dubovik • Veliki Radić • Vojevac • Voloder • Vranjska i Zalin.
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Bosanski Petrovac
Bosanski Petrovac (Serbian Cyrillic: Босански Петровац) is a town in western Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also the name of the municipality. The town and municipality are part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Una-Sana Canton.
In 2005 the population had dropped to 8,151, including:[citation needed]
According to the 1991. census the municipality had a population of 15,621, including:
According to the 1981. census the municipality had a population of 16,374, including:
According to the 1971. census the municipality had a population of 18,597, including:
The settlement has existed since Roman times. It was conquered by the Ottoman Empire somewhere between 1520 and 1530. During the Second World War, it was a Partisan stronghold which was conveniently located close to Marshal Tito's headquarters in Drvar.
During the 1992-1995 Bosnian War, the Serb majority remained in the city while the Bosnian Muslims were forced to leave their homes. Then in 1995, as the war was nearing its end, the Croatian Army seized Bosanski Petrovac and it remained in Croatian hands until the war's end.
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Bosansko Grahovo
Bosansko Grahovo (Cyrillic: Босанско Грахово) is a town and municipality in western Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located near the border with Croatia, near the towns of Drvar, Livno and Glamoč. Administratively it is part of the West Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
According to the 1991 census the municipality of Bosansko Grahovo had 8,311 residents, including:
The town of Bosansko Grahovo itself had 2,096 residents, including:
According to the 1981.census the municipality had 9,032 residents, including:
According to the 1971. census the municipality had 10,565 residents, including:
Gavrilo Princip, the main perpetrator of the assassination in Sarajevo of 1914, was born in the village of Obljaj located just east of Bosansko Grahovo.
During the Bosnian War the city was held by Bosnian Serb forces. In autumn 1995 Croatian forces took over the city which led to a mass-evacuation of the Serbs. After the war, the Serb civilians returned, and today, they again form majority of population in the municipality.
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Bosnia Eyalet
The Eyalet of Bosnia (Ottoman Turkish: Eyalet-i Bosna) or Bosnia Beylerbeylik (Turkish: Bosna Beylerbeyliğ) was a eyalet and beylerbeylik of the Ottoman Empire, mostly based on the territory of the present-day state of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as most of Slavonia, Lika, and Dalmatia in present-day Croatia. Its reported area in the 19th century was 20,281 square miles (52,530 km2).
After the execution of King Tomašević in 1463, the central part of the Kingdom of Bosnia was transformed into the sanjak of Bosnia. The Duchy of Herzegovina was added in 1483. The eyalet of Bosnia was formed in 1520. However, the Ottoman wars in Europe continued and the province significantly decreased in territory during the same century. After the Treaty of Karlowitz, the province was down to four sanjaks (three of them diminished in size as well) and twelve captaincies. Before the Treaty of Passarowitz, another 28 military captaincies were formed, more than half of them along the frontier. This kind of intensive military administration corresponded to the Austrian Military Frontier on the other side of the same border. In 1703 the seat of the pasha was moved from Sarajevo to Travnik because Sarajevo had been destroyed by fire in the war; it wouldn't be moved back until 1850.
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Bosniak Institute
Coordinates: 43°51′36″N 18°25′32″E / 43.8601°N 18.4256°E / 43.8601; 18.4256
The Bosniak Institute is a cultural center in Sarajevo focusing on Bosniak culture. It was established by Adil Zulfikarpašić. The institute is housed in a renovated sixteenth century Turkish bath and includes a library and an art center.
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Bratunac
Bratunac (Cyrillic: Братунац) is a town and municipality located in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The easternmost point of Bosnia and Herzegovina is located in the municipality of Bratunac which lies in the entity Republika Srpska. During the early stages of the Bosnian War, war-crimes were commited on the Bosniak population in the municipality of Bratunac, where VRS soldiers either killed or forced them to flee to the neighbouring city of Srebrenica, at that time a "safe area" under UN protection.
26.513 total
In the census of 1991, there were 33,375 inhabitants of Bratunac municipality of which:
In 1381, the name Bratunac is mentioned for the first time because of the direct road through Bratunac from Bosnia to Serbia. At the time, Bratunac was composed of five houses and a population of roughly 30 people. In 1927, Bratunac became an independent municipality for the first time.
In 1948 Bratunac had a population of 5,033. (Source=Columbia-Lippincott Gazetteer)
• Abdulići • Banjevići • Biljača • Bjelovac • Blječeva • Boljevići • Brana Bačići • Bratunac • Dubravice • Fakovići • Glogova • Hranča • Hrnčići • Jagodnja • Jaketići • Jelah • Ježeštica • Joševa • Konjevići • Krasanovići • Kravica • Lipenovići • Loznica • Magašići • Mihaljevići • Mlečva • Mratinci • Oćenovići • Opravdići • Pirići • Pobrđe • Pobuđe • Podčauš • Polom • Rakovac • Repovac • Sikirić • Slapašnica • Stanatovići • Suha • Šiljkovići • Tegare • Urkovići • Vitkovići • Voljavica • Vraneševići • Zagoni • Zalužje • Zapolje i Žlijebac.
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Brussels
Brussels (French: Bruxelles, pronounced [bʁysɛl] ( listen); Dutch: Brussel, pronounced [ˈbrʏ.səɫ] ( listen); German: Brüssel, pronounced [ˈbʁyː.səl]), officially the Brussels Region or Brussels-Capital Region (French: Région de Bruxelles-Capitale (help·info), Dutch: Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest (help·info)), is the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union (EU). It is also the largest urban area in Belgium, comprising 19 municipalities, including the municipality of the City of Brussels, which is the de jure capital of Belgium, in addition to the seat of the French Community of Belgium and of the Flemish Community.
Brussels has grown from a 10th-century fortress town founded by a descendant of Charlemagne into a metropolis of more than one million inhabitants. The metropolitan area has a population of over 1.8 million, making it the largest in Belgium.
Since the end of the Second World War, Brussels has been a main centre for international politics. Hosting principal EU institutions as well as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the city has become the polyglot home of numerous international organisations, politicians, diplomats and civil servants.
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Brčko District
Brčko District (pronounced [br̩̂t͡ʃkɔː]; Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian: Brčko distrikt Serbian Cyrillic: Брчко дистрикт) in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina is a neutral, self-governing administrative unit, under the sovereignty of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is formally part of both BiH entities, the Republika Srpska, and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Brčko District was established after an arbitration process undertaken by the High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to Dayton Peace Accords however, the process could only arbitrate the disputed portion of the Inter-Entity Boundary Line (IEBL). The Brčko District was formed of the entire territory of the former Brčko municipality, of which 48% (including Brčko city) was in the Republika Srpska, while 52% was in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. After the war, the EU has maintained a diplomatic peace-keeping presence in the area.
In 2006 under the Supervisory Order all "Entity legislation in Brčko District and the IEBL" were abolished. The ruling made by the Brčko Supervisor Susan Johnson abolishes all Entity Laws in the District also abolishes the Entity Border Line. The ruling makes the Laws of the District and the Laws of the State of Bosnia and Herzegovina (including the laws of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina) paramount within the District.
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Bucharest
Bucharest (Romanian: București pronounced [bukuˈreʃtʲ] ( listen)) is the capital municipality, cultural, industrial, and financial centre of Romania. It is the largest city in Romania, located in the southeast of the country, at 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.4325°N 26.10389°E / 44.4325; 26.10389Coordinates: 44°25′57″N 26°06′14″E / 44.4325°N 26.10389°E / 44.4325; 26.10389, and lies on the banks of the Dâmbovița River.
Bucharest was first mentioned in documents as early as 1459. Since then it has gone through a variety of changes, becoming the state capital of Romania in 1862 and steadily consolidating its position as the centre of the Romanian mass media, culture and arts. Its eclectic architecture is a mix of historical (neo-classical), interbellum (Bauhaus and Art Deco), Communist-era and modern. In the period between the two World Wars, the city's elegant architecture and the sophistication of its elite earned Bucharest the nickname of "Little Paris" (Micul Paris). Although many buildings and districts in the historic centre were damaged or destroyed by war, earthquakes, and Nicolae Ceaușescu's program of systematization, many survived. In recent years, the city has been experiencing an economic and cultural boom..
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Budapest
Budapest ( /ˈbuːdəpɛst/, /ˈbuːdəpɛʃt/ or /ˈbʊdəpɛst/; Hungarian pronunciation: [ˈbudɒpɛʃt] ( listen); names in other languages) is the capital and the largest city of Hungary, the largest in East-Central Europe and the seventh largest in the European Union. It is the country's principal political, cultural, commercial, industrial, and transportation centre, sometimes described as the primate city of Hungary. According to 2011 Census, Budapest had 1.74 million inhabitants, down from its 1989 peak of 2.1 million due to suburbanization. The Budapest Commuter Area is home to 3.3 million people. The city covers an area of 525 square kilometres (202.7 sq mi) within the city limits. Budapest became a single city occupying both banks of the river Danube with a unification on 17 November 1873 of west-bank Buda and Óbuda with east-bank Pest.
The history of Budapest began with Aquincum, originally a Celtic settlement that became the Roman capital of Lower Pannonia.Hungarians arrived in the territory in the 9th century. Their first settlement was pillaged by the Mongols in 1241-42. The re-established town became one of the centres of Renaissance humanist culture in the 15th century. Following the Battle of Mohács and nearly 150 years of Ottoman rule, development of the region entered a new age of prosperity in the 18th and 19th centuries, and Budapest became a global city after the 1873 unification. It also became the second capital of Austria-Hungary, a great power that dissolved in 1918. After the Treaty of Trianon in 1920, when Hungary lost 72% of its former territory, culturally and economically the country became wholly Budapest-dominated. The capital dominates the country both by the size of its population—which dwarfs those of Hungary's other cities Budapest was the focal point of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, the Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919, Operation Panzerfaust in 1944, the Battle of Budapest of 1945, and the Revolution of 1956.
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Bugojno
Bugojno (Serbian Cyrillic: Бугојно) is a town and municipality of the same name in central Bosnia and Herzegovina on the river Vrbas. It is located in the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity. The town is 130 km (81 mi) to the northwest from Sarajevo, with an estimated population of 50,000 (as of July 2007).
To the west towards Kupres is a region called Koprivica. This enormous forest was once one of Tito's (the president of former Yugoslavia) favorite hunting spots. The dense forest and lack of any human settlements have created a sanctuary for bears, wolves, deer, boar and a plethora of other wild animals. Hunting associations are very active in this region and there are many mountain and hunting lodges dotting the forest. Duboka Valley (deep valley) is a designated hunting area covered by thick spruce. Kalin Mountain is a popular weekend area for hikers and nature lovers.
The municipality of Bugojno has an average elevation of 570 meters above sea level. Much of its 366 km2 is forested. The terrain is mountainous with several prominent features. Stozer (1662m), Kalin (1,530m) and Rudina (1,385m) are the tallest mountains in Bugojno.
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Bulgaria
Coordinates: 42°45′N 25°30′E / 42.75°N 25.5°E / 42.75; 25.5
Bulgariai/bʌlˈɡɛəriə/ (Bulgarian: България, IPA: [bɤ̞ɫˈɡarijɐ]), is a country located in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and the Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south and the Black Sea to the east. With a territory of 110,994 square kilometres (42,855 sq mi), Bulgaria is Europe's 14th-largest country. Its location has made it a historical crossroad for various civilisations and as such it is the home of some of the earliest metalworking, religious and other cultural artifacts in the world.
Prehistoric cultures began developing on Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period. Its ancient history was marked by the presence of the Thracians, and later by the Greeks and Romans. The emergence of a unified Bulgarian ethnicity and state dates back to the First Bulgarian Empire, which dominated most of the Balkans and functioned as a cultural hub for Slavic peoples during the Middle Ages. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for nearly five hundred years. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 resulted in the Third Bulgarian State, recognised in 1908. The following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both World Wars. In 1946 it became a Communist republic with a single-party system until 1989, when the Communist Party allowed multi-party elections. After 1990 Bulgaria transitioned to democracy and a market-based economy.
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Bursa
Bursa (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈbuɾsa]) is a city in northwestern Turkey and the seat of Bursa Province. The metropolitan area in the entire Bursa province had a population of 2.6 million as of 2010, making the city the fourth most populous in Turkey. The city is equally one of the most industrialized metropolitan centers in the country.
Bursa was the capital of the Ottoman State between 1326 and 1365. The city was referred to as "Hüdavendigar" (meaning "God's Gift") during the Ottoman period, while a more recent nickname is "Yeşil Bursa" (meaning "Green Bursa") in reference to the parks and gardens located across its urban tissue, as well as to the vast forests in rich variety that extend in the surrounding region. The city is synonymous with Mount Uludağ which towers behind its core and which is also a famous ski resort. The mausoleums of the early Ottoman sultans are located in Bursa and the numerous edifices built throughout the Ottoman period constitute the city's main landmarks. The surrounding fertile plain, its thermal baths, several interesting museums, notably a rich museum of archaeology, and a rather orderly urban growth are further principal elements that complete Bursa's overall picture.
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Busovača
Busovača is a small town and municipality in the heart of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is 60 km (37 mi) from Sarajevo, 21 km (13 mi) from Zenica, and 30 km (19 mi) from Travnik.
During the Bosnian War, the city saw heavy fighting between the Bosnian Army and the Croatian Defence Council. Today, Busovača is recovering from the war and with its small economy and infrastructure it is becoming an important crossroad between bigger cities.
14.428 total
By census of 1991 municipality had the Croat majority, as town itself.
In 2005, population of the municipality of Busovača included 59% Croats and 40% Bosniaks.
• Bare • Bukovci • Buselji • Busovača • Carica • Dobraljevo • Dolac • Donja Rovna • Gornja Rovna • Grablje • Granice • Gusti Grab • Hozanovići • Hrasno • Javor • Jazvine • Jelinak • Kaćuni • Kaonik • Katići • Kovačevac • Krčevine • Krvavičići • Kula • Kupres • Lončari • Mehurići • Merdani • Mihaljevići • Milavice • Nezirovići • Očehnići • Oselište • Podbare • Podjele • Podstijena • Polje • Prosje • Putiš • Ravan • Skradno • Solakovići • Strane • Stubica • Šudine • Turići i Zarače.
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Butmir
Butmir is a neighborhood of Ilidža in the Sarajevo Canton of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is a small but fairly important and well-known neighborhood of several thousand people.
Geographically, the Butmir region is very rich in flint. A small stream passes through before connecting to the Željeznica river in central Ilidža.
Ilidža is found a short distance away to the west, while Sarajevo is to the northeast. Between Sarajevo and Butmir is the Sarajevo International Airport, the main airport in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Butmir is most famous for archaeological finds dating back to the neolithic period. The people who lived there some 4500 years ago formed a distinct group, which is today known as the Butmir Culture.
Butmir contains important NATO base in this region. The Training Centre Butmir near Sarajevo is one of the 15 verified NATO training centres. The Butmir Training Centre was formed in April 2005 through partnership of 12 countries, including the USA. [1]
Coordinates: 43°49′N 18°20′E / 43.817°N 18.333°E / 43.817; 18.333
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Bužim
Bužim is a village and municipality situated in the most northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Administratively, it is part of the Una-Sana Canton.
Bužim borders Bosanska Krupa to the east, Cazin to the south, Velika Kladuša to the west and north, and finally with the Republic of Croatia to the northeast. Geographically most of the municipality is mountainous. The total land area of Bužim is about 129 km2 (50 sq mi) with a population of 20,000. Bužim is about 180-400 meters above sea-level.
Buzim is situated in the North-West of B&H, actually in North-West part of Unsko-Sanski canton and it is one of eight municipalities in that canton. It borders on the municipalities of Bosanska Krupa (from East), Cazin (from the Soath), Velika Kladuša (from the West and North) and on the municipality Dvor on the river Una (Republic Croatia from the North-West). Territory of Buzim is mountainous. Cava and Dobro Selo spread in the East. Regional roads Buzim - Bosanska Otoka - Bosanska Krupa, i.e. Bosanska Otoka - Bosanski Novi connect Buzim with Bihac, i.e. Banja Luka. Route to South leads across Konjodor towards Cazin and further towards Bihac, and route to Dvor na Uni leads across Zaradostov and Buzevac. Route to the West leads through Lubarde - Pasin Brod - Todorovo all the way to Velika Kladusa (in the West). Route Buzim - Varoska Rijeka - Radica Most - Vrnograc – Velika Kladusa leads to Zagreb, i.e. route Radica Most – Bosanska Bojna – Glina – Zagreb.
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Cairo
Cairo ( /ˈkaɪroʊ/ KYE-roh; Arabic: القاهرة al-Qāhira, literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror"), is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Located near the Nile Delta, it was founded in the year 969 A.D. making it 1,043 years old. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life. Cairo was founded by the Fatimid dynasty in the 10th century AD.; but the land composing the present-day city was the site of national capitals whose remnants remain visible in parts of Old Cairo. Cairo is also associated with Ancient Egypt due to its proximity to the ancient cities of Memphis, Giza and Fustat which are nearby to the Great Sphinx and the pyramids of Giza.
Egyptians today often refer to Cairo as Maṣr (Arabic: مصر), the Arabic pronunciation of the name for Egypt itself, emphasizing the city's continued role in Egyptian influence. Cairo has the oldest and largest film and music industries in the Arab World, as well as the world's second-oldest institution of higher learning, al-Azhar University. Many international media, businesses, and organizations have regional headquarters in the city, and the Arab League has had its headquarters in Cairo for most of its existence.
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Calgary
Calgary /ˈkælɡᵊri/ is a city in the province of Alberta, Canada. It is located in the south of the province, in an area of foothills and prairie, approximately 80 km (50 mi) east of the front ranges of the Canadian Rockies. The city is located in the grassland and parkland natural regions of Alberta.
As of 2011, the City of Calgary had a population of 1,096,833 and a metropolitan population of 1,214,839, making it the largest city in Alberta, and the third-largest municipality and fifth-largest metropolitan area in Canada.
Located 294 km (183 mi) south of Edmonton, Statistics Canada defines the narrowly populated area between these cities as the "Calgary–Edmonton Corridor."
Economic activity in Calgary is mostly centred on the petroleum industry and agriculture. In 1988, Calgary became the first Canadian city to host the Olympic Winter Games.
Before the Calgary area was settled by Europeans, it was inhabited by pre-Clovis people whose presence has been traced back at least 11,000 years. In 1787, cartographer David Thompson spent the winter with a band of Peigan encamped along the Bow River. He was the first recorded European to visit the area, and John Glenn was the first documented European settler in the Calgary area, in 1873.
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Canton 10
Canton 10, officially the Herzeg-Bosnia County (Croatian: Hercegbosanska županija) is tenth of 10 cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The capital of County and its president is in Kupres. The local government seat is in Livno, while the assembly is in Tomislavgrad.
In Bosnian and Serbian, the term kanton is used, while in Croatian the term županija is used. The canton is officially referred by the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina as Canton 10/County 10 (Kanton 10 or Županija 10). The local government however refers to it as the Herzeg-Bosnia County (Hercegbosanska županija) and uses that name in the local constitution. It references the self-proclaimed entity of Herzeg-Bosnia[citation needed] that existed during the Bosnian war. This name has been deemed unconstitutional by the Federation Constitutional Court partly because it "does not cover any part of the traditional region of Herzegovina". That geographic proof is however disputed since the borders of Herzegovina are not strictly geographically, and especially not legally determined.[citation needed] Other names used at the national level include West Bosnia Canton/County (Zapadnobosanski kanton, Zapadnobosanska županija) and Livno Canton (Livanjski kanton), after its capital.
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Cazin
Cazin is a town and municipality in northwest Bosnia and Herzegovina, near the border with Croatia. It is located in the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Cazinska Krajina is named after Cazin. The city of Cazin is located on the main road which connects Bihać and Velika Kladuša.
Today, it is estimated that the municipality of Cazin has 80,000 residents with a clear Bosniak majority. In 2005, almost all inhabitants of the municipality (100%) were ethnic Bosniaks. [1]
According to the 1991. census the municipality of Cazin had 63,409 residents, including:
According to the 1981. census the municipality had 57,110 residents, including:
According to the 1971. census the municipality had 45,468 residents, including:
Cazin has several historic places, some dating back to the 14th century. Ostrožac castle and Radetina Tower are located in Cazin. The city was successfully defended by the Bosnian Army during the War in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• Bajrići • Brezova Kosa • Bukovica • Cazin • Crnaja • Čajići • Čizmići • Ćehići • Ćoralići • Donja Barska • Donja Koprivna • Donja Lučka • Glogovac • Gornja Barska • Gornja Koprivna • Gornja Lučka • Gradina • Hadžin Potok • Kapići • Kličići • Kovačevići • Krakača • Krivaja • Liđani • Liskovac • Ljubijankići • Majetići • Miostrah • Mujakići • Mutnik • Osredak • Ostrožac • Ostrožac na Uni • Pećigrad • Pivnice • Pjanići • Podgredina • Polje • Ponjevići • Prošići • Rošići • Rujnica • Skokovi • Stijena • Šturlić • Šturlićka Platnica • Toromani • Tržac • Tržačka Platnica • Tržačka Raštela • Urga • Vilenjača • Vrelo • Zmajevac
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Chamonix
Coordinates: 45°55′23″N 6°52′11″E / 45.9231°N 6.8697°E / 45.9231; 6.8697
Chamonix-Mont-Blanc or, more commonly, Chamonix is a commune in the Haute-Savoie département in the Rhône-Alpes region in south-eastern France. It was the site of the 1924 Winter Olympics, the first Winter Olympics. The commune's population of around 9,800 ranks 865th within the country of France.
Situated near the massive peaks of the Aiguilles Rouges, Chamonix shares the summit of Mont Blanc with its neighbouring commune of Courmayeur in Italy, and owns the title of highest commune in France. The commune is well known and loved by skiers and by mountain enthusiasts of all types. With an area of 245 km2 (95 sq mi), Chamonix is the fourth largest commune in mainland France.
The commune of Chamonix-Mont-Blanc includes 16 villages and hamlets. From north to south: Le Tour (1,462 m (4,797 ft)), Montroc, Le Planet, Argentière (1,252 m (4,108 ft)), Les Chosalets, Le Lavancher, Les Tines, Les Bois, Les-Praz-de-Chamonix (1,060 m (3,478 ft)), Chamonix-Mont-Blanc, Les Pècles, Les Mouilles, Les Barrats, Les Pélerins, Les Gaillands, and Les Bossons (1,012 m (3,320 ft)).
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City of San Marino
The City of San Marino, also known simply as San Marino, is the capital city of the Republic of San Marino on the Italian peninsula, near the Adriatic Sea. The city has a population of 4,493. It is on the western slopes of San Marino's highest point, Monte Titano.
Although the capital, most of the businesses are in Borgo Maggiore. It is the third largest city in the country, after Dogana and Borgo Maggiore. It borders the San Marino municipalities Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Fiorentino, and Chiesanuova and the Italian municipality San Leo.
Akademio Internacia de la Sciencoj San Marino is centered here.
Due to its being the capital and previously the only city in San Marino, the history of this city is almost the same as the History of San Marino. For more information on that topic, see that article.
The city was founded by Saint Marinus and several Christian refugees in the year 301. From then on the city became a center of Christian refugees who fled from Roman persecution. As a result, the city become the oldest republic in Europe, for the republic's territory at that time only included the single city of San Marino.
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Collegno
Collegno is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Turin in the Italian region Piedmont, located about 9 km west of Turin.
Collegno is twinned with the following cities:
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Copenhagen
Copenhagen ( /ˈkoʊpənheɪɡən/ or /ˈkoʊpənhɑːɡən/; Danish: København pronounced [kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn] ( listen), Latin: Hafnia) is the capital of Denmark and its most populous city, with an urban population of 1,213,822 (as of 1 January 2012 (2012 -01-01)[update]) and a metropolitan population of 1,935,746 (as of 1 April 2012 (2012 -04-01)[update]). With the completion of the transnational Øresund Bridge in 2000, Copenhagen has become the centre of the increasingly integrating Øresund Region. Within this region, Copenhagen and the Swedish city of Malmö are growing into a combined metropolitan area. Copenhagen is situated on the islands of Zealand and Amager.
First documented in the 11th century, Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in the beginning of the 15th century. During the 17th century, under the reign of Christian IV, it became a significant regional centre.
Copenhagen is a major regional centre of culture, business, media, and science, as indicated by several international surveys and rankings (see International rankings below). Life science, information technology and shipping are important sectors, and research & development plays a major role in the city's economy. Its strategic location and excellent infrastructure, with the largest airport in Scandinavia,Kastrup, located 14 minutes by train from the city centre, have made it a regional hub and a popular location for regional headquarters and conventions.
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Coventry
Coventry (i/ˈkɒvəntri/) is a city and metropolitan borough in the county of West Midlands in England. Coventry is the 9th largest city in England and the 11th largest in the United Kingdom. It is also the second largest city in the English Midlands, after Birmingham, with a population of 300,848, although Stoke-on-Trent, Leicester and Nottingham have larger urban areas. The population of Coventry had risen to 315,800 as of 2010, according to the Office of National Statistics.
Historically within Warwickshire, Coventry is situated 95 miles (153 km) northwest of central London and 19 miles (31 km) east-southeast of Birmingham, and is further from the coast than any other city in Britain. Although harbouring a population of almost a third of a million inhabitants, Coventry is not amongst the English Core Cities Group due to its proximity to Birmingham.
Coventry was the world's first twin city when it formed a twinning relationship with the Russian city of Stalingrad (now Volgograd) during World War II. The relationship developed through ordinary people in Coventry who wanted to show their support for the Soviet Red Army during the Battle of Stalingrad. The city is now also twinned with Dresden, Lidice and 23 other cities around the world.
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Croatia
Croatia (i/kroʊˈeɪʃə/ kroh-AY-shə; Croatian: Hrvatska pronounced [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]), officially the Republic of Croatia (Croatian: Republika Hrvatska listen (help·info)), is a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean. Its capital and largest city is Zagreb. The country is divided into 20 counties and the city of Zagreb. Croatia covers 56,594 square kilometres (21,851 square miles) and has diverse, mostly continental and Mediterranean climates. Croatia's Adriatic Sea coast contains more than a thousand islands. The country's population is 4.29 million, most of whom are Croats, with the most common religious denomination being Roman Catholicism.
In the early 7th century the Croats arrived in area of present-day Croatia. They organised the state into two dukedoms by the 9th century. Tomislav became the first king by 925 AD, elevating Croatia to the status of a kingdom. The Kingdom of Croatia retained its sovereignty for nearly two centuries, reaching its peak during the rule of Kings Peter Krešimir IV and Dmitar Zvonimir. Croatia entered a personal union with Hungary in 1102. In 1527, faced with Ottoman conquest the Croatian Parliament elected Ferdinand I of the House of Habsburg to the Croatian throne. In 1918, after World War I, Croatia was included in the short-lived State of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs that declared independence from Austria–Hungary and co-founded the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. A Croatian state briefly existed during World War II as a fascist puppet state. After the war, Croatia became a founding member and a federal constituent of the Second Yugoslavia, a socialist state. In June 1991, Croatia declared independence, which came into effect on 8 October of the same year. The Croatian War of Independence was fought successfully during the four years following the declaration.
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Crown Dependencies
The Crown Dependencies are self-governing possessions of the British Crown, as opposed to overseas territories of the United Kingdom. They comprise the Channel Island Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey in the English Channel, and the Isle of Man in the Irish Sea.
Being independently administered jurisdictions, none forms part of the United Kingdom nor of the European Union.
"The Crown" is defined differently in each Crown Dependency. In Jersey, statements in the 21st century of the constitutional position by the Law Officers of the Crown define it as the "Crown in right of Jersey", with all Crown land in the Bailiwick of Jersey belonging to the Crown in right of Jersey and not to the Crown Estate of the United Kingdom. Legislation of the Isle of Man defines the "Crown in right of the Isle of Man" as being separate from the "Crown in right of the United Kingdom". In Guernsey, legislation refers to the "Crown in right of the Bailiwick", and the Law Officers of the Crown of Guernsey submitted that "The Crown in this context ordinarily means the Crown in right of the république of the Bailiwick of Guernsey" and that this comprises "the collective governmental and civic institutions, established by and under the authority of the Monarch, for the governance of these Islands, including the States of Guernsey and legislatures in the other Islands, the Royal Court and other courts, the Lieutenant Governor, Parish authorities, and the Crown acting in and through the Privy Council." This constitutional concept is also worded as the "Crown in right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey".
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Cyprus
Cyprusi/ˈsaɪprəs/ (Greek: Κύπρος, Kýpros, IPA: [ˈcipɾos]; Turkish: Kıbrıs, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs]), officially the Republic of Cyprus (Greek: Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία, Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía, IPA: [cipɾiaˈci ðimokɾaˈtia]; Turkish: Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti, IPA: [ˈkɯbɾɯs dʒumhuɾijeˈti]), is an island country in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, east of Greece, south of Turkey, west of Syria, Lebanon, northwest of Israel and north of Egypt. Cyprus is the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea and the Republic of Cyprus is a member state of the European Union.
The earliest known human activity on the island dates back to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, which has been declared a World Heritage Site with an "enhanced protection" status in the event of armed conflict by UNESCO, along with the archaeological sites of Paphos and the Painted Churches of the Troodos Region. Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world.
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Czech Republic
The Czech Republic (i/ˈtʃɛk/ CHEK;Czech: Česká republika, pronounced [ˈtʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka] ( listen), short form Česko Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛskɔ]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the north, Germany to the west, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east. Its capital and largest city, with 1.3 million inhabitants, is Prague.
It is a pluralist multi-party parliamentary representative democracy, a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the OSCE, the Council of Europe and the Visegrád Group.
The Czech state, formerly known as Bohemia, was formed in the late 9th century as a small duchy around Prague, at that time under dominance of the powerful Great Moravian Empire (which reached its greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I from the House of Mojmír). After the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power was transferred from Moravia to Bohemia, under the Přemyslids. During the rule of Přemyslid dukes/kings and their successors, the Luxembourgs, the country reached its greatest territorial extent (13th–14th century). Life in the country was significantly affected by the Hussite wars, during which it faced economic embargo and crusades from all over Europe. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg monarchy as one of its three principal parts alongside the Archduchy of Austria and the Kingdom of Hungary. The Bohemian Revolt (1618–20) led to the further centralization of the monarchy including forced recatholization and Germanization. During radical reforms in the 18th century the Bohemian Crown was even de facto abolished (1749). In the 19th century the Czech lands became the industrial powerhouse of the monarchy and the core of the Republic of Czechoslovakia which was formed in 1918, following the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire after World War I.
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Dalmatia
Dalmatia (Croatian: Dalmacija, Croatian pronunciation: [dǎlmaːt͡sija]; see names in other languages) is a historical region on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea, in Croatia. It stretches from the island of Rab in the northwest to the Bay of Kotor in the southeast. The hinterland, the Dalmatian Zagora, ranges from fifty kilometers in width in the north to just a few kilometers in the south. The Dalmatian dog received its name from Dalmatia, as does the dalmatic, a Roman Catholic liturgical vestment worn by deacons and bishops.
The name Dalmatia derives from the name of the tribe of the Dalmatae, which is connected with the Illyrian word delme, dele in modern Albanian, meaning "sheep" in English.
In antiquity the Roman province of Dalmatia was much larger than the present-day Dalmatia County of Croatia, stretching from Istria in the north to historical Albania in the south. Dalmatia signified not only a geographical unit, but was an entity based on common culture and settlement types, a common narrow eastern Adriatic coastal belt, Mediterranean climate, sclerophyllous vegetation of the Illyrian province, Adriatic carbonate platform, and karst geomorphology.
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Denmark
The Kingdom of Denmark (Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkɔŋəʁiːəð ˈdanmɑɡ̊] ( listen)) is a constitutional monarchy and sovereign state consisting the country of Denmark in northern Europe and two autonomous constituent countries, the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic and Greenland in North America. The kingdom is a unitary state with some power being devolved from Denmark proper to Greenland and the Faroe Islands; this polity is referred to as the Danish Realm. Denmark proper is the hegemonial area, where judicial, executive, and legislative power resides. The Faroe Islands are defined to be a community of people within the kingdom, and the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.
Denmark is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, located southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. The country consists of a large peninsula, Jutland and many islands, most notably Zealand, Funen, Lolland, Falster and Bornholm, as well as hundreds of minor islands often referred to as the Danish Archipelago.
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Derventa
Derventa (Serbian Cyrillic: Дервента) is the name of a town and municipality of Bosnia and Herzegovina in the northern part of Republika Srpska just northwest of the town of Doboj, in the Posavina region. The municipality compromises of 57 villages as well as the town itself.
• Agići • Begluci • Bijelo Brdo • Bosanski Dubočac • Brezici • Bukovac • Bukovica Mala • Bukovica Velika • Bunar • Cerani • Crnča • Dažnica • Derventa • Donja Bišnja • Donja Lupljanica • Donji Detlak • Donji Višnjik • Drijen • Gornja Bišnja • Gornja Lupljanica • Gornji Božinci • Gornji Detlak • Gornji Višnjik • Gradac • Gradina • Kalenderovci Donji • Kalenderovci Gornji • Kostreš • Kovačevci • Kulina • Kuljenovci • Lug • Lužani • Lužani Bosanski • Lužani Novi • Mala Sočanica • Mišinci • Miškovci • Modran • Osinja • Osojci • Pjevalovac • Pojezna • Poljari • Polje • Rapćani • Stanići • Šušnjari • Tetima • Trstenci • Tunjestala • Velika • Velika Sočanica • Vrhovi • Zelenike • Žeravac i Živinice.
The Derventa municipality borders with Brod, Modriča, Doboj, Prnjavor and Srbac, as well as Croatia across the Sava river. It has an area of 517 km2 (200 sq mi) and includes 57 villages in addition to the actual town of Derventa.
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Doboj
Doboj (Serbian Cyrillic: Добој) is a city and a municipality in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina, situated in the northern part of the Republika Srpska entity on the river Bosna. Doboj is the largest national railway junction; as such, the seats of the Republika Srpska Railways, and the Railways Corporation of Bosnia and Herzegovina are located in Doboj. It is one of the oldest cities in the country and one of the most important urban centers in Northern Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The first official mention of the settlement is from 1415, as it was written in the charter issued by Dubrovnik to Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, although there are numerous artefacts and objects that have been found (The National Museum of Bosnia/Herzegovina in Sarajevo & The Regional Museum in Doboj) and which confirm the fact that the area had been inhabited ever since the early stone age, and that the Roman Empire had an army camp (Castrum) and a settlement (Canabea) in the vicinity of the town dating from the 1st century AD. Following the arrival of the Slavs in the 6th century it became a part of the region/bannate Usora (in the medieval documents sometimes put together with the nearby province Soli, hence, Usora and Soli).
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Doboj East
Doboj East (Doboj Istok / Добој Исток) is a small rural municipality in the Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
It consists of the villages of Stanić Rijeka, Klokotnica, Velika Brijesnica and Mala Brijesnica.
In 2005, almost all of the municipality's population (100%) was composed of ethnic Bosniaks.
Coordinates: 44°44′00″N 18°11′20″E / 44.7333°N 18.1889°E / 44.7333; 18.1889
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Doboj South
Doboj South (Doboj Jug / Добој Југ) is a small rural municipality in the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
It borders with Doboj municipality, part of Republika Srpska entity.
The municipality Doboj South is a newly formed municipality, established as a direct consequence of war activities in this area. It is not a very large municipality, and covers an area of 80 square kilometers. It spreads around the roads Zenica-Doboj-jug-Doboj and Zenica-Doboj-jug-Usora-Tešanj-Teslić. It nestles between the Bosna and Usora Rivers.
Famous graveyard of tanks located within the Doboj South municipality reminds everyone of the horrors of war and warning never to repeat these atrocities again.
Municipality consists of the villages of Matuzići and Mravići.
The state road M-17, a traffic artery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, runs across most of the municipal area.
In 2005, almost all inhabitants of the municipality (100%) were ethnic Bosniaks. [1]
The local football club, NK Gradina Doboj-Jug, plays in the Regional League in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Dobrinja
Dobrinja is the most populous neighborhood of Sarajevo. It's part of the municipality of Novi Grad. In 1993 a mortar attack was conducted from Serb-held positions on a football game. 13 people died and over 130 were wounded.
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Donji Vakuf
Donji Vakuf (pronounced [dɔ̂ːɲiː vǎkuf]) (Cyrillic: Доњи Вакуф) is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Jajce, Bugojno and Travnik. It is under the administration of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• Babin Potok • Babino Selo • Barice • Blagaj • Brda • Brdo • Brezičani • Ćehajići • Ćemalovići • Daljan • Dobro Brdo • Doganovci • Dolovi • Donji Rasavci • Donji Vakuf • Đulovići • Fakići • Fonjge • Galešići • Grabantići • Gredina • Grič • Guvna • Hemići • Jablan • Jemanlići • Karići • Keže • Komar • Korenići • Košćani • Kovačevići • Krivače • Kutanja • Ljuša • Makitani • Novo Selo • Oborci • Orahovljani • Petkovići • Piljužići • Pobrđani • Ponjavići • Potkraj • Pribraća • Prisika • Prusac • Rasavci • Rastičevo • Rudina • Ruska Pilana • Sandžak • Semin • Silajdževina • Slatina • Sokolina • Staro Selo • Suhodol • Sultanovići • Suljići • Šahmani • Rahmani • Šeherdžik • Šutkovići • Torlakovac • Urija • Vlađevići • [[Vrbcript textas i Vrljaj]].
Approximate population (in 2005 ?) of Donji Vakuf consists of 13,401 people
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Donji Žabar
Donji Žabar (Cyrillic: Доњи Жабар) is a village and a municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Municipality was also known as Srpsko Orašje (Српско Орашје), and was created from part of the pre-war municipality of Orašje (the other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
In 1991, the population of Donji Žabar village numbered 1,407 people of whom 1,388 (99%) were ethnic Serbs. (See: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
In 2006, the majority of inhabitants of the municipality were ethnic Serbs.
Coordinates: 44°56′29″N 18°38′46″E / 44.9414°N 18.6461°E / 44.9414; 18.6461
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Drvar
Drvar (Cyrillic: Дрвар) is a town and municipality in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, located on the road between Bosansko Grahovo and Bosanski Petrovac, also near Glamoč. It is administratively part of Canton 10 of the Federation.
Drvar lies in the vast valley, the southeastern part of Bosanska Krajina, between the Osječenica, Klekovača, Vijenca and Šator mountains of the Dinaric Alps. The southeast side of boundary extends from the Šator over Jadovnika, Uilice and descends to Lipovo and the Una River.
This extremely hilly region comprising the town of Drvar and the numerous outlying villages covers approximately 1030 square kilometers/640 square miles. The town itself is mainly spread out from the left side of the river Unac, and its elevation is approximately 480 meters/1574 feet.
Drvar is approximately 120 kilometers from Šibenik, Croatia, 80 kilometers from Bihać, and 125 kilometers to Banja Luka.
The word Drvar stems from the Serbo-Croatian word 'drvo' which means 'wood'. During socialist Yugoslavia, Drvar was named Titov Drvar in honor of Josip Broz Tito.
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Dublin
Dublin ( /ˈdʌblɨn/; locally /ˈdʊbᵊlən/; Irish: Baile Átha Cliath, meaning "town of the hurdled ford", pronounced [blʲaˈklʲiə] or Áth Cliath, [aː klʲiə], occasionally Duibhlinn) is the capital and most populous city of Ireland. The English name for the city is derived from the Irish name Dubhlinn, meaning "black pool". Dublin is situated near the midpoint of Ireland's east coast, at the mouth of the River Liffey and the centre of the Dublin Region.
Originally founded as a Viking settlement, it evolved into the Kingdom of Dublin and became the island's principal city following the Norman invasion. The city expanded rapidly from the 17th century; it was briefly the second largest city in the British Empire and the fifth largest in Europe. Dublin entered a period of stagnation following the Act of Union of 1800, but it remained the economic centre for most of the island. Following the partition of Ireland in 1922, the new parliament, the Oireachtas, was located in Leinster House. Dublin became the capital of the Irish Free State and later the Republic of Ireland.
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Dubrovnik
Dubrovnik (pronounced [dǔbroːʋnik], note that the stress is on the first syllable) is a Croatian city on the Adriatic Sea coast, positioned at the terminal end of the Isthmus of Dubrovnik. It is one of the most prominent tourist destinations on the Adriatic, a seaport and the centre of Dubrovnik-Neretva county. Its total population is 42,641 (census 2011). In 1979, the city of Dubrovnik joined the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites.
The prosperity of the city of Dubrovnik has always been based on maritime trade. In the Middle Ages, as the Republic of Ragusa, also known as a Maritime Republic (together with Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa, Venice and other Italian cities), it became the only eastern Adriatic city-state to rival Venice. Supported by its wealth and skilled diplomacy, the city achieved a high level of development, particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries.
The beginning of tourism in Dubrovnik is often associated with the construction of the late 19th-century luxury hotels in Croatia, such as Grand Hotel (1890) in Opatija and the Hotel Imperial (1897) in Dubrovnik. According to CNNGo, Dubrovnik is among the 10 best medieval walled cities in the world and among the 10 best places in the world for a fairytale proposal of the Valentine's Day. Although Dubrovnik was demilitarised in the 1970s to protect it from war, in 1991, after the breakup of Yugoslavia, it was besieged by Serb-Montenegrin forces for 7 months and received significant shelling damage.
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East New Sarajevo
East New Sarajevo (Istočno Novo Sarajevo, Источно Ново Сарајево), formerly known as Srpsko Novo Sarajevo (Cyrillic: Српско Ново Сарајево) and Lukavica (Cyrillic: Лукавица), is a municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was created from part of the pre-war municipality of Novo Sarajevo (the other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
East New Sarajevo is a one of the six municipalities of the City of East Sarajevo (Serbian cyrillic:Град Источно Сарајево). There have been some proposals for the municipality to be merged with that of Istočna Ilidža.
Due to the changes in the municipal borders due to the recent war, it is only possible to estimate the area population at 20.000.(estimated 2004.)
In East New Sarajevo there is one elementary school "Sveti Sava" (Grades 1–9) and one high school "Srednja stručna škola 28. Juni". Four of faculties that are members of The University of East Sarajevo has their seats in Istočno Novo Sarajevo. Those are Faculty of electrical engineering, Faculty of mechanical engineering, Music academy and Faculty of agriculture.
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Egypt
Egypti/ˈiːdʒɪpt/ (Arabic: مصر, Miṣr, Egyptian Arabic: [mɑsˤɾ] ; Coptic: Ⲭⲏⲙⲓ, Kīmi ; Sahidic Coptic: ⲕⲏⲙⲉ, Kēme), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, Arabic: جمهوريّة مصر العربيّة (help·info), is a country mainly in North Africa, with the Sinai Peninsula forming a land bridge in Southwest Asia. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean Basin, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers (390,000 sq mi), Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south and Libya to the west.
Egypt is one of the most populous countries in Africa and the Middle East. The great majority of its over 81 million people live near the banks of the Nile River, in an area of about 40,000 square kilometers (15,000 sq mi), where the only arable land is found. The large areas of the Sahara Desert are sparsely inhabited. About half of Egypt's residents live in urban areas, with most spread across the densely populated centres of greater Cairo, Alexandria and other major cities in the Nile Delta.
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Estonia
Estoniai/ɨsˈtoʊniə/ (Estonian: Eesti), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti Vabariik), is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia (343 km), and to the east by Lake Peipus and the Russian Federation (338.6 km). Across the Baltic Sea lies Sweden in the west and Finland in the north. The territory of Estonia covers 45,227 km2 (17,462 sq mi), and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. The Estonians are a Finnic people, and the official language, Estonian, is closely related to Finnish.
Estonia is a democratic parliamentary republic divided into 15 counties. The capital and largest city is Tallinn. With a population of 1.29 million, it is one of the least-populous members of the European Union, Eurozone and NATO. Estonia has the highest GDP per person among former Soviet republics. Estonia is listed as a "High-Income Economy" by the World Bank and as an "advanced economy" by the International Monetary Fund; the country is an OECD member. The United Nations lists Estonia as a developed country with a Human Development Index of "Very High". The country is also ranked highly for press freedom, economic freedom, democracy and political freedom and education.
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Falun
Falun (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈfɑːˈlɵnː]) is a city and the seat of Falun Municipality in Dalarna County, Sweden, with 37,291 inhabitants in 2010. It is also the capital of Dalarna County. Falun forms, together with Borlänge, a metropolitan area with close to 100,000 inhabitants.
Falun was originally famous for its copper mine, and is today an important service and industrial city even though the mine is closed (since 1992).
The town of Falun is known to have existed in the 14th century as a market place for the surrounding lands. Mining for copper had been a local business since the mid-13th century, or possibly as early as 1000, and the organisation for the extracting of copper and gold from the Great Copper Mountain is believed to be the oldest still-existing enterprise in the world, proved active since 1347, when its charter was granted by King Magnus IV of Sweden. The first share in the company is dated as early as 1288.
However, an enterprise at that time was nothing more than a cooperation among the owners, each contributing with a share of money for constructions, tools, etc., necessary to run the organisation. Depending on their contribution they could use the facilities and share the profit according to the relative share they contributed.
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Faroe Islands
Coordinates: 62°00′N 06°47′W / 62°N 6.783°W / 62; -6.783
The Faroe Islands (Faroese: Føroyar pronounced [ˈfœɹjaɹ], Danish: Færøerne Danish pronunciation: [ˈfæɐ̯øːˀɐnə]) are an island group situated between the Norwegian Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, approximately halfway between Norway and Iceland. The islands form a self-governing country under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Denmark. The total area is approximately 1,400 km² (540 sq mi) with a 2010 population of almost 50,000 people.
The Faroe Islands has been a self-governing dependency of Denmark since 1948. Over the years, the Faroese have taken control of most domestic matters. Areas that remain the responsibility of Denmark include military defence, police, justice, currency and foreign affairs. The Faroe Islands also has representatives in the Nordic Council as members of the Danish delegation.
The Faroe Islands were associated with and taxed by Denmark and Norway up to 1814, when Norway fell under the rule of Sweden. Scandinavia was in political turmoil following the Sixth Coalition of the Napoleonic Wars, when the Treaty of Kiel granted Denmark control over the Faroes, Iceland and Greenland in 1814. The Danish trade monopoly ended in 1856.
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Ferrara
Ferrara listen (help·info) is a city and comune in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy, capital city of the Province of Ferrara. It is situated 50 km north-northeast of Bologna, on the Po di Volano, a branch channel of the main stream of the Po River, located 5 km north. The town has broad streets and numerous palaces dating from the 14th century and 15th century, when it hosted the court of the House of Este. For its beauty and cultural importance it has been qualified by UNESCO as World Heritage Site. Modern times have brought a renewal of industrial activity. Ferrara is on the main rail line from Bologna to Padua and Venice, and has branches to Ravenna, Poggio Rusco (for Suzzara) and Codigoro. In 2006, due to its important historical significance, Ferrara became the headquarters of the Italian Hermitage Museum. It is the fifth city in the world to have been linked with the Russian museum. From this union was born the Hermitage-Italy Foundation.
The origin of Ferrara is uncertain, it was probably settled by the inhabitants of the lagoons at the mouth of Po river; there are two early centers of settlement, one round the cathedral, the other, the castrum bizantino, being the San Pietro district, on the opposite shore, where the Primaro empties into the Volano channel. Ferrara appears first in a document of the Lombard king Desiderius of 753 AD, as a city forming part of the Exarchate of Ravenna. Desiderius pledged a Lombard ducatus ferrariae ("Duchy of Ferrara") in 757 to Pope Stephen II. After 984 it was a fief of Tedaldo, count of Modena and Canossa, nephew of the emperor Otto I. It afterwards made itself independent, and in 1101 was taken by siege by the countess Matilda. At this time it was mainly dominated by several great families, among them the prominent Adelardi (or Aleardi) family.
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Finland
Coordinates: 65°N 27°E / 65°N 027°E / 65; 027
Finlandi/ˈfɪnlənd/ ( Finnish: Suomi; Swedish: Finland (help·info)), officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.
Around 5.4 million people reside in Finland, with the majority concentrated in the southern region. It is the eighth largest country in Europe in terms of area and the most sparsely populated country in the European Union. Finland is a parliamentary republic with a central government based in Helsinki and local governments in 336 municipalities, and an autonomous region of the Åland Islands. About one million residents live in the Greater Helsinki area, which consists of Helsinki, Espoo, Kauniainen and Vantaa, and a third of the country's GDP is produced there. Other larger cities include Tampere, Turku, Oulu, Jyväskylä, Lahti and Kuopio.
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Fojnica
Fojnica is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located west of the capital Sarajevo. It lies in the valley of the Fojnička River, tributary of the river Bosna. Administratively, Fojnica is part of the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Fojnica is a small, picturesque town in central Bosnia.
The most important cultural site in Fojnica is the Holy Spirit Franciscan Monastery which houses an important part of the nation's cultural heritage, maintained by the Franciscan Province of Bosna Srebrena.
The Franciscan monastery in Fojnica has a large library of philosophical and theological works printed from the 16th to the 19th centuries, with some dating back to 1481. The monastery is currently under renovation.[when?]
The last Queen of Bosnia, Katarina Kosača-Kotromanić sought refuge from the Ottomans in the mountains near Fojnica, before making her way to Rome and making the Pope (and all future Pope's) sovereign of Bosnia.
Fojnica also has a prominent spa. The other most popular spa in Bosnia is in Olovo. A nearby agricultural co-operative grows about 20 tonnes of the potatoes annually.
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Foča
Foča (Serbian Cyrillic: Фоча, pronounced [fɔ̂tʃa]) is a town and municipality in southeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Drina river, in the Foča Region of the Republika Srpska entity.
The town was known as Hotča during medieval times. It was then known as a trading centre on route between Ragusa (now Dubrovnik) and Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). With Gornje Podrinje Foča was part of the old Serbian State up to 1376, when it was attached to the Bosnian State under the reign of King Tvrtko. After Tvrtko's death the town was ruled by the Hum Dukes among whom the best known was Herzog Stjepan.
In 1941, the Ustaše killed the leading Serbs in Foča. Between December 1941 and January 1942 over two thousand Bosnian Muslims were killed in Foča by the Chetniks. Additional Chetnik massacres in Foča took place in August 1942. On February 13, 1943, Pavle Đurišić reported to Draža Mihailović the actions undertaken by the Chetniks in the Foča, Pljevlja, and Čajniče districts: "All Muslim villages in the three mentioned districts were totally burned so that not a single home remained in one piece. All property was destroyed except cattle, corn, and senna." Furthermore, "During the operation the total destruction of the Muslim inhabitants was carried out regardless of sex and age." In the operation Chetnik losses "were 22 dead, of which 2 through accidents, and 32 wounded. Among the Muslims, around 1,200 fighters and up to 8,000 other victims: women, old people, and children." Đurišić said what remained of the Muslim population fled and that actions were taken to prevent their return. The municipality is also the site of the legendary Battle of Sutjeska between the Tito's Yugoslav Partisans and the German army. A monument to the Partisans killed in the battle was erected in the village of Tjentište.
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France
France (Englishi/ˈfræns/ FRANSS or /ˈfrɑːns/ FRAHNSS; French: [fʁɑ̃s] ( listen)), officially the French Republic (French: République française [ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛz]), is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, and from the Rhine to the Atlantic Ocean. It is often referred to as l’Hexagone ("The Hexagon") because of the geometric shape of its territory. It is the largest western European country and it possesses the second-largest exclusive economic zone in the world, covering 11,035,000 km2 (4,260,000 sq mi), just behind that of the United States (11,351,000 km2 / 4,383,000 sq mi).
Over the past 500 years, France has been a major power with strong cultural, economic, military and political influence in Europe and around the world. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France colonised great parts of North America and Southeast Asia; during the 19th and early 20th centuries, France built the second largest colonial empire of the time, including large portions of North, West and Central Africa, Southeast Asia, and many Caribbean and Pacific Islands.
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Gacko
Gacko (Serbian: Гацко, pronounced [ɡǎtskɔ]) is a town and municipality in southeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Republika Srpska entity. It is situated in the Foča Region.
The town is in a short distance from Montenegro. The municipality covers an area of 736 km2 (284 sq mi), making it one of the larger municipalities in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
In Medieval times, the town was a Zhupa of the Principality and Kingdom of Serbia. In 1276, Serbian prince Stefan Dragutin fights his father's (King Stephen Uroš I of Serbia) troops on the Gatačko polje (Gacko field), and subsequently takes the throne. Gacko was at this time an important commercial centre on the Dubrovnik-Foča-route. In the 14th century the region is seat of Hum, under the House of Vojinović.
• Avtovac • Bahori • Bašići • Berušica • Brajićevići • Branilovići • Cernica • Čemerno • Danići • Dobrelji • Domrke • Donja Bodežišta • Dramešina • Dražljevo • Drugovići • Dubljevići • Fojnica • Gacko • Gareva • Gornja Bodežišta • Gračanica • Gradina • Hodinići • Igri • Izgori • Jabuka • Jasenik • Jugovići • Kazanci • Ključ • Kokorina • Kravarevo • Kula • Lipnik • Lončari • Luka • Lukovice • Ljeskov Dub • Medanići • Međuljići • Mekavci • Melečići • Miholjače • Mjedenik • Mrđenovići • Muhovići • Nadinići • Novi Dulići • Platice • Poda • Pridvorica • Pržine • Ravni • Rudo Polje • Samobor • Slivlja • Soderi • Srđevići • Stambelići • Stari Dulići • Stepen • Stolac • Šipovica • Šumići • Ulinje • Višnjevo • Vratkovići • Vrba • Zagradci • Zurovići i Žanjevica.
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Germany
Germany (i/ˈdʒɜrməni/), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, pronounced [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant] ( listen)), is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 81.8 million inhabitants, it is the most populous member state and the largest economy in the European Union. It is one of the major political powers of the European continent and a technological leader in many fields.
A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, was documented before AD 100. During the Migration Period, the Germanic tribes expanded southward, and established successor kingdoms throughout much of Europe. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation while southern and western parts remained dominated by Roman Catholic denominations, with the two factions clashing in the Thirty Years' War, marking the beginning of the Catholic–Protestant divide that has characterized German society ever since. Occupied during the Napoleonic Wars, the rise of Pan-Germanism inside the German Confederation resulted in the unification of most of the German states into the German Empire in 1871 which was Prussian dominated. After the German Revolution of 1918–1919 and the subsequent military surrender in World War I, the Empire was replaced by the Weimar Republic in 1918, and partitioned in the Treaty of Versailles. Amidst the Great Depression, the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1933. The latter period was marked by Fascism and World War II. After 1945, Germany was divided by allied occupation, and evolved into two states, East Germany and West Germany. In 1990 Germany was reunified.
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Gibraltar
Gibraltar ( /dʒɨˈbrɒltər/) is a British overseas territory located on the southern end of the Iberian Peninsula at the entrance of the Mediterranean. It has an area of 6.8 square kilometres (2.6 sq mi) and a northern border with Andalusia, Spain. The Rock of Gibraltar is the major landmark of the region. At its foot is the densely populated city area, home to almost 30,000 Gibraltarians and other nationalities.
An Anglo-Dutch force captured Gibraltar from Spain in 1704 during the War of the Spanish Succession. The territory was subsequently ceded to Britain "in perpetuity" under the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. It was an important base for the Royal Navy; today its economy is based largely on tourism, financial services, and shipping.
The sovereignty of Gibraltar is a major point of contention in Anglo-Spanish relations as Spain asserts a claim to the territory. Gibraltarians rejected proposals for Spanish sovereignty in a 1967 referendum and again in 2002. Under the Gibraltar constitution of 2006, Gibraltar governs its own affairs, though some powers, such as defence and foreign relations, remain the responsibility of the UK Government.
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Glamoč
Glamoč (Serbian Cyrillic: Гламоч) is a town and municipality of the same name in western Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is in Canton 10, in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Potatoes are a major agricultural product of the area.
16.979 total
In 1991 the population of the municipality was 12,421. The ethnic makeup was as follows:
The town itself had a population of 8,635, of which:
There has not been a population census since the war. However, it is known that Bosnian Serbs are a majority in the municipality. In 2003, after the war, the population was estimated to be less than 5000. NATO sources say that 3500 Serbs had returned by 2003 and some 700 Bosnian Muslims. There are also 700 Bosnian Croats there. Data source for 2003
• Babića Brdo • Biličić • Crni Vrh • Ćirići • Ćoslije • Dolac • Dragnjić • Dubrave • Đuličan • Glamoč • Glavica • Halapić • Hasanbegovci • Hasići • Hotkovci • Hozići • Hrbine • Isakovci • Jakir • Kamen • Karajzovci • Karlovac • Kopić • Korićna • Kovačevci • Krasinac • Malkočevci • Malo Selo • Maslina Strana • Mladeškovci • Odžak • Opačić • Perduhovo Selo • Petrovo Vrelo • Podglavica • Podgradina • Podgreda • Potkraj • Popovići • Pribelja • Prijani • Radaslije • Rajićke • Reljino Selo • Rore • Rudine • Skucani • Staro Selo • Stekerovci • Šumnjaci • Vagan • Vidimlije • Vrba • Zaglavica i Zajaruga.
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Goražde
Goražde (Serbian Cyrillic: Горажде, pronounced [ɡǒraʒde]), is a city and municipality in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina on the Drina river. It is located between Foča, Sokolac and Višegrad, and is administratively part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the center of the Bosnian Podrinje Canton.
Goražde is situated on the banks of the River Drina in South East Bosnia (see maps). The city lies at the foot of the eastern slope of mountain Jahorina at a height of 345m above sea level. The settlement is situated on the alluvial terrace in a broad valley, formed by the erosion of the River Drina. The valley is bordered on the South-East by Biserna (701 m), on the South by Samari (696 m), on the South-West by Misjak (618 m), on the West by Gubavica (410 m) and on the North by Povrsnica (420 m).
The River Drina flows between these and some other hills. Its valley, which, since ancient times it has been part of the route going from the sea to the mainland (Dubrovnik - Trebinje - Gacko - Foča - the Drina valley), is the principal traffic artery in the south-eastern region of Bosnia. At Goražde this road meets another coming from Sarajevo and central Bosnia via the Jabuka Mountain pass down to the Drina valley and preceding on to Plevlje.
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Gothenburg
Gothenburg (Swedish: Göteborg; pronounced [jœtəˈbɔrj] ( listen)) is the second largest city in Sweden by population and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated on the west coast of Sweden, the city proper has a population of 520,374, with 549,839 in the urban area and total of 938,580 inhabitants in the metropolitan area. Gothenburg is classified as a global city by GaWC, with a ranking of Gamma−.
The City of Gothenburg was founded in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus. It lies by the sea at the mouth of Göta Älv—the river running through the city—and is the largest seaport in the Nordic countries.
Gothenburg is home to many students, as the city includes both the University of Gothenburg and Chalmers University of Technology. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927. The city is a major centre in Sweden for sports and home to the IFK Göteborg, BK Häcken, GAIS and Örgryte IS association football teams as well as the Frölunda HC ice hockey team.
Gothenburg is served by Gothenburg-Landvetter Airport, located 30 km (18.64 mi) southeast of the city centre. It is the second largest airport in Sweden. The city is also served by Gothenburg City Airport, located 15 km (9.32 mi) from the city centre.
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Gradačac
Gradačac (Cyrillic: Градачац) is a town and municipality in the northeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located roughly 40 km (25 mi) south of the Sava river. Administratively, Gradačac is part of the Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The towns of Bosanski Šamac and Modriča lie near Gradačac.
• Avramovina • Biberovo Polje • Blaževac • Donja Međiđa • Donja Tramošnica • Donje Krečane • Donje Ledenice • Donji Lukavac • Donji Skugrić • Gornja Međiđa • Gornja Tramošnica • Gornje Krečane • Gornje Ledenice • Gornji Lukavac • Gradačac • Hrgovi Donji • Jasenica • Jelovče Selo • Kerep • Krčevljani • Mionica • Novalići • Njivak • Orlovo Polje • Pelagićevo • Porebrice • Rajska • Samarevac • Sibovac • Srnice Donje • Srnice Gornje • Tolisa • Turić • Vida • Vučkovci • Zelinja Donja • Zelinja Gornja i Zelinja Srednja.
48,384 total
In the census of 1991, the municipality of Gradačac had 56,378 residents of which there were:
In 2005, 96% of population of the municipality were ethnic Bosniaks.
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Greece
Greecei/ˈɡriːs/ (Greek: Ελλάδα, Ellada, IPA: [eˈlaða] ( listen) historically in Katharevousa and Ancient Greek: Ἑλλάς, Hellas, IPA: [eˈlas] and [helːás] respectively), officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία, Elliniki Dimokratia, IPA: [eliniˈci ðimokraˈtia]), is a country in Southern Europe, politically considered part of Western Europe.Athens is the capital and the largest city in the country (its urban area also including Piraeus). The population of the country is around 11 million.
Greece has land borders with Albania, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of mainland Greece, the Ionian Sea to the west, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km (8,498 mi) in length, featuring a vast number of islands (approximately 1,400, of which 227 are inhabited), including Crete, the Dodecanese, the Cyclades, and the Ionian Islands among others. Eighty percent of Greece consists of mountains, of which Mount Olympus is the highest at 2,917 m (9,570 ft).
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Grenoble
Coordinates: 45°12′01″N 5°43′20″E / 45.2002°N 5.7222°E / 45.2002; 5.7222
Grenoble (French pronunciation: [ɡʁə.nɔbl]; Arpitan: Grenoblo) is a city in southeastern France, at the foot of the French Alps where the river Drac joins the Isère. Located in the Rhône-Alpes region, Grenoble is the capital of the department of Isère. The proximity of the mountains has led to the city being known as the "Capital of the Alps."
Grenoble's history goes back more than 2,000 years, and it has been the capital of the Dauphiné since the 11th century. It experienced a period of economic expansion in the nineteenth and 20th centuries, symbolized by the holding of the X Olympic Winter Games in 1968. The city is now a significant scientific centre in Europe.
The population of the city (commune) of Grenoble at the 2008 census was 156,659. The population of the Grenoble metropolitan area (French: aire urbaine de Grenoble) at the 2008 census was 664,832. The residents of the city are called "Grenoblois".
Among the numerous communes that make up Grenoble are the city's largest suburbs, Saint-Martin-d'Hères, Échirolles, and Fontaine, each with a population exceeding 20,000.
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Grude
Grude ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a town and municipality in western Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Grude is 49 kilometers from Mostar,19 kilometers from Imotski, and 100 km from Split. Grude is rich of natural beauties as well- from the numerous caves and caverns characteristic of this stone, the karst landscape through - which is unusual this area - a number of sources and water resources (Lake Krenica, river Vrlika).
Testimony about life in these regions are still present in prehistoric times. In place of Ravlić cave, which is located in Drinovci, were found traces of life dating from the later Neolithic period.The life in these regions has been flowing continuously - the peoples, cultures and civilizations have been changing. In later, but historical times, this soil had very living presence of the Romans, whose commercial road, connecting the two great ancient trading center - Salon and Narona, was passing through the region. Recent archaeological excavations at the site in Gorica confirm that on this soil in ancient times there was a significant Roman settlement. Middle Ages is a time of tombstones - stećak and in municipality of Grude can be found practically everywhere - which proves that at that time was quite a big life. Undoubtedly it is a merit favorable geographical position of this region, as well as the relatively mild climate, together with rich natural resources. Rarely can see where this unusual combination of brutality and tameness of nature that we find in the region Imotski-bekijsko fields - arable land is relatively rich in water in contrast to the fierce and rocky, which is surrounded by.
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Guernsey
Guernsey, officially the Bailiwick of Guernsey ( /ˈɡɜrnzi/ GURN-zee; French: Bailliage de Guernesey, IPA: [bajaʒ də ɡɛʁnəzɛ]), is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy.
The Bailiwick of Guernsey embraces not only all 10 parishes on the Island of Guernsey, but also the islands of Herm, Jethou, and Lihou. Furthermore, the Bailiwick includes Alderney and Sark, which each has its own parliament.
Although its defence is the responsibility of the United Kingdom, the Bailiwick of Guernsey is not part of the UK; and while it participates in the Common Travel Area, it is not part of the European Union.
The Bailiwick of Guernsey is included (along with the Bailiwick of Jersey) in the grouping known as the Channel Islands.
The name of Guernsey, as well as that of neighbouring Jersey, is of Old Norse origin. The second element of Guernsey (-ey) is the Old Norse for "island". Guern similar to Spanish "Cuerno", French "Coi(r)n", Dutch "Hoorn", Frisian "Hoarn", Swedish "Hörn", Swiss "Gorn" means "Corner". - Corner Island.
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Hadžići
Hadžići (Cyrillic: Хаџићи) is a town and a municipality located south west of Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to government statistics from 2002, Hadžići Municipality has a population of 20,055 residents.
18,508 total
24,200 total
The national composition in 2005 is as follows:
In 2005, 96% of population of the municipality were ethnic Bosniaks.
Most of the residents are traditional hard-working families with a stable income.
• Bare • Beganovi • Binježevo • Budmolići • Buturovići kod Drozgometve • Buturovići kod Osenika • Crepljani • Češće • Čičke • Deovići • Do • Doljani • Donja Bioča • Donja Raštelica • Donji Hadžići • Donji Zovik • Dragovići • Drozgometva • Dub • Dupovci • Duranovići • Ferhatlije • Garovci • Gornja Bioča • Gornja Raštelica • Gornji Zovik • Gradac • Grivići • Grude • Hadžići • Japalaci • Jeleč • Karaosmanovići • Kasatići • Kazina Bara • Korča • Košćan • Kućice • Lihovci • Lokve • Luke • Ljubovčići • Medvjedice • Miševići • Mokrine • Odžak • Orahovica • Osenik • Pazarić • Ramići • Resnik • Sejdanovići • Smucka • Tarčin • Trnčići • Trzanj • Urduk • Ušivak • Vrančići • Vrbanja • Vukovići • Žunovica
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Han Pijesak
Han Pijesak (Serbian Cyrillic: Хан Пијесак) is a town and municipality of Republika Srpska entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• Babine Gornje • Berkovina • Brložnik • Džimrije • Gođenje • Han Pijesak • Japaga • Jelovci • Kraljevo Polje • Kram • Krivače • Kusače • Malo Polje • Mrkalji • Nerići • Nevačka • Pjenovac • Plane • Podžeplje • Potkozlovača • Ravanjsko • Rečica • Rijeke • Rubinići • Stoborani i Žeravice.
7.804 total
In 1991, the population of Han Pijesak municipality was 6,346, including:
Coordinates: 44°05′N 18°57′E / 44.083°N 18.95°E / 44.083; 18.95
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Helsinki
Helsinki ( listen (help·info); Swedish: Helsingfors, listen (help·info)) is the capital and largest city in Finland. It is in the region of Uusimaa, located in southern Finland, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, an arm of the Baltic Sea. The population of the city of Helsinki is 596,233 (31 January 2012), making it by far the most populous municipality in Finland. Helsinki is located some 400 kilometres (250 mi) east of Stockholm, Sweden, 300 kilometres (190 mi) west of St. Petersburg, Russia and 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Tallinn, Estonia. Helsinki has close historical connections with these three cities.
The Helsinki Metropolitan Area includes the city of Helsinki and three other cities: Espoo and Vantaa, which immediately border Helsinki to the west and north, respectively; and Kauniainen, which is an enclave within the city of Espoo. The Helsinki metropolitan area is the world's northernmost urban area among those with a population of over one million people, and the city is the northernmost capital of a EU member state. Altogether 1.1 million people, approximately one in five Finns, live in the Helsinki Metropolitan Area.
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Hrasno
Hrasno is a neighbourhood in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is home of the fourth tallest skyscraper in the Balkans, known as the Bosmal City Center. Coordinates: 43°50′38″N 18°22′55″E / 43.844°N 18.382°E / 43.844; 18.382
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Hungary
Hungaryi/ˈhʌŋɡəri/ (Hungarian: Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ] ( listen)) is a country, which is located in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The country's capital, and largest city, is Budapest. Hungary is a member of the European Union, NATO, the OECD, the Visegrád Group, and is a Schengen state. The official language is Hungarian, also known as Magyar, which is part of the Finno-Ugric group and is the most widely spoken non-Indo-European language in Europe.
Following a Celt (after c. 450 BC) and a Roman (AD 9 - c. 430) period, the foundation of Hungary was laid in the late 9th century by the Hungarian prince Árpád, whose great-grandson Saint Stephen I was crowned with a crown sent by the pope from Rome in 1000 AD. The Kingdom of Hungary lasted for 946 years, and at various points was regarded as one of the cultural centres of the Western world. After about 150 years of partial Ottoman occupation (1541–1699), Hungary was integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy, and later constituted half of the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy (1867–1918).
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Iceland
Icelandi/ˈaɪslənd/ (Icelandic: Ísland, IPA: [ˈislant]) is a Nordic European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The country has a population of about 320,000 and a total area of 103,000 km2 (40,000 sq mi). The capital and largest city is Reykjavík, with the surrounding areas in the southwestern region of the country being home to two-thirds of the country's population. Iceland is volcanically and geologically active. The interior mainly consists of a plateau characterised by sand fields, mountains and glaciers, while many glacial rivers flow to the sea through the lowlands. Iceland is warmed by the Gulf Stream and has a temperate climate despite a high latitude just outside the Arctic Circle.
According to Landnámabók, the settlement of Iceland began in AD 874 when the chieftain Ingólfur Arnarson became the first permanent Norse settler on the island. Others had visited the island earlier and stayed over winter. Over the following centuries, Norsemen settled Iceland, bringing with them thralls (slaves) of Gaelic origin. From 1262 to 1918 Iceland was part of the Norwegian and later the Danish monarchies. Until the 20th century, the Icelandic population relied largely on fisheries and agriculture, and the country was one of the poorest and least developed in the world. Industrialisation of the fisheries and aid from the Marshall Plan brought prosperity in the years after World War II, and by the 1990s it was one of the world's wealthiest countries. In 1994, Iceland became party to the European Economic Area, which made it possible for the economy to diversify into economic and financial services.
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Igman
Igman (pronounced [îɡman]) is a mountain in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is found directly to the southwest of Sarajevo, bordering Bjelašnica mountain and the city of Ilidža. Igman's highest point, Crni vrh, is 1502 meters (4928 feet), making it the shortest of the Sarajevo mountains.
Igman is a popular destination for hiking and skiing. During the 1984 Winter Olympics, it was the primary mountain used for the Olympic events, along with Jahorina and Bjelašnica. Igman Olympic Jumps in the Malo Polije area hosted the ski jumping and the ski jumping part of the Nordic combined events. Meanwhile, the Veliko Polje hosted the biathlon, cross-country skiing, and the cross-country skiing part of the Nordic combined event. There are numerous structures on Igman dating from this time, although many still bear the scars of the 1992-1995 conflict. There are plans for a new cable railway line between Igman and Ilidža's Hrasnica neighborhood. Today Igman is still one of Sarajevo's leading tourist attractions.
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Ilidža
Ilidža is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has a metro population of 157,654, making it the 7th largest city in the country. Ilidža is the chief suburb of Sarajevo. It is famous for the natural beauty of its surroundings and historical tradition dating back to neolithic times. Sarajevo International Airport is located nearby, as is the famous Vrelo Bosne spring.
"One of the prettiest places on the Earth ", as E.B.Lanin wrote in The Contemporary Review in 1894 in London.
Ilidža is known to have a pleasant and attractive geography. The city itself is built on fairly level ground, although it is surrounded by mountains. The biggest and most famous is mount Igman, whose 1,502 m (4,928 ft) peak towers above the city. On the mountain grows the Lillium Bosniacum, a branch of the Lily family of flowers that is a historical symbol of Bosnia. The area is rich in flint especially in the Butmir neighborhood.
The Željeznica river, a tributary of the Bosna, passes through the center of the city. The Bosna itself passes through Ilidžas outskirts. Its spring, Vrelo Bosne, is found a few kilometers to the west of city center and is a popular national park. A number of smaller streams also pass through the city's area.
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Ilijaš
Ilijaš (Илијаш) is a town and municipality located north east of the inner city of Sarajevo in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
According to 1971 population census there were 23.007 residents.
According to 1991 population census there were 25.184 residents.
After the 1991 population census, Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina declared themselves as Bosniaks.
According to the 2002 estimation, the population of the municipality is at 15,277 residents. Ethnically, there is a majority of 13,401 Bosniaks (87.8%), 1,072 are Serbs (7%), 644 are Croats (4.2%), and 160 are classified as others (1%).
In 2005, 89% of population of the municipality were ethnic Bosnian Muslims.
The municipality of Ilijaš is constructed by two parts. A town of Ilijaš and an upper municipality. The town of Ilijaš is completed by several places. The biggest and most urban is the center and it has about 10,000 residents, second is the neighborhood of Misoča, in the Bosnian language known as Naselje Misoča. It is the biggest community in the municipality of Ilijaš with 1500 residents. Ethnically, there is majority of Bosniaks of about 1300 people, 250 are Serbs, 50 are Croats, with none classified as others. Other places, of the municipality of Ilijaš, are Podlugovi, Lješevo, Stari Ilijaš and Malešići.
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Innsbruck
Innsbruck is the capital city of the federal state of Tyrol in western Austria. It is located in the Inn Valley at the junction with the Wipptal (Sill River), which provides access to the Brenner Pass, some 30 km (18.6 mi) south of Innsbruck. Located in the broad valley between high mountains, the Nordkette (Hafelekar, 2,334 metres or 7,657 feet in the north, Patscherkofel (2,246 m or 7,369 ft) and Serles (2,718 m or 8,917 ft) in the south. It is an internationally renowned winter sports centre, and hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics as well as the 1984 and 1988 Winter Paralympics. Innsbruck hosted the first Winter Youth Olympics in 2012. The word bruck comes from the German word Brücke meaning "bridge" which leads to "the bridge over the Inn".
Earliest traces suggest initial inhabitation in the early Stone Age. Surviving pre-Roman place names show that the area has been populated continuously. In the fourth century the Romans established the army station Veldidena (the name survives in today's urban district Wilten) at Oenipons (Innsbruck), to protect the economically important commercial road from Verona-Brenner-Augsburg.
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Isle of Man
The Isle of Man ( /ˈmæn/; Manx: Ellan Vannin, pronounced [ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn]), otherwise known simply as Mann (Manx: Mannin, IPA: [ˈmanɪn]), is a self-governing Crown Dependency of the United Kingdom, located in the Irish Sea between the islands of Great Britain and Ireland, within the British Isles. The head of state is Queen Elizabeth II, who holds the title of Lord of Mann. The Lord of Mann is represented by a Lieutenant Governor. The island is not part of the United Kingdom, but its foreign relations and defence are the responsibility of the UK Government. Although the United Kingdom does not usually interfere in the island's domestic matters, its "good government" is ultimately the responsibility of the Crown (that is, in practice, the Government of the United Kingdom).
The island has been inhabited since before 6500 BC. Gaelic cultural influence began in the 5th century AD, and the Manx language, a branch of the Gaelic languages, gradually emerged. In the 9th century, the Norse began to settle there. A Norse-Gaelic culture arose and the island came under Norse control. In 1266, the island became part of Scotland as formalised by the Treaty of Perth. After a period of alternating rule by the kings of Scotland and England, the island came under the feudal overlordship of the English Crown in 1399. The lordship revested into the British Crown in 1764 but the island never became part of Great Britain or its successor the United Kingdom and retained its status as an internally self-governing Crown dependency.
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Istanbul
Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul) is the largest city in Turkey, forming the country's economic, cultural, and historical heart. With a population of 13.4 million, the city is at the center of the second-largest urban area in Europe after Moscow, and among the world's largest cities by population within city limits. Istanbul's vast area of 5,343 square kilometers (2,063 sq mi) is coterminous with Istanbul Province, of which the city is considered capital. Straddling the Bosphorus—one of the world's busiest waterways—in northwestern Turkey, between the Sea of Marmara and the Black Sea, Istanbul is a transcontinental city, with one third of its population living in Asia but its commercial and historical center in Europe.
Founded around 660 BC as Byzantium on the Seraglio Point, the city now known as Istanbul developed to become one of the most significant cities in history. For nearly sixteen centuries following its reestablishment as Constantinople in 330 AD, it served as the capital of four empires — the late classical Roman Empire (330–395), the Eastern Roman ("Byzantine") Empire (395–1204 and 1261–1453), the Latin Empire (1204–1261), and the Ottoman Empire (1453–1922). It was instrumental in the advancement of Christianity during Roman and Byzantine times, before the Ottomans conquered the city in 1453 and transformed it into an Islamic stronghold from which the last caliphate ruled. Although the Republic of Turkey established its capital elsewhere, in Ankara, remnants of Istanbul's previous central role still remain highly visible across the city, with palaces and imperial mosques lining its hills.
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Istočna Ilidža
Istočna Ilidža (Cyrillic: Источна Илиџа) is a municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Istočna Ilidža is a one of the six municipalities of the City of East Sarajevo (Serbian cyrillic:Град Источно Сарајево). It was also known as Srpska Ilidža (Српска Илиџа), as well as Kasindo (Касиндо) and was created from part of the pre-war municipality of Ilidža (the other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina). There have been some proposals for the municipality to be merged with that of Istočno Novo Sarajevo.
Due to the changes in the municipal borders because of the Bosnian War, it is only possible to estimate the area's population at 20,000.(as of 2004.)
The local football club is FK Famos that competes in the First League of the Republika Srpska.
Coordinates: 44°15′N 18°41′E / 44.25°N 18.683°E / 44.25; 18.683
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Istočni Drvar
Istočni Drvar (Cyrillic: Источни Дрвар) is a municipality in western Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in the western part of the Republika Srpska entity and the central part of the Bosanska Krajina region. It was also known as Srpski Drvar (Српски Дрвар), and was created from part of the pre-war municipality of Drvar (the other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
It is located in a densely wooded area between municipalities of Petrovac in the north-west, Ribnik in the east, and Drvar in the south. The seat of the municipality is in the village of Potoci.
In 2006, the majority of inhabitants of municipality were ethnic Serbs.
Coordinates: 44°23′22″N 16°37′25″E / 44.38944°N 16.62361°E / 44.38944; 16.62361
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Istočni Mostar
Istočni Mostar (Serbian Cyrillic: Источни Мостар; English: Eastern Mostar) is a municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
It was also known as Srpski Mostar (Српски Мостар), and was created from part of the pre-war municipality of Mostar (the other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina). The name Istočni Mostar also refers to the eastern part of Mostar city, which is in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This municipality consists of Zijemlje, Kokorina and Kamena and has only 600 inhabitants, most of whom are Serbs. In 1991, the population of Zijemlje numbered 153 people, including 96 (63%) Serbs and 57 (37%) Muslims by nationality. The seat of municipality is in Zijemlje.
Media related to Istočni Mostar at Wikimedia Commons
Coordinates: 43°28′06″N 17°58′58″E / 43.46833°N 17.98278°E / 43.46833; 17.98278
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Istočni Stari Grad
Istočni Stari Grad (Cyrillic: Источни Стари Град, English: East Old Town) is a municipality in City of East Sarajevo, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was also known as Srpski Stari Grad (Српски Стари Град), and was created from part of the pre-war municipality of Stari Grad (the other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina). The seat of municipality is Hreša.
Coordinates: 43°51′22″N 18°29′00″E / 43.85611°N 18.4833333°E / 43.85611; 18.4833333
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Istočno Sarajevo
Istočno Sarajevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Источно Сарајево; English: East Sarajevo) is a city in Bosnia and Herzegovina and de jure capital of the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina adjacent to Bosnia and Herzegovinas capital Sarajevo to its northeast. East Sarajevo consists of a few pre-war suburbal parts of Sarajevo which are now in the Republika Srpska entity and newly built areas. At about 1450 km2, it is one of the biggest cities in the Balkans in terms of territory, because it consists of all the villages, towns, hills and some of the pre-war Sarajevian suburbs in that area.
The de jure capital of the Republika Srpska entity is Sarajevo. However, the de facto capital of the Republika Srpska entity is Banja Luka which is the government seat.
The first civilian government in the territory of East Sarajevo was formed at the parliamentary session in the building of the local community Lukavica late summer of 1992. year. The commission organized by the Serbian municipality of Novo Sarajevo, headed by a Commissioner of the Presidency of the Republic of Srpska dr Dragan Đokanović, was held the Municipal Assembly of Srpsko Novo Sarajevo , consisting of the members of Serbian nationality, pre-war Sarajevo municipality of Novo Sarajevo. Invited members, elected in multiparty elections 1990th, elected municipal government.
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Italy
Italyi/ˈɪtəli/ (Italian: Italia [iˈtaːlja]), officially the Italian Republic or the Republic of Italy (Italian: Repubblica italiana), is a unitary parliamentary republic in south-central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps. To the south, it consists of the entirety of the Italian Peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia–the two largest islands in the Mediterranean Sea–and many other smaller islands. The independent states of San Marino and the Vatican City are enclaves within Italy, while Campione d'Italia is an Italian exclave in Switzerland. The territory of Italy covers some 301,338 km2 (116,347 sq mi) and is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. With 60.6 million inhabitants, it is the fifth most populous country in Europe, and the 23rd most populous in the world.
Rome, the capital of Italy, was for centuries a political and religious centre of Western civilisation as the capital of the Roman Empire and site of the Holy See. After the decline of the Roman Empire, Italy endured numerous invasions by foreign peoples, from Germanic tribes such as the Lombards and Ostrogoths, to the Byzantines and later, the Normans, among others. Centuries later, Italy became the birthplace of Maritime republics and the Renaissance, an immensely fruitful intellectual movement that would prove to be integral in shaping the subsequent course of European thought.
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Jahorina
Coordinates: 43°43′36″N 18°34′37″E / 43.72667°N 18.57694°E / 43.72667; 18.57694
Jahorina (Serbian/Bosnian: Jahorina, Serbian Cyrillic: Јахорина pronounced [jâxɔrina]), is a mountain in south-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in Pale, Republika Srpska. It borders fellow Olympic mountain Trebević. Jahorina is 1913 meters (6276 feet) tall, making it the second tallest of Sarajevo's mountains, behind Bjelašnica.
Like other three mountains, Igman, Bjelašnica and Trebević, Jahorina is a popular destination for a variety of outdoor sports and activities. During the 1984 Winter Olympics, Jahorina was the site of the women's alpine skiing events. The men's alpine events were held at Bjelašnica. Today, Jahorina remains a popular destination for skiing, hiking, and sledding, with over 40 km of ski trails and modern facilities.
Jahorina chair lift
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Jajce
Coordinates: 44°20′24.91″N 17°15′26.04″E / 44.3402528°N 17.2572333°E / 44.3402528; 17.2572333
Jajce is a city and municipality located in the central part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is part of the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity. It is on the crossroads between Banja Luka, Mrkonjić Grad and Donji Vakuf, on the confluence of the rivers Pliva and Vrbas.
Jajce was first built in the 14th century and served as the capital of the independent Bosnian kingdom during its time. The town has gates as fortifications, as well as a castle with walls which lead to the various gates around the town. Skenderbeg Mihajlović besieged Jajce in 1501, but without success because he was defeated by Ivaniš Korvin assisted by Zrinski, Frankopan, Karlović and Cubor. When the Bosnian kingdom fell to the Ottoman Empire in 1463, Jajce was taken by the Ottomans but was retaken next year by Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus. About 10–20 kilometres from the Jajce lies the Komotin Castle and town area which is older but smaller than Jajce. It is believed the town of Jajce was previously Komotin but was moved after the black death.
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Jersey
Jersey, officially the Bailiwick of Jersey, French: Bailliage de Jersey ( /ˈdʒɜrzi/, French: [ʒɛʁzɛ]; Jèrriais: Jèrri), is a British Crown Dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. As well as the island of Jersey itself, the bailiwick includes two groups of small islands that are no longer permanently inhabited, the Minquiers and Écréhous, and the Pierres de Lecq and other rocks and reefs.
Jersey is a self-governing parliamentary democracy under a constitutional monarchy, with its own financial, legal and judicial systems.
The island of Jersey is the largest of the Channel Islands. Although the Bailiwicks of Jersey and Guernsey are often referred to collectively as 'the Channel Islands', they are not a constitutional or political unit. Jersey has a separate relationship to the British Crown from the other Crown Dependencies of Guernsey and the Isle of Man. It is not part of the United Kingdom, and has an international identity separate from that of the UK but the United Kingdom is constitutionally responsible for the defence of Jersey. Jersey is not a part of the European Union but has a special relationship with it, being treated as part of the European Community for the purposes of free trade in goods.
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Kakanj
Kakanj (Serbian Cyrillic: Какањ), is an industrial town and a municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located north of Visoko and southeast of Zenica. It was built along the slopes of wide hills on either side of the Zgošća river. It is administratively part of the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation.
In the census of 1991, the city of Kakanj itself had 12,016 inhabitants.
In 2005, estimates of population of the municipality included 88% Bosniaks and 11% Croats.
Neolithic artifacts have been found in Obre, a nearby village.
Settlements in the region are very ancient. They are claimed to be historical landmarks of the early Bosnian state. Kraljeva Sutjeska, a Franciscan monastery, is of particular historical note. Near the monastery is Bobovac, scene of the last stand of Bosnian Queen Katarina Kosača and medieval residence of Bosnian kings. In Kraljeva Sutjeska is one of the oldest mosques in Bosnia, built by order of Sultan Mehmed II the Victorious during his expedition to Bosnia and conquest of Bobovac. The Kakanj area enjoyed a renaissance during the rule of the Kotromanic dynasty.
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Kalesija
Kalesija is a town and municipality in north-eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The town of Kalesija is located east of Tuzla. It is administratively part of the Tuzla Canton and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
In the area of municipality Kalesija there are six elementary schools. They are located in Kalesija Rainci Gornji, Gojcinu, Memići, Vukovije and Tojšići.
Atik Mosque in Tojšići was built at the end of 16th century.
On May 2, 1992 Kalesija was one of the first Bosnian towns to be caught in the initial Serbian offensive. On May 11, 1992, Kalesija and territory east of the river Bjeljevac except for the settlements of Zukići and Jajić were placed under occupation.
On May 23, 1992, Kalesija was retaken by Bosnian forces.
Consequences of the occupation included ethnic cleansing, population displacement and suffering, many people being taken to the camps, the destruction of Kalesija villages, destruction of religious buildings and industrial plants.[citation needed]
Dayton peace agreement appointed a new administrative arrangement of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 71 km2 (26.1%) of the territory of the municipality Kalesija became the new municipality of Osmaci. The following villages now form the municipality of Osmaci: Mahala, Hajvazi, Caparde, Kulina, Kusonje, Kosovača, Vilčevići, Matkovac, Osmaci, Šeher, Rakino Brdo, Borogovo, Sajtovići, Like and Drvenice.
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Kalinovik
Kalinovik (Cyrillic: Калиновик) is a town and municipality in the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Kalinovik is located about 40 kilometres south of Sarajevo, in the middle of one of the karstic landscapes characteristic of the region. The calcareous plateaus, eaten into by water, are strewn with dolines or poljes, types of sinkhole looking like lunar craters.
Once a prosperous Austro-Hungarian military stronghold, Kalinovik is now an impoverished rural municipality with a population of only 2,500. During the Bosnian war the area was ethnically cleansed of its Bosniak (Muslim) population by the Bosnian Serb authorities. Many of its Serb inhabitants have since left in search of better lives elsewhere.
The municipality adjoins the municipality of Konjic. The towns of Konjic and Kalinovik are connected by an asphalt road. Communications were disrupted when the bridge over the Ljuta river at Dindo was destroyed in autumn 1995, in the last months of the war, but were restored after a replacement bridge was constructed in 2002.
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Karlovac
Karlovac (Croatian pronunciation: [kâːrlov̞at͡s]) is a city and municipality in central Croatia. According to the preliminary results of the National census held in 2011 the city proper has a population of 46,827, while the municipality has a population of 55,981 inhabitants.
Karlovac is the administrative centre of Karlovac County. The city is located on the Zagreb-Rijeka highway and railway line, 56 km south-west of Zagreb and 130 km from Rijeka.
The city was named for the Archduke of Austria Charles II, which in German is Karlstadt or Carlstadt ("Charles's Town"). It has then been translated into other languages: in Hungarian it is known as Károlyváros, in Italian as Carlostadio, in Latin as Carlostadium.
Karlovac was built from scratch in 1579 in order to strengthen Austria's southern defences against Ottoman encroaches. The establishment of a new city-fortress was a part of the deal between the Protestant nobility of Inner Austria and the archduke Charles II of Austria, in exchange for their religious freedom the nobility agreed to finance the building of a new fortress against the Ottoman Empire. It was founded as a six-pointed star fortress built on the Zrinski estate near the old town of Dubovac at the confluence of the Kupa and Korana rivers. As the city later expanded, the urban area reached as far as the Mrežnica and Dobra rivers. The unique star shape can still be seen around the town. It was originally known as Karlstadt ("Charles's Town" in German), after Archduke Charles II of Austria, upon whose orders construction began on July 13, 1579. The architect of the city was Matija Gambon.
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Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan (i/ˌkɑːzəkˈstɑːn/ or /ˌkæzəkˈstæn/) (Kazakh: Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, pronounced [qɑzɑqstɑ́n]; Russian: Казахстан [kəzɐxˈstan]), officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a transcontinental country in Central Asia and Europe. The ninth largest country in the world by land area, it is also the world's largest landlocked country; its territory of 2,727,300 square kilometres (1,053,000 sq mi) is larger than Western Europe. It is neighbored clockwise from the north by Russia, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and also borders on a significant part of the Caspian Sea. Although Kazakhstan does not share a border with Mongolia, its most easterly point is only 38 kilometres (24 mi) from Mongolia's western tip. The terrain of Kazakhstan ranges from flatlands, steppes, taigas, rock-canyons, hills, deltas, and snow-capped mountains to deserts. With 16.6 million people (2011 estimate) Kazakhstan has the 62nd largest population in the world, though its population density is less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 per sq. mi.). The capital was moved in 1998 from Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city, to Astana.
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Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv (Ukrainian: Київ [ˈkɪjiw] ( listen); Russian: Киев) is the capital and the largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper River. The population as of the 2001 census was 2,611,300. However, higher numbers have been cited in the press.
Kiev is an important industrial, scientific, educational and cultural centre of Eastern Europe. It is home to many high-tech industries, higher education institutions and world-famous historical landmarks. The city has an extensive infrastructure and highly developed system of public transport, including the Kiev Metro.
The name Kiev is said to derive from the name of Kyi, one of four legendary founders of the city (brothers Kyi, Shchek, Khoryv, and sister Lybid). During its history, Kiev, one of the oldest cities in Eastern Europe, passed through several stages of great prominence and relative obscurity. The city probably existed as a commercial centre as early as the 5th century. A Slavic settlement on the great trade route between Scandinavia and Constantinople, Kiev was a tributary of the Khazars, until seized by the Varangians (Vikings) in the mid-9th century. Under Varangians rule, the city became a capital of the Rus', the first East Slavic state. Completely destroyed during the Mongol invasion in 1240, the city lost most of its influence for the centuries to come. It was a provincial capital of marginal importance in the outskirts of the territories controlled by its powerful neighbours; first the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, followed by Poland and Russia.
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Kiseljak
Kiseljak is a small town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located northwest of Sarajevo and south of Zenica. Kiseljak lies in the valley of the Fojnica River, the Lepenica and the Kreševka River, which are a tributary of the Bosna, and it is on the intersection of roads from Visoko, Fojnica, Kreševo and Rakovica. It is administratively part of the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Azapovići • Badnje • Behrići • Bilalovac • Bliznice • Boljkovići • Borina • Brizje • Brnjaci • Bukovica • Buzuci • Čalikovac • Čizma • Čubren • Datići • Demići • Devetaci • Doci • Donji Palež • Draževići • Dubrave • Dugo Polje • Duhri • Duke • Gaj • Gojakovac • Gomionica • Gornji Palež • Gradac • Grahovci • Gromiljak • Gunjače • Hadrovci • Han Ploča • Hercezi • Homolj • Hrastovi • Ivica • Jehovac • Katunište • Kazagići • Kiseljak • Kotačala • Kovači • Krčevine • Križići • Kuliješ • Lug • Ljetovik • Mahala Gomionica • Mahala Višnjica • Male Sotnice • Markovići • Maslinovići • Medovci • Medovići • Miroševići • Mrakovi • Odrače • Paretak • Pariževići • Pobrđe Milodraž • Pobrđe Orahovo • Podastinje • Podastinjsko Brdo • Polje Višnjica • Potkraj • Radanovići • Radeljevići • Rauševac • Rotilj • Solakovići • Stojkovići • Svinjarevo • Šahinovići • Toplica • Tulica • Velike Sotnice • Višnjica • Zabrđe • Završje • Žeželovo
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Kladanj
Kladanj is a town and municipality in Tuzla Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is administratively part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity.
Kladanj is located on the Tuzla to Sarajevo road along the River Drinjaca, at the base of Konjuh Mountain.
The first mention of the town of Kladanj dates back to 12 century, precisely to 1138.
First record of Kladanj in Turkish sources is from 1469, referring to the market place Cetvrtkoviste where on Thursdays big fairs were held. In the period of Ottoman rule, Kladanj was mentioned in 1557, as the settlement (kasaba) within the Sarajevo kadiluk (territorial unit) that would further on become kadiluk itself with Olovo as its part .
• Brateljevići • Brdijelji • Brgule • Brlošci • Buševo • Crijevčići • Dole • Gojakovići • Gojsalići • Goletići • Jelačići • Jošje • Kladanj • Konjevići • Kovačići • Krivajevići • Lupoglavo • Majdan • Mala Kula • Matijevići • Mladovo • Noćajevići • Novo Naselje - Stupari • Obrćevac • Olovci • Pauč • Pelemiši • Pepići • Plahovići • Prijanovići • Prijevor • Ravne • Rujići • Starić • Stupari - Centar • Stupari - Selo • Suljići • Tarevo • Tuholj • Velika Kula • Vranovići • Vučinići • Zagrađe
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Konjic
Konjic is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in northern Herzegovina, around 50 kilometres (31 mi) southwest of Sarajevo. It is a mountainous, heavily wooded area, and is 268 m (879 ft) above sea level. The municipality extends on both sides of the Neretva River. The town of Konjic, housed about a third of the total municipality population. Today the population of Konjic municipality is estimated at 39,000 people.
The Neretva is largest karst river in the Dinaric Alps in the entire eastern part of the Adriatic basin, which belongs to the Adriatic river watershed. The total length is 230 km (140 mi), of which 208 km (129 mi) are in Bosnia and Herzegovina, while the final 22 km (14 mi) are in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia. The municipality of Konjic includes at least half of the area of the Upper Neretva (Bosnian: Gornja Neretva), which is the upper course of the Neretva river. Geographically and hydrologically the Neretva is divided into three sections. The upper course of the Neretva river is simply called the Upper Neretva (Bosnian: Gornja Neretva), and includes a vast area around the Neretva, numerous streams and well-springs, three major glacial lakes near the river (and even more lakes, outside the municipality of Konjic, scattered across the mountains of Treskavica and Zelengora in the wider area of the Upper Neretva), one artificial lake (Jablaničko), mountains and forests, and native flora and fauna. All this natural heritage together with the cultural heritage of the Upper Neretva, represent rich and valuable resources of Bosnia and Herzegovina as well as Europe. The Upper Neretva has water of Class I purity and is almost certainly the coldest river water in the world, often as low as 7–8 °C (45–46 °F) in the summer months.[citation needed]
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Konya
Konya (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈkon.ja]) is a city in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. The metropolitan area in the entire Konya Province had a population of 1,036,027 as of 2010, making the city the seventh most populous in Turkey.
Konya, also spelled in some historic English texts as Konia or Koniah, was known in classical antiquity and during the medieval period as Iconium in Latin, and Ἰκόνιον (Ikónion) in Greek. The name Konya is a cognate of icon, as an ancient Greek legend ascribed its name to the "eikon" (image), or the "gorgon's (Medusa's) head", with which Perseus vanquished the native population before founding the city.
Excavations have shown that the region was inhabited during the Late Copper Age, around 3000 BC. The city came under the influence of the Hittites around 1500 BC. These were overtaken by the Sea Peoples around 1200 BC. The Phrygians established their kingdom in central Anatolia in the 8th century BC. Xenophon describes Iconium, as the city was called, as the last city of Phrygia. The region was overwhelmed by Cimmerian invaders c. 690 BC. It was later part of the Persian Empire, until Darius III was defeated by Alexander the Great in 333 BC. Alexander's empire broke up shortly after his death and the town came under the rule of Seleucus I Nicator. During the Hellenistic period the town was ruled by the kings of Pergamon. As Attalus III, the last king of Pergamon, was about to die without an heir, he bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. Under the rule of emperor Claudius, the city's name was changed to Claudioconium, and during the rule of emperor Hadrianus to Colonia Aelia Hadriana.
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Kosovo
Kosovo ( /ˈkɒsəvoʊˌ ˈkoʊsəvoʊ/; Albanian: Kosovë, Kosova; Serbian: Косово or Косово и Метохија or Космет, Kosovo or Kosovo i Metohija or Kosmet) is a region in southeastern Europe. In antiquity, it was known as the independent kingdom, and later Roman province, of Dardania. Part of the medieval Serbia, it was then conquered by the Ottoman Empire, later incorporated into Serbia after the First Balkan War and before the constitution of Yugoslavia, later still it became the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (Serbian: Autonomna Pokrajina Kosovo i Metohija) within Serbia (Serbia then being one of the constituent republics of Yugoslavia). Long-term severe ethnic tensions between Kosovo's Albanian and Serb populations have left Kosovo ethnically divided, resulting in inter-ethnic violence, including the Kosovo War of 1999. Following the Kosovo War, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) relinquished governance of this territory, whose governance was taken over by the United Nations, Kosovo remained legally the sovereign territory of the FRY after the transfer of authority. The partially recognised Republic of Kosovo (Albanian: Republika e Kosovës; Serbian: Република Косово, Republika Kosovo), a self-declared independent state, has de facto control over most of the territory, while North Kosovo, the largest Kosovo Serb enclave, is under the control of institutions of the Republic of Serbia.Serbia does not recognise the unilateral secession of Kosovo and considers it a UN-governed entity within its sovereign territory.
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Kotor Varoš
Kotor Varoš (Cyrillic: Котор Варош) is a town and municipality in northwestern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The city was first mentioned in the 10th century, when it was called Kotor. Varoš, added later, means "town" in Hungarian (város). The town has great historic importance to Bosniaks, Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Serbs.
During the Bosnian War numerous religious and cultural monuments and landmarks were destroyed by various Serb paramilitary groups, such as the Croatian Roman Catholic Church in the centre of the town. Also notable destruction was found in the southern "Čarsija" region of the town where nearly every single house was destroyed. Bosnian Serb-dominated parts of the town were mainly unaffected by the conflict. It is also important to note that due to the proximity (38 km) of Kotor Varoš to Banja Luka and that the city's post-war population demographic percentages were strongly impacted by this.
• Baština • Bilice • Boljanići • Borci Donji • Borci Gornji • Ćorkovići • Duratovci • Garići • Grabovica • Hadrovci • Hrvaćani • Jakotina • Kotor Varoš • Kruševo Brdo I • Kruševo Brdo II • Liplje • Maljeva • Maslovare • Obodnik • Orahova • Palivuk • Plitska • Podbrđe • Podosoje • Postoje • Prisočka • Radohova • Ravne • Selačka • Sokoline • Stopan • Šibovi • Šiprage • Tovladić • Vagani • Varjače • Večići • Viševice • Vranić • Vrbanjci • Zabrđe i Zaselje.
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Kreševo
Kreševo is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity.
• Alagići • Bjelovići • Botunja • Bukva • Crkvenjak • Crnićki Kamenik • Crnići • Deževice • Drežnice • Gunjani • Kojsina • Komari • Kreševo • Kreševski Kamenik • Lipa • Mratinići • Pirin • Poljani • Polje • Rakova Noga • Ratkovići • Stojčići • Vidosovići • Vodovoji • Volujak • Vranci • Zvizd
6.941 total
In 1991 there were 6,699 inhabitants of the Kreševo municipality: 4,738 Croats (70.73%), 1,527 Bosniaks (22.79%), 249 Yugoslavs (3.72%), 33 Serbs (0.49%), and 152 others (2.27%). The town of Kreševo had 2,341 residents: 72% Croats, 19% Bosniaks, 6% Yugoslavs, 1% Serbs and 2% others.
Source[1].
In 2005, population of municipality included 86% Croats and 14% Bosniaks.
The town is home to the football club NK Kreševo-Stanić.
Famed for his Christian writings and as a master of the Slavic language, Father Grga Martić was recorded in history, particularly Franciscan history, as one of Bosnia's greatest writers. He taught and wrote in a remote valley tucked below the Bitovnja and Lopata mountains in the tiny town of Kreševo.
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Krupa na Uni
Krupa na Uni (Cyrillic: Крупа на Уни) is a municipality in northern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in the north-western part of the Republika Srpska entity and the central part of the Bosanska Krajina region. It was created from part of the pre-war municipality of Bosanska Krupa (the other part of the pre-war municipality that is now in the entity of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
It is located between municipality of Bosanska Krupa to the south and west, the municipality of Novi Grad to the north, and the municipality of Oštra Luka to the east.
In 2006, the majority of the population of the municipality were ethnic Serbs.[citation needed]
Coordinates: 44°53′N 16°09′E / 44.883°N 16.15°E / 44.883; 16.15
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Kuwait City
Kuwait City (Arabic: مدينة الكويت, transliteration: Madīnat al-Kuwayt), is the capital of Kuwait. It has a population of 2.38 million in the metropolitan area. Located at the heart of the country on the shore of the Persian Gulf, and containing Kuwait's parliament (Majlis Al-Umma), most governmental offices, the headquarters of most Kuwaiti corporations and banks, it is the political, cultural and economic center of the emirate.
Kuwait City’s trade and transportation needs are served by Kuwait International Airport, Mina Al-Shuwaik (Shuwaik Port) and Mina Al Ahmadi (Ahmadi Port) 50 kilometers to the south, on the Persian Gulf coast.
Kuwait City was first settled in the early 18th century by the Al-Sabāh clan, later the ruling family of Kuwait and a branch of the Al-Utūb tribe (that also included the Al-Khalīfah clan, the ruling family of Bahrain), and their leader, Sheikh Sabāh I. Its name may have derived from an earlier abandoned fort located there, called "Kūt" (كوت) – Arabic for a fortress by the sea.
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Laktaši
Laktaši (Cyrillic: Лакташи) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in the Republika Srpska entity near the city of Banja Luka.
It is located between municipalities of Gradiška and Srbac in the north, Prnjavor in the east, Čelinac in the south, and Banja Luka in the west.
• Aleksići • Bakinci • Bosanski Aleksandrovac • Boškovići • Bukovica • Čardačani • Ćetojevići • Devetina • Dovići • Drugovići • Glamočani • Jablan • Jakupovci • Jaružani • Kadinjani • Kobatovci • Koljani • Kosijerovo • Kriškovci • Krnete • Laktaši • Ljubatovci • Maglajani • Mahovljani • Malo Blaško • Milosavci • Miloševci • Mrčevci • Papažani • Petoševci • Rajčevci • Riječani • Slatina • Šeškovci • Šušnjari • Trn i Veliko Blaško.
25.997 total
According to the 1991 census the Laktaši municipality had a population of 29,910 people, including:
In 2006, Laktaši had a population about 40,000 people. The majority of inhabitants of municipality were ethnic Serbs.
The local football club, FK Laktaši, plays in the Premier League of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Latin Bridge
Latin Bridge (Bosnian: Latinska ćuprija, named Principov most - "Princip Bridge" in Yugoslavian era), is a historic Ottoman bridge over the River Miljacka in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The northern end of the bridge was the site of the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria by Gavrilo Princip in 1914, which became a casus belli of World War I.
Judging by its foundation, it is the oldest among the preserved bridges in the city. The census of the Sanjak of Bosnia from 1541 mentions the bridge on this spot, built by the leather-worker Hussein, son of Sirmerd.[citation needed] This first bridge seems to have been made of wood, because the court record from 1565 witness that the stone bridge was built here by eminent citizen of Sarajevo Ali-Ajni Beg.[citation needed] Terrible flood on November 15, 1791 badly damaged the bridge and its reconstruction was financed by the Sarajevo merchant Abdullah-aga Briga.[citation needed] Someone worked out that the year when it was rebuilt can be obtained from the numerical values in the word 'Briga' it is 1213 which by Islamic calendar equals the year of the reconstruction 1798/99.[citation needed]
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Latvia
Latviai/ˈlætviə/ (Latvian: Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvian: Latvijas Republika), is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia (border length 343 km), to the south by Lithuania (588 km), to the east by the Russian Federation (276 km), to the southeast by Belarus (141 km), and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden. With 2,067,887 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2 (24,938 sq mi) it is one of the least populous and least densely populated countries of the European Union. The capital of Latvia is Riga. The official language is Latvian and the currency is called Lats (Ls). The country has a temperate seasonal climate.
The Latvians are a Baltic people, culturally related to the Lithuanians. Together with the Finno-Ugric Livs (or Livonians), the Latvians are the indigenous people of Latvia.Latvian is an Indo-European language and along with Lithuanian the only two surviving members of the Baltic branch. Indigenous minority languages are Latgalian and the nearly extinct Finno-Ugric Livonian language. In terms of geography, territory and population Latvia is the middle of three Baltic states: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Latvia and Estonia share a long common history: historical Livonia, times of German (Teutonic Order), Polish-Lithuanian, Swedish, Russian, Nazi German and Soviet rule, 13th century Christianization and 16th century Protestant Reformation. Both countries are home to a large number of ethnic Russians (26.9% in Latvia and 25.5% in Estonia) of whom some are non-citizens. Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant, except for the region of Latgalia in the southeast which is historically predominantly Roman Catholic.
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Liechtenstein
Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (i/ˈlɪktənstaɪn/ LIK-tən-styn; German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein, German pronunciation: [ˈfʏʁstn̩tuːm ˈlɪçtn̩ʃtaɪn]) is a doubly landlocked alpine country in Central Europe, bordered by Switzerland to the west and south and by Austria to the east. Its area is just over 160 square kilometres (62 sq mi), and it has an estimated population of 35,000. Its capital is Vaduz. The biggest town is Schaan. Liechtenstein has the highest gross domestic product per person in the world when adjusted by purchasing power parity, and has the world's lowest external debt. Liechtenstein also has the second lowest unemployment rate in the world at 1.5% (Monaco is first).
Liechtenstein is the smallest yet the richest (by measure of GDP per capita) German-speaking country in the world and the only country to lie entirely within the Alps. It is known as a principality as it is a constitutional monarchy headed by a prince. Liechtenstein is divided into 11 municipalities. Much of its terrain is mountainous, making it a winter sports destination. Many cultivated fields and small farms characterize its landscape both in the south (Oberland, upper land) and in the north (Unterland, lower land). The country has a strong financial sector located in the capital, Vaduz, and has been identified as a tax haven. It is a member of the European Free Trade Association and part of the European Economic Area, the Schengen Area but not of the European Union.
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Lillehammer
Lillehammer (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈlɪləˈhɑmər] (listen)) is a town and municipality in Oppland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional region of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Lillehammer. As of May 2011, the population of the town of Lillehammer was 26,639 . The city centre is a late 19th century concentration of wooden houses, which enjoys a picturesque location overlooking the northern part of lake Mjøsa and the river Lågen, surrounded by mountains. Lillehammer hosted the 1994 Winter Olympics and will host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics.
The municipality is named for the old timur (Old Norse: Hamarr, "rocky hill") farm, since the first church was built there. To distinguish it from the nearby town and bishopric of Hamar, it began to be called "little Hamar": Lilþlæ Hamar and Litlihamarr and finally Lillehammer.
It is also mentioned in the Old Norse sagas as Litlikaupangr ("Little Trading Place").
The coat-of-arms was granted in 1898. The arms show a birkebeiner, carrying a spear and a shield, who is skiing down a mountainside. It symbolizes the historical importance of when the Birkebeiners carried the to-be-King Haakon from Lillehammer to Rena on skis.
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Lithuania
Lithuania (i/ˌlɪθuːˈeɪniə/ or /ˌlɪθjuːˈeɪniə/; Lithuanian: Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lithuanian: Lietuvos Respublika) is a country in Northern Europe, the largest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark. It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the east and south, Poland to the south, and a Russian exclave (Kaliningrad Oblast) to the southwest. Lithuania has an estimated population of 3.2 million as of 2011, and its capital and largest city is Vilnius. The Lithuanians are a Baltic people, and the official language, Lithuanian, is one of only two living languages (together with Latvian) in the Baltic branch of the Indo-European language family.
For centuries, the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea was inhabited by various Baltic tribes. In the 1230s the Lithuanian lands were united by Mindaugas, who was crowned as King of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the first Lithuanian state, on 6 July 1253. During the 14th century, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was the largest country in Europe: present-day Belarus, Ukraine, and parts of Poland and Russia were territories of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. With the Lublin Union of 1569, Lithuania and Poland formed a voluntary two-state union, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The Commonwealth lasted more than two centuries, until neighboring countries systematically dismantled it from 1772 to 1795, with the Russian Empire annexing most of Lithuania's territory.
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Livno
Livno pronunciation (help·info) IPA: [lǐːʋnɔ] is a town in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, in Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Tomislavgrad, Glamoč, Bosansko Grahovo, Kupres and the Croatian border.
Livno is 127 km from Mostar, 212 km from Sarajevo, 167 km from Banja Luka and 96 km from Split.
Municipality of Livno - total: 42,118
Municipality of Livno - total:40,438
The city of Livno itself - total 9.002
Municipality of Livno - total: 40,600
The city of Livno itself - total 10,080
The territory of the municipality is 994 km2 (384 sq mi). Livno is both the cultural and industrial center of the canton. It is the biggest city in the canton and situated 730 meters above sea level. The Bistrica river flows through the city and is itself is 3 km (1.9 mi) long, which means that it is a very small river. Livno is also situated in the Livanjsko field which is the largest field in the entire country. The field is situated between the mountains Dinara and Kamešnica in the south, Tušnica in the east, Cincar in the north and Šator in the west. Livanjsko field is 405 km2 (156 sq mi), making it almost half of the Livno municipality.
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Ljubinje
Ljubinje is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in south-eastern part of Herzegovina region.
According to the 1910 census, the absolute majority in Ljubinje municipality were Orthodox Christians (58.40%).
In the town of Ljubinje:
By settlements, in 1991
Coordinates: 42°57′N 18°05′E / 42.95°N 18.083°E / 42.95; 18.083
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Ljubljana
Ljubljana (locally: [lʲubˈlʲana] (
listen); German: Laibach, Italian: Lubiana, Latin: Labacum or Aemona) is the capital of Slovenia and its only centre of international importance. It is located in the centre of the country in the Ljubljana Basin, and is the centre of the City Municipality of Ljubljana. With approximately 272,000 inhabitants, it classifies as the only Slovenian large town. Throughout its history, it has been influenced by its geographic position at the crossroads of the Slavic world with the Germanic and Latin cultures.
For centuries, Ljubljana was the capital of the historical region of Carniola. Now it is the cultural, educational, economic, political and administrative centre of Slovenia, independent since 1991. Its transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and cultural tradition are contributing factors to its leading position.
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Ljubuški
Ljubuški Croatian pronunciation (help·info) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in the western part of Herzegovina.
28.269 total
In the 1991 census, the municipality of Ljubuški had a population of 28,340, of which 26,127 were Croats (92.1%), 1,592 Muslims by nationality (5.6%), 227 Yugoslavs (0.8%), 65 Serbs (0.2%), and 329 others (1.1%). The town of Ljubuški had 7,407 residents: 75% Croats, 20% Muslims by nationality, 3% Yugoslavs, 1% Serbs and 1% others.
The town was first time mentioned in 1444. The name Ljubuški originates from an ancient Slavic name Libusa who used to be the first wife of the then ruler of Herzegovina Herzeg Stjepan.
During the Bosnian War, Ljubuški served as the headquarters of the Croatian Defence Forces.
Branimir Glavaš, a Croatian Major General during the Croatian war of independence was found guilty of torture and murder of Serbian civilians in Osijek, and sentenced to 10 years in prison. However, Vladimir Šišljagić, the leader of HDSSB, the political party Glavaš founded when he left HDZ, showed up in court instead of him and stated that he was "in a safe place". Glavaš fled the country, reportedly to Ljubuški, and it is suspected he had procured citizenship in Bosnia-Herzegovina. His supporters also distributed a 5-minute video he recorded, explaining his decision to flee.
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London
Londoni/ˈlʌndən/ is the capital city of England and the United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium. London's ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its square-mile mediaeval boundaries. Since at least the 19th century, the name London has also referred to the metropolis developed around this core. The bulk of this conurbation forms the London region and the Greater London administrative area, governed by the elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.
London is a leading global city, with strengths in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism and transport all contributing to its prominence. It is the world's leading financial centre alongside New York City and has the fifth-largest city GDP in the world (and the largest in Europe). London has been described as a world cultural capital. It was the world's most visited city during 2011 and London Heathrow is the world's busiest airport by number of international passengers. London's 43 universities form the largest concentration of higher education in Europe. In 2012 London will become the first city to host the modern Summer Olympic Games three times.
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Longyearbyen
Coordinates: 78°13′N 15°39′E / 78.22°N 15.65°E / 78.22; 15.65
Longyearbyen is the largest settlement and the administrative center of Svalbard, Norway. As of 2008, the town had a population of 2,040. Longyearbyen is located in the valley of Longyeardalen and on the shore of Adventfjorden, a bay of Isfjorden located on the west coast of Spitsbergen. Since 2002, Longyearbyen Community Council has had many of the same responsibilities of a municipality, including utilities, education, cultural facilities, fire department, roads and ports. The town is also the seat of the Governor of Svalbard and is the world's northernmost town.
Known as Longyear City until 1926, the town was established by and named after John Munroe Longyear, whose Arctic Coal Company started coal mining operations in 1906. Operations were taken over by Store Norske Spitsbergen Kulkompani (SNSK) in 1916, which still conducts mining. The town was almost completely destroyed by the German Kriegsmarine on 8 August 1943, but was rebuilt after the Second World War. Traditionally, Longyearbyen was a company town, but most mining operations have moved to Sveagruva since the 1990s, while the town has seen an large increase in tourism and research. This has seen the arrival of institutions such as the University Centre in Svalbard, the Svalbard Global Seed Vault and Svalbard Satellite Station. The community is served by Svalbard Airport, Longyear and Svalbard Church.
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Lopare
Lopare (Cyrillic: Лопаре) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in the Majevica region.
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Lukavac
Lukavac is a town and municipality in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina. The town is the seat of a municipality within the Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Lukavac covers an area of 352,66 km2. It shares borders with municipalities: of Tuzla, Živinice, Banovići, Zavidovići, Maglaj, Petrovo, Gračanica and Srebrenik.
Apart from the town, the municipality comprises the following villages: Babice Donje • Babice Gornje • Berkovica • Bikodže • Bistarac Donji • Bistarac Gornji • Bokavići • Borice • Brijesnica Donja • Brijesnica Gornja • Caparde • Cerik • Crveno Brdo • Devetak • Dobošnica • Gnojnica • Huskići • Jaruške Donje • Jaruške Gornje • Kalajevo • Komari • Krtova • Kruševica • Lukavac • Lukavac Gornji • Mičijevići • Milino Selo • Modrac • Orahovica • Poljice • Prline • Prokosovići • Puračić • Smoluća Donja • Smoluća Gornja • Semići • Sižje • Stupari • Šikulje • Tabaci • Tumare • Turija • Vasiljevci • Vijenac
51.781 total
In the 1991 census, Lukavac municipality had 56,830 residents:
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Luxembourg
Luxembourg (i/ˈlʌksəmbɜrɡ/ LUKS-əm-burg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg, French: Grand-Duché de Luxembourg, German: Großherzogtum Luxemburg, Dutch: Groothertogdom Luxemburg), is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland ("good country") in the south. Luxembourg has a population of over half a million people in an area of approximately 2,586 square kilometres (998 sq mi). A representative democracy with a constitutional monarch, it is ruled by a grand duke. It is now the world's only remaining sovereign grand duchy. The country has a highly developed economy, with the world's highest GDP (nominal) per capita according to the IMF. Its historic and strategic importance dates back to its founding as a Roman era fortress site and Frankish count's castle site in the Early Middle Ages. It was an important bastion along the Spanish Road when Spain was the principal European power influencing the whole western hemisphere and beyond in the 16th–17th centuries.
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Madrid
Madrid (English /məˈdrɪd/, Spanish: [ma'ðrid]) is the capital and largest city of Spain. The population of the city is roughly 3.3 million and the entire population of the Madrid metropolitan area is calculated to be 6.271 million. It is the third largest city in the European Union, after London and Berlin, and its metropolitan area is the third largest in the European Union after London and Paris. The city spans a total of 604.3 km2 (233.3 sq mi).
The city is located on the Manzanares river in the centre of both the country and the Community of Madrid (which comprises the city of Madrid, its conurbation and extended suburbs and villages); this community is bordered by the autonomous communities of Castile and León and Castile-La Mancha. As the capital city of Spain, seat of government, and residence of the Spanish monarch, Madrid is also the political centre of Spain. The current mayor is Ana Botella from the People's Party (PP).
Madrid urban agglomeration has the 3rd largest GDP in the European Union and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, environment, media, fashion, science, culture, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. Due to its economic output, high standard of living, and market size, Madrid is considered the major financial centre of Southern Europe and the Iberian Peninsula; it hosts the head offices of the vast majority of the major Spanish companies, such as Telefónica, Iberia or Repsol. Madrid is the most touristic city of Spain, the fourth-most touristic of the continent, and is the 10th most livable city in the world according to Monocle magazine, in its 2010 index. Madrid also ranks among the 12 greenest European cities in 2010. Madrid is currently a Candidate City for the 2020 Summer Olympics.
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Maglaj
Maglaj is a town and municipality in Bosnia-Herzegovina. It is situated in the northern part of Bosnia-Herzegovina, in the Zenica-Doboj canton. The city lies 25 km (16 mi) south of the city of Doboj, the regional trade, education, culture, entertainment, and business centre. The municipality of Maglaj is one of 12 municiplaties in the Zenica-Doboj canton. The city has a population of 25,000. The whole municipality has a population of 43,000.
According to the 1910 census, the majority in the Maglaj municipality were Orthodox Christians (53.55%).
In 2005, 91% of population of the municipality were ethnic Bosniaks and another 6% were Croats.
The town is situated in the northern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina and is situated in territory where bosniaks, or Muslims, presently form a large majority. The old Maglaj, like numerous other cities in Bosnia and Herzegovina, has an old town with mosques, traditional houses dating back from the Ottoman Empire, and a fortress that stands as a symbol of Maglaj. The new part of Maglaj, situated on the West side of the river Bosna, is made up of modern architecture that was started in the 1950s, and became massively developed until 1991.
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Malta
Maltai/ˈmɒltə/, officially known as the Republic of Malta (Maltese: Repubblika ta' Malta), is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km (50 mi) south of Sicily, 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya, with Gibraltar 1,755 km (1,091 mi) to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km (937 mi) to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km2 (122 sq mi) in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. The de facto capital city of Malta is Valletta; the largest town, Birkirkara. The main island comprises many towns, which together form one Larger Urban Zone (LUZ) with a population of 368,250 according to Eurostat. The country has two official languages, Maltese (constitutionally the national language) and English.
Throughout history, Malta's location has given it great strategic importance, and a succession of powers including the Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Normans, Aragonese, Habsburg Spain, Knights of St John, French and the British ruled the islands. Malta gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1964 and became a republic in 1974, whilst retaining membership in the Commonwealth of Nations. Malta was admitted to the United Nations in 1964 and to the European Union in 2004. Malta is also party to the Schengen Agreement and in 2008 it became part of the eurozone.
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Mariehamn
Mariehamn (Finnish: Maarianhamina) is the capital of Åland, an autonomous territory under Finnish sovereignty. Mariehamn is the seat of the Government and Parliament of Åland, and 40% of the population of Åland live in the city. Like all of Åland, Mariehamn is unilingually Swedish-speaking and around 88% of the inhabitants speak it as their native language.
The town was named after Maria Alexandrovna, the Empress consort of Alexander II of Russia. Mariehamn was founded in 1861, around the village of Övernäs, in what was at the time part of the municipality of Jomala. The city has since expanded and incorporated more of Jomala territory. The city is located on a peninsula, and has two important harbours, one located on the western shore and one on the eastern shore. The Western Harbour is an important international harbour with daily traffic to Sweden and mainland Finland. A powerful incentive for Baltic ferries to stop at Mariehamn is that, with respect to indirect taxation, Åland is not part of the EU customs zone and so duty-free goods can be sold aboard. Mariehamn Airport is located in the neighbouring municipality of Jomala, some 3 kilometres (2 mi) north-west of Mariehamn city centre.
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Miljacka
The Miljacka is a river in Bosnia and Herzegovina that passes through Sarajevo and East Sarajevo. It is famous for being "Sarajevo's River", and it has come to be identified immediately with the city itself.
The Miljacka river originates from the Paljanska Miljacka river and the Mokranjska Miljacka river confluence, though the Paljanska Miljacka, 13 kilometres long river, spring up around 10 kilometres eastward from the town of Pale, under the slopes of Jahorina near Begovina at 1010 metres a.s.l., and the Mokranjska Miljacka, 21 kilometres long river, spring up from a large cave, yet to be explored, near Kadino Selo village at 1135 metres a.s.l. under the slopes of Romanija mountains.
The Miljacka is a rather small river, only 38 kilometres long with average discharge of 5,7 m³/s at the City of Sarajevo, and right tributary of the Bosna river. Hence the origin and the estuary, the Miljacka river flows from the east to the west.
Because of its poor discharge, the Miljacka is known for its peculiar smell and brown waters, but is nonetheless loved by the residents of Sarajevo. Several famous bridges span it, including the Latin Bridge close to which the infamous assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria by Gavrilo Princip was performed. It was because of the shallowness of the river that the first assassin was caught (he jumped into the 10 centimetres (4 in) deep river).
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Minsk
Coordinates: 53°54′N 27°34′E / 53.9°N 27.567°E / 53.9; 27.567
Minsk (Russian: Минск, [mʲinsk]; Belarusian: Мінск, pronounced [minsk]) is the capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers. Minsk is also a headquarters of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). As the national capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus; it is also the administrative centre of Minsk Region (voblast) and Minsk raion (district). It has a population of 1,836,808 inhabitants (2009).
The earliest historic references to Minsk date to the 11th century (1067), when it was noted as a provincial city within the principality of Polotsk. The settlement developed on the rivers. In 1242, Minsk became a part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It received town privileges in 1499.
From 1569, it was a capital of the Minsk Voivodship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was part of a region annexed by the Russian Empire in 1793, as a consequence of the Second Partition of Poland. From 1919–1991, after the Russian Revolution, Minsk was the capital of the Belorussian Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union.
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Modriča
Coordinates: 44°57′24″N 18°18′54″E / 44.95667°N 18.315°E / 44.95667; 18.315
Modriča (Serbian Cyrillic: Модрича) is a city and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located near the towns of Šamac, Derventa and Doboj. After the war, prewar municipal borders were changed, villages of Jakeš, Pećnik and Modrički Lug were excluded from Modriča and included in new Vukosavlje municipality), and few villages from western part of prewar Gradačac municipality were included. So the area of municiplity changed substantially.
31,622 total
According to the 1991 census, the Modriča municipality had a population of 35,413 people, including:
The Modriča oil refinery, currently owned by Russian investors, is located in Modriča.
Car racing club OPTIMA - MODRICA
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Moldova
Moldovai/mɒlˈdoʊvə/, officially the Republic of Moldova (Moldovan/Romanian: Republica Moldova pronounced [reˈpublika molˈdova]) is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe located between Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. It declared itself an independent state with the same boundaries as the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1991 as part of the dissolution of the Soviet Union. On 29 July 1994, the new constitution of Moldova was adopted. A strip of Moldova's internationally recognized territory on the east bank of the river Dniester has been under the de facto control of the breakaway government of Transnistria since 1990.
The nation is a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Moldova is a member state of the United Nations, Council of Europe, WTO, OSCE, GUAM, CIS, BSEC and other international organizations. Moldova currently aspires to join the European Union, and has implemented the first three-year Action Plan within the framework of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP).
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Monaco
Monacoi/ˈmɒnəkoʊ/, officially the Principality of Monaco (French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque: Principatu de Múnegu; Italian: Principato di Monaco; Occitan: Principat de Mónegue), is a sovereign city state, located on the French Riviera in Western Europe. Bordered by France on three sides, with one side bordering the Mediterranean Sea, its center is about 16 km (9.9 mi) from Italy, and is only 15 km (9.3 mi) north east of Nice, France. It has an area of 1.98 km2 (0.76 sq mi), and a population of 35,986, making Monaco the second smallest and the most densely populated country in the world. Monaco has a land border of only 4.4 km (2.7 mi), a coastline of 4.1 km (2.5 mi), and a width that varies between 1.7 km (1.1 mi) and 349 metres (382 yards). The highest point in the country is a narrow pathway named Chemin des Révoires on the slopes of Mont Agel, in the Les Révoires district, which is 161 metres (528 feet) above sea level. Monaco's most populated Quartier is Monte Carlo, and the most populated Ward is Larvotto/Bas Moulins. After a recent expansion of Port Hercules, Monaco's total area is 2.05 km2 (0.79 sq mi), with new plans to extend the district of Fontvieille, with land reclaimed from the Mediterranean Sea.
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Montenegro
Montenegro (i/ˌmɒntɨˈneɪɡroʊ/ or /ˌmɒntɨˈniːɡroʊ/; or /ˌmɒntɨˈnɛɡroʊ/; Montenegrin: Crna Gora Црна Гора [tsr̩̂ːnaː ɡɔ̌ra] ( listen), meaning "Black Mountain") is a country in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast and Albania to the southeast. Its capital and largest city is Podgorica, while Cetinje is designated as the Prijestonica (Пријестоница), meaning the former Royal Capital City.
In the 10th century, there existed three Slavic principalities on the territory of Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half, Travunia, the west, and Rascia, the north. In 1042, archon Stefan Vojislav led a revolt that resulted in independence of Duklja and the establishment of the Vojislavljević dynasty. Duklja reached its zenith under Vojislav's son, Mihailo (1046–81), and his son Bodin (1081–1101). By the 13th century, Zeta had replaced Duklja when referring to the realm, which at the time was part of the Serbian Grand Principality of the Nemanjić dynasty.
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Moscow
Moscow (
/ˈmɒskaʊ/ or /ˈmɒskoʊ/; Russian: Москва́, tr. Moskva; IPA: [mɐˈskva] ( listen)) is the capital and the most populous federal subject of Russia. The city is a major political, economic, cultural and scientific center of Russia and the continent. Moscow is the northernmost megacity on Earth, the most populous city in Europe, and the 6th largest city proper in the world. Its population, according to the results of the 2010 Census, is 11,503,501. Based on Forbes 2011, Moscow has the largest community of billionaires in the world.
Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia. In the course of its history the city has served as the capital of a progression of states, from the medieval Grand Duchy of Moscow and the subsequent Tsardom of Russia to the Soviet Union. Moscow is the site of the Moscow Kremlin, an ancient fortress that is today the residence of the Russian President and of the executive branch of the Government of Russia. The Kremlin is also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament (the State Duma and the Federation Council) also sit in Moscow.
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Mostar
Mostar is a city and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the largest and one of the most important cities in the Herzegovina region and the center of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation. Mostar is situated on the Neretva river and is the fifth-largest city in the country. Mostar was named after the bridge keepers (natively: mostari) who in the medieval times guarded the Stari Most (Old Bridge) over Neretva river. The Old Bridge, built by the Ottomans in the 16th century, is one of the city's most recognizable landmarks.
Human settlements on the river Neretva, between the Hum Hill and the Velež Mountain, have existed since prehistory, as witnessed by discoveries of fortified enceintes and cemeteries. Evidence of Roman occupation was discovered beneath the present town.
As far as the medieval Mostar goes, although the Christian basilicas of late antiquity remained in use, few historical sources were preserved and not much is known about this period. The name of Mostar was first mentioned in a document dating from 1474, taking its name from the bridge-keepers (mostari); this refers to the existence of a wooden bridge from the market on the left bank of the river which was used by traders, soldiers, and other travelers. During this time it was also the seat of a kadiluk (district with a regional judge). Since Mostar was on the trade route between the Adriatic and the mineral-rich regions of central Bosnia, the settlement began to spread to the right bank of the river.
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Mrkonjić Grad
Mrkonjić Grad (Serbian Cyrillic: Мркоњић Град) is a town and municipality in western Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the Republika Srpska entity. It is located in the Bosanska Krajina, between Banja Luka and Jajce.
The city changed its name several times in history: Gornje Kloke, Novo Jajce (Jenidži Jajce), Varcarev Vakuf, Varcar Vakuf, and ultimately the present one. The last renaming took place in 1924 after King Peter I of Serbia, who had taken the nom de guerre 'Mrkonjić' while fighting as a hajduk in the uprising (1875-1878) against the Ottoman Empire.
In World War II, the city became renowned by the first meeting of ZAVNOBiH on November 25, 1943, when Bosnia and Herzegovina was proclaimed as a common republic of Bosnian Serbs, Bosnian Croats and Bosnian Muslims/Bosniaks.
During the Bosnian Civil War from 1992 to 1995, the city was in Bosnian Serbs hands. On Oct 8-12 1995, the Croatian forces (Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia and Croatian Defence Council) took over the municipality of Mrkonjic Grad by committing atrocities against local Serbian population. Of the 480 Serbs killed, only 219 bodies have been exhumed and identified, so far. As a result, a high majority of the Bosnian-Serb population was forced to leave the municipality. The Croatian forces destroyed close to 90% of Mrkonjic Grad's infrastructure in an attempt to prevent the return of the Serbian population after the war. These forces completely destroyed 3644 houses and 700 apartments/condos, and rendered 6017 other buildings totally unusable.[citation needed]
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Mrkovići
Mrkovići is village in Centar municipality, in town of Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
total: 232
Coordinates: 43°54′N 18°26′E / 43.9°N 18.433°E / 43.9; 18.433
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Nahorevo
Nahorevo is village in Centar municipality, in town of Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
total: 697
Coordinates: 43°55′12″N 18°24′00″E / 43.92°N 18.4°E / 43.92; 18.4
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Naples
Coordinates: 40°50′42″N 14°15′30″E / 40.845°N 14.25833°E / 40.845; 14.25833
Naples (Italian: Napoli [ˈnaːpoli] ( listen), Neapolitan: Napule; Latin: Neapolis; Ancient Greek: Νεάπολις, meaning "new city") is the capital of Campania and the third-largest city in Italy, after Rome and Milan. As of 2012[update], around 960,000 people live within the city's administrative limits. The wider Naples urban area, covering 777 km2 (300 sq mi), has a population of over 3 million, and is the 10th-most populous urban area in the European Union. Between 4.1 and 4.4 million people live in the overall Naples metropolitan area, one of the largest European cities on the Mediterranean Sea.
Naples is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. Greek settlements were established on the island of Megaride in the Gulf of Naples as early as the 9th century BC. A larger mainland colony – initially known as Parthenope (Παρθενόπη) – developed around the 7th century BC, and was refounded as Neápolis (Νεάπολις) in the 5th century BC. Naples became a lynchpin of Magna Graecia and played a key role in the merging of Greek culture into Roman society, eventually becoming a cultural centre of the Roman Republic. Naples remained influential after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, serving as the capital city of the Kingdom of Naples between 1282 and 1816. Thereafter, in union with Sicily, it became the capital of the Two Sicilies until the unification of Italy in 1861. During the Neapolitan War of 1815, Naples strongly promoted Italian unification.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands (i/ˈnɛðərləndz/; Dutch: Nederland [ˈneːdə(r)lɑnt] or [ˈneɪ̯də(r)lɑnt] ( listen); West Frisian: Nederlân; Papiamento: Hulanda) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with some islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom. It is a parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. The country capital is Amsterdam and the seat of government is The Hague. The Netherlands in its entirety is often referred to as Holland, although North and South Holland are actually only two of its twelve provinces (a case of pars pro toto; see terminology of "the Netherlands").
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Neum
Neum (pronounced [neum], Serbian Cyrillic: Неум) is the only coastal town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It comprises 24.5 km (15 mi) of coastline, the country's only access to the Adriatic Sea. As of 2009, municipal (općina) population was of 4,605 and the one of Neum main town (naselje) was of 4,268 (in 1991).
Neum has steep hills, sandy beaches, and several large tourist hotels. Prices tend to be lower than in neighboring Croatia, making it popular with shoppers. Tourism, and the commerce it brings, is the leading contributor to the economy of the area. Border formalities with Croatia are relaxed at peak times. Neum has around 5,000 beds for tourists, 1,810 in hotels with the remaining capacity in motels, villas, and in private accommodation. Tourism in Neum is active only in the coastal region. The inland area behind Neum has a rich archeological history and untouched wilderness and is starting to develop agricultural tourism.
Neum is 60 kilometers (37 mi) from Dubrovnik (80 km/50 mi from the Dubrovnik Airport), 70 km (43 mi) from Mostar and Međugorje and 30 km (19 mi) from Ploče and Metković, both of which have railway stations.
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Nevesinje
Nevesinje (Cyrillic: Невесиње) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in eastern Herzegovina between Mostar and Gacko. It is administratively part of the Republika Srpska entity.
The municipality of Nevesinje is located in southern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. This mountaneus municipality covers 1,040 km2 (402 sq mi) and average elevation is 860 m above the sea level. A large Karst plain dominates the municipality.
The last census was done in 1991 so present population facts are based on estimates. Currently, municipality's population is estimated to be around 18,000. Approximately 10,000 of those are permanent residents while the remaining 8,000 are listed as refuges. Many of these refuges ended up in Nevesinje as a result of population shifts that occurred during the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1992-1995 and have lived In Nevesinje for over 10 years. Almost 25% of people living in the municipality are over 60 years of age. The unemployment rate is very high and many younger people are leaving Nevesinje looking for employment in other parts of the former Yugoslavia, or even further in Europe or overseas.
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Nicosia
Nicosia (/ˌnɪkəˈsiːə/ NIK-ə-SEE-ə), known locally as Lefkosia (Greek: Λευκωσία, Turkish: Lefkoşa), is the capital and largest city in Cyprus, as well as its main business center. After the collapse of the Berlin Wall, Nicosia remained the only divided capital in the world, with the southern and the northern portions divided by a Green Line. It is located near the center of the island, on the banks of the Pedieos River.
Nicosia is the capital and seat of government of the Republic of Cyprus. The northern part of the city functions as the capital of the self-proclaimed Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a disputed breakaway region whose independence is recognized only by Turkey, and which the rest of the international community considers as occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus since the Turkish Invasion in 1974.
Despite the division Nicosia has managed to become a sophisticated and cosmopolitan city, rich in history and culture that combines its historic past with the amenities of a modern city.
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North Nicosia
North Nicosia or Northern Nicosia (Turkish: Lefkoşa Greek: Λευκωσία), is the capital and largest city of the de facto Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. It is the northern half of Nicosia, and governed by the Nicosia Turkish Municipality. Located on the River Pedieos and situated almost in the center of the island, it is the host for the seat of the government as well as the main business center.
Following the intercommunal violence of the 1960s, the capital of Republic of Cyprus was divided between the island's Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities in the south and north respectively in 1963. An attempted coup by the Greek military-junta to unite the island with Greece in 1974 led to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus.
84,893 people live in North Nicosia. North Nicosia is important commercially with many shops, two modern shopping malls, restaurants and entertainment. The city is a trade centre and manufactures textiles, leather, pottery, plastic, and other products. Nicosia is the seat of two Turkish Cypriot Universities.
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Northern Cyprus
The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) (Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti), commonly called Northern Cyprus, is a self-declared state that comprises the northeastern part of the island of Cyprus. Recognised only by Turkey, Northern Cyprus is considered by the international community to be occupied territory of the Republic of Cyprus.
Northern Cyprus extends from the tip of the Karpass Peninsula in the north east, westward to Morphou Bay and Cape Kormakitis (the Kokkina/Erenköy exclave marks the westernmost extent of the area), and southward to the village of Louroujina/Akıncılar. A buffer zone under the control of the United Nations stretches between Northern Cyprus and the rest of the island and divides Nicosia, the island's largest city and capital of both states.
Tensions between the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot populations in Cyprus culminated in 1974 with a coup d'état, an attempt to annex the island to Greece, and an invasion by Turkey in response. This resulted in the partitioning of the island, the resettlement of many of its inhabitants, and a unilateral declaration of independence by the north in 1983. Due to its lack of recognition, Northern Cyprus is heavily dependent on Turkey for economic, political and military support.
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Norway
Norwayi/ˈnɔrweɪ/ (Norwegian: Norge (Bokmål) or Noreg (Nynorsk)), officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and the subantarctic Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of 385,252 square kilometres (148,747 sq mi) and a population of about 5 million. It is the second least densely populated country in Europe. The majority of the country shares a border to the east with Sweden; its northernmost region is bordered by Finland to the south and Russia to the east; in its south Norway borders the Skagerrak Strait across from Denmark. The capital city of Norway is Oslo. Norway's extensive coastline, facing the North Atlantic Ocean and the Barents Sea, is home to its famous fjords.
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Novi Travnik
Novi Travnik is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located south of Travnik on the road to Bugojno. It is under the administration of the Central Bosnia Canton and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The municipality was called Novi Travnik (meaning: The New Travnik) until 1980, when it was styled Pucarevo after Đuro Pucar. In 1992 the former, original name was restored.
22,847 total
In the census of 1991, the municipality of Novi Travnik had 30,624 residents, of which 39.60% were Croats, 38.04% Bosniaks, 13.35% Serbs, 6.91% Yugoslavs, and 2.11% others. The town itself had 11,520 inhabitants.
The Yugoslav Wars and their consequences altered the way and quality of living in Novi Travnik. Economy of Novi Travnik was greatly dependent to the BNT "Bratstvo" which was almost completely disabled during the war (see Banja Luka incident). MK "Bratstvo used to employ more than 7000 people and was the cornerstone of Novi Travnik.
Coordinates: 44°10′N 17°39′E / 44.167°N 17.65°E / 44.167; 17.65
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Novo Goražde
Novo Goražde (Cyrillic: Ново Горажде), also known as Ustiprača, is a municipality of Republika Srpska in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It was split from the pre-existing municipality of Goražde and given to Republika Srpska by the Dayton treaty. The other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Coordinates: 43°41′28″N 19°05′13″E / 43.691°N 19.087°E / 43.691; 19.087
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Novo Sarajevo
Novo Sarajevo (Serbian Cyrillic: Ново Сарајево; English translation New Sarajevo) is a municipality in Sarajevo, and Sarajevo Canton, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
111,811 total
Prior to the siege, in 1991 Novo Sarajevo had some 95,089 residents, of which 33,902 were Bosniaks (35.7%), 32,899 were Serbs (34.6%), 8,798 were Croats (9.3%), 15,580 were Yugoslavs (16.4%), and 4,391 were classified as others (4.6%).
According to the 2002 government estimate, today Novo Sarajevo municipality has 74,493 residents, of which 88% are Bosniaks, around 6% are Serbs and 6% Croats.
Like Novi Grad, Novo Sarajevo is a product of the city's massive growth and development in the 1960s and 1970s. It is located in the middle of the Sarajevo field, predominantly on the northern bank of the Miljacka, between Novi Grad and Centar.
Prior to the siege, Novo Sarajevo had some 47.6 km² (41.6% Forest, 17.5% Meadows, 13.5% Commercial/Building Land, 10.4% Grass-land, 8.4% Ploghland, 13.5% Gardens). Following the Siege of Sarajevo, 75% of the mostly not populated, urban area was transferred to the Republika Srpska, leaving Novo Sarajevo municipality with 11.43 km². As a result, Novo Sarajevo has the highest number of people per km², some 7524.
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Odžak
Odžak is a town in the northern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located near the river Sava, 10 km (6.2 mi) from the border with Croatia. Odžak is in the Posavina Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Before the Yugoslav Wars, 30 651 residents lived in the municipality in 16 local communities (villages). Over 5 000 people were employed primarily in industry and agriculture. From the largest industrial facilities were: "Strolit" - over 700 employees, "Energoinvest" - over 460 employees, "Vuntex" - over 400 employees, "Borovo" - about 200, 300 people were in Water Management Company "Posavina", there are also "Izbor", "Ratar", "Novogranja" etc.
In the 1991 census the municipality of Odžak had 30,651 residents, of which were 54.15% Croats, 20.32% Bosniaks, 19.85% Serbs, 3.70% Yugoslavs and 1.98% others. The city itself had 9377 residents.
The local football club is NK Odžak 102.
Odžak 1905
Odžak 1905
Odžak 1982
Odžak 1982
Odžak 2008
Odžak 2009
Odžak 2009
Odžak 2009
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Olovo
Olovo is a town and municipality situated about 50 km (31 mi) northeast of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The town Olovo is on Sarajevo-Tuzla highway and is located 50 km northeast Sarajevo. Olovo is a part of the Zenica-Doboj Canton. Recently, there have been aims to try and have Olovo be a part of the Sarajevo Canton, however as of today, Olovo is still within the Zenica-Doboj Canton [1]. Since the Middle Age there have been well known lead ore deposits, and the town was named after lead (olovo means lead in Bosnian).
It is best known for its occasional bull-fights and for the youth visiting it from nearby villages. An extremely superior characteristic of Olovo is its very effective spa, dating back from the period of Roman reign in the area.
Olovo is also a tryst for resting and changing directions when traveling to cities such as Zenica and Zavidovići.
Given that no recent census has been made, the exact population of Olovo is unknown, but it is thought to be approximately 7,000.
In 2005, 96% of population of the municipality were ethnic Bosniaks.
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Orašje
Orašje is a town in the northern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located on the river Sava on the border with Croatia. Orašje is the center of the Posavina Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It lies across the Sava river from Županja in Croatia.
25.740 total
In the 1991 census the municipality of Orašje had 28,211 residents, of which 75.27% Croats, 14.96% Serbs, 6.77% Bosniaks, 2.15% Yugoslavs and 0.86% others. The town of Orašje itself had 3,901 inhabitants: 47% Bosniaks, 23% Serbs, 15% Croats, 12% Yugoslavs and 3% others.
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Oslo
Oslo (English pronunciation: /ˈɒzloʊ/, OZ-loh,Norwegian pronunciation: [²ʊʃlʊ] ( listen) or [²ʊslʊ]) is the capital of and most populous city in Norway. Founded around 1048 by King Harald III, the city was elevated to a bishopric in 1070 and a capital under Haakon V around 1300. Personal unions with Denmark from 1397 to 1523 and again from 1536 to 1814 and with Sweden from 1814 to 1905 reduced its influence. After being destroyed by a fire in 1624, the city was moved closer to Akershus Castle during the reign of King Christian IV and renamed Christiania in his honour. It was established as a municipality (formannskapsdistrikt) on 1 January 1838. Following a spelling reform, it was known as Kristiania from 1877 to 1925, when its original Norwegian name was restored.
Oslo is the economic and governmental centre of Norway. The city is also a hub of Norwegian trade, banking, industry and shipping. It is an important centre for maritime industries and maritime trade in Europe. The city is home to many companies within the maritime sector, some of which are amongst the world's largest shipping companies, shipbrokers and maritime insurance brokers. Oslo is a pilot city of the Council of Europe and the European Commission intercultural cities programme.
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Osmaci
Osmaci (Serbian Cyrillic: Осмаци) is a village and a municipality located in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Republika Srpska entity of BiH.
The municipality was created from part of the territory of the pre-war municipality of Kalesija that was assigned to Republika Srpska by the Dayton Agreement (the other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
In 1991, the population of the Osmaci village numbered 2,628 people, including:
Coordinates: 44°24′N 18°56′E / 44.4°N 18.933°E / 44.4; 18.933
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Oštra Luka
Oštra Luka (Bosnian Cyrillic: Оштра Лука) is a village and a municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The municipality is situated in the northwestern part of the Republika Srpska entity and the central part of the Bosanska Krajina region. The municipality was also known as Srpski Sanski Most (Српски Сански Мост) and was formed after the Dayton Agreement from part of the pre-war municipality of Sanski Most (the other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the entity of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
Municipality is located between municipalities of Bosanski Novi / Novi Grad and Prijedor in the north, Banja Luka in the east, Ribnik in the south, Sanski Most in the south and west, and Bosanska Krupa in the west.
In 1991, the population of Oštra Luka village numbered 1,443 people.
Coordinates: 44°51′28″N 16°39′38″E / 44.8578°N 16.6606°E / 44.8578; 16.6606
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Paris
Coordinates: 48°51′24″N 2°21′03″E / 48.8567°N 2.3508°E / 48.8567; 2.3508
Paris (i/ˈpærɨs/; French: [paʁi] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). As of January 2008 the city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20 arrondissements) largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated population of 2,211,297 and a metropolitan population of 12,089,098, and is one of the most populated metropolitan areas in Europe. Paris was the largest city in the Western world for about 1,000 years, prior to the 19th century, and the largest in the entire world between the 16th and 19th centuries.
Paris is today one of the world's leading business and cultural centres, and its influences in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. It hosts the headquarters of many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the International Chamber of Commerce or the European Space Agency. Paris is considered one of the greenest and most liveable cities in Europe. It is also one of the most expensive.
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Pelagićevo
Pelagićevo (Cyrillic: Пелагићево) is a village and a municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Pelagićevo is located in Posavina region. Pelagicevo is got a name under the prominent Yugoslav revolutionary and publicists Vaso Pelagić.
Municipality was created after the Dayton Agreement from part of the pre-war municipality of Gradačac (the other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina).
In 1991, the population of the Pelagićevo village numbered 537 people, of whom 532 (99%) were Serbs. (See: Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
In 2006, the majority of inhabitants of the municipality were ethnic Serbs. The municipality has a population of about 7,865.
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Ploče
Ploče (pronounced [plɔ̂tʃɛ]; Italian: Porto Tòlero) is a town and a notable seaport in the Dubrovnik-Neretva County of Croatia.
Ploče is located on the Adriatic coast in Dalmatia just north of the Neretva Delta and is as such the natural seaside endpoint of most north-south routes through the central Dinaric Alps. This makes it the primary seaport used by Bosnia and Herzegovina and the endpoint of the Pan-European corridor 5C.
Čeveljuša is a toponym in Ploče, located to the east of the town, on the intersection of the D8 highway and the D425.
Ploče was named Kardeljevo after the Yugoslav politician Edvard Kardelj between 1950 and 1954 and again between 1980 and 1990.
The locals call their city Ploča.
The total population of Ploče is 10,102 (2011), in the following settlements:
In the 2001 census, the majority of its citizens were Croats at 95.12%.
The Port of Ploče was first mentioned on 6 November 1387, but the building of a larger port was done in recent modern times. Work on the present day harbour first began in 1939 but was destroyed during World War II. It was rebuilt in 1945 and the village of Ploče grew up to 480 inhabitants in 1948. After the Adriatic road and Neretva railway lines were built to the port in the mid-1960s, the town experienced a steady growth.
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Podgorica
Podgorica (/ˈpɒdɡəriːtsə/ POD-gorr-ee-tsə;Montenegrin/Serbian: Podgorica / Подгорица [pǒdgoritsa], lit. "under the small hill") is the capital and largest city of Montenegro.
Podgorica's favourable position at the confluence of the Ribnica and Morača rivers and the meeting point of the fertile Zeta Plain and Bjelopavlići Valley has encouraged settlement. The city is close to winter ski centres in the north and seaside resorts on the Adriatic Sea.
A census in 2011 put the city's population at 150,977. The Podgorica municipality contains 10.4% of Montenegro's territory and 29.9% of its population. It is the administrative centre of Montenegro and its economic, cultural and educational focus.
The name Podgorica means "under the Gorica" in Montenegrin language. Gorica (meaning "little hill" or hillock) is the name of the cypress-covered hill that overlooks the city centre.
Some three kilometres (1.9 miles) north-west of Podgorica lie the ruins of Doclea, a town known in Greek, pre-Roman and Roman times. The Roman Emperor Diocletian came from this region. In later centuries, Romans "corrected" the name to Dioclea, guessing wrongly that an "i" had been lost in vulgar speech. "Duklja" is the later (Slavic) version of that word.
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Poland
Polandi/ˈpoʊlənd/ (Polish: Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Polish: Rzeczpospolita Polska; Kashubian: Pòlskô Repùblika; Silesian: Polsko Republika), is a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north. The total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres (120,726 sq mi), making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. Poland has a population of over 38 million people, which makes it the 34th most populous country in the world and the sixth most populous member of the European Union, being its most populous post-communist member. Poland is a unitary state made up of 16 voivodeships. Poland is a member of the European Union, NATO, the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), European Economic Area, International Energy Agency, Council of Europe, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, International Atomic Energy Agency, G6, Council of the Baltic Sea States, Visegrád Group, Weimar Triangle and Schengen Agreement.
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Portugal
Portugali/ˈpɔrtʃʉɡəl/ (Portuguese: Portugal, IPA: [puɾtuˈɣaɫ]), officially the Portuguese Republic (Portuguese: República Portuguesa) is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula . Portugal is the westernmost country of mainland Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are part of Portugal. The country is named after its second largest city, Porto, whose Latin name was Portus Cale.
The land within the borders of the current Portuguese Republic has been continuously settled since prehistoric times: occupied by Celts like the Gallaeci and the Lusitanians, integrated into the Roman Republic and later settled by Germanic peoples such as the Suebi, Swabians, Vandals and the Visigoths. In the 8th century most of the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Moorish invaders professing Islam, which were later expelled by the Knights Templar under the Order of Christ. During the Christian Reconquista, Portugal established itself as an independent kingdom from León in 1139, claiming to be the oldest European nation state.
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Posavina Canton
The Posavina Canton, officially the County of Posavina (Croatian: Županija Posavska) is second of 10 cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is the smallest canton with an area of only 325 km². Its capital city is Orašje.
The canton is split into the municipalities of Domaljevac, Odžak, Orašje.
In 2003, population of Posavina Canton numbered 43,558 people, including:
The cantonal assembly is composed of:
The canton lies near the border with Croatia and near the river Sava which forms a natural border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Posavina is a region which include other parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and parts of Croatia. Because of that, this canton is sometimes called Bosanska Posavina (Bosnian Posavina) and is the only part of northern Bosnia near the border with Croatia that lies in the Federation. The rest of northern Bosnia near the river Sava and near the border is the Brčko District and the Republika Srpska. The Brčko district cuts Republika Srpska in 2 parts.
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Posušje
Posušje (Croatian pronunciation: [pɔ̌suːʃjɛ] ( listen)) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in the West Herzegovina Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity.
Name Posušje is derived from suša (Croatian word for drought) .The area of Posušje was historically dry area with water-supply problems. The problem was solved building an artificial lake in Tribistovo in 1989.
The last census conducted in 1991 placed the population of the Posušje town at 3,913 residents, of which 3,838 were Croats.
Posušje is 29 km from Široki Brijeg, 54 km from Mostar,10 km from Imotski and 71 km from Makarska.
Posušje field is located at an altitude of about 610 m, Vir field at about 520 m, Rakitno at about 900 m, Pločno (peak of Čvrsnica mountain) is at 2228 m, and the area around the lake Blidinje 1050 meters and more.
Climate in Posušje differs from the parts of the community. While in the city of Posušje and Vir in the south is sub-Mediterranean climate (with a continental influence), in the northern part of the municipality, in areas Rakitno, Tribistovo and Blidinje is dominating continental and mountain climate . Therefore it might have been told Posušje on natural boundary between the sub-Mediterranean and continental climate.
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Prague
Prague ( /ˈprɑːɡ/; Czech: Praha pronounced [ˈpraɦa] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and fourteenth largest city in European Union. Situated in the north-west of the country on the Vltava river, the city is home to about 1.3 million people, while its metropolitan area is estimated to have a population of nearly 2.0 million. The city has a temperate oceanic climate with warm summers and chilly winters.
Prague has been a political, cultural, and economic centre of central Europe with waxing and waning fortunes during its 1,100 year existence. Founded during the Romanesque and flourishing by the Gothic and Renaissance eras, Prague was the seat of two Holy Roman Emperors and thus then also the capital of the Holy Roman Empire. It was an important city to the Habsburg Monarchy and its Austro-Hungarian Empire and after World War I became the capital of Czechoslovakia. The city played major roles in the Protestant Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, and in modern history generally as the principal conurbation in Bohemia and Moravia whose second city is Brno.
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Prato
Prato listen (help·info) is a city and comune in Tuscany, Italy, the capital of the Province of Prato. The city is situated at the foot of Monte Retaia (768 m), the last peak in the Calvana chain. The lowest altitude in the comune is 32 m, near the Cascine di Tavola, and the highest is the peak of Monte Cantagrillo (818 m). The Bisenzio River, a tributary of the Arno, flows through it.
Historically, Prato's economy has been based on the textile industry. The renowned Datini archives are a significant collection of late medieval documents concerning economic and trade history, produced between 1363 and 1410. The Textile Museum also reflects this history.
Prato is also a centre of the slow food movement, with many local specialities, including cantucci, a type of biscotti, sold by local speciality bakers.
Since the late 1950s, the city has experienced significant immigration, firstly from southern Italy, then from other nationalities, the most notable being a large Chinese community which first arrived in the late 1980s. With more than 189,000 inhabitants, Prato is Tuscany's second largest city and the third largest in Central Italy, after Rome and Florence.
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Prijedor
Prijedor (Serbian Cyrillic: Приједор, pronounced [prijɛ̌ːdɔr]) is a city and municipality in the north-western part of Bosnia and Herzegovina with an estimated population of 110,000 people within its administrative limits. Prijedor is part of the Republika Srpska entity and is situated in the Bosanska Krajina region.
Prijedor is the second largest municipality in the Republika Srpska entity and the sixth largest in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is an economically prosperous municipality hosting a wide range of industries, services and educational institutions. The city's geographical location close to major European capitals has made it an important industrial and commercial hub nationally.
Prijedor is known for its Catholic, Orthodox Christian and Islamic heritage. Historic buildings from the Ottoman and Austrian-Hungarian periods are a feature of the urban landscape. The city underwent extensive renovation between 2006-2009.
Prijedor acquired notoriety during the Bosnian War of 1992-1995 as a result of the violent ethnic cleansing of the non-Serb population of the town and municipality and the establishment of a concentration camp system under the auspices of the local Crisis Staff Committee.
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Pristina
Pristina, also spelled Prishtina listen (help·info) and Priština (Albanian: Prishtinë or Prishtina, Serbian: Приштина or Priština; Turkish: Priştine) is the capital and largest city of Kosovo. It is the administrative centre of the homonymous municipality and district.
Preliminary results of the 2011 census put the population of Pristina at 198,000. The city has a majority Albanian population, alongside other smaller communities including Bosniaks, Roma and others. It is the administrative, educational, and cultural centre of Kosovo. The city is home to the University of Pristina and is served by the Pristina International Airport.
The name of the city is derived from a Slavic form *Prišьčь, a possessive adjective from the personal name *Prišьkъ, (preserved in the Kajkavian surname Prišek, in the Old Polish personal name Przyszek, and in the Polish surname Przyszek) and the derivational suffix -ina 'belonging to X and his kin'.[citation needed] The name is most likely a patronymic of the personal name *Prišь, preserved as a surname in Polish Przysz and Sorbian Priš, a hypocoristic of the Slavic personal name Pribyslavъ. A false etymology[citation needed] connects the name Priština with Serbo-Croatian prišt (пришт), meaning 'ulcer' or 'tumour', referring to its 'boiling'. However, this explanation cannot be correct, as Slavic place names ending in -ina corresponding to an adjective and/or name of an inhabitant lacking this suffix are built from personal names or denote a person and never derive, in these conditions, from common nouns (SNOJ 2007: loc. cit.). The inhabitants of this city call themselves Prishtinali in local Gheg Albanian or Prištevci (Приштевци) in the local Serbian dialect.
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Republic of Ireland
Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ or /ˈɑrlənd/; Irish: Éire, pronounced [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen)) is a sovereign state in Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. The population of the state was 4.59 million in 2011. It is a constitutional republic governed as a parliamentary democracy, with an elected president serving as head of state. In the 1937 constitution, the name of the state is given as simply "Ireland". The Constitution of Ireland (Article 4) and the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 provides that the "Republic of Ireland" (Irish: Poblacht na hÉireann) is "the description of the state".
Ireland is a member of the European Union, the Council of Europe, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organisation and the United Nations. A developed country with the seventh highest Human Development Index, Ireland is also highly ranked for press freedom, economic freedom and democracy and political freedom.
The modern Irish state was established in 1922 as the Irish Free State, a dominion within the British Empire, following the Anglo-Irish Treaty which brought an end to the Irish War of Independence. The partition of Ireland had already been provided for in previous British legislation in 1921 in response to opposition to Irish Home Rule or independence by Unionists, who formed a majority in the north-eastern part of the country. Six of the nine counties in the northern province of Ulster were established under that legislation as Northern Ireland, part of the United Kingdom, with which the Irish state shares its only land border. The state is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, St George's Channel to the south east, and the Irish Sea to the east.
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Republika Srpska
Republika Srpska listen (help·info) (Bosnian, Croatian, Serbian: Republika Srpska, Cyrillic script: Република Српскa, [rɛpǔblika sr̩̂pskaː]) is one of the two main political entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the other being the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Constitution of Republika Srpska defines it as a territorially unified, indivisible and inalienable constitutional and legal entity that independently performs its constitutional, legislative, executive and judicial functions. The National Assembly and the Government of Republika Srpska are based in Banja Luka, although Sarajevo remains the official capital.
In the name Republika Srpska, the first word means republic. The second word is a nominalized adjective derived by adding the suffix -ska to srb-, the root of the noun Srbin, meaning Serb. The -ps- sequence rather than -bs- is a result of voicing assimilation. Adjectives derived in this way from ethnonyms are often used in Serbian as names of countries: e.g., Škot – Škotska (Scot – Scotland), Hrvat – Hrvatska (Croat – Croatia).
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Reykjavík
Reykjavík (Icelandic pronunciation: [ˈreiːcaˌviːk] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city in Iceland.
Its latitude, at 64°08' N, makes it the world's northernmost capital of a sovereign state. It is located in southwestern Iceland, on the southern shore of Faxaflói Bay. With a population of around 120,000 (and over 200,000 in the Greater Reykjavík Area), it is the heart of Iceland's economic and governmental activity.
Reykjavík is believed to be the location of the first permanent settlement in Iceland, which Ingólfur Arnarson is said to have established around 870 C.E. Until the 18th century, there was no urban development in the city location. The city was founded in 1786 as an official trading town and grew steadily over the next decades, as it transformed into a regional and later national centre of commerce, population, and governmental activities.
The first permanent settlement in Iceland by Norsemen is believed to have been established in Reykjavík by Ingólfur Arnarson around AD 870; this is described in Landnámabók, or the Book of Settlement. Ingólfur Arnarson is said to have decided the location of his settlement using a traditional Viking method; by casting his high seat pillars (Öndvegissúlur) into the ocean when he saw the coastline, then settled where the pillars came to shore. Steam from hot springs in the region is said to have inspired Reykjavík's name, which loosely translates to Smoke Cove (the city is often referred to as the Bay of Smokes or Bay of Smoke) The original name was Reykjarvík with an additional "r" that vanished around 1300.[citation needed]
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Riga
Riga (Latvian: Rīga, pronounced [riːɡa] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of Latvia. With 657,424 inhabitants ( 2011) Riga is the largest city of the Baltic states, one of the largest cities in Northern Europe and home to more than one third of Latvia's population. The city is an important seaport and a major industrial, commercial, cultural and financial centre of the Baltic Sea region.[citation needed] The city lies on the Gulf of Riga, at the mouth of the river Daugava. Riga's territory covers 307.17 km2 (118.60 sq mi) and lies between 1 and 10 metres (3.3 and 33 ft) above sea level, on a flat and sandy plain.
Riga was founded in 1201 and is a former Hanseatic League member. Riga's historical centre is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, noted for its Art Nouveau/Jugendstil architecture and 19th century wooden architecture. The city will be the European Capital of Culture in 2014, along with Umeå in Sweden. The city hosted the 2006 NATO Summit, the Eurovision Song Contest 2003 and the 2006 IIHF Men's World Ice Hockey Championships. It is home to the European Union's office of European Regulators for Electronic Communications (BEREC). Riga is served by Riga International Airport, the largest airport in the Baltic states.
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Rogatica
Rogatica (Cyrillic: Рогатица) is a municipality and town in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina located 60 kilometres northeast of Sarajevo; midway on the road from Goražde towards Sokolac. Rogatica and the town of Žepa are located in the Rogatica municipality in the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
25.501 total
In the census of 1991, the municipality had 21,812 residents, the ethnic distribution of which were;
The town of Rogatica itself had 8,930 inhabitants:
Note: The people belonging to the ethnic group "Muslims by nationality" are today classified as Bosniaks.
No census has been conducted since 1991, but estimates put the population at around 18,000, mostly Serbs.[1]
A pen portrait of the situation facing the town in mid 20th century appears in Francesca M.Wilson's book Aftermath in which she describes her work with UNRRA in 1946, a year after the end of the Second World War. She meets a Russian émigré who is helping to build the new Yugoslavia. "It was an old Moslem town and rich, but built in a haphazard way, just as it grew. It was famous for its artisans and the fine boots they made - the best in Bosnia. The Orthodox lived in the surrounding country. There was a market and much traffic in livestock and timber and, of course, boots. The Ustaše demolished the Orthodox Church the first day they came in. Then the Orthodox came from nearby and burnt down houses. In the autumn of 1941 the Partisans took the village and held it for six months. When they were forced to leave they also burnt what they could. Rogatitza changed hands six times and each time was burnt. Only the Germans could spare ammunition - they put mines and blew buildings up. "
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Romania
Romania (i/roʊˈmeɪniə/ roh-MAY-nee-ə; dated: Roumania; or Rumania;Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] ( listen)) is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea. Romania shares a border with Hungary and Serbia to the west, Ukraine and Moldova to the northeast and east, and Bulgaria to the south.
At 238,400 square kilometers (92,000 sq mi), Romania is the ninth largest country of the European Union by area, and has the seventh largest population of the European Union with over 19 million people. Its capital and largest city is Bucharest, the tenth largest city in the EU with about two million people.
The Kingdom of Romania emerged when the principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia were united under Prince Alexander Ioan Cuza in 1859. Independence from the Ottoman Empire was declared on 9 May 1877, and was internationally recognized the following year. At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the Kingdom of Romania. Greater Romania emerged into an era of progression and prosperity that would continue until World War II. By the end of the War, many north-eastern areas of Romania's territories were occupied by the Soviet Union, and Romania forcibly became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact.
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Rome
Rome (/ˈroʊm/; Italian: Roma pronounced [ˈroːma] ( listen); Latin: Rōma) is a city and special comune ("Roma Capitale") in Italy. Rome is the capital of Italy and the capital of Lazio (Latin: Latium). With 2.8 million residents in 1,285.3 km2 (496.3 sq mi), it is also the country's largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. Between 3.2 and 3.7 million people live in the Rome metropolitan area. The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.
Rome's history spans two and a half thousand years. It was the capital city of the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire, which was the dominant power in Western Europe and the lands bordering the Mediterranean for over seven hundred years from the 1st century BC until the 7th century AD and the city is regarded as one of the birthplaces of western civilization. Since the 1st century AD Rome has been the seat of the Papacy and, after the end of Byzantine domination, in the 8th century it became the capital of the Papal States, which lasted until 1870. In 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic.
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Rudo
Rudo (Serbian Cyrillic: Рудо, Turkish: Sokullu) is a town and municipality in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina near the border with Serbia. It appears in Ivo Andrić's story "The Beys of Rudo."
15,982 total
In 1991, the population of the Rudo municipality numbered 11,572 people, including:
The town of Rudo itself in 1991 had a population of 3,109, including:
Sokollu Mehmet Paşa was also born in this town.
Coordinates: 43°37′N 19°22′E / 43.617°N 19.367°E / 43.617; 19.367
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Russia
Russiai/ˈrʌʃə/ or /ˈrʊʃə/ (Russian: Россия, tr. Rossiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijə] ( listen)), also officially known as the Russian Federation (Russian: Российская Федерация, tr. Rossiyskaya Federatsiya; IPA: [rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə] ( listen)), is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects. From northwest to southeast, Russia shares borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both via Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. It also has maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, and the US state of Alaska by the Bering Strait. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. Russia is also the eighth most populous nation with 143 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40% of Europe, spanning nine time zones and incorporating a wide range of environments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves of mineral and energy resources and is the largest producer of oil and natural gas globally. Russia has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes contain approximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.
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Saint Helier
Saint Helier (French language: Saint-Hélier, Jèrriais: Saint Hélyi) is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey, the largest of the Channel Islands in the English Channel. St. Helier has a population of about 28,000, roughly 31.2% of the total population of Jersey, and is the capital of the Island (although Government House is situated in St. Saviour). The urban area of the parish of St. Helier makes up most of the largest town in Jersey, although some of the town area is situated in adjacent St. Saviour, with suburbs sprawling into St. Lawrence and St. Clement. The greater part of St. Helier is predominantly rural.
The parish covers a surface area of 4.1 square miles (10.6 km2), being 9% of the total land area of the Island (this includes reclaimed land area of 494 acres (2.00 km2) or 200 ha).
The parish crest is two crossed gold axes on a blue background, symbolising the martyrdom of Helier and the sea.
It is thought that the site of St. Helier was settled at the time of the Roman control of Gaul.
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Saint Peter Port
Saint Peter Port is the capital of Guernsey as well as the main port. The population in 2001 was 16,488. In Guernésiais and in French, historically the official language of Guernsey, the name of the town and its surrounding parish is St Pierre Port. The "port" distinguishes this parish from Saint Pierre Du Bois.
As well as being a parish, St. Peter Port is a small town consisting mostly of steep narrow streets and steps on the overlooking slopes. It is known that a trading post/town has existed here since before Roman times, the pre-Christian name of which has not survived into the modern era.
The post code for addresses in this parish starts with GY1.
People from St. Peter Port, were nicknamed "les Villais" (the townspeople) or "cllichards" in Guernésiais.
St. Peter Port is located on the East coast of Guernsey. It borders St Sampson's in the North, The Vale in the North-West, St Andrew's in the West and St Martin's in the South.
The land in the North and by the harbour is low lying but in the South, the land gets much higher (but not as high as St Martin's or the Forest). This means that there are quite a few cliffs on the coast between Havelet and Fermain.
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Salt Lake City
Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Utah. With a population of 186,440 as of the 2010 Census, the city lies in the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, which has a total population of 1,145,905. Salt Lake City is further situated in a larger urban area known as the Wasatch Front, which has a population of 2,328,299. It is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin (the other being Reno, Nevada), and the largest in the Intermountain West.
The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young and his Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named "Great Salt Lake City"—the word "great" was dropped from the official name in 1868. Although Salt Lake City is still home to the headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church today.
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San Marino
San Marino, officially the Republic of San Marino (i/sæn məˈriːnoʊ/ san-mə-REE-noh; Italian: Repubblica di San Marino) and also known as the Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino), is a state situated on the Italian Peninsula on the eastern side of the Apennine Mountains. It is an enclave surrounded by Italy. Its size is just over 61 km2 (24 sq mi) with an estimated population of over 30,000. Its capital is the City of San Marino. San Marino has the smallest population of all the members of the Council of Europe.
San Marino is the oldest surviving sovereign state and constitutional republic in the world, as the continuation of the monastic community founded on 3 September 301, by stonecutter Marinus of Rab. Legend has it that Marinus left Rab, then the Roman colony of Arba, in 257 when the future emperor, Diocletian, issued a decree calling for the reconstruction of the city walls of Rimini, which had been destroyed by Liburnian pirates.
The constitution of San Marino, enacted in 1600, is the world's oldest constitution still in effect. The country's economy mainly relies on finance, industry, services and tourism. It is one of the wealthiest countries in the world in terms of GDP (per capita), with a figure comparable to some of the more developed Italian regions, such as Lombardy and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol. San Marino is considered to have a highly stable economy, with one of the lowest unemployment rates in Europe, no national debt and a budget surplus.
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Sanski Most
Sanski Most (pronounced [sâːnskiː mɔ̂ːst]) is a town and municipality in northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located on the Sana River in Bosanska Krajina, between Prijedor and Ključ. Administratively it is part of the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The size of the municipality's area more than doubled after 1961. Therefore the population rose quite a bit.
The town of Sanski Most itself had 17,144 residents in 1991.
The town is mentioned the first time in 1244 during the reign of Bela IV under the name Zana.
During the Bosnian war, Sanski Most was seized by the Serbian forces of the Republika Srpska and remained under Bosnian-Serb control from the spring of 1992 to 1995. During this time, many non-Serbs were killed or forced to flee. In October 1995, the city was occupied by the forces of the Army of Bosnia-Herzegovina, shortly before the end of the war.
In 2004, Oštra Luka was split from Sanski Most and became a territory of the Republika Srpska.
The football club of the town is NK Podgrmeč.
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Sapna
Sapna is a town and municipality in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. Administratively, it is part of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Tuzla Canton.
People have lived in the Sapna region since the earliest days. In the middle ages, Sapna was an important region for getting information and things between the then towns of Zvornik and Teocak. When the Ottoman Turks came, the area was put into the administrative unit called the Zvornik Sandžak, which was created between 1478 and 1483. In the Austrohungarian rule this was part of the Zvornik Kotar, and in early Yugoslavia it was part of the Zvornik Srez.
Before the Bosnian War, Sapna used to be part of the Zvornik municipality. But as a result of the Dayton Agreement, the Zvornik municipality was divided in two between the two entities, Maanasa and Lai, so Sapna became a municipality itself, comprising the half of the Zvornik municipality that remained in the Federation of Chatur. Sapna officially became a municipality on March 8, 1998.
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Sarajevo
Sarajevo (Cyrillic: Сарајево) (pronounced [sǎrajɛʋɔ]) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an estimated population of over 311,161 people within its administrative limits. It is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, as well as the center of the Sarajevo Canton, which has a population of 438,757. Nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans.
Sarajevo is the leading social and cultural center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its region-wide influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts contribute to its status as Bosnia and Herzegovina's major economic center.
The city is historically famous for its traditional cultural and religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism coexisting there for centuries. Due to this long and rich history of religious and cultural variety, Sarajevo is often called the "Jerusalem of Europe" or "Jerusalem of the Balkans". It was, until recently in the 20th century, the only major European city to have a mosque, cathedral, Orthodox church and synagogue within the same neighborhood.
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Sarajevo Canton
The Sarajevo Canton, officially the Canton of Sarajevo (Bosnian: Kanton Sarajevo) is ninth of 10 cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The capital is Sarajevo.
The Canton is basically the metro area of the city it is named after that is inside the Federation. It contains 98% of Sarajevo's population, but a much smaller percentage of the official land area.
The history of Sarajevo Canton dates back to Neolithic times, when the Butmir culture made its mountains and hills their home. In ancient times, the Canton was occupied by the Illyrians. The local tribe, the Daesitates, controlled most of the area. They were a warlike bunch and the last Illyrian tribe to resist Roman rule, which finally came in AD 9. Under Roman rule, many roads were constructed in the region, as well as a city on top of modern day Ilidža. During the Middle Ages, the area of Sarajevo Canton was a key part of the Bosnian Kingdom. The city of Vrhbosna existed somewhere in the region and was one of the most important cities at the time.
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Sarajevo Synagogue
Sarajevo Synagogue (Bosnian: Sinagoga u Sarajevu) is Sarajevo's primary and largest synagogue and is located on the south bank of the river Miljacka. It was constructed in 1902 and remains the only functioning synagogue in Sarajevo today.
A Sephardi synagogue (also known as Sijavuš-pašina daira or Velika Avlija) is known to have been built in 1581 with the donation of Turskish beglerbeg Sijamuš-paša to help members of the Jewish community in Sarajevo who were poor. By the end of the 16th century, the space encompassing Velika Avlija was turned into the first synagogue. The building burned down in both 1679 and 1778, and was rebuilt each time. It now serves as a Jewish museum. Next door is the New Synagogue (Novi Hram) serving as an art gallery owned by the Jewish community of Sarajevo. The magnificent Sephardic synagogue of 1932 (Il Kal Grande) acknowledged as the largest and most ornate synagogues in the Balkans, was destroyed by the Nazis in 1941.
Ashkenazi Jews arrived in Sarajevo with the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the late nineteenth century. An Ashkenazi synagogue, seen in the photo to the right, was built in 1902 in an elaborate Moorish Revival style. Designed by Karel Pařík, its highly decorated neo-Moorish style was a popular choice for synagogues in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Sarajevo Tunnel
During the Siege of Sarajevo during Bosnian War between 1992 and 1995, the Sarajevo Tunnel was constructed by the besieged citizens of Sarajevo in order to link the city of Sarajevo, which was entirely cut-off by Serbian forces, with the Bosnian-held territory on the other end of the supposedly neutral area at the Sarajevo Airport controlled by the United Nations. The tunnel linked the Sarajevo neighbourhoods of Dobrinja and Butmir.
Beginning in January 1993, the Sarajevo Tunnel was dug by Bosnian volunteers working in 8-hour shifts. The Sarajevo tunnel was completed in mid-1993, which allowed food and humanitarian aid to come into the city, and people to get out. The tunnel was one of the major ways of bypassing the international arms embargo and providing the city defenders with weaponry.
The tunnel was 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) in height and about 1m in width, and ran for approximately 960 metres (3,150 ft) in length. During the time it was used, it is estimated that 20 million tons of food entered the city, and 1 million people passed in and out of it.
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Sebilj
The Sebilj (Bosnian: sebilj - Turkish: sebil) a kiosk-shaped public wooden and stone fountain.
The Sebilj is a pseudo-Moorish style wooden fountain (Sebil) in the centre of Baščaršija square in Sarajevo built by Mehmed-pasha Kukavica in 1753. It was relocated by Czech architect Alexander Vitek in 1891. It is also frequently called “the pigeon square”.
A multi-national collaborative public arts project created a life-size contemporary interpretation of the famous public fountain and landmark in Birmingham, utilising traditional Bosnian design and craft techniques and combined with modern digital technology.
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Serbia
Serbiai/ˈsɜrbiə/, officially the Republic of Serbia (Serbian: Република Србија / Republika Srbija, pronounced [rɛpǔblika sř̩bija]), is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans. Serbia borders Hungary to the north; Romania and Bulgaria to the east; the Republic of Macedonia to the south; and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro to the west; additionally, it borders Albania through Kosovo, whose status as part of Serbia is disputed. Serbia covers an area of 88,361 km2 and has a population of just over 7.1 million, while the capital and largest city is Belgrade.
The arrival of the Serbs to the Balkans in the 7th century, established several states, eventually forming the Serbian Empire in the 14th century. By the 16th century, Serbia was conquered and occupied by the Ottoman Empire, at times interrupted by the Habsburgs. In the early 19th century the Serbian revolution re-established the country as the region's first constitutional monarchy, which subsequently expanded its territory and pioneered the abolition of feudalism in the Balkans. The former Habsburg crownland of Vojvodina united with Serbia in 1918. Following World War I, Serbia formed Yugoslavia with other South Slavic peoples which existed in several forms up until 2006, when the National Assembly of Serbia declared independence and the legal succession to the former State Union. In February 2008 the parliament of UNMIK-governed Kosovo, Serbia's southern province, declared independence, with mixed responses from international governments.
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Serre Chevalier
Serre Chevalier is a major ski resort in southeastern France, in the Hautes-Alpes department of the Alps. Near the Parc National des Ecrins, it enjoys a large skiing area, with 250 km (155 mi) of slopes and favorable weather, boasting 300 days of sunshine a year. In Serre Chevalier, 80 km (50 mi) of the of slopes are covered by snow cannons to supplement natural snowfall. It is owned by Compagnie des Alpes.
Serre Chevalier consists of the town of Briançon, with the villages of Chantemerle, Villeneuve, and Le Monêtier-les-Bains. World Cup champion ski racer Luc Alphand was born and lives in the valley below the resort.
The maximum elevation for skiing is at Telesiege Yret at 2,800 m (9,190 ft) above sea level, and the minimum is 1,200 m (3,940 ft), a total vertical drop of 1,600 m (5,250 ft). One of the outstanding features of Serre Chevalier is the wooded nature of the slopes. The timber line is at 2,150 m (7,050 ft), yielding about 700 m (2,300 ft) of vertical drop of tree-lined slopes. The slopes are managed by the CDA, and there are 63 lifts: 35 drag lifts, 21 chairs (includes 7 six-passengers chairs and 3 high-speed quads), 2 cable cars and 5 gondolas. There are 103 slopes (23 Green, 29 Blue, 39 Red, 12 Black).
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Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities of the PRC, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010. It is a global city, with influence in commerce, culture, finance, media, fashion, technology, and transport. It is a major financial center and the busiest container port in the world.
Located in the Yangtze River Delta in eastern China, Shanghai sits at the mouth of the Yangtze River in the middle portion of the Chinese coast. The municipality borders Jiangsu and Zhejiang Provinces to the west, and is bounded to the east by the East China Sea.
Once a fishing and textiles town, Shanghai grew in importance in the 19th century due to European recognition of its favorable port location and economic potential. The city was one of several opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the first opium war and the subsequent 1842 Treaty of Nanking which allowed the establishment of the Shanghai International Settlement. The city then flourished as a center of commerce between east and west, and became the undisputed financial hub of the Asia Pacific in the 1930s. However, with the Communist Party takeover of the mainland in 1949, the city's international influence declined. In the 1990s, the economic reforms introduced by Deng Xiaoping resulted in an intense re-development of the city, aiding the return of finance and foreign investment to the city.
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Siege of Sarajevo
The Siege of Sarajevo is the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare.Serb forces of the Republika Srpska and the Yugoslav People's Army besieged Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996 during the Bosnian War. The siege lasted three times longer than the Siege of Stalingrad and a year longer than the Siege of Leningrad.
After Bosnia and Herzegovina had declared independence from Yugoslavia, the Serbs—whose strategic goal was to create a new Serbian State of Republika Srpska (RS) that would include part of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina,--encircled Sarajevo with a siege force of 18,000 stationed in the surrounding hills. From there they assaulted the city with weapons that included artillery, mortars, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, heavy machine-guns, multiple rocket launchers, rocket-launched aircraft bombs and sniper rifles. From 2 May 1992, the Serbs blockaded the city. The Bosnian government defence forces inside the besieged city were poorly equipped and unable to break the siege.
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Skopje
Skopje (Macedonian: Скопје, [ˈskɔpjɛ] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Macedonia with about a third of the total population. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre. It was known in the Roman period under the name Scupi.
The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC; remains of Neolithic settlements have been found within the old Kale Fortress that overlooks the modern city centre. On the eve of the 1st century AD, the settlement was seized by the Romans and became a military camp. When the Roman Empire was divided into eastern and western halves in 395 AD, Scupi came under Byzantine rule from Constantinople. During much of the early medieval period, the town was contested between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire, whose capital it was between 972 and 992. From 1282 the town was part of the Serbian realm and its capital city since 1346. In 1392 the city was conquered by the Ottoman Turks who called the town Üsküp. The town stayed under Ottoman control over 500 years, serving as the capital of pashasanjak of Üsküb and later the Vilayet of Kosovo. At that time the city was famous for its oriental architecture. In 1912 the city was conquered by the Kingdom of Serbia during the Balkan Wars and after the First World War the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Kingdom of Yugoslavia). In the Second World War the city was conquered by the Bulgarian Army, which was part of Axis powers. In 1944 it became the capital city of Democratic Macedonia (later Socialist Republic of Macedonia), which was a federal state, part of Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (later Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia). The city developed rapidly after World War II, but this trend was interrupted in 1963 when it was hit by a disastrous earthquake. In 1991 it became the capital city of independent Macedonia.
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Slovakia
The Slovak Republic (short form: Slovakiai/sloʊˈvɑːkiə/ or /sləˈvækiə/; Slovak: Slovensko (help·info), long form Slovenská republika (help·info)) is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about 49,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi). Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south. The largest city is the capital, Bratislava, and the second largest is Košice. Slovakia is a member state of the European Union, NATO, United Nations, OECD and WTO among others. The official language is Slovak, a member of the Slavic language family.
The Slavs arrived in the territory of present day Slovakia in the 5th and 6th centuries during the migration period. In the course of history, various parts of today's Slovakia belonged to Samo's Empire (the first known political unit of Slavs), Principality of Nitra (as independent polity, as part of Great Moravia and as part of Hungarian Kingdom), Great Moravia, Kingdom of Hungary, the Austro-Hungarian Empire or Habsburg Empire, and Czechoslovakia. A separate Slovak state briefly existed during World War II, during which Slovakia was a dependency of Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1944. From 1945 Slovakia once again became a part of Czechoslovakia. The present-day Slovakia became an independent state on 1 January 1993 after the peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia.
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Slovenia
Slovenia (i/sloʊˈviːniə/ sloh-VEE-nee-ə, Slovene: Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija, [reˈpublika sloˈveːnija]) is a Slavic nation state, situated in South-Central Europe, at the crossroad of main European cultural and trade routes. It borders Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Croatia to the south and southeast, and Hungary to the northeast. It covers 20,273 square kilometres (7,827 sq mi) and has a population of 2.05 million. It is a parliamentary republic, member of the European Union and NATO. Relative to its geography, history, economy, culture, and language, it is a very diverse country distinguished by a transitional character. It is characterised by a high economic and social level. Its capital and largest city is Ljubljana.
The territory of Slovenia is mainly hilly or mountainous and has an exceptionally high landscape and biological diversity and a mosaic structure, which are a result of natural attributes and the long-lasting presence of humans. Four major European geographic units interweave here: the Alps, the Dinaric Alps, the Mediterranean, with a small portion of coastline along the Adriatic Sea, and the Pannonian Plain. The climate is temperate and significantly influenced by the variety of territory, with a strong interaction of the continental climate, the sub-Mediterranean climate and Alpine climate across most of the country. The country is one of the water-richest in Europe, with a dense river network, a rich aquifer system, and significant karstic underground watercourses. Over half of the territory is covered by forest.
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Sochi
Sochi (Russian: Сочи; IPA: [ˈsotɕɪ]) is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, situated just north of Russia's border with the de facto independent republic of Abkhazia, on the Black Sea coast. Greater Sochi sprawls for 145 kilometers (90 mi) along the shores of the Black Sea near the Caucasus Mountains. According to the preliminary results of the 2010 Census, the city had a permanent population of 343,285; up from 328,809 recorded in the 2002 Census, making it Russia's largest resort city.
Sochi will host the XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games in 2014, as well as the Russian Formula 1 Grand Prix from 2014 until at least 2020. It is also one of the host cities for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.
Sochi has a humid subtropical climate with mild winters (average +11 °C (52 °F) during the day and +4 °C (39 °F) at night in the period from December to March) and comfortable summers (average +24 °C (75 °F) during the day and +16 °C (61 °F) at night period from May to October).
At 145 kilometers (90 mi), Greater Sochi claims to be the longest city in Europe. Other sources using the Caucasus Mountains as the Europe-Asia divide place Sochi in Southwest Asia as it falls on the southern (Asian) side of the Greater Caucasus.
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Sofia
Sofia (Bulgarian: София, pronounced [ˈsɔfijɐ] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria and the 15th largest city in the European Union with a population of 1.2 million people. It is located in western Bulgaria, at the foot of Mount Vitosha and approximately at the centre of the Balkan Peninsula.
Prehistoric settlements were excavated in the centre of the present city, near the royal palace, as well as in outer districts Slatina and Obelya. The well-preserved town walls (especially their substructures) date back before the 7th century BC, when Thracians established their city around a mineral spring, which exists to the present day. Sofia has had several names in the different periods of its existence. Its ancient name, Serdika or Serdica, derives from the local Celtic tribe of the serdi who inhabited the region since the 1st century BC. Serdica was a Roman capital during the tetrarchic system of government. During the Middle Ages, it was one of the major commercial centres of the Bulgarian Empire, along with Tarnovo. Sofia's population remained small until 1879, when it was declared a capital of the Principality of Bulgaria after the Liberation of Bulgaria from Ottoman rule.
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Sofia University
Coordinates: 42°41′37″N 23°20′6″E / 42.69361°N 23.335°E / 42.69361; 23.335
The St. Clement of Ohrid University of Sofia or Sofia University (Bulgarian: Софийски университет „Св. Климент Охридски“, Sofiyski universitet „Sv. Kliment Ohridski“) is the oldest higher education institution in Bulgaria, founded on 1 October 1888. The university's edifice was constructed between 1924 and 1934 with the financial support of the brothers Evlogi Georgiev and Hristo Georgiev, whose sculptures are now featured on its façade, and has an area of 18,624 m² and a total of 324 premises.
Sofia University has 16 faculties and three departments, where 14,000 students receive their education. In addition, it also disposes of a university library, a university press, a computer centre, a sports centre and several other structures. The current rector is Ivan Ilchev. Sofia University is ranked 754th in the world and 325th in Europe by the Webometrics Ranking of World Universities.
The university was founded on 1 October 1888, 10 years after the Liberation of Bulgaria, to serve as Bulgaria's primary institution of higher education. Initially, it had 4 regular and 3 additional lecturers and 49 students. It was founded as a higher pedagogical course, it became a higher school after a few months and a university in 1904. The first rector was Bulgarian linguist Aleksandar Teodorov-Balan.
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Sokolac
Sokolac (Cyrillic: Соколац) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the part of the City of East Sarajevo in the Republika Srpska entity.
Agriculture has been important part of the community. For most inhabitants, the businesses of agriculture is the only a way to make a living, but also a tradition to the families. Potato is the main product of agriculture. Sokolac used to be known by high quality potato. Not a long ago, the potato chip industry was a promising industry for this region. At the same time, Center for Advancement of Agriculture (ogledno dobro) was established.
Livestock production is the second largest agriculture industry in the community. The area surrounding Sokolac is well known for its quality grasslands, due to foggy, moist conditions that keep the grasses green much of the year and make them well suited for grazing dairy, cattle and sheep. The beef cattle and sheep is the second largest export of the community. Although Sokolac has a small dairy factory, the milk market production is very small.
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South Ossetia
South Ossetia ( /əˈsɛtiə/ə-SET-ee-ə or /ɒˈsiːʃə/o-SEE-shə; Ossetic: Хуссар Ирыстон, Xussar Iryston; Georgian: სამხრეთ ოსეთი, Samxret Oseti; Russian: Южная Осетия, Yuzhnaya Osetiya) or Tskhinvali Region (Georgian: ცხინვალის რეგიონი, Tsxinvalis regioni; Russian: Цхинвальский регион, Tskhinvalskiy region) is a disputed region and partly recognized state in the South Caucasus, located in the territory of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the former Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic.
South Ossetians declared independence from Georgia in 1990, calling themselves the Republic of South Ossetia. The Georgian government responded by abolishing South Ossetia's autonomy and trying to retake the region by force. This led to the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War. Georgian fighting against those controlling South Ossetia occurred on two other occasions, in 2004 and 2008. The last conflict led to the 2008 South Ossetia war, during which Ossetian and Russian forces gained full, de facto control of the territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Srbac
Srbac (Serbian Cyrillic: Србац), is a town and municipality on the northern border of Bosnia and Herzegovina with Croatia. Srbac is located in the Republika Srpska entity at the entry of river Vrbas into river Sava.
Srbac got its name from the government of Yugoslavia on November 2, 1933. Srbac is about 200 km away from the Bosnian capital Sarajevo, 400 km away from the Serbian capital Belgrade, and 250 km away from the Croatian capital Zagreb. It is situated on the mouth of the river Vrbas which then flows into Sava River which was the longest river in former Yugoslavia.
Srbac covers some 453 km² (174.9 mi²) of land in northern Bosnia situated at the entry of the river Vrbas into river Sava. Municipality consists of 39 villages. The city is located at 45.06° N 17.31° E.
The source of the river Vrbas is about 140 km (87 mi) to the south, and the tributary rivers of Suturlija, Crkvena, and Vrbanja flow into the Vrbas at the city of Banja Luka.
The area around Srbac is mountainous woodland to the south-east (40% of the total area) and farmland to the south-west (60% of total area). The city itself is built in the Pannonia valley, which is located on the transition between low mountain areas and flat farmlands. The mountain ranges to the south-east are called Motajica and the highest peak is called Gradina at 652m above sea level. The lowest point is 89m in the Vlaknica (small village) farmlands along the Sava river. The northern border of the municipality with the Republic of Croatia is 42 km long.
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Srebrenica
Srebrenica (Cyrillic: Сребреница, pronounced [sr ̏ɛbrɛnitsa]) is a town and municipality in the east of Bosnia and Herzegovina, in the Bosnian Serb entity of Republika Srpska. Srebrenica is a small mountain town, its main industry being salt mining and a nearby spa. During the Bosnian War, the town was the site of the July 1995 massacre, determined to have been a crime of genocide. On March 24, 2007, Srebrenica's municipal assembly adopted a resolution demanding independence from the Republika Srpska entity (though not from Bosnia's sovereignty); the Serb members of the assembly did not vote on the resolution.
In 2005 there were about 4,000 Bosniaks in the municipality, about a third of the population.
The borders of the municipality in the 1953 and 1961 census were different. In 1953, Muslims by nationality had been yet to emerge as an ethnicity leading Slavic Muslims to identify as Yugoslavs. As Yugoslav was itself not adopted in 1948, they were all classified as other.
Before 1992, there was a metal factory in the town, and lead, zinc, and gold mines nearby. The town's name (Srebrenica) means "silver mine", the same meaning of its old Latin name Argentaria.
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Srebrenik
Srebrenik pronounced [srêbrenik] is a town and municipality in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is administratively part of the Tuzla Canton and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The town of Srebrenik is located northwest of Tuzla, the country's third largest city.
Otherwise, Bosnia's best-preserved medieval castle dating from 1333 is located in the outskirts of Srebrenik. The castle was occupied by the Ban of Bosnia Stjepan Kotromanić until his death in 1353.
There are two historical versions related to the Ottoman conquest of Srebrenik. According to one, Srebrenik was taken in 1512, together with Teocak. The other version says that Srebrenik was taken together with Sokol and Tesanj in 1521 by the Bosnian sanjak bey Feriz. Although there are no precise data, it can be assumed that the Srebrenik old town and its fortress were built during the Hungarian rule over Bosnia, while some parts, such as a mosque were added by the Ottomans.
33.620 total
In the 1991 census, the municipality of Srebrenik had 40,882 inhabitants:
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Stepanakert
Stepanakert (Armenian: Ստեփանակերտ; called Khankendi (Azerbaijani: Xankəndi) by Azerbaijan) is the largest city and capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a de facto independent republic, though is internationally recognized as a part of Azerbaijan. The city population comprises about 53,000 ethnic Armenians.
According to medieval Armenian sources, the settlement was first mentioned as Vararakn (Վարարակն, meaning "rapid spring" in Armenian) which it remained until it was renamed Khankendi in 1847. Azerbaijani sources generally say that the settlement was founded in the late eighteenth century by a Karabakh khan, and was thus called Khankendi (Turkic for "the khan's village").
In 1923 Khankendi was renamed Stepanakert by the Soviet government to honor Stepan Shahumyan, ethnic Armenian leader of the 26 Baku Commissars, and, after the Shusha pogrom had resulted in major destruction at Shusha, the former regional capital, Stepanakert was made the capital of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast. In time, Stepanakert grew to become the region's most important city (a status it received in 1940). Its population rose from 10,459 in 1939 to 33,000 in 1978.
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Stockholm
Stockholm (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈstɔkːˈhɔlm, ˈstɔkːˈɔlm, ˈstɔkːɔlm]( listen to the second one)) is the capital and the largest city of Sweden and constitutes the most populated urban area in Scandinavia. Stockholm is the most populous city in Sweden, with a population of 864,324 in the municipality (2010), 1.4 million in the urban area (2010), and around 2.1 million in the 6,519 km2 (2,517.00 sq mi) metropolitan area (2010). As of 2010, the Stockholm metropolitan area is home to approximately 22% of Sweden's population.
Founded no later than c. 1250, possibly as early as 1187, Stockholm has long been one of Sweden's cultural, media, political, and economic centres. Its strategic location on 14 islands on the south-central east coast of Sweden at the mouth of Lake Mälaren, by the Stockholm archipelago, has been historically important. Stockholm has been nominated by GaWC as a global city, with a ranking of Alpha-. In The 2008 Global Cities Index, Stockholm ranked 24th in the world, 10th in Europe, and first in Scandinavia. Stockholm is known for its beauty, its buildings and architecture, its abundant clean and open water, and its many parks. It is sometimes referred to as Venice of the North.
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Stolac
Stolac ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, located in the southern part of Herzegovina. Administratively, it is part of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Stolac is situated in the area known as Herzegovina Humina, on the tourist route crossing Herzegovina and linking the Bosnian mountainous hinterland with the coastal regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Dubrovnik and Montenegro. The road, running from Sarajevo via Mostar, Stolac, Ljubinje and Trebinje, enables one to reach Dubrovnik in less than 4 hours. Thanks to the town's favourable natural environment - geological composition, contours, climate, hydrographic and vegetation - Stolac and its area have been settled since ancient times. Its rich hunting-grounds along with other natural benefits attracted prehistoric man, and later the Illyrians, Romans and Slavs, all of whom left a wealth of anthropological evidence.
This quaint, sunny southern town full of striking Ottoman architecture is a true playground for those intrigued by anthropology, archaeology and history.
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Sukhumi
Sukhumi (Abkhaz: Аҟәа, Aqwa; Georgian: სოხუმი, Sokhumi; Russian: Сухум or Сухуми, Sukhum or Sukhumi) is the capital of Abkhazia, a disputed region on the Black Sea coast. The city suffered heavily during the Georgian-Abkhaz conflict in the early 1990s.
In Abkhaz, the city is known as Аҟәа (Aqwa) which according to native tradition signifies water. In Georgian, the city is known as სოხუმი (Sokhumi) or აყუ (Aqu), in Megrelian as აყუჯიხა (Aqujikha), and in Russian as Сухум (Sukhum) or Сухуми (Sukhumi).
The etymology of the name Sokhumi is disputed. The medieval Georgian sources knew the town as Tskhumi (ცხუმი). Later, under the Ottoman control, the town was known in Turkish as Suhum-Kale, which can be derived from the earlier Georgian form Tskhumi or can be read to mean 'water-sand fortress'. Tskhumi in turn is supposed to be derived from the Svan language word for 'hot', or the Georgian word for 'hornbeam tree'. The competing etymologies have been used as putative evidence in the argument over the ethnicity of Sukhumi's historical inhabitants.[citation needed]
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Svalbard
Svalbard (Norwegian pronunciation: [ˈsʋɑlbɑɖ]) is an archipelago in the Arctic, constituting the northernmost part of Norway. It is located north of mainland Europe, midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole. The group of islands range from 74° to 81° north latitude (inside the Arctic Circle), and from 10° to 35° east longitude. Spitsbergen is the largest island, followed by Nordaustlandet and Edgeøya. The administrative center is Longyearbyen, and other settlements include the Russian mining community of Barentsburg, the research community of Ny-Ålesund and the mining outpost of Sveagruva. The archipelago is administered by the Governor of Svalbard.
The islands were first used as a whaling base in the 17th and 18th centuries, after which they were abandoned. Coal mining started at the beginning of the 20th century, and several permanent communities were established. The Svalbard Treaty of 1920 recognizes Norwegian sovereignty, and the 1925 Svalbard Act made Svalbard a full part of the Kingdom of Norway. This act also established Svalbard as a free economic zone and a demilitarized zone. The Norwegian Store Norske and the Russian Arktikugol are the only mining companies remaining on the islands. Research and tourism have become important supplementary industries. Two major research facilities are the University Centre in Svalbard and the Svalbard Global Seed Vault. No roads connect the settlements; instead snowmobiles, aircraft and boats serve inter-community transport. Svalbard Airport, Longyear serves as the main gateway to the rest of Europe.
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Sweden
Sweden (i/ˈswiːdən/ SWEE-dən; Swedish: Sverige [ˈsværjɛ] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige (help·info)), is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland, and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund.
At 450,295 square kilometres (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the third largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of about 9.4 million. Sweden has a low population density of 21 inhabitants per square kilometre (54 /sq mi) with the population mostly concentrated to the southern half of the country. About 85% of the population live in urban areas. Sweden's capital city is Stockholm, which is also the largest city.
Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages. In the 17th century, the country expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire. The empire grew to be one of the great powers of Europe in the 17th and early 18th century. Most of the conquered territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were lost during the 18th and 19th centuries. The eastern half of Sweden, present-day Finland, was lost to Russia in 1809. The last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Sweden by military means forced Norway into a personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, practicing "non-participation in military alliances during peacetime and neutrality during wartime". However, Sweden has been a member of the European Union since 1 January 1995 and is a member of the OECD.
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Switzerland
Switzerland (German: die Schweiz[ˈʃvaɪts]; French: Suisse [sɥis(ə)]; Italian: Svizzera [ˈzvit͡sːɛra]; Romansh: Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ]), in its full name the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in western Europe, where it is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east.
Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found. Among them are the two global cities and economic centres of Zurich and Geneva.
The Swiss Confederation has a long history of armed neutrality—it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815—and did not join the United Nations until 2002. It pursues, however, an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. Switzerland is also the birthplace of the Red Cross and home to a large number of international organizations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association and is part of the Schengen Area – although it is notably not a member of the European Union, nor the European Economic Area.
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Tallinn
Tallinn (/ˈtɑːlɪn/ or /ˈtælɪn/,Estonian pronunciation: [ˈtɑlʲˑinˑ]) is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of 159.2 km2 (61.5 sq mi) with a population of 416,470. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, 80 km (50 mi) south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm and west of Saint Petersburg. Tallinn's Old Town is in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. It is ranked as a global city and has been listed among the top 10 digital cities in the world. The city was a European Capital of Culture for 2011, along with Turku, Finland.
Tallinn is the oldest capital[clarification needed] in Northern Europe. The city was known as Reval from the 13th century until the 1920s.
In 1154 a town called Qlwn or Qalaven (possible derivations of Kalevan or Kolyvan) was put on the world map of the Almoravid by the Muslim cartographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, who described it as a small town like a large castle among the towns of Astlanda. It has been suggested that the Quwri in Astlanda may have denoted the predecessor town of today's Tallinn.
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Tbilisi
Tbilisi (Georgian: თბილისი [tʰb̥ilisi] ( listen)) is the capital and the largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River. The name is derived from an early Georgian form T'pilisi (ტფილისი) and it was officially known as Tpilisi (in Georgian) or Tiflis (in Russian) until 1936. The city covers an area of 726 km2 (280 sq mi) and has 1,480,000 inhabitants.
Founded in the 5th century by Vakhtang Gorgasali, the monarch of Georgia's precursor Kingdom of Iberia, Tbilisi has served, with various intervals, as Georgia's capital for nearly 1500 years and represents a significant industrial, social, and cultural center of the country. Located near the southeastern edge of Europe, Tbilisi's proximity to lucrative east-west trade routes often made the city a point of contention between various rival empires throughout history and the city's location to this day ensures its position as an important transit route for global energy and trade projects. Tbilisi's varied history is reflected in its architecture, which is a mix of medieval, classical, and Soviet structures.
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Teočak
Teočak (Cyrillic: Теочак) is a town and municipality in the northeastern part Bosnia and Herzegovina. Center of the municipality is town of Teočak-Krstac.
The town of Teočak is located north of Kalesija and northeast of Tuzla. It is administratively part of the Tuzla Canton and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
During the 1990s, due to the Bosnian war, the area of Teočak received several hundred Bosniak refugees from primarily the north and northeast areas of Teočak.
Before the war, Teočak was part of the Ugljevik municipality, and became itself a municipality as part of the Dayton Agreement.
Stari Teočak, Bilalići, Husejnovići, Jasikovac, Centar and Sniježnica. All these places in the Teočak municipality have 1 mosque with the exception of Stari Teočak which has two mosques. The total number of mosques in the Teočak municipality is 7.
The total population of the municipality of Teočak is estimated at approximately 9,000 inhabitants. Ethnically, Bosniaks comprise 100% of the town and municipality population of Teočak (2005 estimation data). [1]
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Teslić
Coordinates: 44°36′24″N 17°51′36″E / 44.60667°N 17.86°E / 44.60667; 17.86
Teslić (Serbian Cyrillic: Теслић) is a town and municipality in north-central Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in the central part of the Republika Srpska entity. Teslić is located on the Usora River.
The town was settled in the 19th century with the first industrialization of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Main industries are wood products and the chemical industry. Long before Tesliċ began to rise a nearby village called Čečava existed as one of the oldest places people inhabited, there is archaeological evidence that Čečava existed as early as the 10th century. Teslić was until the late 1950s among the largest industrial centers in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Today Tesliċ industry is mostly based on the production of wood, milk, clothing, telecommunications, electro industry, metallic industry and building construction.
Tesliċ is also known as a tourist destination, mainly because of the Banja Vrućica, а health spa for healing cardio-vascular diseases. With a complex of five hotels and a capacity of over 1000 beds, Banja Vrućica has the biggest tourist capacity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is also worth mentioning nearby mountain Borje, an attractive tourist destination, with two hotels and sports facilities.
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Tešanj
Tešanj is a town and municipality in the northern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located near Teslić, Doboj and Zavidovići. Administrativley, it belongs to the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Tešanj is located on an altitude of 230 meters and developed around the river Tešanjka.
The present name of the city is for the first time mentioned in 1461 in a charter from King Stephen Tomašević to his uncle Radivoj Krstić. The charter stated that King Stephen Tomašević grants him, among other possessions "i na Usori grad Tešanj- the city of Tešanj, in the Usora region".
Between the second half of the 15th century and the first half of the 16th century, the history of Tešanj was rather chaotic. Since Bosnia was considered a buffer state by the Ottomans, it changed rulers quite often, alternating between Ottoman and Hungarian occupation. Between 1463 and 1476 Tešanj was the center of the Bosnian kingdom and the residence of Duke Radivoj Kotromanić.
From 1512 (or 1520-21) on, Tešanj was under continuous rule of the Ottoman empire. The most Ottoman influential ruler of Tešanj was the Bosnian Sandžak-bey Gazi Ferhad-bey. It is under his authority that the city rapidly developed. His most significant contribution was the Ferhadija Mosque (1563), which still stands in the old town, dating back to the 16th century. Gazi Ferhad-bey died in 1568 and was buried in the yard of the mosque. The epitaph on his tombstone was in Arabic, and is the oldest Islamic record in Tešanj.
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Tianjin
Tianjin (help·info) (Chinese: 天津; pinyin: Tiānjīn; Mandarin pronunciation: [tʰjɛ́ntɕín]; Tianjinese: /tʰiɛn˨˩tɕin˨˩/~[tʰjɛ̃̀ɦɪ̀ŋ]; Postal map spelling: Tientsin) is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government. Tianjin borders Hebei Province and Beijing Municipality, bounded to the east by the Bohai Gulf portion of the Yellow Sea.
As a dual-core city, Tianjin is divided into the old city and the Binhai New Area. Binhai New Area is a new growth pole in China, and it maintains an annual growth rate of nearly 30% of the GDP. As of the end of 2010, 285 Fortune Global 500 companies have established branch offices in Binhai. It is a base of China's advanced industry, financial reform, and innovation.
In terms of urban population, it is the sixth-largest city of the People's Republic of China, and its urban land area (Binhai New Area is not included) ranks fifth in the nation after Beijing, Shanghai, Wuhan and Guangzhou. Tianjin's urban area is located along the Hai River, which connects to the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers via the Grand Canal in Tianjin. Tianjin was once home to foreign concessions in the late Qing Dynasty and early Kuomintang (KMT) era. The municipality incorporates the coastal region of Tanggu, home to the Binhai New Area and the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA).
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Tirana
Tiranai/tɨˈrɑːnə/ (indefinite form in Albanian: Tiranë, in the region sub-dialect of Gheg Albanian: Tirona) is the capital and the largest city of Albania. Modern Tirana was founded as an Ottoman town in 1614 by Sulejman Bargjini, a local ruler from Mullet, although the area has been continuously inhabited since antiquity. Tirana became Albania's capital city in 1920 and has a population of 400,000 , with metro area population of 763,634 . The city is host to public institutions and private universities, and is the center of the political, economical, and cultural life of the country.
The Municipality of Tirana is located at (41.33°N, 19.82°E) in Tirana District, Tirana County on the river Ishëm, about 32 kilometers (20 mi) inland. Tirana's average altitude is 110 meters (360 ft) above sea level and its highest point measures 1,828 m (5,997.38 ft) at Mali me Gropa. The city is mostly surrounded by hills, with Dajti Mountain on the East and a slight valley opening on the North-West overlooking the Adriatic Sea in the distance. The Tiranë river also runs through the city, whereas the Lanë river is a brook. The city borders the surrounding municipalities of Paskuqan, Dajt, Farkë, Vaqarr, Kashar, and Kamëz. It also contains a total of four artificial lakes: the Tirana Artificial Lake around which was built the Big Park, Paskuqani Lake, Farka Lake, and Tufina Lake. Tirana is on the same parallel as Naples, Madrid, Istanbul, and New York, and on the same meridian as Budapest and Kraków.
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Tiraspol
Tiraspol ( /tɪˈræspəl/, Romanian pronunciation: [tiˈraspol]; Russian and Ukrainian: Тирасполь) is the second largest city in Moldova and is the capital and administrative centre of the unrecognized Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (Transnistria). The city is located on the eastern bank of the Dniester River. Tiraspol is a regional hub of light industry, such as furniture and electrical goods production.
The modern city of Tiraspol was founded by the Russian generalissimo Alexander Suvorov in 1792, although the area had been inhabited for thousands of years by varying ethnic groups. The city celebrates its anniversary every year on October 14.
The toponym consists of two words: Τύρας, Tyras — the ancient Greek name for the Dniester River, and polis, i.e., a city.[citation needed]
Tyras, also spelled Tiras, was a colony of the Greek city Miletus, probably founded about 600 BCE, situated some 10 km. from the mouth of the Tiras River (Dniester). Of no great importance in early times in the 2nd century BCE, it fell under the dominion of indigenous kings whose names appear on its coins. It was destroyed by the Getae about 50 BCE.
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Tlemcen
Coordinates: 34°52′58″N 1°19′00″W / 34.8827758°N 1.3166696°W / 34.8827758; -1.3166696
Tlemcen (Arabic: تلمسان) is a town in Northwestern Algeria, and the capital of the province of the same name. It is located inland in the center of a region known for its olive plantations and vineyards. The city has developed leather, carpet, and textile industries, which it ships to the port of Rashgun for export.
Its population is about 140,000, while the province had 949,135 inhabitants in the 2008 census, and should reach about 1,200,000 by 2011.
The word Tlemcen (Arabic: تلمسان) comes from Berber Tala Imsan (
in Tifinagh) which means "the dry spring". The name is sometimes spelled Tlemsen, Tlemsan, or Tilimsen.
Its centuries of rich history and culture have made the city a center of a unique blend of music and art. Its textiles and handcrafts, its elegant blend of Islamic, Berber, Andalucian and French cultures, and its cool climate in the mountains have made it an important center of tourism in Algeria. It is home to a beautiful tomb - that of Sidi Boumédiène, whose tomb adjoins to a mosque. The Great Mosque at Tlemcen was completed in 1136 and is said to be the most remarkable remaining example of Almoravid architecture.
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Tomislavgrad
Tomislavgrad is a town and municipality in southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is in the Canton 10 of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Herzegovina region.
The city name means literally "Tomislav town". The name was changed from Duvno in 1925 by king Aleksandar Karađorđević in tribute to king Tomislav - who was crowned in this area in 925 as the king of Croatia. The name was restored to Duvno after World War II Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. During the 1990s it was once again changed to Tomislavgrad. Still, among inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the local residents are often referred as "Duvnjaci" (Duvniaks-inhabitants) and the town is often called Duvno. Also, the town is sometimes referred to simply as "Tomislav". The Roman Catholic diocese in that area is still called Mostar-Duvno. The name Duvno (earlier version Dumno) comes from the Illyric word d´lmno and dalma (dëlma), sheep. During the Roman Empire the city was called Delminium and during the Kingdom of Croatia, Županjac. Under the Ottoman Empire, it was called Županj-potok and in Austria-Hungary, Županjac.
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Transnistria
Transnistria (also called "Trans-Dniestr" or "Transdniestria") is a breakaway territory located mostly on a strip of land between the Dniester River and the eastern Moldovan border to Ukraine. Since its declaration of independence in 1990, and especially after the War of Transnistria in 1992, it is governed as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR, also known as "Pridnestrovie"), a state with limited recognition which claims the territory to the east of the river Dniester, the city of Bender and its surrounding localities located on the west bank. The Republic of Moldova does not recognize the secession and considers the territories controlled by the PMR to be part of Moldova's autonomous region of Stînga Nistrului ("Left Bank of the Dniester").
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Travnik
Travnik (Cyrillic: Травник) is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, 90 km west of Sarajevo. It is the capital of the Central Bosnia Canton, and is located in the Travnik Municipality. Travnik today has some 27,000 residents, with a metro (municipality) population that is probably close to 70,000 people. It is famous for being the capital city of the governors of Bosnia from 1697 to 1850, and having a cultural heritage dating from that period.
Travnik is located near the geographic center of Bosnia and Herzegovina at 44°14′N 17°40′E / 44.233°N 17.667°E / 44.233; 17.667. The river Lašva passes through the city, flowing from west to east before joining the Bosna. Travnik itself is built in the large Lašva river valley, which connects the Bosna river valley in the east with the Vrbas river valley in the west.
Travnik is found 514 meters above sea level. Its most distinguishing geographic feature are its mountains, Vilenica and Vlašić. Vlašić, named after the Vlachs, is one of the tallest mountains in the country at 1933 meters (6342 ft).
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Trebinje
Trebinje (Serbian Cyrillic: Требиње, Serbian pronunciation: [trɛ̌biɲɛ]) is the southernmost municipality and town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is administratively part of the Republika Srpska entity and is located in southeastern Herzegovina, some 10 km (6.2 mi) from the Adriatic Sea. The town was first mentioned in the 10th century.
The town lies in the Trebišnjica River valley in southeastern Herzegovina, some 24 km (15 mi) by road from Dubrovnik, Croatia, on the Adriatic coast. There are several mills along the river, as well as several bridges, including two in the town of Trebinje itself, as well as a historic Ottoman Arslanagic bridge nearby. The river is heavily exploited for hydro-electric energy. After it passes through the Popovo Polje area southwest of the town, the river - which always floods in the winter - naturally runs underground to the Adriatic, near Dubrovnik.
Trebinje has a sub-tropical, Mediterranean climate with short mild winters and long blazing summers. Trebinje is now the warmest city in the Republika Srpska and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The average annual temperature in the city is 16.6 ° C (2011) and the average January temperature is 7.5 °C, while the July temperature is 26.5 °C. Snow is very rare. In the summer, temperatures at day are around 40 °C and in winter the temperature rarely drops below 0 °C. The highest recorded temperature was 45.5 °C on 22 July 2007. And the lowest recorded temperature was -8.6 °C on 17 January 2003. The climate is favorable for the cultivation of mandarin, orange, lemon, olives, grapefruit and many other subtropical plants.
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Tripoli
Tripoli is the capital and largest city in Libya. It is also known as Tripoli-of-the-West (Arabic: طرابلس الغرب Ṭarābulus al-Gharb), to distinguish it from Tripoli, Lebanon. It is affectionately called The Mermaid of the Mediterranean (Arabic: عروسة البحر ʼarūsat el-baḥr; lit: "bride of the sea"), describing its turquoise waters and its whitewashed buildings. Tripoli (English pronunciation: /ˈtrɪpɵli/) is a Greek name that means "Three Cities", introduced in Western European languages through the Italian Tripoli. In Arabic: طرابلس it is called Ṭarābulus ( pronunciation (help·info), Libyan Arabic: Ṭrābləs pronunciation (help·info), Berber: Ṭrables, from Ancient Greek: Τρίπολις Trípolis). As of 2011, the Tripoli metropolitan area (district area) had a population of 2.2 million. The city is located in the northwest part of the country on the edge of the desert, on a point of rocky land projecting into the Mediterranean and forming a bay.
The city includes the Port of Tripoli and the country's largest commercial and manufacturing centre. It is also the site of the University of Tripoli. The vast Bab al-Azizia barracks, which includes the former family compound of Muammar Gaddafi, is also located in the city; Gaddafi largely ruled the country from his residence in this barracks.
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Tskhinvali
Tskhinvali (also spelled Cchinvali or Cxinvali; Georgian: ცხინვალი [t͡sxinvali]; Ossetic: Цхинвал or Чъреба listen (help·info), Tskhinval or Ch'reba; Russian: Цхинвал(и)), is the capital of South Ossetia, a disputed region which has been recognised as an independent Republic by Russia and another four UN members, and is regarded by Georgia and all other UN member states de jure as a region within Georgian sovereign territory.
It is located on the Great Liakhvi River approximately 100 km (62 mi) northwest of the Georgian capital Tbilisi.
The name of Tskhinvali is derived from the Georgian Krtskhinvali (Georgian: ქრცხინვალი), literally meaning "the land of hornbeams", which is the historical name of the city. From 1934 to 1961, the city was named Staliniri (Georgian: სტალინირი), after Joseph Stalin. Modern Ossetians call the city Tskhinval (leaving off the final "i", which is a nominative case ending in Georgian); the other Ossetian (unofficial) name of the city is Chreba.
The area around the present-day Tskhinvali was first populated back in the Bronze Age. The unearthed settlements and archaeological artifacts from that time are unique in that they reflect influences from both Iberian (east Georgia) and Colchian (west Georgia) cultures with possible Sarmatian elements.
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Turin
Turin (Italian: Torino, pronounced [toˈriːno] ( listen); Piedmontese: Turin, pronounced [tyˈɾiŋ]; Latin: Augusta Taurinorum) is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 (November 2008) while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat to be 1.7 million inhabitants. The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million.
The city has a rich culture and history, and is known for its numerous art galleries, restaurants, churches, palaces, opera houses, piazzas, parks, gardens, theatres, libraries, museums and other venues. Turin is well known for its baroque, rococo, neo-classical, and Art Nouveau architecture. Much of the city's public squares, castles, gardens and elegant palazzi such as Palazzo Madama, were built in the 16th and 18th century, after the capital of the Duchy of Savoy (later Kingdom of Sardinia) was moved to Turin from Chambery( nowadays France) as part of the urban expansion.
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Turkey
Turkey (Turkish: Türkiye), known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( Türkiye Cumhuriyeti (help·info)), is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia (mostly in the Anatolian peninsula) and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe. Turkey is bordered by eight countries: Bulgaria to the northwest; Greece to the west; Georgia to the northeast; Armenia, Azerbaijan (the exclave of Nakhchivan) and Iran to the east; and Iraq and Syria to the southeast. The Mediterranean Sea and Cyprus are to the south; the Aegean Sea is to the west; and the Black Sea is to the north. The Sea of Marmara, the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles (which together form the Turkish Straits) demarcate the boundary between East Thrace and Anatolia; they also separate Europe and Asia.
Turkey is one of the six independent Turkic states. The vast majority of the population are Muslims. The country's official language is Turkish, whereas Kurdish and Zazaki languages are spoken by Kurds and Zazas, who constitute 18% of the population.
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Tuzla
Tuzla is a city and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina. At the time of the 2011 census, it had an estimated population of 120,000 inhabitants, while the municipality had 200,000. After Sarajevo, and Banja Luka, Tuzla is the third largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the seat of the Tuzla Canton and Tuzla Municipality. The name "Tuzla" is the Turkish word for salt mine, and refers to the extensive salt deposits found underneath the city.
The city of Tuzla is home to Europe's only salt lake as part of its central park and also has around 100,000 people visiting its shores every year. The history of the town Tuzla goes back to 1510 when Tuzla was a Turkish garrison town.
The city was first mentioned in 950 by Constantine Porphyrogenitus in his De Administrando Imperio as a fort named Salines (Σαληνέζ). Soli means "salts" in the Bosnian language and the city's present name means "place of salt" in Turkish. However, there is enough archaeologic evidence to suggest that Tuzla was a rich Neolithic settlement, and hence inhabited continuously for more than 6,000 years which makes Tuzla one of the oldest European settlements with sustained living. An open-air museum at Solni Trg, opened in 2004, tells the story of salt production in Tuzla.
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Tuzla Canton
The Tuzla Canton, officially the Tuzla Canton (Bosnian: Tuzlanski kanton) is third of 10 cantons of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, an entity in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The cantonal seat is in Tuzla.
It comprises the municipalities of Banovići, Čelić, Doboj Istok (Doboj East), Gradačac, Gračanica, Kladanj, Kalesija, Lukavac, Sapna, Srebrenik, Teočak and Živinice, as well as the city of Tuzla.
The area of the canton is 2,908 km². At the 1991 census, the area was populated by 949,621 people of which 60% were Bosniaks, 28% Serbs, 9% Croats, and the rest belonged to minority groups (Yugoslavs, Roma, Slovenes, Ukrainians et al.).
In 2002, the Tuzla Canton had an estimated population of 607,571 residents of which 546,814 were Bosniaks (90%).
The second largest ethnic group is the Croat minority living mostly in Tuzla and in Živinice . While the Serb minority lives dominantly in Tuzla and the Roma population is mostly present in Tuzla but also in most of the other municipalities in smaller numbers.
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Tórshavn
Tórshavn (IPA: [ˈtʰɔuʂhaun]; Danish: Thorshavn) is the capital and largest town of the Faroe Islands. It is located in the southern part on the east coast of Streymoy. To the north west of the town lies the 347-metre (1,138 ft) high mountain Húsareyn, and to the southwest, the 350-metre (1,150 ft) high Kirkjubøreyn. The city proper has a population of 13,000 (2008), and the greater urban area a population of 19,000.
The Vikings established their parliament on the Tinganes peninsula in 850 CE, thus Tórshavn was made capital of Faroe Islands and has remained so ever since. All through the Middle Ages the narrow peninsula jutting out into the sea made up the main part of Tórshavn. Sources do not mention a built-up area in Tórshavn until after the Protestant Reformation in 1539. Early on, Tórshavn became the center of the monopoly trade, thereby being the only legal place for the islanders to sell and buy goods. In 1856, the trade monopoly was abolished and the islands were left open to free trade. The town has grown rapidly ever since the turn of the 20th century into the undisputed administrative, economic and cultural center of the Faroes.
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Ugljevik
Ugljevik (Cyrillic: Угљевик) is a municipality and town in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The municipality located in the eastern foothills of Mount Majevica, in picturesque countryside, where wondrous and beautiful mountain starts descending towards the flatlands of Semberija, to which it is tied more than any other surrounding area. The center of the municipality is the town of Ugljevik, the most sunbathed and modern of communities in the Republika Srpska entity. This is the home of miners and other energy resource professionals.
Ugljevik was named for the coal “ugalj in Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian” which began to be organizely exploited on Mount Majevica in 1899.
Coal production has been exploited on Mount Majevica since 1899. Within a century, the Majevicans developed the initial small dig into today’s giant surface mine producing 6,000 tonnes of coal per day and the giant coal-fired power plant “Termoelektrana Ugljevik” (Ugljevik Power Plant), supplying the Republic with 300 megawatts of electricity. Preparations are underway for the construction of another power-plant of 600 MW. Exploration indicates huge reserves of quality coal, with seams stretching in every direction, even reaching Zvornik on the Drina river. The administrative center of the Municipality was the village of Zabrdje, to be transferred to the mining community of Ugljevik (now named Stari Ugljevik (Old Ugljevik)) in 1941, after Zabrdje was burned by Ustaše. The present-day Ugljevik began to be built in 1980 in the valley of Janja river (one of the Drina’s tributaries) between Zabrdje, Stari Ugljevik, Bogutovo Selo and Ugljevicka Obrijez, in answer to the need for increasing the surface mining operations and building the power-plant. The whole of the old Ugljevik was then moved to this new site.
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Ukraine
Ukraine (i/juːˈkreɪn/ yew-KRAYN; Ukrainian: Україна, transliterated: Ukrayina, [ukrɑˈjinɑ]; Russian: Украина; Crimean Tatar: Ukraina) is a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after the Russian Federation.
According to a popular and well established theory, the medieval state of Kievan Rus was established by the Varangians in the 9th century as the first historically recorded East Slavic state which emerged as a powerful nation in the Middle Ages until it disintegrated in the 12th century. By the middle of the 14th century, Ukrainian territories were under the rule of three external powers—the Golden Horde, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Kingdom of Poland. After the Great Northern War (1700–1721) Ukraine was divided between a number of regional powers and, by the 19th century, the largest part of Ukraine was integrated into the Russian Empire with the rest under Austro-Hungarian control. A chaotic period of incessant warfare ensued, with several internationally recognized attempts at independence from 1917 to 1921, following World War I and the Russian Civil War. Ukraine emerged from its own civil war, and on December 30, 1922 Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic became one of the founding republics of the Soviet Union. The Ukrainian SSR's territory was enlarged westward during the civil war shortly before, and after World War II, and further south in 1954 with the Crimea transfer. In 1945, the Ukrainian SSR became one of the founding members of the United Nations.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Usora Municipality
Usora Municipality (Općina Usora / Општина Усора) is a rural municipality in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina with a Bosnian Croat majority.
It borders with Doboj municipality, part of Republika Srpska entity. It is named after the Usora River.
It was split from Tešanj municipality.
In 2005, population of municipality included 90% Croats and 10% Bosniaks.
Coordinates: 44°41′59″N 18°02′52″E / 44.69972°N 18.04778°E / 44.69972; 18.04778
Rivers of Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Vaduz
Vaduz (German pronunciation: [faˈduːts] or [faˈdʊts]) is the capital of the principality of Liechtenstein and the seat of the national parliament. The town, located along the Rhine, has about 5,100 inhabitants (as of 2009[update]), most of whom are Roman Catholic. Its cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Vaduz.
Although Vaduz is the best-known town internationally in the principality, it is not the largest: neighbouring Schaan has a larger population.
Vaduz is said to be mentioned in historic 12th-century manuscripts as Farduzes. It is, however, commonly believed to have been founded circa 1322 by the Counts of Werdenberg. In 1322 a mention of the castle is made, which was sacked by the Swiss in 1499 during the Swabian War. The entire town was also destroyed.
In the 17th century the Liechtenstein family was seeking a seat in the Imperial diet, the Reichstag. However, since they did not hold any territory that was directly under the Imperial throne, they were unable to meet the primary requirement to qualify.
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Valletta
Valletta is the capital of Malta, colloquially known as Il-Belt (English: The City) in Maltese. It is located in the central-eastern portion of the island of Malta, and the historical city has a population of 6,966. The name "Valletta" is traditionally reserved for the historic walled citadel that serves as Malta's principal administrative district. However, Valletta, like many historical city centres, forms part of a larger continuous urban agglomeration; this is often referred to as "Greater Valletta."
Valletta contains buildings from the 16th century onwards, built during the rule of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem, also known as Knights Hospitaller. The city is essentially Baroque in character, with elements of Mannerist, Neo-Classical and Modern architecture in selected areas, though World War II left major scars on the city. The City of Valletta was officially recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
The city is named for Jean Parisot de la Valette, who succeeded in defending the island from an Ottoman invasion in 1565. The official name given by the Order of Saint John was Humilissima Civitas Valletta — The Most Humble City of Valletta, or Città Umilissima in Italian. The bastions, curtains and ravelins along with the beauty of its Baroque palaces, gardens and churches, led the ruling houses of Europe to give the city its nickname Superbissima — 'Most Proud'.
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Vancouver
Vancouver (/vænˈkuːvər/) is a coastal seaport city on the mainland of British Columbia, Canada. The 2011 census recorded more than 603,000 people in the city, making it the eighth largest among Canadian cities. The metropolitan area, with more than 2.3 million residents, is the third most populous metropolitan area in the country and the most populous in Western Canada. With 5,249 people per square kilometre (13,590 per sq mile), the City of Vancouver is the most densely populated Canadian municipality among those with 5,000 residents or more. Vancouver is one of the most ethnically and linguistically diverse cities in Canada, with 52% for whom English is not their first language.
The original settlement, named Gastown, grew around the Hastings Mill logging sawmill and a nearby tavern, both established in 1867. Enlarging to become the townsite of Granville, with the announcement that the railhead would reach the site it was renamed "Vancouver" and incorporated as a city in 1886. By 1887, the transcontinental railway was extended to the city to take advantage of its large natural seaport, which soon became a vital link in a trade route between the Orient, Eastern Canada, and London. As of 2009, Port Metro Vancouver is the busiest and largest port in Canada, and the most diversified port in North America. While forestry remains its largest industry, Vancouver is well known as an urban centre surrounded by nature, making tourism its second-largest industry. Major film production studios in Vancouver and Burnaby have turned Metro Vancouver into the third-largest film production centre in North America after Los Angeles and New York City, earning it the film industry nickname, Hollywood North.
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Vareš
Vareš is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, famous for the local mining activities and production of iron. It is part of the Zenica-Doboj Canton and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Vareš is a mountainous town located 45 km from Sarajevo in the valley of the small Stavnja River 828 m above sea level surrounded by the massive high Kapija, Stijene, Zvijezda and Perun Mountains, named after Perun / Перун, the highest god of the Slavic pantheon (Perkūnas/Perkons. The town is rich with archeological findings from different epochs – on several surrounding locations are found remains of prehistorical period, such as copper artifacts in Brgula.
In the town center itself, there is an old stone bridge that resembles to the majority of one arched bridges from Ottoman period. This bridge is considered to be similar by the building method to the Old Bridge in Mostar.
23.523 total
22.203 total
In the 1991 census, the municipality of Vareš had 22,203 residents: 9,016 Croats (40.60%), 6,714 Bosniaks (30.23%), 3,644 Serbs (16.41%), 2,071 Yugoslavs (9.32%) and 758 others and unknown (3.44%).
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Vatican City
Vatican Cityi/ˈvætɨkən ˈsɪti/, or Vatican City State, in Italian officially Stato della Città del Vaticano (pronounced [ˈstaːto della t͡ʃitˈta del vatiˈkaːno]), is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. It has an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of just over 800. This makes Vatican City the smallest independent state in the world by both area and population.
Vatican City State was established in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty, signed by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri, on behalf of Pope Pius XI and by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Vatican City State is distinct from the Holy See, which dates back to early Christianity and is the main episcopal see of 1.2 billion Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe. Ordinances of Vatican City are published in Italian; official documents of the Holy See are issued mainly in Latin. The two entities have distinct passports: the Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City State issues normal passports. In each case very few passports are issued.
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Velika Kladuša
Velika Kladuša (pronounced [vɛ̂likaː klǎduʃa]) is a city and municipality in the far northwest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located near the border with Croatia. The closest city is Cazin, and a bit farther, the cities of Bihać and Bosanski Novi. Across the border, it is not far from Cetingrad. Administratively, it is part of the Una-Sana Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Velika Kladuša municipality also has many smaller towns and villages inside it such as Mala Kladuša, Todorovo, Podzvizd and many others. The town of Velika Kladuša is the center for the municipality because most hospitals, stores and government buildings are located there.
Velika Kladusa was first mentioned by name on October 30, 1280 (date on its shield) by the name Cladosa. During the Roman Empire it is assumed that the population of Velika Kladusa started to slowly grow. Towards the end of the 13th century up to 1464, Velika Kladusa was controlled by two different Croatian kings. Around 1464 the Ottoman Empire was expanding towards this region until Velika Kladusa was finally captured in 1633 by the Ottoman Empire. Velika Kladusa would later become the center of Ottoman expansion into neighboring Croatia as well as the rest of Europe. At the start of the occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1878, Velika Kladusa along with others in the region, put up the biggest resistance in the region. Nevertheless, it developed with the opening of schools, the introduction of land register books, and a mosque and a catholic church were built.
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Venice
Venice (Italian: Venezia [veˈnɛttsja] ( listen), Venetian: Venexia [veˈnɛsja]; (Latin: Venetia) is a city in northeast Italy sited on a group of 118 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges. It is located in the marshy Venetian Lagoon which stretches along the shoreline between the mouths of the Po and the Piave Rivers. Venice is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture and its artworks. The city in its entirety is listed as World Heritage Site, along with its lagoon.
Venice is the capital of the Veneto region. In 2009, there were 270,098 people residing in Venice's comune (the population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around 60,000 in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico); 176,000 in Terraferma (the Mainland), mostly in the large frazioni of Mestre and Marghera; 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon). Together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE) (population 1,600,000).
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Vienna
Vienna ( /viːˈɛnə/; German: Wien (help·info) [viːn]) is the capital and largest city of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million (2.4 million within the metropolitan area, more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre. It is the 9th-largest city by population in the European Union. Until the beginning of the 20th century it was the largest German speaking city in the world, and before the first world war and the splitting of the Austro-Hungarian empire the city had 2 million inhabitants. Vienna is host to many major international organizations, including the United Nations and OPEC. The city lies in the east of Austria and is close to the borders of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary. These regions work together in a European Centrope border region. Along with nearby Bratislava, Vienna forms a metropolitan region with 3 million inhabitants. In 2001, the city centre was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Vilnius
Vilnius ([ˈvʲɪlʲnʲʊs] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital of Lithuania, and its largest city, with a population of 554,060 (838, 852 together with Vilnius County) as of 2011. It is the seat of the Vilnius city municipality and of the Vilnius district municipality. It is also the capital of Vilnius County. The first known written record of Vilnius as the Lithuanian capital is known from Gediminas' letters in 1323. Vilnius is classified as a Gamma global city according to GaWC studies.
The name of the city originated from the Vilnia River. The city has also been known by many derivate spellings in various languages throughout its history. The most notable non-Lithuanian names for the city include: Polish: Wilno, Belarusian: Вiльнюс, Вiльня, German: Wilna, Latvian: Viļņa, Russian: Вильнюс, Yiddish: ווילנע (Vilne). An older Russian name was Вильна / Вильно (Vilna/Vilno), although Вильнюс (Vilnius) is now used. The names Wilno, Wilna and Vilna have also been used in older English, German, French and Italian language publications. The name Vilna is still used in Finnish, Portuguese, Spanish, and Hebrew.
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Vitez
Vitez (Cyrillic: Витез) is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is administratively part of the Central Bosnia Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The word "vitez" literally means knight in the South Slavic languages, Bosnian; Croatian; Slovenian; Serbian and Macedonian, it is also used in Hungarian. The Russian cognate is Vityaz.
20.628 total
In 1991 the population of the Vitez municipality was 27,859, of which were 45,49% Croats (12.675), 41,32% Muslims by nationality (i.e. Bosniaks) (11.514), 5,38% Serbs (1.501), 4,94% Yugoslavs (1.377), 2,87% others and unknown (792).
The population of the town itself was:
total: 7,200
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Višegrad
Višegrad (Serbian Cyrillic: Вишеград, pronounced [ʋǐʃɛɡraːd]) is a town and municipality in Bosnia and Herzegovina, part of the Republika Srpska entity. It is on the river Drina, located on the road from Goražde and Ustiprača towards Užice, Serbia.
The town is widely known for the book Bridge on the Drina written by Ivo Andrić, Nobel prize winning author.
Višegrad is a South Slavic toponym meaning "the upper town/castle/fort".
Višegrad is located on the river Drina, on the road from Goražde and Ustiprača towards Užice, Serbia.
During the reign of Serbian Emperor Stephen Dušan (r. 1331-1355), county lord (župan) Pribil held this region. Pribil allegedly founded the Dobrun monastery between 1340 and 1343. Pribil's sons continued to build on the monastery complex, and painted the external narthex and treasury in the northern side by 1383.
The region is conquered by the Ottomans in 1462.
The well known Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge in Višegrad was built by the Ottoman architect and engineer Mimar Sinan for the Grand Vizier (of Christian origin) Mehmed Paša Sokolović in 1571. It still stands, and it is now a tourist attraction, after being inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. Many travelers come to Višegrad simply to take a walk across the famous bridge.
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Vlasenica
Vlasenica (Serbian Cyrillic: Власеница) is a municipality and town of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Administratively it is part of Vlasenica Region.
According to the book notes out of "Bosnischer Bote" ("Bosanski Glasnik", translated by Fikret Bahtijarević, s.r.) in 1912 Vlasenica had 1,917 citizens, out of which 1,480 were Bosniaks, 398 Serbs, 72 Croats and 12 Evangelicals.
26.623 total
30.498 total
In the 1991 census the municipality had a population 33,817. The distribution was:
The town itself had a population of 7,916. The distribution was:
Coordinates: 44°11′N 18°56′E / 44.183°N 18.933°E / 44.183; 18.933
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Vogošća
Vogošća is a secondary suburb and municipality of Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina, located about 6 kilometers north of the city center and covering some 72 km².
According to 1971 population census there were 14.402 residents.
According to 1991 population census there were 24.647 residents.
The town of Vogošća itself consisted of 10.598 residents.
According to government statistics from 2002, Vogošća has 19,894 residents, of which 17,686 are Bosniaks (88.9%), 1,636 are Serbs (8.2%), 452 are Croats (2.3%), and 120 are classified as others (0.6%). The majority of the Serbian population left Vogošća after the war, largely due to a fear that they were not safe in non-Serbian controlled territory anymore.
In 2005, 91% of population of the municipality were ethnic Bosniaks.
Vogošća greatly prospered during the 1980s, as part of Sarajevo’s great boom in the latter half of the 20th century. It grew to prominence in large part due to its automobile manufacturing industry, having deals with German and Swedish companies, including Volkswagen Group. By the late 1980s, it was the second most industrious and productive municipality in former Yugoslavia.
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Vukosavlje
Vukosavlje (Cyrillic: Вукосавље) is a municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in the southern part of the Posavina region. The small municipality was created from part of the pre-war municipality of Odžak (the other part of the pre-war municipality is now in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity) (settlments: Gnionica, Jošava, Jezero and parts of Srnave, Ade, Potočana and Vrbovca) and some villages from Modriča (Jakeš, Pećnik and Modrički Lug).
It is located between municipalities of Odžak to the north, Šamac to the east, Modriča to the south, and Brod to the west.
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Warsaw
Warsaw (Polish: Warszawa [varˈʂava] ( listen); see also other names) is the capital and largest city of Poland. It is located on the Vistula River, roughly 260 kilometres (160 mi) from the Baltic Sea and 300 kilometres (190 mi) from the Carpathian Mountains. Its population in 2010 was estimated at 1,716,855 residents with a greater metropolitan area of 2,631,902 residents, making Warsaw the 10th most populous city proper in the European Union. The area of the city covers 516.9 square kilometres (199.6 sq mi), while the city's agglomeration covers 6,100.43 square kilometres (2,355.39 sq mi).
Warsaw is an Alpha- global city, a major international tourist destination and an important economic hub in Central Europe. It is also known as the "phoenix city" because it has survived many wars throughout its history. Most notably, the city had to be painstakingly rebuilt after the extensive damage it suffered from World War II, during which 80% of its buildings were destroyed. On 9 November 1940 the city was awarded Poland's highest military decoration for heroism, the Virtuti Militari, for the Siege of Warsaw (1939).
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Yerevan
Coordinates: 40°11′00″N 44°31′00″E / 40.183333°N 44.516667°E / 40.183333; 44.516667
Yerevan (Armenian: Երևան, Armenian pronunciation: [jɛɾɛˈvɑn]) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously-inhabited cities. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country. It has been the capital since 1918, the thirteenth in the history of Armenia.
The history of Yerevan dates back to the 8th century BC, with the founding of the fortress of Erebuni in 782 BC by king Argishti I at the western extreme of the Ararat plain. After World War I, Yerevan became the capital of the Democratic Republic of Armenia as thousands of survivors of the Armenian Genocide settled in the area. The city expanded rapidly during the 20th century as Armenia became one of the fifteen republics in the Soviet Union. In fifty years, Yerevan was transformed from a town of a few thousand residents within the Russian Empire, to Armenia's principal cultural, artistic, and industrial center, as well as becoming the seat of national government.
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Zagreb
Zagreb (Croatian pronunciation: [zǎːɡrɛb]) is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Croatia. It is in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m (400 ft) above sea level. In the last official census of 2011, the population of the settlement of Zagreb was 686,568, while the total population of its administrative area was 792,875. The wider Zagreb metropolitan area includes the City of Zagreb and the separate Zagreb County with a population of 317,642, bringing the total metropolitan area population up to 1,110,517. It is the only metropolitan area in Croatia with a population of over one million.
Its favourable geographic position in the southwestern part of the Pannonian Basin, which extends to the Alpine, Dinaric, Adriatic and Pannonic regions, provides an excellent connection for traffic between Central Europe and the Adriatic Sea. The transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in Croatia. Zagreb is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies and almost all government ministries.
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Zavidovići
Zavidovići is a town and municipality in Eastern-central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Doboj and Zenica on the confluence of rivers Bosna, Krivaja and Gostović. It sits in a valley surrounded by many mountains of which the largest is Klek. It is administratively part of the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Zavidovići is a young town that was established at the end of 19 century. The town is famous for big industrial collective for refinement of wood "Krivaja" and this is why this town's nickname is "Wood town". Zavidovići is located in the basin of three rivers: Bosna, Krivaja and Gostović.
The town of Zavidovići itself had 12,947 residents in 1991.
In 2005, 97% of population of the municipality were ethnic Bosniaks. Others are Serbs and Croats.
Zavidovići was developed by the Austrians during the Austro-Hungarian reign in Bosnia, mostly because of the wood industry. After World War II, the wood industry in Zavidovići, the company named by one of the rivers "Krivaja" (founded 1884), expanded. The company focused on furniture manufacturing, which it began to export to US under a name "Krivaja Beechbrook". Due to the Bosnian war, the former giant and the town are left with almost nothing.
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Zenica
Zenica ([zɛ̂nitsa] ( listen)) is the fourth-largest city in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the capital of the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity. Zenica is located about 70 km (43 mi) north of Sarajevo and is situated on the Bosna river, surrounded by a mountainous and hilly landscape.
The town's Stara Čaršija (old quarter) contains several attractions, including the former synagogue, dating from 1906, which is now the City Museum and Art Gallery. There is also the town mosque (Čaršijska Džamija), an Austrian fountain and an old bey's farm house (Hadžimazića Kuća).
The urban part of today's Zenica was formed during several specific periods which can be chronologically dated to the time of Neolithic community, Illyrian old towns ruins, Roman Municipium Bistua Nova, and the most important archaeological finding; an early Christian double basilica dating from the 2nd to 4th century, one of two that have so far been identified in Europe. Ruins of a substantial ancient settlement were found not far from Bilimišće (a suburb on the south side of the town) and close by the villages of Putovici and Tišina, with sites like a Villa Rustica, baths, pagan temples among other structures.
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Zvornik
Zvornik (Cyrillic: Зворник, pronounced [zʋɔ̌rniːk]) is a city on the Drina river in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, located south of the town of Bijeljina in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The town Mali Zvornik ("little Zvornik") lies directly across the river in Serbia, and not far north is Loznica.
Zvornik is first mentioned in 1410, although it was known as Zvonik ("bell tower") at that time. The town's geographic location has made it an important trade link between Bosnia and the east. For instance, the main road connecting Sarajevo and Belgrade runs through the city. Zvornik has also the distinction of being the only city in Bosnia that directly lies on the border to Serbia.
During the Ottoman period, Zvornik was the capital of the Zvornik sanjak (an administrative region). This was primarily the case because of the city's crucial role in the economy and the strategic importance of the city's location. In the year 1806 the city of Zvornik was home to the famous Bosniak, kapetan Mehmed-beg Kulenović.
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Åland Islands
The Åland Islands (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈoːland], Finnish: Ahvenanmaa) form an archipelago in the Baltic Sea. They are situated at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia and form an autonomous, demilitarised, monolingually Swedish-speaking region of Finland. The islands collectively constitute the smallest region of Finland, with only 0.49% of its land area, and 0.50% of its population.
Åland comprises Fasta Åland (the "Main Island," with 90% of the population), together with an archipelago to the east that comprises over 6,500 skerries and islands. Fasta Åland is separated from the coast of Sweden by 38 kilometres (24 mi) of open water to the west. In the east, the Åland archipelago is contiguous with the Finnish Archipelago Sea. Åland's only land border is located on the uninhabited skerry of Märket, which it shares with Sweden.
Because of the autonomous status of the Åland Islands, the powers exercised at the provincial level by representatives of the central state administration in the rest of Finland are largely exercised by the Government of Åland in Åland.
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Čajniče
Čajniče (Serbian Cyrillic: Чајниче, pronounced [tʃâːjniːtʃɛ]) is a town and municipality in Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
11,602 total
total: 8,956
total: 3,152
• Avlija • Batkovići • Batotići • Batovo • Bezujno • Borajno • Brezovice • Bučkovići na Bezujanci • Čajniče • Đakovići • Glamočevići • Gložin • Hunkovići • Ifsar • Kamen • Kapov Han • Karovići • Krstac • Lađevci • Luke • Međurječje • Metaljka • Milatkovići • Miljeno • Mištar • Podavrelo • Ponikve • Prvanj • Slatina • Staronići • Stopići • Sudići • Todorovići • Trpinje • Tubrojevići • Zaborak
Coordinates: 43°33′N 19°04′E / 43.55°N 19.067°E / 43.55; 19.067
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Čapljina
Čapljina Croatian pronunciation (help·info) is a town and municipality of the same name in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is located in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Čapljina is located on the border with Croatia a mere 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the Adriatic Sea.
The river Neretva flows through the municipality and flows into the Adriatic just over the border. The town's landmark is a statue of King Tomislav. The Church of Saint Francis Assisi is also a prominent facet of the town. The municipal coat of arms contains the Croatian chequy, the nearby tower in Pocitelj, and Saint Francis Assisi.
The municipality has a rich archaeological history and untouched wilderness and is starting to develop agricultural tourism. It is also home to Hutovo Blato Park, which contains one of the most diverse bird populations in all Europe. The Croatian town of Metković is located just over the border and there are significant commercial and other links between the two towns new Čapljina International Speedway.
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Čelinac
Čelinac (Cyrillic: Челинац) is a town and municipality in north-west Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The municipality lies about 15 km (9 mi) to the east of the city of Banja Luka.
It is located between municipalities of Laktaši and Prnjavor to the north, Teslić to the east, Kotor Varoš, Skender Vakuf / Kneževo to the south, and Banja Luka to the west.
17,430 total
In 1991, the population of Čelinac municipality was 18,666, including:
In 2006, the majority of inhabitants of municipality were ethnic Serbs.
In the municipality of Čelinac you can also find the villages Štrbe (main village in the municipality of Čelinac), Jošavka, Snjegotina, and Grabovac. Serbs are the overwhelming majority in these villages (99.9%) but great number of the natives of these villages have emigrated to Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and Slovenia, because of a high degree of poverty in this municipality.
The Stuplje monastery of the Serbian Orthodox Church is located in the municipality.
• Balte • Basići • Branešci Donji • Branešci Gornji • Brezičani • Crni Vrh • Čelinac • Čelinac Gornji • Dubrava Nova • Dubrava Stara • Grabovac • Jošavka Donja • Jošavka Gornja • Kablovi • Kamenica • Lađevci • Lipovac • Markovac • Mehovci • Memići • Miloševo • Opsječko • Popovac • Skatavica • Šahinovići • Šnjegotina Donja • Šnjegotina Srednja • Šnjegotina Velika • Štrbe i Vijačani Gornji.
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Čelić
Čelić is a municipality located in the northeastern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is part of the Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Čelić was part of the municipality of Lopare prior to the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The part of the municipality that was controlled by the Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina became the municipality of Čelić.
The municipality is 132 km2 (51 sq mi) with a population of 12,000. It is located in the hills of Majevica. Čelić borders the municipalities of Srebrenik, Tuzla, Lopare (RS) and the Brčko District.
In 2005, 94% of population of the municipality were ethnic Bosniaks.[citation needed]
Coordinates: 44°43′N 18°49′E / 44.717°N 18.817°E / 44.717; 18.817
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Šekovići
Šekovići (Serbian Cyrillic: Шековићи) is a municipality and town in northeastern Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Municipality Šekovići for the most part is equal with territory “Donjeg Birča” (Lower Birča) and has an area of 202 km2 (78 sq mi), which represents 0.365% of BiH territory which is 51,209.2 km2 (19,772 sq mi), or 0.806% of Republika Srpska which is 25,035 km2 (9,666 sq mi). The main economic activity is logging. The land area is 195 km2 (75 sq mi).
10.570 total
According to the 1991 census the municipality had a population of 9,639, including:
The town itself had a population of 4,323 with 97% Serbs and 3% others. Most of the Bosniak population lived in the village of Papraća.
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Šipovo
Šipovo (Serbian Cyrillic: Шипово) is a town and municipality in central Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is situated in the western part of the Republika Srpska entity and the southern part of the Bosanska Krajina region. The municipality covers an area of 510 km2 (197 sq mi), much of which is forested. The Glogovac monastery of the Serb Orthodox Church is near the town. [2]
It is located between municipalities of Mrkonjić Grad in the west, Jezero in the north, Jajce and Donji Vakuf in the east, and Kupres (Republike Srpske) and Glamoč in the south.
In the broader geographical sense, the town of Šipovo is located at 44 17’ north and 170 06’ east, in the zone of temperately continental climate.
In the narrower geographical sense, Šipovo is located in south-eastern part of Republika Srpska, with the total area of 510 km2 (197 sq mi), and with population of 11,000. The population consists of 95% of Serbs and 5% of Bosniacs.
Šipovo is a mountain area, intersected in the west-east direction by the Pliva River, whose length is about 30 kilometres of the air line, and in the south-north direction by the Janj River, whose length is about 35 kilometres of the air line. Besides these two rivers, the Šipovo area is also intersected by three small rivers – Sokočnica, Lubovica and Volarica. The area around the mouth of the Janj River to the Pliva River is both plain and hilly, with the height of around 440 metres above sea level. It gradually slopes up to become the mountain area whose highest mountains are Vitorog (1906 m) in the south, Lisina (1335 m) in the north, Gorica (1267 m) in the east, and Čardak (1452 m) in the west.
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Široki Brijeg
Široki Brijeg ( pronunciation (help·info)) is a town and municipality in southwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The name of the city means "the wide hill" in Croatian (as well as Bosnian and Serbian). The city is also sometime referred to as "Široki Brig" and among the inhabitants of Herzegovina simply as "Široki" ("the wide"). Between 1945 and 1990, the name was officially Lištica, after the river that flows through it.
The river Lištica runs through Široki Brijeg. The town is 20 -25 km from Mostar, 42 km from Međugorje and 88 km from the Adriatic coast (Ploče). The Široki Brijeg Municipality today numbers around 30,000 people, and the city itself about 10,000. The area of the municipality amounts to 1168 ha (11.680 km2). The center of town is at 270 m above sea level, while its area is known as "lower Herzegovina". Almost the entire northern part of the municipality municipality itself, however, belongs to "high Herzegovina", the highest point being the Bile stine ("White Rocks") near Donji Crnač.
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Žepče
Žepče is a town and municipality in central Bosnia and Herzegovina, located between Doboj and Zenica. It is administratively part of the Zenica-Doboj Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The town Žepče is located in the central Bosnia, towards the highway M-17. The river Bosna flows through this town. Near by the town and within the town, there are 14 springs of mineral water. Žepče is in the valley and surrounded by mountains.
The town was first mentioned in 1458 in a charter issued by the Bosnian King Stjepan Tomašević.
"... Pissanna Žepču va ljetu 1458. oktombrija 14. dan." (Written in Žepče in the year 1458. 14.day of October)
No census has been carried out since 1991. It is estimated that in 2005, population of municipality includes 61% Croats and 38% Bosniaks. However, the municipality borders have been changed in 2001.
The town is home to the football club NK Žepče, and : Basketball club "ORLOVIK", Judo club "MAHNJAČA", Karate club, Female volleyball club, Handball club, Kayak club, Tennis club,
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Živinice
Živinice is a town and municipality in northeastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, located south of Tuzla. It is part of the Tuzla Canton of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The origin of the name Živinice is still not established. According to M. Hadžijanić Živinice was mentioned in a Turkish document of 1764 as "Živinice called Uskopči, probably (Oskovci) in nahija Tuzla" [1].
In the 1991 census, the municipality of Živinice had 34,783 inhabitants, of which there were:
The town of Živinice itself had 11,956 residents.By the last documents,Živinice had 12,102 residents.
90.5% of population of the municipality were ethnic Bosniaks. 5.5% Croats 4% Serbs
Bašigovci, Brnjica, Djedino, Dubrave Donje, Dubrave Gornje, Dunajevići, Đurđevik, Gračanica, Kovači, Kršići, Kuljan, Lukavica Donja, Lukavica Gornja, Odorovići, Priluk, Spreča, Suha, Svojat, Šerići, Tupković Donji, Tupković Gornji, Višća Donja, Višća Gornja, Vrnojevići, Zelenika, Zukići, Živinice Gornje, Brcanine, Šišici, Mestrici.
Coordinates: 44°27′N 18°39′E / 44.45°N 18.65°E / 44.45; 18.65
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Abdulah Sidran
Abdulah Sidran (October 2, 1944 in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), often referred to by his nickname Avdo, is a Bosnian writer and poet who is renowned for his screenplays and dramas.
His major works include Šahbaza, Bone and meat, The Sarajevo tomb (Sarajevski tabut),Why is Venice sinking (Zašto tone Venecija), several books of poetry, and screenplays for award-winning movies from the Former Yugoslavia, such as the Oscar-nominated When Father Was Away on Business and Do You Remember Dolly Bell?, directed by Emir Kusturica; and Kuduz and The Perfect Circle, directed by Ademir Kenović. His opus is characterized by a soft and soothing sensibility, where tragedy, meditativity and a specific and humorous irony change sides and play tricks on each other more often than not.
After spending most of his life in Sarajevo, Sidran recently moved to a small village near Goražde where he currently lives.
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Aleksandar Hemon
Aleksandar Hemon (born September 9, 1964) is a Bosnian-American fiction writer. He is the winner of a MacArthur Foundation grant. He has written four acclaimed books: Love and Obstacles: Stories (New York: Riverhead Books, 2009), The Lazarus Project: A Novel (New York: Riverhead Books, 2008), which was a finalist for the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle Awards, and was named as a New York Times Notable Book and New York magazine's No. 1 Book of the Year; Nowhere Man (New York: Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2002), also a finalist for the National Book Critics Circle Award; and The Question of Bruno: Stories (New York: Nan A. Talese/Doubleday, 2000). He frequently publishes in The New Yorker, and has also written for Esquire, The Paris Review, the Op-Ed page of the New York Times, and the Sarajevo magazine BH Dani.
Hemon was born in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, then Yugoslavia, to a father of partial Ukrainian and Bosnian descent and a Bosnian Serb mother. Hemon's great-grandfather, Teodor Hemon, came to Bosnia from Western Ukraine prior to World War I, when both countries were a part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
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Alija Behmen
Dr. Alija Behmen (born in 1940 in Split, Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is the current mayor of Sarajevo and a member of the Social Democratic Party of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Dr. Behmen previously served as Prime Minister of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 2001 to 2003.
He finished his bachelor's degree, master's degree and doctorate degree in economics at the University of Sarajevo. He is also a professor at the University of Sarajevo.
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Alija Izetbegović
Alija Izetbegović (Bosnian pronunciation: [alija izɛtbɛɡɔʋitɕ]) (8 August 1925 – 19 October 2003) was a Bosniak activist, lawyer, author, philosopher and politician, who, in 1990, became the first president of Bosnia and Herzegovina. He served in this role until 1996, when he became a member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, serving until 2000. He was also the author of several books, most notably Islam Between East and West and the Islamic Declaration.
Izetbegović was born in the town of Bosanski Šamac, situated in the north of Bosnia; he was one of five children born to a distinguished but impoverished family descended from former Slavic Ottoman aristocrats from Belgrade who fled to Bosnia in 1868, after Serbia gained independence from the Ottoman Empire. His grandfather, Alija, was the mayor of Bosanski Šamac. While grandfather Alija was a soldier in Üsküdar, he married a Turkish woman called 'Sıdıka Hanım'. After the marriage they moved to Šamac and had 5 children. His father, an accountant, declared bankruptcy in 1927, and the next year the family moved to Sarajevo. Izetbegović became closely involved in Bosniak society as he grew up during the 1930s and 1940s. With a devoted family and Muslim upbringing, he received a secular education, eventually graduating from the Sarajevo Law School. At this time he also joined the Mladi Muslimani (Young Muslims), a controversial organization that aided Bosniak refugees during World War II. When the Young Muslims became torn between supporting the SS Handschar (a SS Mountain Division of Nazi Germany, composed of Muslim Bosniaks) or the Partisans (Communist resistance group led by Josip Broz Tito), Mr. Izetbegovic supported the Handzars. After the war, Izetbegović was arrested in 1946 and sentenced to 3 years in prison due to his activities during the war. Once free, he earned a law degree at Sarajevo University and remained engaged in politics.
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Angelina Jolie
Angelina Jolie ( /dʒoʊˈliː/ joh-LEE, born Angelina Jolie Voight; June 4, 1975) is an American actress and director. She has received an Academy Award, two Screen Actors Guild Awards, and three Golden Globe Awards, and was named Hollywood's highest-paid actress by Forbes in 2009 and 2011. Jolie promotes humanitarian causes, and is noted for her work with refugees as a Special Envoy and former Goodwill Ambassador for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). She has been cited as the world's "most beautiful" woman, a title for which she has received substantial media attention.
Jolie made her screen debut as a child alongside her father Jon Voight in Lookin' to Get Out (1982), but her film career began in earnest a decade later with the low-budget production Cyborg 2 (1993). Her first leading role in a major film was in the cyber-thriller Hackers (1995). She starred in the critically acclaimed biographical television films George Wallace (1997) and Gia (1998), and won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the drama Girl, Interrupted (1999).
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Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews, also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim (Hebrew: אַשְׁכֲּנָזִים, pronounced [ˌaʃkəˈnazim], singular: [ˌaʃkəˈnazi]; also יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכֲּנָז, Y'hudey Ashkenaz, "the Jews of Ashkenaz"), are the Jews descended from the medieval Jewish communities along the Rhine in Germany from Alsace in the south to the Rhineland in the north.[citation needed]
The name Ashkenazi derives from the bibilical figure of Ashkenaz, the first son of Gomer, and a Japhetic patriarch in the Table of Nations (Genesis 10). In the Rabbinic literature, Ashkenaz's kingdom was first associated with the Scythian region, then later on with the Slavic territories, and from the 11th century onwards with Northern Europe and Germany. The Jews living in the northern regions, associated with Ashkenaz's kingdom, thus came to call themselves the Ashkenazi Jews. Later, Jews from Western and Central Europe also came to be called "Ashkenazi" because the main centers of Jewish learning were located in Germany.
Many Ashkenazi Jews later migrated, largely eastward, forming communities in non German-speaking areas, including Bohemia, Hungary, Poland, Belarus, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine, Romania, and elsewhere between the 11th and 19th centuries. With them, they took and diversified Yiddish, a High German language written using the Hebrew alphabet. It had developed in medieval times as the lingua franca among Ashkenazi Jews. The Jewish communities of three cities along the Rhine: Speyer, Worms and Mainz, created the SHUM league (SHUM after the first Hebrew letters of Shpira, Vermayza, and Magentza). The ShUM-cities are considered the cradle of the distinct Ashkenazi culture and liturgy.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Biréli Lagrène
Biréli Lagrène (born September 4, 1966) is a French guitarist and bassist. He came to prominence in the 1980s for his Django Reinhardt-influenced style on the guitar, as well as for being a jazz fusion virtuoso on the electric guitar. He often performs within the swing, jazz fusion and post bop mediums.
Biréli Lagrène was born on September 4, 1966, in Soufflenheim, Bas-Rhin Alsace, France, in a traditional Manouche-Romani people (Gypsy) family and community. He started playing the guitar at the age of four. He grew up in the loving but tough environment of the "tzigane". His father Fisso (a very gifted violinist), his mother Berga and his brother Gaiti were his biggest influences. When, at the age of eight, he covered Django Reinhardt’s repertoire, his relatives were already calling him a child prodigy. Winning a Romani music festival in Strasbourg at the age of twelve gave him the opportunity to tour in Germany and, later, to record his performance on the LP Routes To Django - live At The Krokodil.
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Bono
Paul David Hewson (born 10 May 1960), most commonly known by his stage name Bono (/ˈbɒnoʊ/ BON-oh), is an Irish singer, musician, and humanitarian best known for being the main vocalist of the Dublin-based rock band U2. Bono was born and raised in Dublin, Ireland, and attended Mount Temple Comprehensive School where he met his future wife, Alison Stewart, and the future members of U2. Bono writes almost all U2 lyrics, often using political, social, and religious themes. During their early years, Bono's lyrics contributed to U2's rebellious and spiritual tone. As the band matured, his lyrics became inspired more by personal experiences shared with members of U2.
Outside the band, he has collaborated and recorded with numerous artists, is managing director and a managing partner of Elevation Partners, and has refurbished and owns The Clarence Hotel in Dublin with The Edge. Bono is also widely known for his activism concerning Africa, for which he co-founded DATA, EDUN, the ONE Campaign and Product Red. He has organised and played in several benefit concerts and has met with influential politicians. Bono has been praised and criticised for his activism and involvement with U2. He has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, was granted an honorary knighthood by Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom, and was named as a Person of the Year by Time, among other awards and nominations.
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Bosniaks
The Bosniaks or Bosniacs (Bosnian: Bošnjak, pl: Bošnjaci, pronounced [bɔːˈʃɲaːtsi]) are a South Slavic ethnic group, living mainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina, with a smaller minority also present in other lands of the Balkan Peninsula especially in Serbia, Montenegro and Croatia. Bosniaks are typically characterized by their historic tie to the Bosnian historical region, traditional adherence to Islam since the 15th and 16th centuries, common culture and language. In the English-speaking world, Bosniaks are also referred to as Bosnian Muslims or simply Bosnians. Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an official ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam. The term Bosnian is used to denote all inhabitants of Bosnia regardless of ethnic origin.
Bosniaks are a South Slavic people. Nonetheless, it has been proposed, based on genetic signatures, that their roots also date back to pre-Slavic inhabitants of the Dinaric region, effectively predating many modern European homogenous ethnic groups. There are well over two million Bosniaks living in the Balkans today, with an estimated additional million settled and living around the world.[citation needed] Several instances of ethnic cleansing and genocide have had a tremendous effect on the territorial distribution of the population. Partially due to this,[citation needed] a notable Bosniak diaspora exists in a number of countries, including Austria, Germany, Australia, Sweden, Turkey, Canada and the United States. Both within the region and throughout the world, Bosniaks are often noted for their unique culture, which has been influenced by both eastern and western civilizations and schools of thought over the course of their history.
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Brad Pitt
William Bradley "Brad" Pitt (born December 18, 1963) is an American actor and film producer. Pitt has received four Academy Award nominations and five Golden Globe Award nominations, winning one Golden Globe. He has been described as one of the world's most attractive men, a label for which he has received substantial media attention.
Pitt first gained recognition as a cowboy hitchhiker in the road movie Thelma & Louise (1991). His first leading roles in big-budget productions came with A River Runs Through It (1992), Interview with the Vampire (1994), and Legends of the Fall (1994). In 1995, he gave critically acclaimed performances in the crime thriller Seven and the science fiction film 12 Monkeys, the latter earning him a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor and an Academy Award nomination. Four years later, Pitt starred in the cult hit Fight Club. He then starred in the major international hit Ocean's Eleven (2001) and its sequels, Ocean's Twelve (2004) and Ocean's Thirteen (2007). His greatest commercial successes have been Troy (2004) and Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005). Pitt received his second and third Academy Award nominations for his leading performances in The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (2008) and Moneyball (2011). In addition, Pitt owns a production company, Plan B Entertainment, whose productions include The Departed (2006), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture, and Moneyball, which garnered a Best Picture nomination.
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Bugge Wesseltoft
Jens Christian Bugge Wesseltoft (born 1 February 1964 in Porsgrunn) is a Norwegian jazz musician, pianist, composer and producer. He has his own label named Jazzland Records. In the 1990s, Bugge has made a transition from Nordic jazz traditions exemplified by the ECM record label to a style sometimes referred to as "future jazz" or nu jazz. He has played with Jan Garbarek.
He also received in 1996 the "Spellemannprisen" for his album New Conception of Jazz, also in 1998 and 2002 for his albums with Sidsel Endresen, Duplex Ride and Out Here, In There.
The track "Existence" could be heard in Philippe Harel's movie "Extension du domaine de la lutte", adaptation of Michel Houellebecq's roman, written in 1994.
With Lars Danielsson & Nils Petter Molvaer With Jan Garbarek
With Terje Rypdal
With Lars Danielsson & Nils Petter Molvaer
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Coolio
Artis Leon Ivey Jr. (born August 1, 1963), better known by the stage name Coolio, is an American Grammy Award winning musician, rapper, actor, and record producer. He is best known for the song "Gangsta's Paradise", and the theme song for Kenan & Kel a Nickelodeon show from 1996 to 2000.
He recorded two singles in the late 1980s, titled "Watcha Gonna Do" and "You're Gonna Miss Me". Neither single was successful, but Coolio had made connections in the Los Angeles rap scene, and ended up joining the group WC and the Maad Circle in 1991. WC was the group's lead rapper, but Coolio was another rapper in the group. He had a few verses on the group's debut album, Ain't a Damn Thang Changed, including on the single "Dress Code". The album was regionally successful, but did not make much impact on a national scale.
Three years later in 1994, Coolio signed to Tommy Boy Records and released his debut solo album, It Takes a Thief. The lead single "Fantastic Voyage" was put into heavy rotation on MTV, and peaked at #3 on the Billboard Hot 100. "Fantastic Voyage" would become one of the biggest rap singles of the year. The album also contained a few minor hits in "County Line" and "I Remember". It Takes a Thief eventually peaked at #8 on the Billboard Hot 200, becoming certified Platinum. The album received praise for bringing a humorous and lighthearted perspective to often violent and profane themes of typical gangsta rap.
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Cristina Branco
Cristina Branco (born 1972 in Almeirim, Ribatejo, Portugal) is a Portuguese musician.
Branco was originally drawn to jazz and forms of Portuguese music before finally opting for fado after being introduced to the music of Amália Rodrigues by her grandfather. Branco studied the poems from which major fado lyrics are taken. Branco continues to work on her fado repertory, accompanied by Custódio Castelo on guitar and as composer.
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Crvena jabuka
Crvena jabuka ("Red apple") is a Sarajevo-based rock/pop band that originated in 1985, and since then has remained very popular. They were also a part of the so called New Primitives movement that occurred in the 1980s in the Former Yugoslavia territory.
Of the different lineups the band has gone through only two of the band's members managed to stay ever since the beginning: drummer Darko Jelčić, and vocalist Dražen Žerić-Žera who in the beginning played keyboards and sometimes sang backup vocals, but then switched to main vocals when Dražen Ričl died. The other two members that had remained in the band's lineup after the 1990s were Nikša Bratoš, and Krešimir Kaštelan. Guitarists were also changed and a new keyboard player was recruited as well in 2002.
Around the time of their 20th Anniversary, the band started to lose their popularity. To compensate for this two farewell concerts were organized that year.
During the Yugoslav wars the band was stationed in Zagreb, and underwent a long hiatus.
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Czechs
Czechs, or Czech people (Czech: Češi, Czech pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛʃɪ], archaic Czech: Čechové [ˈtʃɛxɔvɛː]) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic. Small populations of Czechs also live in Slovakia, Austria, the United States, the United Kingdom, Chile, Argentina, Canada, Germany, Russia and other countries. They speak the Czech language, which is closely related to the Slovak and Upper Sorbian language.
Among the ancestors of the Czechs are ancient Slavic tribes who inhabited the regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Upper Silesia from the 6th century onwards.
The Czechs are descended from the Celts, early Slavs, and Germanic tribes. According to an international project called Family Tree DNA results a very slight majority of the Czech population forms an offspring of the Celts (28.8%), followed by Slavic (28.4%) and Germanic (13.0%) forefathers.West Slavic tribes have inhabited the regions of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia since the 6th century, and eventually absorbed pre-Slavic populations. Within the West Slavs, the Czechs form part of the Czech-Slovak group (together with the Slovaks), alongside the Lechites and the Sorbs.
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Daniel Craig
Daniel Wroughton Craig (born 2 March 1968) is an English actor best known for playing British secret agent James Bond in a 2006 reboot of the film series and its sequels.
Craig is an alumnus of the National Youth Theatre and graduated from the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London and began his career on stage. His early on screen appearances were in the films Elizabeth, The Power of One and A Kid in King Arthur's Court, and on Sharpe's Eagle and Zorro in television. His appearances in the British films Love Is the Devil, The Trench and Some Voices attracted the industry's attention, leading to roles in bigger productions such as Lara Croft: Tomb Raider, Road to Perdition, Layer Cake and Munich.
Craig achieved international fame when chosen as the sixth actor to play the role of Bond, replacing Pierce Brosnan. His debut in Casino Royale was highly acclaimed and earnt him a BAFTA award nomination, with the film becoming the highest grossing in the series to date. Quantum of Solace followed two years later, with the third film Skyfall set for release in 2012, having been delayed due to MGM's financial troubles.
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Danis Tanović
Danis Tanović (born 20 February 1969) is an Academy Award-winning Bosnian film director and screenwriter. Tanović is best known for having directed and written the script for the 2001 Bosnian movie No Man's Land which won him the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He was a member of the jury at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival. He is widely considered one of the best contemporary Bosnian filmmakers of his generation and has garnered critical acclaim for many of his movies. In 2008, Tanović established Naša Stranka, a grassroots political party based in Sarajevo.
His most recent films include 2009's Triage, starring Colin Farrell, Paz Vega and Christopher Lee and 2010's Cirkus Columbia, starring Miki Manojlović and Mira Furlan.
Danis Tanović was born in the central Bosnian city of Zenica, to Bosniak parents. Tanović was raised in Sarajevo where he also received his primary and secondary education. He also attended the University of Sarajevo Music Conservatory, where he played the piano.
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Darren Aronofsky
Darren Aronofsky (born February 12, 1969) is an American film director, screenwriter and film producer. He attended Harvard University to study film theory and the American Film Institute to study both live-action and animation filmmaking. He won several film awards after completing his senior thesis film, "Supermarket Sweep", which went on to become a National Student Academy Award finalist. Aronofsky has received acclaim for his often surreal, disturbing films and has been noted for frequent collaborations with cinematographer Matthew Libatique and composer Clint Mansell. His films have generated controversy and are well known for their often violent, bleak subject matter.
Aronofsky's feature debut, Pi, was shot in November 1997. The low-budget, $60,000 production, starring Sean Gullette, was sold to Artisan Entertainment for $1 million, and grossed over $3 million; Aronofsky won the Directing Award at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival and an Independent Spirit Award for best first screenplay. Aronofsky's followup, Requiem for a Dream, was based on the novel of the same name written by Hubert Selby, Jr. The film received an Academy Award nomination for Ellen Burstyn's performance. After turning down an opportunity to direct Batman Begins and writing the World War II horror film Below, Aronofsky began production on his third film, The Fountain. The film received mixed reviews and performed poorly at the box-office, but has since garnered a cult following.
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Dennis Chambers
Dennis Chambers (born May 9, 1959) is an American drummer who has recorded and performed with John Scofield, George Duke, Brecker Brothers, Santana, Parliament/Funkadelic, John McLaughlin, Niacin, Mike Stern, CAB, Greg Howe, and many others. Despite a lack of formal training, Chambers has become well known among drummers for his technique and speed.[citation needed] Chambers is particularly regarded for his ability to play "in the pocket" but can also stretch very far out of the pocket which is also a hallmark of his technique.[citation needed] Chambers exhibits a powerful style that is technically proficient, yet highly musical and groove-oriented.[citation needed] He can play in a wide variety of musical genres, but is perhaps most notable for his jazz-fusion, funk, and Latin music playing. He is mostly known for his fast hands and triplets on the bass drum. He has helped many young drummers, the most prominent being Tony Royster, Jr.
He has been part of the Maceo Parker live band and is touring with Carlos Santana and makes appearances with his band Niacin.
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Dhafer Youssef
Dhafer Youssef (Arabic: ظافر يوسف; born 19 November 1967 in Teboulba, Tunisia) is a composer, singer and oud player. He developed an interest in jazz at an early age and clandestinely listened to it during his education at a Qur'anic school. He later left Tunisia to start a jazz career and has lived in Europe since 1990, usually in Paris or Vienna. He also works in avant garde and world music where he has been nominated for awards. He has released four albums of his own and also did notable work with Sardinian trumpeter Paolo Fresu and the Norwegian guitarist Eivind Aarset. He indicates an affinity for the music of India and Nordic music. He was a guest artist on the Norwegian jazz artist Bugge Wesseltoft's album FiLM iNG. Youssef has also performed with Uri Caine, Jon Hassell, Markus Stockhausen,Nguyên Lê and the Cuban pianist Omar Sosa. In 2001 he recorded Electric Sufi with the ex-Sugar Hill Gang and Tackhead rhythm section of Will Calhoun and Doug Wimbish.
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Dino Merlin
Edin Dervišhalidović (pronounced [ědin derʋiʃxaːlǐdoʋitɕ]; born 12 September 1962), stage name Dino Merlin, pronounced [dǐːno měrlin], is a prominent Bosnian singer-songwriter and musician. He is a popular singer/songwriter in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is also popular in the other countries of the former Yugoslavia such as Serbia, Croatia, Montenegro, Republic of Macedonia and Slovenia.
Edin Dervišhalidović founded the band Merlin in 1983 and has been its singer and songwriter since. With the band, he has recorded 5 studio albums: Kokuzna vremena in 1985, Teško meni sa tobom (a još teže bez tebe) in 1986, Merlin in 1987, Nešto lijepo treba da se desi in 1989, and Peta strana svijeta in 1990.
Dervišhalidović began his solo career under the name Dino Merlin in 1991, and recorded five studio albums: Moja bogda sna in 1993, Fotografija in 1995, Sredinom in 2000, Burek in 2004, Ispočetka in 2008 and 2 live albums, Vječna vatra in 1999 and Live Koševo 2004 in 2005.
Dino Merlin wrote the first national anthem of Bosnia and Herzegovina called Jedna si, jedina.[citation needed] He has also taken part in Eurovision Song Contests, in Millstreet in 1993 (Dino is the author of Sva bol svijeta) and in Jerusalem in 1999 (singing Putnici with Béatrice, a French singer). Dino Merlin has also taken part in other big European festivals, such as Copenhagen in 1996 and Turkovision in 1997.[citation needed] His tour promoting his Sredinom album, which was released in 2000, included over 200 concerts, with a spectacular performance at the Koševo Olympic Stadium in Sarajevo, in front of an audience of about 80,000.[citation needed] The Sredinom-album was the top-selling album in Bosnia and Herzegovina and sold in all of the countries that were once part of Yugoslavia.[citation needed]
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Divlje Jagode
Divlje Jagode (trans. "Wild Strawberries") are an ex-Yugoslav and Bosnian and Herzegovinian heavy metal band formed in 1977. The band is widely considered to be regional pioneers of the heavy metal genre and one of the most popular enduring icons of rock music in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the region. After 35 years of existence, 11 studio albums and sales of over 4 million records, the band is still performing and is recording their 12th studio album.
Divlje Jagode were formed in 1977 in Bihać by guitarist Zele Lipovača (a former Biseri, Selekcija and Zenit member). The first Divlje Jagode lineup featured vocalist Ante Janković, bass guitarist Nihad Jusufhodžić (a former Zenit member), keyboardist Mustafa "Muc" Ismailovski (a former Grešnici member) and drummer Adonis Dokuzović (a former Novi Akordi member). The band achieved high popularity with their first singles: hard rock ballads "Jedina moja" and "Patkica" and a cover of Bosnian folk song "Moj dilbere". In 1978 they released their debut self-titled album Divlje Jagode, which featured a number of Deep Purple and Black Sabbath inspired songs, a new version of "Jedina moja" and ballad "Krivo je more" among others. After the album was released the band made a break because part of the band's members' army obligations. Ismailovski joined Srebrna Krila, and Lipovača, alongside Marina Tucaković became spiritus movens of a disco band Mirzino Jato.
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Gavrilo Princip
Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип, pronounced [ɡǎʋrilɔ prǐntsip]; 25 July [O.S. 13 July] 1894 – 28 April 1918) was the man who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. Princip and his accomplices were arrested and implicated a number of members of the Serbian military, leading Austria-Hungary to issue a démarche to Serbia known as the July Ultimatum. This set off a chain of events that led to World War I. Princip was a Yugoslav nationalist associated with the movement Mlada Bosna (Young Bosnia) which predominantly consisted of Serbs, but also Bosniaks and Croats. During his trial he stated "I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria."
Gavrilo Princip was born in Obljaj, a poor part of Bosnia, which was then in the Austria-Hungary empire. His parents, Petar, a postman, and Marija (née Mićić) had nine children, six of whom died in infancy. His impoverished parents could not provide for him and sent him to live with an older brother in Zagreb, now the capital of Croatia.
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Germans
The Germans (Deutsche) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Central Europe. The English term Germans has referred to the German-speaking population of the Holy Roman Empire since the Late Middle Ages. Legally, Germans are citizens of the Federal Republic of Germany.
Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, about 66–75 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil, Canada, Argentina, France, Russia, Chile, Poland, Australia and Romania who most likely are not native speakers of German. Thus, the total number of Germans worldwide lies between 66 and 160 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).
Today, peoples from countries with a German-speaking majority or significant German-speaking population groups other than Germany, such as Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg, have developed their own national identity and usually do not refer to themselves as "Germans" in a modern context.
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Gillian Anderson
Gillian Leigh Anderson (born August 9, 1968) is an American actress. After beginning her career in theatre, Anderson achieved international recognition for her role as Special Agent Dana Scully on the American television series The X-Files. Her film work includes The House of Mirth (2000), The Mighty Celt (2005), The Last King of Scotland (2006), and two X-Files films, The X-Files (1998) and The X-Files: I Want to Believe (2008).
Anderson is of English and Irish descent, and was born in Chicago, Illinois, the daughter of Rosemary Anderson (née Lane), a computer analyst, and Edward Anderson, who owned a film post-production company. Soon after her birth, her family moved to Puerto Rico for 15 months; she then lived for five years in Roseberry Gardens, London N4, and finally for 15 months in Albany Road, London N4, so that her father could attend the London Film School. When Anderson was 11 years old, her family moved again, this time to Grand Rapids, Michigan. She attended Fountain Elementary and then City High-Middle School, a program for gifted students with a strong emphasis on the humanities; she graduated in 1986.
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Goths
The Goths (Gothic: *Gut-þiuda, *Gutans; Old Norse: Gutar/Gotar; German: Goten; Latin: Gothi; Greek: Γότθοι, Gótthoi) were an East Germanic tribe of Scandinavian origin whose two branches, the Visigoths and the Ostrogoths, played an important role in the fall of the Roman Empire and the emergence of Medieval Europe.
The most important source is Jordanes' 6th-century, semi-fictional Getica which describes a migration from southern Scandza (Scandinavia), to Gothiscandza, believed to be the lower Vistula region in modern Pomerania, and from there to the coast of the Black Sea. The Pomeranian Wielbark culture and the Chernyakhov culture northeast of the lower Danube are archaeological traces of this migration. In the 3rd century, either through crossing the lower Danube, or travelling by sea, the Goths ravaged the Balkan Peninsula and Anatolia as far as Cyprus, sacking Athens, Byzantium, Sparta. By the fourth century, the Goths conquered Dacia, and were divided into at least two distinct groups separated by the Dniester River, the Thervingi, led by the Balti dynasty, and the Greuthungi, led by the Amali dynasty. Centered around their capital at the Dnieper, the Goths ruled a vast area which at its peak under the Kings Ermanaric and Athanaric stretched from the Danube to the Volga river, and from the Black to the Baltic Sea.
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Gérard Depardieu
Gérard Xavier Marcel Depardieu (French pronunciation: [ʒeʁaʁ dəpaʁdjø] ( listen); born 27 December 1948) is a French actor and filmmaker. He is a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur, Chevalier of the Ordre national du Mérite and has twice won the César Award for Best Actor. He also won the Golden Globe award for Best Actor in Green Card and was nominated for an Academy Award for the title role in Cyrano de Bergerac.
Gérard Depardieu was born in Châteauroux, Indre, France. He is one of five children of Anne Jeanne Josèphe "la Liette" (née Marillier) and René Maxime Lionel "le Dédé" Depardieu, a metal worker and volunteer fireman. His mother did not want more children and told Depardieu that she had tried to abort him with knitting needles. He has stated that as a child he would inspect his hands for scars from the needles.
Depardieu spent more time on the street than in the classroom and left school at 15.[citation needed]
At the age of 16, Depardieu left Châteauroux for Paris. There he began acting in the new comedy theatre Café de la Gare, along with Patrick Dewaere, Romain Bouteille, Sotha, Coluche, and Miou-Miou. His breakout film role came in 1974 playing Jean-Claude in Bertrand Blier's comedy Going Places. He studied dancing under Jean-Laurent Cochet, and went on to become one of France's most renowned actors. In 1986, his international fame grew as a result of his performance as a doomed, hunchbacked farmer in the film Jean de Florette. Five years later he won a César for his starring role in Cyrano de Bergerac.
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Himzo Polovina
Dr. Himzo Polovina (11 March 1927 – 5 August 1986) was a Bosnian singer and songwriter, and one of the most famous and widely revered sevdalinka artists in the region. In addition, Dr. Himzo Polovina was a neuropsychiatrist by profession.
He died at the age of 59 from a heart attack while on holiday with his family in Montenegro.
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Husein Gradaščević
Husein-kapetan Gradaščević (31 August 1802 – 17 August 1834) was a Bosniak Muslim general who fought for Bosnian autonomy in the Ottoman Empire. He is often referred to as "Zmaj od Bosne", meaning "Dragon of Bosnia". Gradaščević was born in Gradačac in 1802—hence his surname Gradaščević, meaning "of Gradačac"—and grew up surrounded by a political climate of turmoil in the western reaches of the Ottoman Empire. The young Husein developed a reputation for wise rule and tolerance and soon became one of the most popular figures in Bosnia.
After Mahmud II ruthlessly abolished the Janissary during the Auspicious Incident in 1826 and adamantly advanced against all Balkan Muslim; captaincy's, Beys and Pashas in Rumelia and tried to force his dubious version reforms, which were rejected by the Bosniaks. Very soon Mahmud II planned to abolished Bosnia Eyalet and conferred its historical territories to the newly created Principality of Serbia and when he tyrannically attempted to forcefully mass-recruit the Bosnian populace into his new army in the year 1830, the Bosniaks led by Husein Gradaščević felt compelled to launch a massive uprising.
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Illyrians
The Illyrians (English pronunciation: /ɪˈlɪəriəns/; Ancient Greek: Ἰλλυριοί; Latin: Illyrii or Illyri) were a group of tribes who inhabited part of the western Balkans in antiquity and the south-eastern coasts of the Italian peninsula (Messapia). The territory the Illyrians covered came to be known as Illyria to Greek and Roman authors, corresponding to parts of the former Yugoslavia and Albania, between the Adriatic Sea in the west, the Drava river in the north, the Morava river in the east and the mouth of the Vjosë river in the south. The first account of Illyrian peoples comes from Periplus or Coastal Passage, an ancient Greek text of the middle of the 4th century BC.
These tribes, or at least a number of tribes considered "Illyrians proper", are assumed to have been united by a common Illyrian language, of which only small fragments are attested enough to classify it as a branch of Indo-European, while it was extinct by the 5th century AD. However, the name "Illyrians" as applied by the ancient Greeks to their northern neighbors may have referred to a broad, ill-defined group of peoples, and it is today unclear to what extent they were linguistically and culturally homogeneous. In fact, an Illyric origin was and still is attributed also to a few ancient peoples in Italy, in particular the Iapyges, Dauni and Messapi, as it is thought that, most likely, they had shored to the Peninsula, coming from the geographic "Illyria". The Illyrian tribes never collectively regarded themselves as 'Illyrians', and it is unlikely that they used any collective nomenclature for themselves. However, the name Illyrians seems to be the name of a specific Illyrian tribe, which was the first to come in contact with the ancient Greeks during the Bronze Age, causing the name Illyrians to be applied to all people of similar language and customs.
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Ivo Andrić
Ivan "Ivo" Andrić (Serbian Cyrillic: Иво Андрић, pronounced [ǐʋan ǐːʋɔ ǎːndritɕ]) (October 9, 1892 – March 13, 1975) was a Yugoslav novelist, short story writer, and the 1961 winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. His writings dealt mainly with life in his native Bosnia under the Ottoman Empire. His native house in Travnik has been transformed into a Museum, and his Belgrade flat on Andrićev Venac hosts the Museum of Ivo Andrić, and Ivo Andrić Foundation.
Ivan Andrić was born on October 9, 1892, to Croatian parents in Travnik, Bosnia and Herzegovina, then part of Austria-Hungary. He was born as Ivan, but became known by the diminutive Ivo. When Andrić was two years old, his father Antun died. Because his mother Katarina (née Pejić) was too poor to support him, he was raised by his mother's family in the town of Višegrad on the river Drina in eastern Bosnia, where he saw the 16th-century Mehmed Paša Sokolović Bridge, later made famous in his novel The Bridge on the Drina (Na Drini ćuprija).
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John Malkovich
John Gavin Malkovich (born December 9, 1953) is an American actor, producer, director and fashion designer with his label Technobohemian. Over the last 25 years of his career, Malkovich has appeared in more than 70 motion pictures. For his roles in Places in the Heart and In the Line of Fire, he received Academy Award nominations. He has also appeared in critically acclaimed films such as Empire of the Sun, The Killing Fields, Dangerous Liaisons, Of Mice and Men, Con Air, Being John Malkovich, and Red. He will produce the film version of the book The Perks of Being a Wallflower.
Malkovich was born in Christopher, Illinois. His paternal grandparents were Croats, natives of Ozalj in Croatia. His mother was of Scottish and German ancestry. He grew up in Benton, Illinois, in a large house on South Main Street. His father, Daniel Leon Malkovich, was a state conservation director and publisher of Outdoor Illinois, a conservation magazine. His mother, Joe Anne (née Choisser), owned the Benton Evening News (a local newspaper in Benton, Il.), as well as Outdoor Illinois. Malkovich attended Logan Grade School,[citation needed] Webster Junior High, and Benton Consolidated High School, in Benton, Illinois. During his high school years, he appeared in various plays and the musical, Carousel. He was also a member of a folk/rock musical trio, and was a member of a local summer theater/comedy project in Benton in 1972, where he co-starred in Jean-Claude van Itallie's America Hurrah. Upon graduation from high school, he entered Eastern Illinois University, and then transferred to Illinois State University, where he majored in theatre.
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Joseph Tawadros
Joseph Tawadros (born 1983, Cairo, Egypt) is an oud virtuoso from Australia.
Music scores composed for the following films:
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Josip Broz Tito
Marshal Josip Broz Tito (Serbo-Croatian pronunciation: [jɔ̂sip brɔ̂ːz tîtɔ]; born Josip Broz; Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито; 7 May 1892 – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1945 until his death in 1980. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, due to his successful economic and diplomatic policies, Tito was seen by most as a benevolent dictator, and was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies successfully maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India and Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt.
Josip was born as the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz in the village of Kumrovec within Austria-Hungary (modern-day Croatia). Drafted into the army, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Russians, Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia.
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Jure Franko
Jure Franko ( listen (help·info)) (born March 28, 1962 in Nova Gorica) is a Slovenian former alpine skier, best known for winning a giant slalom silver medal at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo.
Jure Franko was born and raised in Nova Gorica, a city in Slovenia at the border with Italy. Franko competed in giant slalom and super giant slalom events, and reached the peak of his skiing career in the 1983–84 season. On February 14, 1984 at the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo he won a silver medal in giant slalom. This was the first Winter Olympics medal ever for Yugoslavia. Franko was at the 4th position after the first leg of the giant slalom, and delivered the fastest time of the second leg, bringing him to second place overall (Max Julen from Switzerland took gold).
Franko also competed in the World Cup competitions, where he placed himself 3rd three times. In addition, he achieved 23 top ten positions, and 11 additional top 15 positions. He quit skiing after the 1984–85 season.
In January 2006, Jure Franko participated in the 2006 Winter Olympic torch relay, by relaying the torch from Slovenia to Italy at the Slovenian-Italian border in Nova Gorica. He also organised a trip for 43 children of modest economic backgrounds from Sarajevo, Nova Gorica and Gorizia to visit the Giant Slalom event at the 2006 Winter Olympic games in Torino, Italy.
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Kemal Monteno
Kemal Monteno (born September 17, 1948) is a popular Bosnian singer-songwriter. He was born to an Italian father and a Bosniak mother. He recorded his first song Lidija in 1967 and has enjoyed a prosperous career in the former Yugoslavia. He is perhaps best known for Sarajevo ljubavi moja (Sarajevo Love of Mine), a tribute to his home town.
Many of his songs have also been performed by others. For instance, "Bacila je sve niz rijeku" (She threw everything down the river) was a hit not only for him, but for Tose Proeski, Crvena Jabuka and Indexi. Similarly, others had success performing "Nekako s proljeća" (Somehow in a springtime) and "Nije htjela" (She didn't want).
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Kevin Spacey
Kevin Spacey, CBE (born Kevin Spacey Fowler; July 26, 1959) is an American actor, director, screenwriter, producer, and crooner. He grew up in California, and began his career as a stage actor during the 1980s, before being cast in supporting roles in film and television. He gained critical acclaim in the early 1990s, culminating in his first Academy Award for The Usual Suspects (Best Supporting Actor), followed by a Best Actor Academy Award win for American Beauty (1999). His other starring roles in Hollywood include Seven, L.A. Confidential, Pay It Forward, K-PAX, and Superman Returns in a career which has earned him several Emmy and Golden Globe nominations. Since 2003, he has been artistic director of the Old Vic theatre in London.
Spacey was born in South Orange, New Jersey, the son of Kathleen Ann (née Knutson; December 5, 1931 – March 19, 2003), a secretary, and Thomas Geoffrey Fowler (June 4, 1924 – December 24, 1992), a technical writer and data consultant. He has two older siblings: a sister, Julie, and a brother, Randy. He attended Northridge Military Academy, Canoga Park High School (in tenth and eleventh grades), and then Chatsworth High School in Chatsworth, Los Angeles, where he graduated valedictorian of his class. At Chatsworth High, he starred in the school's senior production of The Sound of Music, playing the part of Captain Georg von Trapp, opposite Mare Winningham's character, Maria.
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List of Sarajevans
Sarajevo has had a number of famous citizens over the years. They include an Academy Award winner, one Nobel Prize winner, musicians, novelists, and politicians. Sarajevo has also produced presidents for three countries.
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Mehmed II
Mehmed II (March 30, 1432 – May 3, 1481) (Ottoman Turkish: محمد ثانى Meḥmed-i s̠ānī, Turkish: II. Mehmet), (also known as el-Fātiḥ (الفاتح, "the Conqueror" in Ottoman Turkish, in modern Turkish, Fatih Sultan Mehmet; also called Mahomet II in early modern Europe) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Rûm until the conquest) for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople and brought an end to the Byzantine Empire, absorbing its administrative apparatus into the Ottoman state. Mehmed continued his conquests in Asia, with the Anatolian reunification, and in Europe, as far as Bosnia and Croatia. Mehmed II is regarded as a national hero in Turkey, and his name has been given to Istanbul's Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge.
Mehmed II was born on March 30, 1432, in Edirne, then the capital city of the Ottoman state. His father was Sultan Murad II (1404–51) and his mother Valide Sultan Hüma Hatun, born in Devrekani county of Kastamonu province.
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Meho Puzić
Meho Puzić (1937 – June 25, 2007) was a famous sevdalinka performer from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Michael Moore
Michael Francis Moore (born April 23, 1954) is an American filmmaker, author, social critic and activist. He is the director and producer of Fahrenheit 9/11, which is the highest-grossing documentary of all time. His films Bowling for Columbine and Sicko also place in the top ten highest-grossing documentaries. In September 2008, he released his first free movie on the Internet, Slacker Uprising, which documented his personal quest to encourage more Americans to vote in presidential elections. He has also written and starred in the TV shows TV Nation and The Awful Truth.
Moore criticizes globalization, large corporations, assault weapon ownership, U.S. Presidents Bill Clinton and George W. Bush, the Iraq War, the American health care system, and capitalism in his written and cinematic works.
Moore was born in Flint, Michigan, and raised in Davison, a suburb of Flint, by parents Veronica (née Wall), a secretary, and Frank Moore, an automotive assembly-line worker. At that time, the city of Flint was home to many General Motors factories, where his parents and grandfather worked. His uncle LaVerne was one of the founders of the United Automobile Workers labor union and participated in the Flint Sit-Down Strike.
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Moors
The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Berber, Black African and Arab descent from Northern Africa, who came to conquer, occupy and rule the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years.[citation needed] At that time they were Muslim, although earlier the people had followed other religions. They called the territory Al Andalus, comprising most of what is now Spain and Portugal.
" Moors" are not a distinct or self-defined people. Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name primarily to Berbers, but also at various times to Arabs, Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali and Niger who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty. Mainstream scholars observed in 1911 that "The term 'Moors' has no real ethnological value."
The Andalusian Moors of the late Medieval era inhabited the Iberian Peninsula after the Moorish conquests of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates, and the final Umayyad conquest of Hispania.[citation needed] The Moors' rule stretched at times as far as modern-day Mauritania, West African countries, and the Senegal River. Earlier, the Classical Romans interacted with (and later conquered) parts of Mauretania, a state that covered northern portions of modern Morocco and much of north western and central Algeria during the classical period. The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as the Mauri.
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Morgan Freeman
Morgan Freeman (born June 1, 1937) is an American actor, film director, aviator and narrator. Freeman has received Academy Award nominations for his performances in Street Smart, Driving Miss Daisy, The Shawshank Redemption and Invictus and won in 2005 for Million Dollar Baby. He has also won a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award. Freeman has appeared in many other box office hits, including Unforgiven, Glory, Seven, Deep Impact, The Sum of All Fears, Bruce Almighty, Batman Begins, March of the Penguins, The Bucket List, Wanted, The Dark Knight, and RED.
Morgan Freeman was born in Memphis, Tennessee, the son of Mayme Edna (née Revere), a teacher, and Morgan Porterfield Freeman, a barber who died April 27, 1961, from cirrhosis. He has three older siblings. Freeman was sent as an infant to his paternal grandmother in Charleston, Mississippi. His family moved frequently during his childhood, living in Greenwood, Mississippi; Gary, Indiana; and finally Chicago, Illinois. Freeman made his acting debut at age 9, playing the lead role in a school play. He then attended Broad Street High School, later named Threadgill Elementary School, in Mississippi. At age 12, he won a statewide drama competition, and while still at Broad Street High School, he performed in a radio show based in Nashville, Tennessee. In 1955, he graduated from Broad Street, but turned down a partial drama scholarship from Jackson State University, opting instead to work as a mechanic in the United States Air Force.
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Nada Mamula
Nada Mamula (9 January 1927 – 11 October 2001) was a Serbian singer, born during the time of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. She started her career on Radio Beograd, where she passed an audition in 1946 (as Nada Vukićević). In 1946 she delivered her first ever professional performances as Nada Vukicevic along with Danica Obrenic and accordionist Voja Trifunovic.. Soon after marrying Nikola Mamula, she moved to Sarajevo and started to work on Radio Sarajevo. Her first famous sevdalinka was "Ah meraka u večeri rane". She was one of the most popular singers of Yugoslavia in the second half of the twentieth century. Her discography includes two LPs records released by Jugoton, four LPs released in the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, and Bulgaria and a few dozen singles. She died and was buried in Belgrade in 2001. She left over 150 recordings of sevdah interpretations as well as traditional Serbian songs in the archives of Radio Beogard, Radio Novi Sad and Radio Sarajevo.
Her best known interpretations are: "U đul bašti", "Mujo kuje konja po mjesecu", "Bosno moja", "Omer beže", "Negdje u daljine", "Bere cura plav jorgovan", "Na teferič pošla nana", "Ah meraka u večeri rane" as well as the ever famous unofficial anthem of Sarajevo "Kad ja Podjoh Na Bembasu".
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Nick Cave
Nicholas Edward "Nick" Cave (born 22 September 1957) is an Australian musician, songwriter, author, screenwriter, composer and occasional film actor.
He is best known for his work as a frontman of the critically acclaimed rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, established in 1983, a group known for its eclectic influences and musical styles. Before that, he had fronted the group The Birthday Party in the early 1980s, a band renowned for its highly gothic, challenging lyrics and violent sound influenced by free jazz, blues, and post-punk. In 2006, he formed the garage rock band Grinderman that released its debut the following year. Cave's music is generally characterised by emotional intensity, a wide variety of influences and lyrical obsessions with religion, death, love and violence.
Upon Cave's induction into the ARIA Hall of Fame, ARIA Awards committee chairman Ed St John said, “Nick Cave has enjoyed—and continues to enjoy—one of the most extraordinary careers in the annals of popular music. He is an Australian artist like Sidney Nolan is an Australian artist—beyond comparison, beyond genre, beyond dispute."
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Orlando Bloom
Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Bloom (born 13 January 1977) is an English actor. He had his break-through roles in 2001 as the elf-prince Legolas in The Lord of the Rings and in 2003 as blacksmith Will Turner in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series. He subsequently established himself as a lead in Hollywood films, including Elizabethtown and Kingdom of Heaven. He appeared in the ensemble films New York, I Love You, Sympathy for Delicious, and Main Street. Bloom made his professional stage debut in West End's In Celebration at the Duke of York's Theatre, St. Martin's Lane, which ended its run on 15 September 2007. On 12 October 2009, Bloom was named a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador.
Orlando Bloom was born in Canterbury, Kent, England, and has one sister, Samantha Bloom, who was born in 1975.
His mother, Sonia Constance Josephine (née Copeland), was born in the British section of Kolkata, India, the daughter of Betty Constance Josephine Walker and Francis John Copeland, who was a physician and surgeon. Through her, Bloom is a cousin of photographer Sebastian Copeland. Bloom's maternal grandmother's family lived in Tasmania, Australia, Japan, and India, and were of English descent, some of them having originally come from Kent. During his childhood, Bloom was told that his father was his mother's husband, Jewish South African-born anti-Apartheid novelist Harry Saul Bloom; however, when he was thirteen (nine years after Harry's death), Bloom's mother revealed to him that his biological father was actually Colin Stone, his mother's partner and family friend. Stone, the principal of the Concorde International language school, was made Orlando Bloom's legal guardian after Harry Bloom's death. Bloom is named after the 16th century composer Orlando Gibbons.[citation needed]
wn.com/Orlando_Bloom -
Richard Bona
Richard Bona (born October 28, 1967 in Minta, Cameroon) is a jazz bassist and musician. His actual African name, as he said live in Montreal in a show with Bobby McFerrin, is Bona Pinder Yayumayalolo.[citation needed]
Bona was born into a family of musicians, which enabled him to start learning music from a young age. His grandfather was a griot-- a West African singer of praise and storyteller-- and percussionist, and his mother was a singer. At 4 years old, Bona started to play the balafon. At the age of 5, he began performing at his village church. Not being wealthy, Bona made many of his own instruments: including flutes and guitars (with cords strung over an old motorcycle tank).
His talent was quickly noticed, and he was often invited to perform at festivals and ceremonies. Bona began learning to play the guitar at age 11, and in 1980 aged just 13, he assembled his first ensemble for a French jazz club in Douala. The owner befriended him and helped him discover jazz music and, notably including Jaco Pastorius in particular, whose work inspired Bona to switch his focus to the electric bass.
wn.com/Richard_Bona -
Safet Isović
Safet Isović (6 January 1936 - 2 September 2007) was a prominent and popular sevdah performer from Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Throughout his career, which started in 1956, Isović performed at music festivals and won many of them which has contributed to the prevalence and popularity of the sevdalinka. He won the Golden Microphone award in SFR Yugoslavia as well as 35 silver and gold record awards.
Isović was also a SDA delegate in the Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
He died on 2 September 2007 and was buried the next day at Ali Pasha's Mosque. At a memorial service held at the National Theatre of Bosnia and Herzegovina he was called the Father of Sevdalinka by Beba Selimović. The Minister of Culture and Sport, Emir Hadžihafizbegović said that Safet Isović did great deeds both when he spoke and when he sang. Ivica Šarić, of the Sarajevo Opera, said that the world was left now without the best interpreter of sevdalinka. Many would agree that he had one of the best voices in Yugoslavia.
wn.com/Safet_Isović -
Sephardi Jews
Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּי, Modern Sfaraddi Tiberian Səp̄āraddî) is a general term referring to the descendants of the Jews who lived in the Iberian Peninsula before their expulsion in the Spanish Inquisition. It can also refer to those who use a Sephardic style of liturgy or would otherwise define themselves in terms of the Jewish customs and traditions which originated in the Iberian Peninsula. Accordingly, the term Sephardic Jew refers to the Jews following the Sephardic Halakha.
The term essentially means "Spanish". It comes from Sepharad (Hebrew: סְפָרַד, Modern Sfarád Tiberian Səp̄āráḏ), a Biblical location. This location is disputed, but "Sepharad" was identified by later Jews as the Iberian Peninsula, and still means "Spain" in modern Hebrew.[citation needed]
In other languages and scripts, "Sephardi" translates as plural Hebrew: סְפָרַדִּים, Modern Sfaraddim Tiberian Səp̄āraddîm; Spanish: Sefardíes; Portuguese: Sefarditas; Catalan: Sefardites; Basque: Sefardiak; Galician: Sefardís; Italian: Sefarditi; Greek: Σεφαρδίτες Sefardites; Bulgarian: Сефаради Sefaradi; Bosnian: Sefardi; Serbian: Сефарди Sefardi; Turkish: Sefarad, Judaeo-Spanish: Sefaradies/Sefaradim; and Arabic: سفارديون Safārdīyyūn.
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Slovaks
The Slovaks, Slovak people, (Slovak Slováci, singular Slovák, feminine Slovenka, plural Slovenky) are a West Slavic people that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is closely related to the Czech language.
Most Slovaks today live within the borders of the independent Slovakia (circa 5,050,000). There are Slovak minorities in the Czech Republic, Hungary, Serbia and sizeable populations of immigrants and their descendants in the U.S. and in Canada.
The first known Slavic states on the territory of present-day Slovakia were the Empire of Samo and the Principality of Nitra, founded sometime in the 8th century.
Great Moravia (833 - ?907) was a Slavic state in the 9th and early 10th centuries, whose creators were the ancestors of the Czechs and Slovaks. Its formation and rich cultural heritage have attracted somewhat more interest since 19th century. Important developments took place at this time, including the mission of Greek monks Cyril and Methodius, the development of the Glagolitic alphabet (an early form of the Cyrillic script), and the use of Old Church Slavonic as the official and literary language.
wn.com/Slovaks -
Sophie Okonedo
Sophie Okonedo, OBE (born 1968) is a British actress, who has starred both in successful British and American productions. In 1991, she made her acting debut in the British critically acclaimed coming-of-age drama, Young Soul Rebels. She has received an Academy Award nomination for her critically acclaimed role in Hotel Rwanda, a Golden Globe nomination for Tsunami: The Aftermath, and BAFTA nominations for Criminal Justice and Mrs. Mandela. Her other film roles included Aeon Flux, Ace Ventura: When Nature Calls, Dirty Pretty Things,Skin , and The Secret Life of Bees.
Okonedo was born in London, England, the daughter of Joan (née Allman), a pilates teacher, and Henry Okonedo (1939–2009), who worked for the government. Her father was Nigerian, and her mother, an Ashkenazi Jew, was born in the East End to Yiddish-speaking immigrants from Poland and Russia; Okonedo was brought up Jewish. When Okonedo was five years old, her father left the family, and she was subsequently brought up in relative poverty by her single mother ("but we always had books," she has said).
wn.com/Sophie_Okonedo -
Stephen Frears
Stephen Arthur Frears (born 20 June 1941) is an English film director.
Frears was born in Leicester, England, to Ruth M., a social worker, and Dr. Russell E. Frears, a general practitioner and accountant. He did not find out that his mother was Jewish until he was in his late 20s. Frears was educated at Gresham's School, Norfolk, from 1954 to 1959, and later went on to study law at Trinity College, Cambridge, from 1960 to 1963.
After graduating from Cambridge, Frears worked as an assistant director on the films Morgan! (1966) and if.... (1968), but most of his early directing career was spent in television mainly for the BBC, but also for the commercial sector. Frears contributed to several high-profile anthology series such as the BBC's Play for Today, and produced a series of Alan Bennett's plays for LWT, taking responsibility for working in the gallery on The Old Crowd while Lindsay Anderson worked with the actors.
In the mid-1980s, Frears came to international attention as an important director of British and American films. His first film was Gumshoe (1971), but it was his production of the Hanif Kureishi screenplay My Beautiful Laundrette for Channel 4 in 1985 that unexpectedly led to his wider notice. The production, shot on 16 mm film, was released theatrically to great acclaim, and received a nomination for an Academy Award and two nominations for BAFTA Awards. In 1987, he worked with comedian Adrian Edmondson for Mr Jolly Lives Next Door, also starring Peter Cook for a 45-minute programme from the cult series The Comic Strip Presents. In 1985 he had also directed a Comic Strip parody of Rebecca with the usual Comic Strip ensemble.
wn.com/Stephen_Frears -
Steve Buscemi
Steven Vincent "Steve" Buscemi (/bʉˈʃɛmi/ boo-SHEM-ee or boo-SEM-ee; born December 13, 1957) is an American actor, writer and film director. An associate member of the renowned experimental theater company The Wooster Group, Buscemi has starred and supported in successful Hollywood and indie films including New York Stories, Mystery Train, Reservoir Dogs, Pulp Fiction, Desperado, Con Air, Armageddon, The Grey Zone, Ghost World and Big Fish; and the HBO television series The Sopranos. He is also known for his appearances in many films by the Coen brothers: Miller's Crossing, Barton Fink, The Hudsucker Proxy, Fargo, The Big Lebowski and Paris, je t'aime.
Since 2010, he has starred in the critically acclaimed series Boardwalk Empire, which earned him two Screen Actors Guild Awards, a Golden Globe, and a nomination for an Emmy Award.
He made his directorial debut in 1996, with Trees Lounge, in which he also starred. Other works include Animal Factory (2000), Lonesome Jim (2005) and Interview (2007).
wn.com/Steve_Buscemi -
Tiberius
Tiberius (Latin: Tiberius Julius Caesar Augustus; 16 November 42 BC – 16 March 37 AD), was Roman Emperor from 14 AD to 37 AD. Tiberius was by birth a Claudian, son of Tiberius Claudius Nero and Livia Drusilla. His mother divorced Nero and married Augustus in 39 BC, making him a step-son of Octavian. Tiberius would later marry Augustus' daughter Julia the Elder (from his marriage to Scribonia) and even later be adopted by Augustus, by which act he officially became a Julian, bearing the name Tiberius Julius Caesar. The subsequent emperors after Tiberius would continue this blended dynasty of both families for the next forty years; historians have named it the Julio-Claudian dynasty. In relations to the other emperors of this dynasty, Tiberius was the stepson of Augustus, great-uncle of Caligula, paternal uncle of Claudius, and great-great uncle of Nero.
Tiberius was one of Rome's greatest generals, conquering Pannonia, Dalmatia, Raetia, and temporarily Germania; laying the foundations for the northern frontier. But he came to be remembered as a dark, reclusive, and sombre ruler who never really desired to be emperor; Pliny the Elder called him tristissimus hominum, "the gloomiest of men." After the death of Tiberius’ son Drusus Julius Caesar in 23 he became more reclusive and aloof. In 26, against better judgement, Tiberius exiled himself from Rome and left administration largely in the hands of his unscrupulous Praetorian Prefects Lucius Aelius Sejanus and Quintus Naevius Sutorius Macro. Caligula, Tiberius' grand-nephew and adopted grandson, succeeded the emperor upon his death.
wn.com/Tiberius -
Vedran Smailović
Vedran Smailović (born November 11, 1956), known as the "Cellist of Sarajevo", is a musician from Bosnia and Herzegovina, and a former cellist in the Sarajevo String Quartet.
He played in the Sarajevo Opera, the Sarajevo Philharmonic Orchestra, The Symphony Orchestra RTV Sarajevo, and the National Theatre of Sarajevo.
Regularly playing his cello in ruined buildings during the siege of Sarajevo, most notably performing Albinoni's Adagio in G Minor, Smailović caught the imagination of people around the world. In his honour, composer David Wilde wrote a piece for solo cello, The Cellist of Sarajevo, which was recorded by Yo Yo Ma. Paul O'Neill described Smailović's performances as the inspiration for Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 12/24 by Savatage and the Trans Siberian Orchestra. Folk singer John McCutcheon also penned a song in his honour, In the Streets of Sarajevo.
Canadian author Elizabeth Wellburn worked with Smailović to create the children's book Echoes from the Square (1998). Another Canadian author, Steven Galloway, used Smajlović as a peripheral character in his bestselling 2008 novel, The Cellist of Sarajevo. In the book, Smajlović plays every day at 4:00 pm for 22 days, always at the same time and location, to honour the 22 people killed by a mortar bomb while they queued for bread on May 26, 1992. The account, including the time of the mortar attack (which actually took place at 10.00 a.m.), is fictional. Smailović publicly expressed outrage over the book's publication. He said, "They steal my name and identity," and added that he expected damages, an apology and compensation.
wn.com/Vedran_Smailović -
Vladimir Prelog
Vladimir Prelog FRS (23 July 1906 – 7 January 1998) was a Croatian organic chemist and Nobel Prize winner in chemistry. Prelog lived and worked in Prague, Zagreb and Zürich during his lifetime.
Prelog was born in Sarajevo, Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina, at that time within the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to Croat parents who were working there. His father Milan was a history professor in gymnasium in Sarajevo and later at University of Zagreb. As an 8-year old boy, he stood near the place where assassination of Franz Ferdinand occurred. Prelog attended elementary school in Sarajevo, but in 1915, as a child, Prelog moved to Zagreb (Croatia) with his parents. In Zagreb he graduated from elementary school. At first he attended gymnasium in Zagreb, but soon afterwords, his father got job in Osijek, so he continued his education there. He was in Osijek gymnasium for two years, where he become interested in chemistry under influence of his professor Ivan Kuria. In 1922, as a 16-year old boy, he described a new solution for an analytic instrument in chemical lab for the prominent German scientific magazine Chemiker Zeitung. His description was published, which was his first scientific work. Prelog completed his high school education in Zagreb in 1924. Following his father's wishes, he moved to Prague where he received his diploma in chemical engineering from the Czech Technical University in 1928 and gaiend Sc.D in 1929. His teacher was Emil Votoček, while his assistant and mentor Rudolf Lukeš introduced him to the world of organic chemistry.
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World War I
World War I (WWI), which was predominantly called the World War or the Great War from its occurrence until 1939 (World War II), and the First World War or World War I thereafter, was a major war centred in Europe that began on 28 July 1914 and lasted until 11 November 1918. It involved all the world's great powers, which were assembled in two opposing alliances: the Allies (based on the Triple Entente of the United Kingdom, France and Russia) and the Central Powers (originally centred around the Triple Alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; but, as Austria–Hungary had taken the offensive against the agreement, Italy did not enter into the war). These alliances both reorganised (Italy fought for the Allies), and expanded as more nations entered the war. Ultimately more than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history. More than 9 million combatants were killed, largely because of enormous increases in lethality of weapons, thanks to new technology, without corresponding improvements in protection or mobility. It was the sixth-deadliest conflict in world history, subsequently paving the way for various political changes such as revolutions in the nations involved.
wn.com/World_War_I -
Zehra Deović
Zehra Deović (born 1938 in Foča, Kingdom of Yugoslavia) is a Bosnian singer most famous for performing sevdalinka songs. She lives and works in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. She started working at Radio Sarajevo in 1960.
wn.com/Zehra_Deović -
Željko Bebek
Želimir "Željko" Bebek (born 16 December 1945) is a popular Bosnian Croat singer most notable for being the lead vocalist of Bijelo dugme from 1974 to 1984.
Bebek was born in Sarajevo. He showed an early interest in music, entertaining his mother's guests by singing songs he heard on the radio. He also experimented with harmonica, but abandoned it in third grade of primary school as he wanted to play guitar and sing along. His teacher, however, discouraged such intentions so Željko ended up playing mandolin instead. He soon became the school's best mandolin player and was allowed to play guitar as a reward.
At age 16, Bebek entered his first band Eho 61, which operated as a school activity for musically inclined students of Sarajevo's 2nd gymnasium. A couple of years earlier, the same band featured Kornelije Kovač who would later also go on to become famous musician and composer.
Bebek's next musical activity came in a nameless band with Šento Borovčanin and Redžić brothers and Fadil and Zoran. Bebek carried on playing with the band until Fadil Redžić departed and joined Indexi.
wn.com/Željko_Bebek
- Sarajevo - Savatage
- Sarajevo - Axxis
- Sarajevo - Hoosiers
- Sarajevo - Agua Bendita
- Sarajevo - Jessica Vale
In the town of Sarajevo
There's an old medieval square
There's a church aside on corner
Most believe was always there
I was built a thousand years before
Any new were born
And its glory was its belfry
With its stones all gray and worn
New there's a gargoyle on that belfry
And he's been up there for years
And he has watched and he has pondered
What is laughter
What are tears?
And he's never found his answers
As he sees the years go by
But he watches and he wonders
Families worlds apart
War Torn - broken hearts
Thousand sad goodbyes
as this city dies
symbol of a war
Sarajevo
You're their hope their home
hear the people pray
Smoke will fade away
Ruins of a town
Tears of pain fall down
War has called your name
Who will take the blame
give them hope and light
Sarajevo
You're their hope their home
out of dust and smoke
give them peace and hope
Sarajevo
You're their hope their home
hear the people pray
Smoke will fade away
... will fade away ...
Sarajevo
You're their hope their home
hear the people pray
Smoke will fade away
We were the lucky few.
A luck we soon outgrew,
And now instead we drift again.
How I miss Sarajevo.
Oh we were lost at sea,
A pause for thought, the we
Slip beneath the foam and fall
Down to the seabed.
Good times die young,
For the Faraway Kids on the run.
Nowhere to hide.
The Faraway Kids.
The Faraway Kids.
At night, my soul sets sail
In minute detail.
When I wake, I cry. For I
I have lost Sarajevo.
Oh, the charges lacked all proof,
And failed to light the fuse
For the Little Brutes,
But I forsook Sarajevo.
Good times die young,
For the Faraway Kids on the run.
Nowhere to hide.
I can't outrun
The terrible things I have done.
I can't outrun
The Faraway Kids.
Ese legionario que se va a luchar,
mercenario, vendido, sólo por cobrar.
Colabora con la ONU, es un especial,
criminales, asesinos, pues te pueden matar.
Y la ayuda humanitaria tienen que entregar
empujando, golpeando a la gente de allá.
El imperialismo yanki avanza sin cesar
Etiopía, Yugoslavia, sometidos sin más.
Es un cebo, Sarajevo. (Bis)
Organización de las naciones unidas,
especulación ciudades vendidas.
Intereses comunes para bandos contrarios
y niveles contrarios para igualdades comunes.
Nadie se acuerda de los negritos,
que pasan hambre de chiquititos
y ahora me vienen con ese cuento
del legionario y el alimento.
Es un cebo, Sarajevo.
Mata la CIA en Etiopía.
Sarajevo, am I alone here?
Am I wet from desire or is it fear?
Cheek to the ground, sand in my teeth
You've ripped out my skin
And the pride underneath
So I wait here patiently
For you to kill me, Sarajevo
So I wait here patiently
For you to kill me, Sarajevo
You've wrecked my beauty
Through years of war
And though it hurts, I still want more
I'll send it to you, my body is yours
It's my mind you're after to rape and deplore
So I wait here patiently
For you to kill me, Sarajevo
So I wait here patiently
For you to kill me, Sarajevo
Do I want you because I fear you?
I should run but I need you
So I wait here patiently
For you to kill me, Sarajevo
So I wait here patiently
For you to kill me, Sarajevo
So I wait here patiently
For you to kill me, Sarajevo
So I wait here patiently
For you to kill me, Sarajevo
So I wait here patiently
For you to kill me, Sarajevo
So I wait here patiently
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Sarajevo Under Siege - Bosnia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:00
- Updated: 22 Feb 2013
Bosnian war 20 year anniversary To see more go to www.youtube.com Follow us on Facebook (goo.gl or Twitter (www.twitter.com As the world looks back at the agony of the Bosnian war 20 years on this remarkable report, filmed during the Sarajevo siege by Journeyman director, Mark Stucke, offers unique images of the brutal conflict. Travelling over the mountains to a besieged Sarajevo to film UN peacekeeping forces moving in, the film captured unusual footage of UN armour being bombarded, as the Serbs attempted to get them to leave the airport they were guarding. Starving families surviving on nettle soup and scurrying among the rubble of their homes tell the camera, "we can't wait forever like this". A powerful insight into the longest siege of a city in modern history. August 1992
http://wn.com/Sarajevo_Under_Siege_Bosnia
Bosnian war 20 year anniversary To see more go to www.youtube.com Follow us on Facebook (goo.gl or Twitter (www.twitter.com As the world looks back at the agony of the Bosnian war 20 years on this remarkable report, filmed during the Sarajevo siege by Journeyman director, Mark Stucke, offers unique images of the brutal conflict. Travelling over the mountains to a besieged Sarajevo to film UN peacekeeping forces moving in, the film captured unusual footage of UN armour being bombarded, as the Serbs attempted to get them to leave the airport they were guarding. Starving families surviving on nettle soup and scurrying among the rubble of their homes tell the camera, "we can't wait forever like this". A powerful insight into the longest siege of a city in modern history. August 1992
A Sarajevo Diary - From bad to worse
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 63:49
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Between 1992 and 1993, Bill Tribe and a Channel 4 film crew travel to the besieged city of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War. This is the extended edition, featuring a follow-up of the situation later in 1993. More information can be found at arcturus.su
http://wn.com/A_Sarajevo_Diary_From_bad_to_worse
Between 1992 and 1993, Bill Tribe and a Channel 4 film crew travel to the besieged city of Sarajevo during the Bosnian War. This is the extended edition, featuring a follow-up of the situation later in 1993. More information can be found at arcturus.su
- published: 30 Mar 2012
- views: 12710
- author: 999800009999
The Cafe - Young and disillusioned in Sarajevo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 46:47
- Updated: 14 Feb 2013
Young Bosnians gather in the Cafe to discuss the challenges they face in their fragmented country.
http://wn.com/The_Cafe_Young_and_disillusioned_in_Sarajevo
Young Bosnians gather in the Cafe to discuss the challenges they face in their fragmented country.
- published: 20 Aug 2011
- views: 11890
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
Sarajevo, Bosnia: Walking Through the Marketplace
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 10:48
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
Floating through the pedestrian mall in Sarajevo, Bosnia, July 2010. Also see: -- "Sarajevo Sniper Alley" youtu.be -- Sarajevo Photos: Glenn-Campbell.com -- All photos and videos by country: Glenn-Campbell.com -- Glenn Campbell's home page: Glenn-Campbell.com
http://wn.com/Sarajevo,_Bosnia_Walking_Through_the_Marketplace
Floating through the pedestrian mall in Sarajevo, Bosnia, July 2010. Also see: -- "Sarajevo Sniper Alley" youtu.be -- Sarajevo Photos: Glenn-Campbell.com -- All photos and videos by country: Glenn-Campbell.com -- Glenn Campbell's home page: Glenn-Campbell.com
- published: 31 Jul 2011
- views: 32905
- author: Glenn Campbell
U2 & Luciano Pavarotti Miss Sarajevo (Original Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:01
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
This is an origninal video of Miss sarajevo performed by U2 and Luciano Pavarotti
http://wn.com/U2_Luciano_Pavarotti_Miss_Sarajevo_Original_Video
This is an origninal video of Miss sarajevo performed by U2 and Luciano Pavarotti
- published: 21 Jul 2007
- views: 716500
- author: FreeLander20
euronews reporter - Sarajevo - a city under siege from its past?
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Updated: 02 Feb 2013
www.euronews.com Sarajevo is a city which over the centuries has been called the Jerusalem of Europe - a symbol of multi-cultural and ethnic unity where those of Muslim, Catholic, Orthodox and Jewish faith lived together. But in April 1992, it became another symbol: one of the tragic wars that erupted when Yugoslavia broke apart and nationalism and ethnic hatred pointed its guns to this city. For more than three and a half years, Sarajevo was under siege. The Bosnia Serb army, with its Yugoslav heavy artillery, surrounded the Bosnian capital. Civilians became open targets for the snipers. When the siege ended in February 1996, more than 11000 Sarajevans had been killed. Thousands more had been wounded and displaced. Sarajevo, like Bosnia and Herzegovina, became more divided along ethnic lines. These photographs of Sarajevo during the siege are part of a permanent exhibition at the city's history museum. It shows how Sarajevans lived during the war. Because they were surrounded and because of the UN arms embargo, not only was defending the city difficult but also getting food, water and electricity were all part of a daily struggle. But for many Sarajevans the feeling of isolation was worse. Of an international community, especially the west, which reacted too slowly and too late to stop the siege. Elma Hasimbegovic of the History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina explains, "That was a major issue or major accusation that the people of Sarajevo were left by the world, let ...
http://wn.com/euronews_reporter_Sarajevo_a_city_under_siege_from_its_past?
www.euronews.com Sarajevo is a city which over the centuries has been called the Jerusalem of Europe - a symbol of multi-cultural and ethnic unity where those of Muslim, Catholic, Orthodox and Jewish faith lived together. But in April 1992, it became another symbol: one of the tragic wars that erupted when Yugoslavia broke apart and nationalism and ethnic hatred pointed its guns to this city. For more than three and a half years, Sarajevo was under siege. The Bosnia Serb army, with its Yugoslav heavy artillery, surrounded the Bosnian capital. Civilians became open targets for the snipers. When the siege ended in February 1996, more than 11000 Sarajevans had been killed. Thousands more had been wounded and displaced. Sarajevo, like Bosnia and Herzegovina, became more divided along ethnic lines. These photographs of Sarajevo during the siege are part of a permanent exhibition at the city's history museum. It shows how Sarajevans lived during the war. Because they were surrounded and because of the UN arms embargo, not only was defending the city difficult but also getting food, water and electricity were all part of a daily struggle. But for many Sarajevans the feeling of isolation was worse. Of an international community, especially the west, which reacted too slowly and too late to stop the siege. Elma Hasimbegovic of the History Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina explains, "That was a major issue or major accusation that the people of Sarajevo were left by the world, let ...
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 3999
- author: Euronews
Magic De Spell - Sarajevo (2009)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:18
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
Διακοπες Στο Σαραγεβο. Στίχοι: Θοδωρής Βλαχάκης Μουσική: Magic de Spell Αλμπουμ:Οκ Πατερα (2009) Βαδίζω με μάτια κλειστά Τα βαστώ σφαλιστά κι ονειρεύομαι Μη μ' αγγίζεις - μη με ξυπνάς Την αλήθεια σας πια δεν τη δέχομαι. Δεν ανοίγω τα μάτια μου καν Διασχίζω τον κόσμο και φλέγομαι Αν μ' αγαπάς, μη μιλάς Άλλα ψέματα δεν τα ανέχομαι. ΦΩΝΑΞΕ, η ζωή μας χάνεται, πάει ΔΙΑΛΥΣΕ τη σκόνη που σκεπάζει το φως Ο ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ διακοπές στο Sarajevo πάει ΞΥΠΝΗΣΕ στις ειδήσεις τα βλέπεις και τρως Απόψε τα βλέπω διπλά Ήλιος λάμπει κι ας είναι μεσάνυχτα Δυο τσιγάρα πολύ δυνατά Κι εκτοξεύομαι μες στο διάστημα Μια οθόνη που δείχνει "μηδέν" Εποχές που δε γίνονται θαύματα Ένα στόμα φωνάζει πως δεν θα με πείσεις με χίλια τεχνάσματα ΦΩΝΑΞΕ, η ζωή μας χάνεται, πάει ΔΙΑΛΥΣΕ τη σκόνη που σκεπάζει το φως Ο ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ διακοπές στο Sarajevo πάει ΞΥΠΝΗΣΕ στις ειδήσεις τα βλέπεις και τρως Μια σκισμένη φωτογραφία, γεμάτη μ΄ αναμνήσεις Θάνατος να γίνεται οτι τόλμησες να αγγίξεις Να 'σβηνε ο ήλιος και ο παράδεισος να ΄ναι κλειστός Μόνο στη κόλαση απόψε τρεμοσβήνει ενα φώς Βλέπω αγγέλους-διαβόλους να χορέυουν μαζί Και η γυναίκα που αγαπώ να είναι δίπλα μου νεκρή Βάζω φτερά στους ώμους, πετάω ψηλά Την αλήθεια σας σκοτώνω και έτσι φέυγω μακρυά ΦΩΝΑΞΕ, η ζωή μας χάνεται, πάει ΔΙΑΛΥΣΕ τη σκόνη που σκεπάζει το φως Ο ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ διακοπές στο Sarajevo πάει ΞΥΠΝΗΣΕ στις ειδήσεις τα βλέπεις και τρως uploaded by renos.
http://wn.com/Magic_De_Spell_Sarajevo_2009
Διακοπες Στο Σαραγεβο. Στίχοι: Θοδωρής Βλαχάκης Μουσική: Magic de Spell Αλμπουμ:Οκ Πατερα (2009) Βαδίζω με μάτια κλειστά Τα βαστώ σφαλιστά κι ονειρεύομαι Μη μ' αγγίζεις - μη με ξυπνάς Την αλήθεια σας πια δεν τη δέχομαι. Δεν ανοίγω τα μάτια μου καν Διασχίζω τον κόσμο και φλέγομαι Αν μ' αγαπάς, μη μιλάς Άλλα ψέματα δεν τα ανέχομαι. ΦΩΝΑΞΕ, η ζωή μας χάνεται, πάει ΔΙΑΛΥΣΕ τη σκόνη που σκεπάζει το φως Ο ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ διακοπές στο Sarajevo πάει ΞΥΠΝΗΣΕ στις ειδήσεις τα βλέπεις και τρως Απόψε τα βλέπω διπλά Ήλιος λάμπει κι ας είναι μεσάνυχτα Δυο τσιγάρα πολύ δυνατά Κι εκτοξεύομαι μες στο διάστημα Μια οθόνη που δείχνει "μηδέν" Εποχές που δε γίνονται θαύματα Ένα στόμα φωνάζει πως δεν θα με πείσεις με χίλια τεχνάσματα ΦΩΝΑΞΕ, η ζωή μας χάνεται, πάει ΔΙΑΛΥΣΕ τη σκόνη που σκεπάζει το φως Ο ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ διακοπές στο Sarajevo πάει ΞΥΠΝΗΣΕ στις ειδήσεις τα βλέπεις και τρως Μια σκισμένη φωτογραφία, γεμάτη μ΄ αναμνήσεις Θάνατος να γίνεται οτι τόλμησες να αγγίξεις Να 'σβηνε ο ήλιος και ο παράδεισος να ΄ναι κλειστός Μόνο στη κόλαση απόψε τρεμοσβήνει ενα φώς Βλέπω αγγέλους-διαβόλους να χορέυουν μαζί Και η γυναίκα που αγαπώ να είναι δίπλα μου νεκρή Βάζω φτερά στους ώμους, πετάω ψηλά Την αλήθεια σας σκοτώνω και έτσι φέυγω μακρυά ΦΩΝΑΞΕ, η ζωή μας χάνεται, πάει ΔΙΑΛΥΣΕ τη σκόνη που σκεπάζει το φως Ο ΘΑΝΑΤΟΣ διακοπές στο Sarajevo πάει ΞΥΠΝΗΣΕ στις ειδήσεις τα βλέπεις και τρως uploaded by renos.
- published: 18 Apr 2009
- views: 272208
- author: Renos Georgiou
U2 & Pavarotti - Miss Sarajevo (subtitulado español)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:01
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Bono canta a dúo con Pavarotti "Miss Sarajevo"
http://wn.com/U2_Pavarotti_Miss_Sarajevo_subtitulado_español
Bono canta a dúo con Pavarotti "Miss Sarajevo"
- published: 20 Jan 2010
- views: 1309428
- author: cloverhet
Christmas Eve/ Sarajevo [Timeless Version]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:42
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
© 2007 WMG Christmas Eve/ Sarajevo [Timeless Version]
http://wn.com/Christmas_Eve_Sarajevo_Timeless_Version_
© 2007 WMG Christmas Eve/ Sarajevo [Timeless Version]
- published: 27 Oct 2009
- views: 2105349
- author: AtlanticVideos
La voix - Duo étienne et mark (miss sarajevo)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
Étienne et Mark ,,émission la voix,,du dimanche 24 fév 2013 Super,ils devraient faire un CD ensemble les 2 , et moi aussi je trouve ca meilleur que l'original.
http://wn.com/La_voix_Duo_étienne_et_mark_miss_sarajevo
Étienne et Mark ,,émission la voix,,du dimanche 24 fév 2013 Super,ils devraient faire un CD ensemble les 2 , et moi aussi je trouve ca meilleur que l'original.
- published: 25 Feb 2013
- views: 8269
- author: Fountain380
Sarajevo Sniper la mort au bout du Fusil Un Reportage de 26' de Philippe Buffon
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 25:57
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Au centre de Sarajevo, les SNIPERS bosniaques ont pris une tour d'une trentaine d'étages. De cette tour, ils cherchent, trouvent et tuent les tireurs embusqués serbes. Le journaliste, Philippe Buffon, a pris des risques. Il est parvenu à s'intégrer à leur groupe. Durant de longues heures, il a suivi l'action de ces hommes : Il a subi, avec eux, les ripostes serbes. Un portrait psychologique de ces hommes et, en particulier de l'un d'entre eux : un jeune homme dans la guerre. Il explique à la caméra ce qu'il ressent face à l'ennemi, le sniper d'en face. Petit à petit, Il bascule dans la folie. Il craque jusqu'aux sanglots... Un mois plus tard, Philippe Buffon, est retourné sur place. Il a retrouvé Goran à l'Est de Sarajevo, dans son village natal : Dobrinja (dibrigna), un quartier coupé du monden à l'accès très dangereux. Totalement encerclé par les serbes, Dobrinja est sous le feu incessant de la DCA. Goran nous présente sa fiancée ses amis : des civils au coeur des bombardements. Il nous guide, pas à pas, en "1ère ligne", sous le feu des snipers. Il nous emmène dans la guerre, chez les vivants et auprès des morts. La mort, la haine, l'incompréhension, la vengeance, la survie, l'amitié... La réalité de la guerre : à Dobrinja. Durée 25'30 Réalisation Philippe BUFFON SARAJEVO. SNIPER : THE FIGHT In the center of Sarajevo, the Bosnian Snipers have taken up a thirty floors building. From that tower, they look for and they shoot Serbian Snipers. The reporter, Philippe Buffon ...
http://wn.com/Sarajevo_Sniper_la_mort_au_bout_du_Fusil_Un_Reportage_de_26'_de_Philippe_Buffon
Au centre de Sarajevo, les SNIPERS bosniaques ont pris une tour d'une trentaine d'étages. De cette tour, ils cherchent, trouvent et tuent les tireurs embusqués serbes. Le journaliste, Philippe Buffon, a pris des risques. Il est parvenu à s'intégrer à leur groupe. Durant de longues heures, il a suivi l'action de ces hommes : Il a subi, avec eux, les ripostes serbes. Un portrait psychologique de ces hommes et, en particulier de l'un d'entre eux : un jeune homme dans la guerre. Il explique à la caméra ce qu'il ressent face à l'ennemi, le sniper d'en face. Petit à petit, Il bascule dans la folie. Il craque jusqu'aux sanglots... Un mois plus tard, Philippe Buffon, est retourné sur place. Il a retrouvé Goran à l'Est de Sarajevo, dans son village natal : Dobrinja (dibrigna), un quartier coupé du monden à l'accès très dangereux. Totalement encerclé par les serbes, Dobrinja est sous le feu incessant de la DCA. Goran nous présente sa fiancée ses amis : des civils au coeur des bombardements. Il nous guide, pas à pas, en "1ère ligne", sous le feu des snipers. Il nous emmène dans la guerre, chez les vivants et auprès des morts. La mort, la haine, l'incompréhension, la vengeance, la survie, l'amitié... La réalité de la guerre : à Dobrinja. Durée 25'30 Réalisation Philippe BUFFON SARAJEVO. SNIPER : THE FIGHT In the center of Sarajevo, the Bosnian Snipers have taken up a thirty floors building. From that tower, they look for and they shoot Serbian Snipers. The reporter, Philippe Buffon ...
- published: 24 Dec 2012
- views: 12322
- author: PhilippeBuffon
magic de spell-diakopes sto sarajevo
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:24
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
ta leei ola o titlos
http://wn.com/magic_de_spell-diakopes_sto_sarajevo
U2 Miss Sarajevo (The Voice) Quebec Version
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:11
- Updated: 01 Mar 2013
Mark Elkes and Étienne Cousineau singing Miss Sarajevo at La Voix, the quebec version of The Voice
http://wn.com/U2_Miss_Sarajevo_The_Voice_Quebec_Version
Mark Elkes and Étienne Cousineau singing Miss Sarajevo at La Voix, the quebec version of The Voice
- published: 26 Feb 2013
- views: 1950
- author: Simon Talbot
Siege of Sarajevo ( Opsada Sarajeva)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:05
- Updated: 23 Feb 2013
The Siege of Sarajevo was the longest siege in the history of modern warfare, lasting from April 5, 1992 to February 29, 1996.It is estimated that more than 12000 people were killed and 50000 wounded during the siege, 85% of them civilians. Because of killing and forced migration, by 1995 the population decreased to 334663 - 64% of the prewar population.
http://wn.com/Siege_of_Sarajevo_Opsada_Sarajeva
The Siege of Sarajevo was the longest siege in the history of modern warfare, lasting from April 5, 1992 to February 29, 1996.It is estimated that more than 12000 people were killed and 50000 wounded during the siege, 85% of them civilians. Because of killing and forced migration, by 1995 the population decreased to 334663 - 64% of the prewar population.
- published: 23 Sep 2007
- views: 61402
- author: mrzimsvestonijemoje
euronews reporter - Sarajevo - eine Stadt im Aufbruch
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
de.euronews.com In Sarajevo lebten bosnische Muslime, Kroaten und Serben seit Jahrhunderten zusammen, bis die Stadt vor zwanzig Jahren unter Belagerung geriet und nach dem Zerfall Jugolawiens zu einem tragischen Kriegssymbol wurde. In dieser Ausgabe von Reporter werfen wir einen Blick auf das Sarajevo von heute und ergründen, warum es noch immer als das "Jerusalem Europas" gilt. bleiben sie bei uns : YouTube: bit.ly Facebook : www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com
http://wn.com/euronews_reporter_Sarajevo_eine_Stadt_im_Aufbruch
de.euronews.com In Sarajevo lebten bosnische Muslime, Kroaten und Serben seit Jahrhunderten zusammen, bis die Stadt vor zwanzig Jahren unter Belagerung geriet und nach dem Zerfall Jugolawiens zu einem tragischen Kriegssymbol wurde. In dieser Ausgabe von Reporter werfen wir einen Blick auf das Sarajevo von heute und ergründen, warum es noch immer als das "Jerusalem Europas" gilt. bleiben sie bei uns : YouTube: bit.ly Facebook : www.facebook.com Twitter: twitter.com
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 5363
- author: euronewsde
Sarajevo 1984 Opening Ceremony 01 Lighting of the cauldron
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 21 Feb 2013
Opening Ceremony of the XIV Olympic Winter Games in Sarajevo,former Yugoslavia that were celebrated from 8 to 19 February, 1984. The Olympic Flame was lit by Sandra Druvabcic, a figure skater. The comments of the video are in Spanish, since the coverage belongs to TVE (Televisión Española). SUBTITLES IN ENGLISH NOTE: The video was already uploaded by "marsceloadrian" in August, 2006. This video has been modificated from that version.
http://wn.com/Sarajevo_1984_Opening_Ceremony_01_Lighting_of_the_cauldron
Opening Ceremony of the XIV Olympic Winter Games in Sarajevo,former Yugoslavia that were celebrated from 8 to 19 February, 1984. The Olympic Flame was lit by Sandra Druvabcic, a figure skater. The comments of the video are in Spanish, since the coverage belongs to TVE (Televisión Española). SUBTITLES IN ENGLISH NOTE: The video was already uploaded by "marsceloadrian" in August, 2006. This video has been modificated from that version.
- published: 09 Mar 2008
- views: 67668
- author: Nacholympic
Goran Bregovic - In the Death Car (Live) Sarajevo 2000
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:58
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
A howling wind is whistling in the night My dog is growling in the dark Something's pulling me outside To ride around in circles I know that you have got the time 'coz anything I want, you do You'll take a ride through the strangers Who don't understand how to feel In the death car, we're alive In the death car, we're alive I'll let some air come in the window Kind of wakes me up a little I don't turn on the radio 'coz they play sh*t, like... you know When your hand was down on my dick It felt quite amazing And now that, that is all over All we've got is the silence In the death car, we're alive In the death car, we're alive So come on mandolins, play When I touched you I felt that you still had your baby fat And a little taste of baby's breath Makes me forget about death At your age you're still joking It ain't time yet for the choking So now we can see the movie, and know each other truly In the death car, we're alive In the death car, we're alive I want to hear some mandolins
http://wn.com/Goran_Bregovic_In_the_Death_Car_Live_Sarajevo_2000
A howling wind is whistling in the night My dog is growling in the dark Something's pulling me outside To ride around in circles I know that you have got the time 'coz anything I want, you do You'll take a ride through the strangers Who don't understand how to feel In the death car, we're alive In the death car, we're alive I'll let some air come in the window Kind of wakes me up a little I don't turn on the radio 'coz they play sh*t, like... you know When your hand was down on my dick It felt quite amazing And now that, that is all over All we've got is the silence In the death car, we're alive In the death car, we're alive So come on mandolins, play When I touched you I felt that you still had your baby fat And a little taste of baby's breath Makes me forget about death At your age you're still joking It ain't time yet for the choking So now we can see the movie, and know each other truly In the death car, we're alive In the death car, we're alive I want to hear some mandolins
- published: 12 May 2008
- views: 536889
- author: FutureMediaLab
Medal of Honor: Warfighter | Home Run - Sarajevo Stadium
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:08
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Another Home Run vid from Hotel Delta on Sarajevo Stadium from Medal of Honor: Warfighter.
http://wn.com/Medal_of_Honor_Warfighter_|_Home_Run_Sarajevo_Stadium
Another Home Run vid from Hotel Delta on Sarajevo Stadium from Medal of Honor: Warfighter.
- published: 22 Feb 2013
- views: 25
- author: HotelDeltaVids
euronews reporter - Sarajevo : 20 ans après le début du siège
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 9:05
- Updated: 05 Feb 2013
fr.euronews.com Pendant des siècles, Bosniaques, Croates et Serbes vécurent ensemble à Sarajevo. Mais il ya tout juste vingt ans, la Capitale a été assiégée, faisant de cette ville un symbole tragique des guerres qui ont suivi l'éclatement de la Yougoslavie. Reporter vous emmène cette semaine dans le Sarajevo d'aujourd'hui, souvent appelé "Jérusalem de l'Europe", pour bien des raisons. Retrouvez nous sur : Youtube bit.ly Facebook www.facebook.com Twitter twitter.com
http://wn.com/euronews_reporter_Sarajevo_20_ans_après_le_début_du_siège
fr.euronews.com Pendant des siècles, Bosniaques, Croates et Serbes vécurent ensemble à Sarajevo. Mais il ya tout juste vingt ans, la Capitale a été assiégée, faisant de cette ville un symbole tragique des guerres qui ont suivi l'éclatement de la Yougoslavie. Reporter vous emmène cette semaine dans le Sarajevo d'aujourd'hui, souvent appelé "Jérusalem de l'Europe", pour bien des raisons. Retrouvez nous sur : Youtube bit.ly Facebook www.facebook.com Twitter twitter.com
- published: 26 Mar 2012
- views: 1610
- author: euronewsfr
Best Electronic Music Of All Times : Sarajevo (Blackmill Remix)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:43
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Melodic Dubstep (For people who's interested in this picture: This place is real & it's called Marina Bay Hotel in Singapore) Please check out his channel and his other songs. He deserves so much more subscribers. www.youtube.com By: Loz Contreras Uploaded in HD Note: Our Opinions May Differ
http://wn.com/Best_Electronic_Music_Of_All_Times_Sarajevo_Blackmill_Remix
Melodic Dubstep (For people who's interested in this picture: This place is real & it's called Marina Bay Hotel in Singapore) Please check out his channel and his other songs. He deserves so much more subscribers. www.youtube.com By: Loz Contreras Uploaded in HD Note: Our Opinions May Differ
- published: 22 May 2012
- views: 50002
- author: XxImmortalmagexX
Dismember: Live in Sarajevo 2007
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:31
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
bosnian-metal.blogspot.com www.facebook.com isk.int.ba ______________________________________________________ Complete footage of Dismember gig held 13/06/2007 at SA club in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
http://wn.com/Dismember_Live_in_Sarajevo_2007
bosnian-metal.blogspot.com www.facebook.com isk.int.ba ______________________________________________________ Complete footage of Dismember gig held 13/06/2007 at SA club in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- published: 28 Feb 2013
- views: 3
- author: Nedim Iron Maiden
Sarajevo und Mostar heute
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 43:47
- Updated: 28 Feb 2013
Sarajevo, Hauptstadt von Bosnien und Herzegowina. Immer wieder findet sich der Name der Stadt in den Schlagzeilen der Geschichte: 1914 Schauplatz des Attentats auf den österreichisch-ungarischen Thronfolger, Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand, das zum Ersten Weltkrieg führte. 1984 Austragungsort der Olympischen Winterspiele -- mit großem Erfolg für die Sportler der DDR. Katharina Witt und Jens Weißpflog holten hier Gold. Vor gut 15 Jahren in den Nachrichten mit dem letzten Krieg in Europa, drei Jahre Belagerung durch die Serben. Und heute? Schon die Fahrt vom Flughafen zur Innenstadt ist ein Streifzug durch die Geschichte: Mit der Straßenbahn geht es durch die Neustadt aus Titos Zeiten, vorbei an den Prachtbauten der kuk Monarchie, hin zur osmanischen Altstadt, der Bascarsija. Drei Volksgruppen und Religionen -- die islamischen Bosniaken, die orthodoxen Serben und die katholischen Kroaten, sorgen seit Jahrhunderten für eine bunte, multikulturelle, hochinteressante, aber auch brisante Vielfalt. Neben Sarajevo, sehen Sie auch das Wintersportgebiet Bjelasnica und die herzegowinische Hauptstadt Mostar mit dem Welterbe der osmanischen Altstadt, die 1993 von den Kroaten komplettzerstört wurde. Die Stadt ist nach wie vor innerlich getrennt, aber die Wunden heilen langsam: Die alte Brücke Stari Most steht wieder, die junge Festivalleiterin Aleksandra betreibt ein Lokal, das allen Volksgruppen offen steht -- ein Besuch in Mostar lohnt sich. Wie auch die Wintersportgebiete eine Entdeckung ...
http://wn.com/Sarajevo_und_Mostar_heute
Sarajevo, Hauptstadt von Bosnien und Herzegowina. Immer wieder findet sich der Name der Stadt in den Schlagzeilen der Geschichte: 1914 Schauplatz des Attentats auf den österreichisch-ungarischen Thronfolger, Erzherzog Franz Ferdinand, das zum Ersten Weltkrieg führte. 1984 Austragungsort der Olympischen Winterspiele -- mit großem Erfolg für die Sportler der DDR. Katharina Witt und Jens Weißpflog holten hier Gold. Vor gut 15 Jahren in den Nachrichten mit dem letzten Krieg in Europa, drei Jahre Belagerung durch die Serben. Und heute? Schon die Fahrt vom Flughafen zur Innenstadt ist ein Streifzug durch die Geschichte: Mit der Straßenbahn geht es durch die Neustadt aus Titos Zeiten, vorbei an den Prachtbauten der kuk Monarchie, hin zur osmanischen Altstadt, der Bascarsija. Drei Volksgruppen und Religionen -- die islamischen Bosniaken, die orthodoxen Serben und die katholischen Kroaten, sorgen seit Jahrhunderten für eine bunte, multikulturelle, hochinteressante, aber auch brisante Vielfalt. Neben Sarajevo, sehen Sie auch das Wintersportgebiet Bjelasnica und die herzegowinische Hauptstadt Mostar mit dem Welterbe der osmanischen Altstadt, die 1993 von den Kroaten komplettzerstört wurde. Die Stadt ist nach wie vor innerlich getrennt, aber die Wunden heilen langsam: Die alte Brücke Stari Most steht wieder, die junge Festivalleiterin Aleksandra betreibt ein Lokal, das allen Volksgruppen offen steht -- ein Besuch in Mostar lohnt sich. Wie auch die Wintersportgebiete eine Entdeckung ...
- published: 04 Mar 2011
- views: 11797
- author: islamdokus
sarajevo ljubavi moja-kemal monteno
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:14
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
http://wn.com/sarajevo_ljubavi_moja-kemal_monteno
photo: AP / Ibrahim Zayed
26 Feb 2013
Updated. February 26, 2013 8.35AM. LUXOR, Egypt — A hot air balloon flying over Egypt’s ancient city of Luxor caught fire and crashed into a sugar cane field on Tuesday, killing at least 19 foreign tourists in one of the world’s deadliest ballooning accidents and handing a new blow to Egypt’s ailing tourism industry ... The balloon then shot up in the air, the investigator said ... The security official said all 18 bodies have been recovered ... ....(size: 6.2Kb)
photo: Russian Presidential Press and Information Office
27 Feb 2013
Russian President Vladimir Putin told the country's top brass on Wednesday to drastically upgrade the armed forces in the next few years as part of response to attempts by the United States and NATO to "tip the strategic balance" in the world. In his address to Russia's defense ministry and top military officials, Putin said Russia is witnessing "insistent attempts" to change that balance and complained about U.S ... ....(size: 2.3Kb)
photo: AP / Michael Sohn
28 Feb 2013
Pope Benedict pledged his "unconditional reverence and obedience" to his successor Thursday, then left the Vatican as the first Roman Catholic Church leader to resign in 600 years. Benedict flew from the Vatican by helicopter to the papal residence of Castel Gandolfo near Rome, several hours before his eight-year papacy was to end officially at 8 p.m., local time (1900 UTC) ... Peter's Square after he left ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: USAF / Tech. Sgt. Effrain Lopez
26 Feb 2013
Article by WN.com Correspondent Dallas Darling. During the 19th and early 20th centuries developments in technology vastly transformed warfare. The age of machine guns, steam-powered battle ships, and tanks replaced the era of flintlock muskets, sailing wooden ships, and cannonballs. But these new and more lethal innovations also altered humanity and political systems ... World War I and II ... They will subversively disrupt entire societies....(size: 4.8Kb)
photo: AP / Mary Altaffer
26 Feb 2013
Jesus Diaz - . Scientists have found proof of a sunken continent in the Indian Ocean. According to a study published in Nature Geoscience, the continent “was separated from Madagascar and fragmented into a ribbon-like configuration by a series of mid-ocean ridge jumps during the opening of the Mascarene ocean basin.”. Its name is not Atlantis, though ... [Nature Geoscience via BBC News]. Image by Shutterstock ... Related Posts ... ....(size: 3.6Kb)
Deutsche Welle
28 Feb 2013
The charges against him at the time included helping the Bosnian Serb army's massacre of Muslims at Srebrenica, the site of Europe's worst atrocity since World War II; the shelling and sniping of Sarajevo during the 1992-95 civil war; and the earlier siege of Croatia's capital, Zagreb....(size: 2.1Kb)
BBC News
28 Feb 2013
It took slightly longer than half a football match for the appeal chamber to announce its decision ... His convictions - for aiding and abetting crimes against humanity in Sarajevo and Srebrenica - and his 27-year prison sentence were overturned ... Victor's justice ... Restored faith? ... They will say the ICTY has proved that Serbia does not have state responsibility for the atrocities in Sarajevo and Srebrenica," she said ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
The Star
28 Feb 2013
U.N ... REUTERS/Koen Van Weel/ANP/Pool ... Serb forces committed some of the gravest crimes in post-war European history during Yugoslavia's break-up, including the massacre of 8,000 Muslim men and boys in Srebrenica, and the siege of Sarajevo in which more than 10,000 civilians died ... (Additional reporting by Daria Sito-Sucic in Sarajevo, Aleksandar Vasovic in Belgrade and Zoran Radosavljevic in Zagreb; Editing by Michael Roddy). ....(size: 4.7Kb)
noodls
28 Feb 2013
(Source. ICTY - International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia) ... Perišić guilty of aiding and abetting crimes against humanity and violations of the laws or customs of war committed between August 1993 and November 1995 in the Bosnian towns of Sarajevo and Srebrenica ... Mr ... Perišić specifically directed assistance towards crimes committed by the Army of the Republika Srpska (VRS) in Sarajevo and Srebrenica ... Mr ... * * * ... ***** ... Tel.....(size: 5.0Kb)
Baltimore Sun
28 Feb 2013
... during the bloody break-up of Yugoslavia, including the massacre of 8,000 Muslim men and boys in Srebrenica and the siege of Sarajevo, in which more than 10,000 died....(size: 0.9Kb)
Reuters
28 Feb 2013
Serb forces committed some of the gravest crimes in post-war European history during Yugoslavia's break-up, including the massacre of 8,000 Muslim men and boys in Srebrenica, and the siege of Sarajevo in which more than 10,000 civilians died....(size: 1.3Kb)
Denver Post
28 Feb 2013
Click photo to enlarge. Gen ... 28, 2013. Prosecutors accused Perisic of providing crucial military aid to rebel Serb forces responsible for the atrocities including the Srebrenica massacre and siege of Sarajevo. Perisic's 2011 conviction and 27-year sentence marked the first time the U.N ... «12345» ... Gen ... ....(size: 1.5Kb)
Business Insider
28 Feb 2013
Tomasevic won the Reuters Photographer of the Year award in 2003 and 2005. International war photographer Goran Tomasevic has been covering conflicts all over the world for 22 years ... As in the ruins of Beirut, Sarajevo or Stalingrad, it is a sniper's war; men stalk their fellow man down telescopic sights, hunting a glimpse of flesh, an eyeball peering from a crack, use lures and decoys to draw their prey into giving themselves away ... ....(size: 4.3Kb)
New Straits/Business Times
28 Feb 2013
Kumbh Mela ... He adds ... Anything on the bucket list? ... After graduating from Northwestern University, with a major in journalism and a minor in politics, he interned at various newspapers such as the San Francisco Examiner, Miami Herald and Chicago Tribune before working for the Sun Sentinel as lead crime reporter. In 2000, he did his French military service in Bosnia and was stationed in Sarajevo ... Catch World‘s Biggest Festival....(size: 6.3Kb)
Digital Spy
28 Feb 2013
Sniper. Ghost Warrior 2 has been given a new trailer by City Interactive. The latest gameplay video takes a dramatic slow-motion look at the gruesome headshots players can pull off in the game. Taking place in real-world locations such as Sarajevo, Burma and Tibet, Sniper Ghost Warrior 2 has been built using CryEngine 3 and features improved bullet camera kills, new items and weapons ... Sniper ... Images fromSniper Ghost Warrior 2. 1 of 8 ... More....(size: 8.1Kb)
CounterPunch
28 Feb 2013
A friend sends me a by Dr ... Dr. Barrett’s first paragraph ... Following Gavrilo Princip’s assassination of Austrian Archduke Ferdinand in Sarajevo, Kaiser Wilhelm II wrote imploring letters to his royal cousins (really!) in Britain and Russia imploring them to settle the matter of the Serbian insurrection diplomatically, to disentangle themselves from the disastrous network of alliances that had split Europe into armed camps ... ....(size: 9.0Kb)
Huffington Post
27 Feb 2013
The Washington Post
27 Feb 2013
Ivan Iricanin faced many hurdles on the path to opening a Balkan restaurant on Capitol Hill that would deliver what he calls “the whole package”. service, setting and the Serbian flavors of his youth. Iricanin, a partner in Masa 14 and El Centro D.F ... Sandoval thought the food was too heavy and repetitious ... The rib-sticker, served with a drift of yogurt, proves a flashback to my Christmas spent in Sarajevo three winters ago ... ....(size: 3.7Kb)
| Sarajevo | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| — City — | |||
| City of Sarajevo Grad Sarajevo Град Сарајево |
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| Nickname(s): Jerusalem of Europe,[1] Jerusalem of the Balkans,[2] Rajvosa[3] (local Pig Latin) | |||
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| Coordinates: 43°52′0″N 18°25′0″E / 43.866667°N 18.416667°E / 43.866667; 18.416667 | |||
| Country |  Bosnia and Herzegovina |
||
| Entity | Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina | ||
| Canton |  Sarajevo Canton |
||
| Municipalities | 4 | ||
| Government | |||
| • Mayor | Alija Behmen (SDP) | ||
| Area[4] | |||
| • Urban | 141.5 km2 (54.6 sq mi) | ||
| Elevation | 518 m (1,699 ft) | ||
| Population (31 August 2011)[5] | |||
| • City | 311,161 | ||
| • Density | 2,202.9/km2 (5,705/sq mi) | ||
| • Urban | 438,757 | ||
| • Demonym | Sarajlija | ||
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) | ||
| • Summer (DST) | CEST (UTC+2) | ||
| Postal code | 71000 | ||
| Area code(s) | +387 (33) | ||
| Twin cities | |||
| • Barcelona |  Spain |
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| • Zagreb[6] |  Croatia |
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| • Ljubljana |  Slovenia |
||
| • Salt Lake City |  United States |
||
| • Cairo |  Egypt |
||
| • Dubrovnik | Croatia |
||
| • Skopje |  Macedonia |
||
| • Lillehammer |  Norway |
||
| Website | City of Sarajevo | ||
Sarajevo (Cyrillic: Сарајево) (pronounced [sǎrajɛʋɔ]) is the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with an estimated population of over 311,161 people within its administrative limits. It is also the capital of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina entity, as well as the center of the Sarajevo Canton, which has a population of 438,757.[5] Nestled within the greater Sarajevo valley of Bosnia, it is surrounded by the Dinaric Alps and situated along the Miljacka River in the heart of Southeastern Europe and the Balkans.
Sarajevo is the leading social and cultural center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and its region-wide influence in politics, education, entertainment, media, fashion, science, and the arts contribute to its status as Bosnia and Herzegovina's major economic center.[7][8]
The city is historically famous for its traditional cultural and religious diversity, with adherents of Islam, Orthodoxy, Catholicism and Judaism coexisting there for centuries.[9] Due to this long and rich history of religious and cultural variety, Sarajevo is often called the "Jerusalem of Europe"[1] or "Jerusalem of the Balkans".[2] It was, until recently in the 20th century, the only major European city to have a mosque, cathedral, Orthodox church and synagogue within the same neighborhood.[10]
Although settlement in the area stretches back to prehistoric times, the modern city arose as an Ottoman stronghold in the 15th century.[11] Sarajevo has attracted international attention several times throughout its history. In 1885, Sarajevo was the first city in Europe and the second city in the world to have a full-time electric tram network running through the city, the first being San Francisco.[12] In 1914, it was the site of the assassination of the Archduke of Austria that sparked World War I. Seventy years later, it hosted the 1984 Winter Olympics. For nearly four years, from 1992–1996, the city suffered the longest siege of a city in the history of modern warfare during the Bosnian War for independence.[13]
Sarajevo has been undergoing post-war reconstruction, and is the fastest growing city in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[14] The travel guide series, Lonely Planet, has named Sarajevo as the 43rd best city in the world,[15] and in December 2009 listed Sarajevo as one of the top ten cities to visit in 2010.[16] In March 2012, Sarajevo won travel blog Foxnomad's "Best City to Visit" competition, beating out more than one hundred cities around the entire world.[17] In 2011, Sarajevo became the only city outside the European Union to be nominated for the European Capital of Culture in 2014.[18][19]
Contents |
Etymology[link]
The earliest name for a major city in the region of today's Sarajevo is Vrhbosna.[3] Vrhbosna appears to have been destroyed well before the Ottomans dominated the region.[citation needed] The city of Sarajevo as it is known today was built directly on top of the Bosnian village of Brodac.[citation needed]
Sarajevo is the only true historical name for the city.[citation needed] It is a slavicized word based on saray, the Turkish word for the governor's palace.[citation needed] The letter Y does not exist in the Bosnian version of the Latin alphabet. The "evo" portion is often cited as deriving from Ova (Saray Ovası) meaning "the plains around the palace".[citation needed]
However, in his Dictionary of Turkish loanwords in the former Serbo-Croat language (spoken by Bosnians, Croats/Croatians, Serbs/Serbians and Montenegrins), "Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku", Abdulah Škaljić maintains that the "evo" ending is more likely to have come from slavic/slavonic ending "evo", found in many other slavic place names, such as Smederevo, Kraljevo, Mirijevo, etc., than from the Turkish ending "ova", as proposed by some.[20]
Sarajevo has had many nicknames. The earliest is Šeher, which is the term Isa-Beg Ishaković used to describe the town he was going to build.[citation needed] It is a Turkish word meaning an advanced city of key importance (şehir) which in turn comes from Persian شهر shahr (city). As Sarajevo developed, numerous nicknames came from comparisons to other cities in the Islamic world, i.e. "Damascus of the North". The most popular of these was "European Jerusalem".[citation needed]
Some argue that a more correct translation of saray is government office or house.[citation needed] Saray is a common word in Turkish for a palace or mansion; a fortified government office, or house, would still be called a saray, if it maintained the general look of an office. Otherwise it would be called kale (castle).[citation needed]
History[link]
Main article: History of Sarajevo
Ancient times[link]
Archaeologists have found that the Sarajevo region has been continuously inhabited by humans since the Neolithic age. The most famous example of a Neolithic settlement in the Sarajevo area is that of the Butmir culture. The discoveries at Butmir were made on the grounds of the modern-day Sarajevo suburb Ilidža in 1893 by Austro-Hungarian authorities during the construction of an agricultural school. The area’s richness in flint was no doubt attractive to Neolithic man, and the settlement appears to have flourished. The settlement developed unique ceramics and pottery designs, which characterize the Butmir people as a unique culture. This was largely responsible for the International congress of archaeologists and anthropologists meeting in Sarajevo in 1894.[21]
The next prominent culture in Sarajevo were the Illyrians. The ancient people, who considered most of the West Balkans as their homeland, had several key settlements in the region, mostly around the river Miljacka and Sarajevo valley. The Illyrians in the Sarajevo region belonged to the Daesitiates, a war-like people who were probably the last Illyrian people in Bosnia and Herzegovina to resist Roman occupation. Their defeat by the Roman emperor Tiberius in 9 A.D. marks the start of Roman rule in the region. The Romans never built up the region of modern-day Bosnia very much, but the Roman colony of Aquae Sulphurae was located near the top of present-day Ilidža, and was the most important settlement of the time.[22] After the Romans, the Goths settled the area, followed by the Slavs in the 7th century.[23]
Middle Ages[link]
Main article: Stari Grad, Sarajevo
During the Middle Ages Sarajevo was part of the Bosnian province of Vrhbosna near the traditional center of the kingdom. Though a city called Vrhbosna existed, the exact settlement of Sarajevo at this time is debated. Various documents of the high Middle Ages note a place called Tornik in the region. By all indications, Tornik was a very small marketplace surrounded by a proportionally small village, and was not considered very important by Ragusan merchants.
Other scholars say that Vrhbosna was a major city located at the site of modern-day Sarajevo. Papal documents say that in 1238, a cathedral dedicated to Saint Paul was built in the city. Disciples of the notable saints Cyril and Methodius stopped by the region, founding a church at Vrelobosna. Whether or not the city was located at modern-day Sarajevo, the documents attest to its and the region's importance. VrhBosna was a Slavic citadel from 1263 until it was occupied by the Ottoman Empire in 1429.[24]
Ottoman era[link]
Sarajevo was founded by the Ottoman Empire in the 1450s upon its conquest of the region, with 1461 used as the city’s founding date. The first Ottoman governor of Bosnia, Isa-Beg Ishaković, transformed the cluster of villages into a city and state capitol by building a number of key structures, including a mosque, a closed marketplace, a public bath, a hostel, and of course the governor’s castle (“Saray”) which gave the city its present name. The mosque was named “Careva Džamija” (the Tsar’s Mosque) in honor of the Sultan Mehmed II. With the improvements Sarajevo quickly grew into the largest city in the region. Many Christians converted to Islam at this time. The settlement was established as a city, named Bosna-Saraj, around the citadel in 1461. The name Sarajevo is derived from Turkish saray ovası, meaning the field around saray.
Under leaders such as the second governor Gazi Husrev-beg, Sarajevo grew at a rapid rate. Husrev-beg greatly shaped the physical city, as most of what is now the Old Town was built during his reign. Sarajevo became known for its large marketplace and numerous mosques, which by the middle of the 16th century numbered more than 100. At the peak of the empire, Sarajevo was the biggest and most important Ottoman city in the Balkans after Istanbul. By 1660, the population of Sarajevo was estimated to be over 80,000. By contrast, Belgrade in 1838 had 12,963 inhabitants, and Zagreb as late as 1851 had 14,000 people. As political conditions changed, Sarajevo became the site of warfare.
In 1697, during the Great Turkish War, a raid was led by Prince Eugene of Savoy of the Habsburg Monarchy against the Ottoman Empire, which conquered Sarajevo and left it plague-infected and burned to the ground. After his men had looted thoroughly, they set the city on fire and destroyed nearly all of it in one day. Only a handful of neighborhoods, some mosques, and the Orthodox church, were left standing.
Numerous other fires weakened the city, as well. The city was later rebuilt, but never fully recovered from the destruction. By 1807, it had only some 60,000 residents.
In the 1830s, several battles of the Bosnian rebellion had taken place around the city. These had been led by Husein Gradaščević. Today, a major city street is named Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia) in his honor. The rebellion failed and, for several more decades, the crumbling Ottoman state remained in control of Bosnia.
The Ottoman Empire made Sarajevo an important administrative centre by 1850.
Austria-Hungary[link]
_Bridge_on_Miljacka_River2.jpg)
The Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina happened in 1878 as part of the Treaty of Berlin, and complete annexation followed in 1908. Sarajevo was industrialized by Austria-Hungary, who used the city as a testing area for new inventions, such as tramways, established in 1885, before installing them in Vienna. Architects and engineers wanting to help rebuild Sarajevo as a modern European capital rushed to the city. A fire that burned down a large part of the central city area (čaršija) left more room for redevelopment. The city has a unique blend of the remaining Ottoman city market and contemporary western architecture. Sarajevo has some examples of Secession- and Pseudo-Moorish styles that date from this period.
The Austria-Hungarian period was one of great development for the city, as the Western power brought its new acquisition up to the standards of the Victorian age. Various factories and other buildings were built at this time, and a large number of institutions were both Westernized and modernized. For the first time in history, Sarajevo’s population began writing in Latin script.[23][25]
In the event that triggered World War I, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated, along with his wife Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914 by a self-declared Yugoslav, Gavrilo Princip. In the ensuing war, however, most of the Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade, and Sarajevo largely escaped damage and destruction.
Following the war, after the Balkans were unified under the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Sarajevo became the capital of Drina Province.
Yugoslavia[link]
After World War I and contributions from the Serbian army alongside rebelling Slavic nations in Austria-Hungary, Sarajevo became part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Though it held some political importance, as the center of first the Bosnian region and then the Drinska Banovina, it was not treated with the same attention or considered as significant as it was in the past. Outside of today's national bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina, virtually no significant contributions to the city were made during this period.
During World War II the Kingdom of Yugoslavia put up an inadequate defense. Following a German bombing campaign, Sarajevo was captured on the 15 April 1941 by the 16th Motorized infantry Division. The Axis powers created the Independent State of Croatia and included Sarajevo in its territory. On October 12, 1941 a group of 108 notable Muslim citizens of Sarajevo signed the Resolution of Sarajevo Muslims by which they condemned the persecution of Serbs organized by Ustaše, made distinction between Muslims who participated in such persecutions and whole Muslim population, presented informations about the persecutions of Muslims by Serbs and requested security for all citizens of the country, regardless of their identity.[26]
The city was bombed by the Allies from 1943 to 1944.[27] The Yugoslav Partisan movement was represented in the city. Resistance was led by a NLA Partisan named "Walter" Perić. He died while leading the final liberation of the city on the 6 April 1945. Many of the WWII shell casings that were used during the attacks have been carved and polished in Sarajevo tradition and are sold as art.
Following the liberation, Sarajevo was the capital of the Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina within the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The communists invested heavily in Sarajevo, building many new residential blocks in Novi Grad Municipality and Novo Sarajevo Municipality, while simultaneously developing the city's industry and transforming Sarajevo once again into one of the Balkans' chief cities. From a post-war population of 115,000, by the end of Yugoslavia Sarajevo had 429,672 people. Sarajevo grew rapidly as it became an important regional industrial center in Yugoslavia. Modern communist-city blocks were built west of the old city, adding to Sarajevo's architectural uniqueness. The Vraca Memorial Park, a monument for victims of World War II, was dedicated on 25 November, the "Day of Statehood of Bosnia and Herzegovina" when the ZAVNOBIH held their first meeting in 1943.[28]
The crowning moment of Sarajevo’s time in Socialist Yugoslavia was the 1984 Winter Olympics. Sarajevo beat out Sapporo, Japan; and Falun/Göteborg, Sweden for the privilege. They were followed by an immense boom in tourism, making the 1980s one of the city's best decades in a long time.[29]
Bosnian War for Independence[link]
Main article: Siege of Sarajevo
The Bosnian War resulted in large scale destruction and dramatic population shifts during the Siege of Sarajevo between 1992 and 1995. Thousands of Sarajevans lost their lives under the constant bombardment and sniper shooting at civilians by the Serb forces during the siege. It is the longest siege of a capital city in the history of modern warfare.[30] Serb forces of the Republika Srpska and the Yugoslav People's Army besieged Sarajevo, the capital city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, from 5 April 1992 to 29 February 1996 during the Bosnian War.
After Bosnia and Herzegovina had declared independence from Yugoslavia, the Serbs, whose strategic goal was to create a new Serbian State of Republika Srpska (RS) that would include part of the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina,[31] encircled Sarajevo with a siege force of 18,000[32] stationed in the surrounding hills, from which they assaulted the city with weapons that included artillery, mortars, tanks, anti-aircraft guns, heavy machine-guns, multiple rocket launchers, rocket-launched aircraft bombs, and sniper rifles.[32] From 2 May 1992, the Serbs blockaded the city. The Bosnian government defence forces inside the besieged city were poorly equipped and unable to break the siege.
During the siege, 11,541 people lost their lives, including over 1,500 children. An additional 56,000 people were wounded, including nearly 15,000 children.[33] The 1991 census indicates that before the siege the city and its surrounding areas had a population of 525,980.
Present[link]
Today, Sarajevo is one of the fastest developing cities in the region. Various new modern buildings have been built, most significantly the Bosmal City Center, BBI Center and the Avaz Twist Tower which is the tallest skyscraper in the Balkans. A new highway was recently (2006–2011) completed between Sarajevo and the city of Kakanj. Due to growth in population, tourism and airport traffic the service sector in the city is developing fast and welcoming new investors from various businesses.[34]
The near-future Sarajevo will have one the most developed commercial infrastructures in Southeastern Europe. The business enclave to be known collectively as the Sarajevo City Center will be one of the largest and most modern shopping and business centers in the region upon its completion in early 2013.[35] Airport Center Sarajevo which will be connected directly to the new airport terminal will offer a great variety of brands, products and services.[36]
Geography[link]
 |
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2011) |
Sarajevo is located near the geometric center of the triangular-shaped Bosnia-Herzegovina and within the historical region of Bosnia proper. It is situated 518 meters (1,699 ft) above sea level and lies in the Sarajevo valley, in the middle of the Dinaric Alps. The valley itself once formed a vast expanse of greenery, but gave way to urban expansion and development in the post-World War II era. The city is surrounded by heavily forested hills and five major mountains. The highest of the surrounding peaks is Treskavica at 2,088 meters (6,850 ft), then Bjelašnica mountain at 2,067 meters (6,781 ft), Jahorina at 1,913 meters (6,276 ft), Trebević at 1,627 meters (5,338 ft), with 1,502 meters (4,928 ft) Igman being the shortest. The last four are also known as the Olympic Mountains of Sarajevo (see also 1984 Winter Olympics). The city itself has its fair share of hilly terrain, as evidenced by the many steeply inclined streets and residences seemingly perched on the hillsides.
The Miljacka river is one of the city's chief geographic features. It flows through the city from east through the center of Sarajevo to west part of city where eventually meets up with the Bosna river. Miljacka river is "The Sarajevo River", with its source in the town of Pale, several kilometers to the east of Sarajevo. The Bosna's source, Vrelo Bosne near Ilidža (west Sarajevo), is another notable natural landmark and a popular destination for Sarajevans and other tourists. Several smaller rivers and streams also run through the city and its vicinity.
Cityscape[link]
Sarajevo is located close to the center of the triangular shape of Bosnia and Herzegovina in southeastern Europe. Sarajevo city proper consists of four municipalities (or "in Bosnian and Croatian: općina, in Serbian: opština"): Centar (Center), Novi Grad (New City), Novo Sarajevo (New Sarajevo), and Stari Grad (Old City), while Metropolitan area of Sarajevo (Greater Sarajevo area) includes these and the neighbouring municipalities of Ilidža, Hadžići and Vogošća (before the war and new (Deyton) administrative division, Metro of Sarajevo consisted also, beside above mentioned, three municipalities today's divided between Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine and Republika Srpska - Trnovo, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine / Trnovo, Republika Srpska, Lukavica and Pale). The city has an urban area of 1041.5 square kilometres (154.6 sq mi)
Climate[link]
Sarajevo's climate exhibits influences of oceanic, humid continental and humid subtropical zones, with four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation.The proximity of the Adriatic Sea moderates Sarajevo's climate somewhat, although the mountains to the south of the city greatly reduce this maritime influence.[37] The average yearly temperature is 13.5 °C (56 °F), with January (0.5 °C (32.9 °F) avg.) being the coldest month of the year and July (22.0 °C (71.6 °F) avg.) the warmest.
The highest recorded temperature was 40.7 °C (105 °F) on 19 August 1946, while the lowest recorded temperature was −26.2 °C (−15.2 °F) on 25 January 1942. On average, Sarajevo has 85 summer days per year (temperature greater than or equal to 30.0 °C). The city typically experiences mildly cloudy skies, with an average yearly cloud cover of 45%.
The cloudiest month is December (75% average cloud cover) while the clearest is August (37%). Moderate precipitation occurs fairly consistently throughout the year, with an average 75 days of rainfall. Suitable climatic conditions have allowed winter sports to flourish in the region, as exemplified by the Winter Olympics in 1984 that were celebrated in Sarajevo.Sarajevo is very windy city. Avreage winds are 28–48 km/h (17–30 mph). Sarajevo has 2,173 hours of sunshine (2007–2010).
| Climate data for Sarajevo | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 2.7 (36.9) |
5.9 (42.6) |
10.4 (50.7) |
15.1 (59.2) |
20.3 (68.5) |
23.1 (73.6) |
25.5 (77.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
22.0 (71.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
3.5 (38.3) |
15.03 (59.06) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −0.9 (30.4) |
1.5 (34.7) |
5.1 (41.2) |
9.4 (48.9) |
14.1 (57.4) |
17.0 (62.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
18.5 (65.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
10.4 (50.7) |
5.3 (41.5) |
0.3 (32.5) |
9.55833333 (49.20) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −4.4 (24.1) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
0.7 (33.3) |
4.4 (39.9) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.4 (52.5) |
12.8 (55.0) |
12.6 (54.7) |
9.7 (49.5) |
5.7 (42.3) |
1.6 (34.9) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
4.82500000 (40.69) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 71.4 (2.811) |
67.0 (2.638) |
70.3 (2.768) |
73.6 (2.898) |
81.7 (3.217) |
91.0 (3.583) |
80.2 (3.157) |
70.7 (2.783) |
70.3 (2.768) |
77.3 (3.043) |
94.2 (3.709) |
84.7 (3.335) |
932.4 (36.709) |
| Avg. precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 10 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 116 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 55.8 | 84.8 | 127.1 | 153.0 | 192.2 | 207.0 | 257.3 | 238.7 | 186.0 | 148.8 | 81.0 | 40.3 | 1,772 |
| Source: HKO[38] | |||||||||||||
Administration[link]
Capital of Bosnia and Herzegovina[link]
Sarajevo is the capital of the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina and its sub-entity, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as well as of the Sarajevo Canton. It is also the de jure capital of another entity, Republika Srpska. Each of these levels of government has their parliament or council, as well as judicial courts, in the city. In addition many foreign embassies are located in Sarajevo.
Sarajevo is home to the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the operational command of the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[39]
Bosnia and Herzegovina's Parliament office in Sarajevo was damaged heavily in the Bosnian War. Due to damage the staff and documents were moved to a nearby ground level office to resume the work. In late 2006 reconstruction work started on the Parliament and was finished in 2007. The cost of reconstruction is supported 80% by the Greek Government through the Hellenic Program of Balkans Reconstruction (ESOAV) and 20% by Bosnia-Herzegovina.
Municipalities and city government[link]
The city comprises four municipalities Centar, Novi Grad, Novo Sarajevo, and Stari Grad. Each operate their own municipal government, united they form one city government with its own constitution. The executive branch (Bosnian: Gradska Uprava) consists of a mayor, with two deputies and a cabinet. The legislative branch consists of the City Council, or Gradsko Vijeće. The council has 28 members, including a council speaker, two deputies, and a secretary. Councilors are elected by the municipality in numbers roughly proportional to their population. The city government also has a judicial branch based on the post-transitional judicial system as outlined by the High Representative's “High Judicial and Prosecutorial Councils”.[40]
Sarajevo's Municipalities are further split into "local communities" (Bosnian, Mjesne zajednice). Local communities have a small role in city government and are intended as a way for ordinary citizens to get involved in city government. They are based on key neighborhoods in the city.
International relations[link]
Twin towns – sister cities[link]
Fraternity cities[link]
Sarajevo's fraternity cities include:[43]
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Economy[link]
Main article: Economy of Sarajevo
After years of war, Sarajevo's economy has been subject to reconstruction and rehabilitation programs.[50] Amongst other economic landmarks, the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina opened in Sarajevo in 1997 and the Sarajevo Stock Exchange began trading in 2002. The city's large manufacturing, administration, and tourism base, combined with a large informal market,[51] makes it the strongest economic regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
While Sarajevo had a large industrial base during its communist period, only a few pre-existing businesses have successfully adapted to the market economy.[citation needed] Sarajevo industries now include tobacco products, furniture, hosiery, automobiles, and communication equipment.[23] Companies based in Sarajevo include B&H Airlines, BH Telecom, Bosnalijek, Energopetrol, Sarajevo Tobacco Factory, and Sarajevska Pivara (Sarajevo Brewery).
Sarajevo has a strong tourist industry and was named by Lonely Planet as one of the top 50 "Best Cities in the World" in 2006.[15] Sports-related tourism uses the legacy facilities of the 1984 Winter Olympics, especially the skiing facilities on the nearby mountains of Bjelašnica, Igman, Jahorina, Trebević, and Treskavica. Sarajevo's 600 years of history, influenced by both Western and Eastern empires, is also a strong tourist attraction. Sarajevo has hosted travellers for centuries, because it was an important trading center during the Ottoman and Austria-Hungarian empires. Examples of popular destinations in Sarajevo include the Vrelo Bosne park, the Sarajevo cathedral, and the Gazi Husrev-beg's Mosque. Tourism in Sarajevo is chiefly focused on historical, religious, and cultural aspects.
In 1981 Sarajevo's GDP per capita was 133% of the Yugoslav average.[52]
In 2011 Sarajevo's GDP is estimated to be 16.76 billion US$ by the Central Bank of Bosnia, which compromises 37% of the total GDP of Bosnia and Herzegovina.[53]
Demographics[link]
Main article: Demographics of Sarajevo
The last official census in Bosnia and Herzegovina took place 1991 and recorded 527,049 people living in city of Sarajevo (ten municipalities). In the settlement of Sarajevo proper, there were 416,497 inhabitants.[54] The war displaced hundreds of thousands of people, a large majority of whom have not returned.
Today, Sarajevo's population is not known clearly and is based on estimates contributed by the United Nations Statistics Division and the Federal Office of Statistics of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, among other national and international non-profit organizations. As of June 2011[update], the population of the city's four municipalities is estimated to be 311,161, whereas the Sarajevo Canton population is estimated at 438,757.[5] With an area of 493 square miles (1,280 km2), Sarajevo has a population density of about 2,173 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,630 /sq mi). The Novo Sarajevo municipality is the most densely populated part of Sarajevo with about 7,524 inhabitants per square kilometre (19,490 /sq mi), while the least densely populated is the Stari Grad, with 2,742 inhabitants per square kilometre (7,100 /sq mi).[55]
The war changed the ethnic and religious profile of the city. It had long been a multicultural city,[56] and often went by the nickname of "Europe's Jerusalem".[1] At the time of the 1991 census, 49.2 per cent of the city's population of 527,049 were Bosniaks, 29.8 percent Serbs, 6.6 percent Croats and 3.6 percent other ethnicities (Jews, Romas, etc.). 10.7 percent in that census described themselves as Yugoslavs. By 2002, 79.6 per cent of the canton's population of 401,118 were Bosniak, 11.2 percent Serb, 6.7 percent Croat and 2.5 percent others (Jews, Romas, etc.).[57] The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina census that the 2002 data is based on only included these four ethnic categories, and academic Fran Markowitz states that it is not clear "whether the state acted by fiat to turn Muslims (and perhaps Jugoslaveni [Yugoslavs] and Ostali [others]) into Bosniaks, or if its citizens through their self-declarations made that switch in identity".[58] Many Serbs left urban areas including Sarajevo during the conflict, but the falling number of Serbs is also partly due to the redrawing of municipal boundaries as part of the Dayton Agreement.[59]
Transportation[link]
Roads and highways[link]
Sarajevo's location in a valley between mountains makes it a compact city. Narrow city streets and a lack of parking areas restrict automobile traffic but allow better pedestrian and cyclist mobility. The two main roads are Titova Ulica (Street of Marshal Tito) and the east-west Zmaj od Bosne (Dragon of Bosnia) highway (E761).
Sarajevo is Bosnia's main intersection and the most passable city in Bosnia and Herzegowina and the third in region. The city is connected to all the other major cities by highway or national road like Zenica, Banja Luka, Tuzla, Mostar, Gorazde and Foča. Tourists from Central Europe and elsewhere visiting Dalmatia driving via Budapest thru Sarajevo also contribute to the traffic congestion in and around Sarajevo.
The trans-European highway, Corridor 5C, runs through Sarajevo connecting it to Budapest in the north, and Ploče at the Adriatic sea in the south.[60] The highway is built by the gouvernment and should cost 3.5 billion Euros. Up until March 2012, the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina invested around 600 million Euros in the A1. The section of Sarajevo-Kakanj is completed, remaining section between Kakanj and Zenica should be operational by Q1 2014.
Tram, bus and trolleybus[link]
Sarajevo's electric tramways, in operation since 1885, are the oldest form of public transportation in the city.[61] Sarajevo had the first full-time (dawn to dusk) tram line in Europe, and the second in the world.[12] Opened on New Years Day in 1885, it was the testing line for the tram in Vienna and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and operated by horses. Originally built to 760 mm (30 in) narrow gauge (Bosnian gauge), the present system in 1960 was upgraded to standard gauge (1435 mm). The trams played a pivotal role in the growth of the city in the 20th century.
There are seven tramway lines supplemented by five trolleybus lines and numerous bus routes. The main railroad station in Sarajevo is located in the north-central area of the city. From there, the tracks head west before branching off in different directions, including to industrial zones in the city. Sarajevo is currently undergoing a major infrastructure renewal; many highways and streets are being repaved, the tram system is undergoing modernization, and new bridges and roads are under construction.
Future metro plans[link]
Sarajevo-based architect, Muzafer Osmanagić, in order to solve traffic congestion in Bosnia's capital, has proposed a study called "Eco Energy 2010-2015", idealizing a subway system underneath the bed of the river Miljacka. The first line of Metro Sarajevo should connect Basčarsija with Otoka. This line should cost some 150 million KM and be financed by the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.[62]
Airport[link]
Sarajevo International Airport (IATA: SJJ), also called Butmir, is located just a few kilometers southwest of the city and was voted Best European Airport With Under 1,000,000 Passengers at the 15th Annual ACI-Europe in Munich in 2005. During the war the airport was used for UN flights and humanitarian relief. Since the Dayton Accord in 1996, the airport has welcomed a thriving commercial flight business.
In 2011 Sarajevo International Airport had 599,996 passengers which is more than all of the airports in Bosnia-Herzegovina had together and 6,5% more than in 2010. The growth rate in 2012 is expected to be around 10%.[63]
Plans for extension of the passenger terminal, together with upgrading and expanding the taxiway and apron, are planned to start in Fall 2012. The existing terminal will be expanded by approximately 7,000 square metres.[64] The upgraded airport will also be directly linked to the commercial retail center Sarajevo Airport Center, making it easier for tourists and travellers to spend their time before flight boarding shopping and enjoying the many amenities that will be offered.[36]
Railway[link]
Sarajevo has daily international connections to Zagreb, Belgrade, Budapest and Ploče. There are also numerous connections between Sarajevo and all major cities within Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Communications and media[link]
Main article: Communications and media of Sarajevo
As the capital and largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo is the main center of the country's media. Most of the communications and media infrastructure was destroyed during the war but reconstruction monitored by the Office of the High Representative has helped to modernize the industry as a whole.[65] For example, internet was first made available to the city in 1995.[66]
Oslobođenje (Liberation), founded in 1943, is Sarajevo's longest running continuously circulating newspaper and the only one to survive the war. However, this long running and trusted newspaper has fallen behind Dnevni Avaz (Daily Voice), founded in 1995, and Jutarnje Novine (Morning News) in circulation in Sarajevo.[67] Other local periodicals include the Croatian newspaper Hrvatska riječ and the Bosnian magazine Start, as well as weekly newspapers Slobodna Bosna (Free Bosnia) and BH Dani (BH Days). Novi Plamen, a monthly magazine, is the most left-wing publication currently.
The Radiotelevision of Bosnia-Herzegovina is Sarajevo's public television station, one of three in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other stations based in the city include NRTV “Studio 99”, NTV Hayat, TV 1, Open Broadcast Network, TV Kantona Sarajevo and Televizija Alfa.
The headquarters of Al Jazeera Balkans are also located in Sarajevo, with a broadcasting studio at the top of the BBI Center. The news channel covers Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Croatia and Montenegro and the surrounding Balkan states.[68]
Many small independent radio stations exist, including established stations such as Radio M, Radio Stari Grad (Radio Old Town), Studentski eFM Radio,[69] Radio 202, Radio BIR,[70] and RSG. Radio Free Europe, as well as several American and Western European stations are available.
Education[link]
Higher education has a long and rich tradition in Sarajevo. The first institution that can be classified as such was a school of Sufi philosophy established by Gazi Husrev-beg in 1531; numerous other religious schools have been established over time. In 1887, under the Austro-Hungarian Empire, a Sharia Law School began a five-year program.[71] In the 1940s the University of Sarajevo became the city's first secular higher education institute. In the 1950s post-bachelaurate graduate degrees became available.[72] Severely damaged during the war, it was recently rebuilt in partnership with more than 40 other universities.
There are also several international and private universities located in Sarajevo:
- Sarajevo School of Science and Technology
- International University of Sarajevo
- American University in Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Sarajevo Graduate School of Business
- International Burch University
The University of Sarajevo is the most important institution of higher education in Bosnia-Herzegovina, having been established originally in 1531 as an Ottoman Law School, and in its modern incarnation in 1949. With 23 faculties and around 55,000 enrolled students, it ranks among the largest universities in Europe in terms of enrollment. Since the university opened its doors, 122,000 students received bachelor's degrees, 3,891 received master's degrees and 2,284 doctorate degrees in 43 different fields.[73]
As of 2005[update], in Sarajevo there are 46 elementary schools (Grades 1–9) and 33 high schools (Grades 10–13), including three schools for children with special needs,[74]
'Druga gimnazija' provides the MYP and International Baccalaureate diploma. 'Prva bošnjačka gimnazija' provides the IGCSE and GCE Advanced Level.
There are also several international schools in Sarajevo, catering to the expatriate community; some of which are Sarajevo International School and the French International School[75] of Sarajevo, established in 1998.
Culture[link]
Main article: Culture of Sarajevo
Sarajevo has been home to many different religions for centuries, giving the city a range of diverse cultures. In the time of Ottoman occupation of Bosnia, Muslims, Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, and Sephardi Jews all shared the city while maintaining distinctive identities. They were joined during the brief occupation by Austria-Hungary by a smaller number of Germans, Hungarians, Slovaks, Czechs and Ashkenazi Jews.
Historically, Sarajevo has been home to several famous Bosnian poets, scholars, philosophers, and writers during the Ottoman Empire. To list only a very few; Nobel Prize-winner Vladimir Prelog is from the city, as is Academy Award-winning director Danis Tanović and multiple award-winning writer Aleksander Hemon. One of the region's most prolific and prominent poets, writers and screenwriters, Abdulah Sidran is also a Sarajevo native. Nobel Prize-winner Ivo Andrić attended high school in Sarajevo for two years. Sarajevo is also the home of the East West Theatre Company, the only independent theater company in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The Sarajevo National Theatre is the oldest professional theater in Bosnia and Herzegovina, having been established in 1921.
Museums[link]
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The city is rich in museums, including the Museum of Sarajevo, the Ars Aevi Museum of Contemporary Art, Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Museum of Literature and Theatre Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (established in 1888) home to the Sarajevo Haggadah,[76] an illuminated manuscript and the oldest Sephardic Jewish document in the world issued in Barcelona around 1350, containing the traditional Jewish Haggadah, is on permanent display at the museum. It is the only remaining illustrated Sephardic Haggadah in the world.[77] The National Museum also hosts year-round exhibitions pertaining to local, regional and international culture and history, and exhibits over 5,000 artefacts from Bosnia's history.
The Alija Izetbegović Museum was opened on 19 October 2007 and is located in the old town fort, more specifically in the Vratnik Kapija towers Ploča and Širokac. The museum is a commemoration to the influence and body of work of Alija Izetbegović, the first president of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
The city also hosts the Sarajevo National Theater, established in 1919, as well as East West Theatre Company and the Sarajevo Youth Theatre. Some other cultural institutions include the Center for Sarajevo Culture, Sarajevo City Library, Art Gallery of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the Bosniak Institute, a privately-owned library and art collection focusing on Bosniak history.
Demolitions associated with the war, as well as reconstruction, destroyed several institutions and cultural or religious symbols including the Gazi Husrev-beg library, the national library, the Sarajevo Oriental Institute, and a museum dedicated to the 1984 Olympic games. Consequently, the different levels of government established strong cultural protection laws and institutions.[78] Bodies charged with cultural preservation in Sarajevo include the Institute for the Protection of the Cultural, Historical and Natural Heritage of Bosnia and Herzegovina (and their Sarajevo Canton counterpart), and the Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments.
Music[link]
Sarajevo is and has historically been one of the most important musical enclaves in the region. The Sarajevo school of pop rock developed in the city between 1961 and 1991. This type of music began with bands like Indexi, Pro Arte and singer/song writer Kemal Monteno. It continued into the 1980s, with bands such as Plavi Orkestar, Crvena Jabuka, Divlje Jagode and Vatreni Poljubac, by most accounts, pioneering the regional rock and roll movement. Sarajevo was also the home and birthplace of arguably the most popular and influential Yugoslav rock band of all time, Bijelo Dugme, somewhat of a Bosnian parallel to the Rolling Stones, in both popularity and influence. Sarajevo was also the home of a very notable post-punk urban subculture known as the New Primitives, which began during the early 1980s with the Baglama Band which was banned shortly after first LP and was brought into the mainstream through bands such as Zabranjeno Pušenje and Elvis J. Kurtović & His Meteors, as well as the Top Lista Nadrealista radio, and later television show. Other notable bands considered to be part of this subculture are Bombaj Štampa and Šume i Gore. Besides and separately from the New Primitives, Sarajevo is the hometown to one of the most significant ex-Yugoslavian alternative industrial-noise bands, SCH (1983–current).
Perhaps more importantly, Sarajevo in the late 19th and throughout the 20th century was home to a burgeoning and large center of Sevdalinka record-making and contributed greatly to bringing this historical genre of music to the mainstream, which had for many centuries been a staple of Bosnian culture. Songwriters and musicians such as Himzo Polovina, Safet Isović, Zaim Imamović, Zehra Deović, Nada Mamula (who lived and worked for many years in Sarajevo), Meho Puzić and many more composed and wrote some of their most important pieces in the city.
Sarajevo also greatly influenced the pop scene of Yugoslavia with musicians like Dino Merlin, Hari Mata Hari, Tifa, Kemal Monteno, Željko Bebek, and many more.
Many newer Sarajevo-baseed bands have also found a name and established themselves in Sarajevo, such as Regina who also had two albums out in Yugoslavia and Letu Štuke, who actually formed their band in Yugoslavia with the famous Bosnian-American writer Aleksandar Hemon and got their real breakthrough later in the 2000s. Sarajevo is now home to an important and eclectic mix of new bands and independent musicians, which continue to thrive with the ever-increasing number of festivals, creative showcases and concerts around the country. The city is also home to the region's largest jazz festival, the Sarajevo Jazz Festival (see "Festival" section below this).
Festivals[link]
Sarajevo is internationally renowned for its eclectic and diverse selection of festivals. The Sarajevo Film Festival was established in 1995 during the Bosnian War and has become the premier and largest film festival in the Balkans and South-East Europe. The Sarajevo Winter Festival, Sarajevo Jazz Festival and Sarajevo International Music Festival are well-known, as is the Baščaršija Nights festival, a month-long showcase of local culture, music, and dance.
The Sarajevo Film Festival has been hosted at the National Theater, with screenings at the Open-air theater Metalac and the Bosnian Cultural Center, all located in downtown Sarajevo and has been attended by celebrities such as Angelina Jolie, Brad Pitt, Orlando Bloom, Daniel Craig, John Malkovich, Morgan Freeman, Steve Buscemi, Bono Vox (Bono holds dual Bosnian and Irish citizenship and is an honorary citizen of Sarajevo), Nick Cave, Coolio, Stephen Frears, Michael Moore, Gérard Depardieu, Darren Aronofsky, Sophie Okonedo, Gillian Anderson, Kevin Spacey and many more.
In the past sixteen years, the festival has entertained people and celebrities alike, elevating it to a recognized international level. The first incarnation of the Sarajevo Film Festival was hosted in still-warring Sarajevo in 1995, and has now progressed into being the biggest and most significant festival in south-eastern Europe. A talent campus is also held during the duration of the festival, with numerous world-renowned lecturers speaking on behalf of world cinematography and holding workshops for film students from across South-Eastern Europe.[79]
The Sarajevo Jazz Festival is the region's largest and most diverse of its kind and has been entertaining jazz connoisseurs for over ten years and has hosted such artists as Richard Bona, Biréli Lagrène, Cristina Branco, Dhafer Youssef, Bugge Wesseltoft, Dennis Chambers, Joseph Tawadros and many more. The festival takes place at the Bosnian Cultural Center (aka "Main Stage"), just down the street from the SFF, at the Sarajevo Youth Stage Theater (aka "Strange Fruits Stage"), at the Dom Vojske Federacije (aka "Solo Stage"), and at the CDA (aka "Groove Stage").
Sports[link]
File:1984 Winter Olympics logo.svg
Sarajevo 1984 Winter Olympics logo
The city was the location of the 1984 Winter Olympics. Yugoslavia won one medal, a silver in men's giant slalom awarded to Jure Franko.[80] Many of the Olympic facilities survived the war or were reconstructed, including Olympic Hall Zetra and Asim Ferhatović Stadion. After co-hosting the Southeast Europe Friendship games, Sarajevo was awarded the 2009 Special Olympic winter games,[81] but cancelled these plans.[82][83] The ice arena for the 1984 Olympics, Zetra Stadium, was used during the war as a temporary hospital and, later, for housing NATO troops of the IFOR.
In 2011 Sarajevo was the host city of the 51st World Military Skiing Championship with over 350 participants from 23 different nations. This was the first international event of such standing since the 1984 Olympics.[84]
Football (soccer) is popular in Sarajevo; the city hosts FK Sarajevo and FK Željezničar, which both compete in European and international cups and tournaments and are have a very large trophy cabinet in the former Yugoslavia as well as independent Bosnia and Herzegovina. Other notable soccer clubs are FK Olimpik and SAŠK. Another popular sport is basketball; the basketball club KK Bosna Sarajevo won the European Championship in 1979 as well as many Yugoslav and Bosnian national championships making it one of the greatest basketball clubs in the former Yugoslavia. The chess club, Bosna Sarajevo, has been a championship team since the 1980s and is the third ranked chess club in Europe, having won four consecutive European championships in the nineties. RK Bosna also competes in the European Champions League and is considered one of the most well organised handball clubs in South-Eastern Europe with a very large fan base and excellent national, as well as international results. Sarajevo often holds international events and competitions in sports such as tennis and kickboxing. Rock climbing is popular; rock-climbing events and practices are held at Sarajevo's Dariva area, where there is also an extensive network of biking trails.
Popularity of tennis has been picking up in recent years. Since 2003, BH Telecom Indoors is an annual tennis tournament in Sarajevo.
In 2017 Sarajevo and East Sarajevo will host the European Youth Olympic Winter Festival (EYOWF).
See also[link]
- Architecture of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Folklore of Sarajevo
- Istočno Sarajevo
- List of Sarajevans
- List of shopping malls in Sarajevo
- Music of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vrhbosna
- Sarajevo International Culture Exchange
- Sites of interest in Sarajevo
- Tourism in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Historical Sarajevo gallery[link]
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Roman Catholic Cathedral of Jesus' Heart
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Begova Dzamija.jpg
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St. Joseph Church
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The Old Synagoge
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Tsars Mosque
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Old Jewish chapel
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Sahat Kula.jpg
Sahat-kula, Old clock tower
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Bascarsija Old CIty.jpg
Baščaršija, Old town in Sarajevo
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Baščaršija market
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Baščaršija early morning
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Old town Baščaršija next to medieval ruins
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Old Town cafés
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Gazi Husrev-beg Bazaar "Bezistan"
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Gazi Husrev-beg Medresa
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Courtyard to the Baščaršija Mosque
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Faculty of Islamic Studies
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Ćumurija bridge and the Ban Kulin alley
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Sarajevo Academy of Fine arts
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Šeher-Ćehaja bridge
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Bosnian medieval collection at the Bosniak Institute
Modern Sarajevo gallery[link]
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BBI Shopping and Business Center
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BBI Center by night
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Inside BBI.JPG
Inside BBI Center
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Alta shopping mall in Sarajevo
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Inside Alta shopping mall in Sarajevo
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Importanne Shopping and Business Center
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Inside Importanne Center
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Hotel Bristol
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Hotel Europe next to medieval ruins
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Bosmal City Center Sarajevo.jpg
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UNITIC twin towers
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Radon Plaza Hotel & Business centre
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Raiffeisen Bank Headquarter
References[link]
Notes[link]
- ^ a b c Stilinovic, Josip (3 January 2002). "In Europe's Jerusalem", Catholic World News. The city’s principal mosques are the Gazi Husrev-Bey’s Mosque, or Begova Džamija (1530), and the Mosque of Ali Pasha (1560–61). Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
- ^ a b Benbassa, Esther; Attias, Jean-Christophe (2004). The Jews and their Future: A Conversation on Judaism and Jewish Identities. London: Zed Books. p. 27. ISBN 1-84277-391-7. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=AxxBPfEk3_0C&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- ^ a b "Visit Sarajevo: A Brief History of the City". Visit Sarajevo. http://www.visitsarajevo.ba/history. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- ^ Sarajevo Official Web Site. About Sarajevo.Sarajevo Top city guide. Retrieved on 4 March 2007.
- ^ a b c "First release". Federal Office of Statistics, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 31 August 2011. p. 3. http://www.fzs.ba/saopcenja/2011/14.2.1.pdf. Retrieved 31 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb". 2006–2009 City of Zagreb. http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^ "Sarajevo: The economic, administrative, cultural and educational center of Bosnia and Herzegovina". Mediterranea News. 2011-05-12. http://www.mediterraneanews.com/index/2011/05/sarajevo-the-economic-administrative-cultural-and-educational-center-of-bosnia-and-herzegovina/. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ daenet d.o.o.. "Sarajevo Official Web Site : Economy". Sarajevo.ba. http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=144. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ Malcolm, Noel. Bosnia: A Short History ISBN 0-8147-5561-5.
- ^ Malcolm, Noel (1996). Bosnia: A Short History [Paperback]. London: NYU Press. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-8147-5561-7.
- ^ Valerijan, Žujo; Imamović, Mustafa; Ćurovac, Muhamed. Sarajevo.
- ^ a b "Lonely Planet: Best Cities in the World". Lonely Planet. http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/1741047315. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
- ^ Connelly, Charlie (8 October 2005). "The New Siege of Sarajevo". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article575571.ece. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ Kelley, Steve. "Rising Sarajevo finds hope again", The Seattle Times. Retrieved on 19 August 2006.
- ^ a b Lonely Planet (March 2006). The Cities Book: A Journey Through The Best Cities In The World, Lonely Planet Publications, ISBN 1-74104-731-5.
- ^ "Lonely Planet's Top 10 Cities 2010 | Lonely Planet's Top 10 Cities 2010". News.com.au. http://www.news.com.au/travel/galleries/gallery-e6frflw0-1225794915428?page=2. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- ^ Anil Polat (27 March 2012). "The Best City To Visit Travel Tournament 2012: Championship". Foxnomad. http://foxnomad.com/2012/03/27/the-best-city-to-visit-travel-tournament-2012-championship/. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ "Nomination of Sarajevo for European Capital of Culture 2014". BH-News.com. http://www.bh-news.com/en/vijest_det.php?vid=3827&r=1. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ "Sarajevo: With Sarajevo as Europe's Capital of Culture 2014 we could send an... - 12/05/2011 - EPP Group". Group of the European People's Party (Christian Democrats) in the European Parliament. http://www.eppgroup.eu/press/showpr.asp?prcontroldoctypeid=1&prcontrolid=10331&prcontentid=17480&prcontentlg=en. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ Škaljić, Abdulah.Turcizmi u srpskohrvatskom jeziku, Svjetlost, Sarajevo, 1989, šesto izdanje
- ^ "The Culture & History", Tourism Association of Sarajevo Canton, Retrieved on 3 August 2006.
- ^ II – PROCEDURE PRIOR TO DECISION. "Roman remains at Ilidža, the archaeological site", Bosnia and Herzegovina Commission to Preserve National Monuments, Retrieved on 3 August 2006.
- ^ a b c "Sarajevo", New Britannica, volume 10, edition 15 (1989). ISBN 0-85229-493-X.
- ^ "Sarajevo", Columbia Encyclopedia, edition 6, Retrieved on 3 August 2006
- ^ FICE (International Federation of Educative Communities) Congress 2006. Sarajevo – History. Congress in Sarajevo. Retrieved on 3 August 2006.
- ^ Hadžijahić, Muhamed (1973) "Muslimanske rezolucije iz 1941 godine [Muslim resolutions of 1941"] (in Serbocroatian) Istorija Naroda Bosne i Hercegovine Sarajevo: Institut za istoriju radničkog pokreta p. 277 http://www.scribd.com/doc/47323922/Muhamed-Hadzijahic-Muslimanske-rezolucije-1941
- ^ Robert J. Donia, Sarajevo: a biography. University of Michigan Press, 2006. (p. 197)
- ^ Donia, Robert J. (2006). Sarajevo: A Biography. University of Michigan Press. pp. 240–241. ISBN 978-0-472-11557-0.
- ^ Sachs, Stephen E. (1994). Sarajevo: A Crossroads in History. Retrieved on 3 August 2006.
- ^ Connelly, Charlie (8 October 2005). "The new siege of Sarajevo". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article575571.ece. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ Hartmann, Florence (July 2007). "A statement at the seventh biennial meeting of the International Association of Genocide Scholars". Helsinki. http://www.helsinki.org.rs/tjgenocide_t01.html. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
- ^ a b Strange, Hannah (12 December 2007). "Serb general Dragomir Milosevic convicted over Sarajevo siege". The Times (UK). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3039582.ece. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ Bassiouni, Cherif (27 May 1994). "Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts established pursuant to security council resolution 780". United Nations. http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/comexpert/ANX/VI-01.htm. Retrieved 10 May 2010.
- ^ "BiH Tourism Assessment - Analysis of Sarajevo, Herzegovina and Krajina Tourism Regions and Recommendations for Product Development, Marketing and Destination Management |Expo". Exportcouncil.ba. http://www.exportcouncil.ba/eng/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=107:bih-tourism-assessment-analysis-of-sarajevo-herzegovina-and-krajina-tourism-regions-and-recommendations-for-product-development-marketing-and-destination-management&catid=44:key-sectors-and-strategy-&Itemid=14. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ "Home". Sarajevo City Center. http://www.sarajevocitycenter.com/?jezik=eng. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ a b "A new shopping experience in Sarajevo!". Airportcentersarajevo.com. http://www.airportcentersarajevo.com/info.php. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ Lacan, Igor; McBride, Joe R. (2009). "War and trees: The destruction and replanting of the urban and peri-urban forest of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina". Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 8 (3): 133–148. DOI:10.1016/j.ufug.2009.04.001.
- ^ "Climatological Information for Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina". Hong Kong Observatory. http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/climat/world/eng/europe/iy_al/sarajevo_e.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-08.
- ^ As per http://www.mod.gov.ba/en/shema.asp?id=odb
- ^ Government of Sarajevo on Sarajevo Official Web Site
- ^ a b c d e f g h i daenet d.o.o.. "Sarajevo Official Web Site : Sister cities". Sarajevo.ba. http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=160. Retrieved 6 May 2009.
- ^ "Official portal of City of Skopje – Skopje Sister Cities". 2006–2009 City of Skopje. http://www.skopje.gov.mk/EN/DesktopDefault.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=69. Retrieved 14 July 2009.
- ^ "Fraternity cities on Sarajevo Official Web Site". City of Sarajevo 2001–2008. http://www.sarajevo.ba/en/stream.php?kat=147. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^ "Sister Cities of Istanbul". http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm. Retrieved 8 September 2007.
- ^ Erdem, Selim Efe (3 November 2003). "İstanbul'a 49 kardeş" (in Turkish). Radikal. http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=94185. "49 sister cities in 2003"
- ^ "Sister City – Budapest". Official website of New York City. http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/budapest_main.shtml. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
- ^ "Sister cities of Budapest" (in Hungarian). Official Website of Budapest. http://www.budapest.hu/engine.aspx?page=20030224-cikk-testvervarosok. Retrieved 31 January 2008.
- ^ "Official agreement paper between Sarajevo and Madrid (Spanish and Bosnian languages)". http://www.madrid.es/UnidadWeb/Contenidos/EspecialInformativo/RelacInternac/RRII/HermanamientosyAcuerdos/Files/Sarajevo.pdf.
- ^ "Official Barcelona Website: Sister Cities". Ajuntament de Barcelona 1995–2008. http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^ European Commission & World Bank. The European Community (EC) Europe for Sarajevo Programme The EC reconstruction programme for Bosnia and Herzegovina detailed by sector. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
- ^ CIA (2006). Bosnia and Herzegovina CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
- ^ Radovinović, Radovan; Bertić, Ivan, eds. (1984) (in Croatian). Atlas svijeta: Novi pogled na Zemlju (3rd ed.). Zagreb: Sveučilišna naklada Liber.
- ^ http://www.unece.org/.html
- ^ Population density and urbanization. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
- ^ Sarajevo Canton. Population Density by Municipalities of Sarajevo Canton. About Canton. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
- ^ Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, US Department of State. Bosnia and Herzegovina International Religious Freedom Report 2005. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
- ^ Markowitz 2010, p. 83.
- ^ Markowitz 2007, p. 55.
- ^ Bollens 2007, p. 95.
- ^ Corridor 5C. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
- ^ About trams on Virtual City of Sarajevo
- ^ [1]
- ^ Zahid Krkic. "Sarajevo International Airport by Zahid Krkic -Dobro dosli-Welcome- Willkommen". Fortunecity.com. http://www.fortunecity.com/oasis/tropicana/533/. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ "EX-YU aviation news: Sarajevo expansion to begin in 2012". Exyuaviation.blogspot.com. 2011-09-17. http://exyuaviation.blogspot.com/2011/09/sarajevo-expansion-to-begin-in-2012.html. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ European Journalism Centre (November 2002). The Bosnia-Herzegovina media landscape. European Media Landscape. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
- ^ Vockic-Avdagic, Jelenka. The Internet and the Public in Bosnia-Herzegovina in Spassov, O., and Todorov Ch. (eds.) (2003), New Media in Southeast Europe. SOEMZ, European University "Viadrina" (Frankfurt – Oder) and Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski".
- ^ Udovicic, Radenko (2002 May 3). What is Happening with the Oldest Bosnian-Herzegovinian Daily: Oslobođenje to be sold for 4.7 Million Marks Mediaonline.ba: Southeast European Media Journal.
- ^ "Al Jazeera makes its Balkan debut | Europe | Deutsche Welle | 22.09.2010". Deutsche Welle. http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6031138,00.html. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^ Studentski eFM Radio
- ^ "Radio BIR". Bir.ba. http://www.bir.ba. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ University of Sarajevo on Sarajevo official web site
- ^ History of University of Sarajevo
- ^ "Information of the University Sarajevo". Unsa.ba. 2007-12-16. http://unsa.ba/s/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=13&Itemid=43. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
- ^ Sarajevo Canton, 2000 Primary Education & Secondary EducationPDF (1.28 MB). Sarajevo 2000, p 107–08.
- ^ "Ecole française MLF de Sarajevo : News". École française MLF de Sarajevo. http://www.efmlfsarajevo.org/news/news.php. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
- ^ [2] Sarajevo.net Museum: The Sarajevo Haggadah
- ^ "Haggadah.ba - About the Sarajevo Haggadah". Haggadah.ba. http://haggadah.ba/?x=1. Retrieved 28 March 2012.
- ^ Perlez, Jane (12 August 1996). Ruins of Sarajevo Library Is Symbol of a Shattered Culture The New York Times.
- ^ "Sarajevo Film Festival — Filmski Festivali — Filmski.Net". Filmski.net. http://www.filmski.net/festivali/25/sarajevo_film_festival. Retrieved 1 November 2008.
- ^ IOC (2006). Jure Franko Althete: Profiles. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
- ^ Special Olympics, (2005 – Quarter 2). 2009 Games in SarajevoPDF (277 kB) Spirit. Retrieved on 5 August 2006.
- ^ Hem, Brad (29 July 2006). Idaho may be in the running to host the 2009 Special Olympics Idaho Statesman.
- ^ Special Olympics (May 2006). Boise, Idaho (USA) Awarded 2009 Special Olympics World Winter Games Global News.
- ^ Phone Web (2011-06-09). "CISM — Conseil International du Sport Militaire — International Military Sports Council". www.keezmovies.com. http://www.cism-milsport.org/eng/003_SPORTS/019_skiing/main.asp. Retrieved 2011-09-15.
Bibliography[link]
- Bollens, Scott A. (2007). Cities, Nationalism, and Democratization. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-41947-6. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lELpt_A7REkC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA95#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Donia, Robert J. Sarajevo: A Biography. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, (2006).
- Halligan, Benjamin. (2010). "Idylls of Socialism: The Sarajevo Documentary School and the Problem of the Bosnian Sub-proletariat". Studies in Eastern European Cinema (Autumn 2010). (http://usir.salford.ac.uk/11571/3/visualrecollectivisationpostcopyedit.pdf)
- Maniscalco, Fabio (1997). Sarajevo. Itinerari artistici perduti (Sarajevo. Artistic Itineraries Lost). Naples: Guida
- Markowitz, Fran (2007). "Census and sensibilities in Sarajevo". Comparative Studies in Society and History 49 (1): 40–73. DOI:10.1017/S0010417507000400.
- Markowitz, Fran (2010). Sarajevo: A Bosnian Kaleidoscope. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-07713-X. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OkQ5bS095egC&lpg=PA80&pg=PA83#v=onepage&q&f=false.
- Prstojević, Miroslav (1992). Zaboravljeno Sarajevo (Forgotten Sarajevo). Sarajevo: Ideja
- Valerijan, Žujo; Imamović, Mustafa; Ćurovac, Muhamed (1997). Sarajevo. Sarajevo: Svjetlost
- My Life in Fire (a non-fiction story of a child in a Sarajevo war)
- Mehmedinović, Semezdin (1998). Sarajevo Blues. San Francisco: City Lights.
External links[link]
This audio file was created from a revision of the "Sarajevo" article dated 2006-11-14, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help)
Quotations related to Sarajevo at Wikiquote- Media related to Sarajevo at Wikimedia Commons
- Sarajevo's Official Website (Bosnian)
- Chronology of the battle and siege of Sarajevo
- Sarajevo in Encyclopædia Britannica
Coordinates: 43°50′51″N 18°21′23″E / 43.8476°N 18.3564°E / 43.8476; 18.3564
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarajevo
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
Luciano Pavarotti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI (12 October 1935 – 6 September 2007) was an Italian operatic tenor, who also crossed over into popular music, eventually becoming one of the most commercially successful tenors of all time. He made numerous recordings of complete operas and individual arias, and established himself as one of the finest tenors of the 20th century.[1] He was one of The Three Tenors and became well known for his televised concerts and media appearances. Pavarotti was also noted for his charity work on behalf of refugees and the Red Cross, amongst others.
Pavarotti began his professional career as a tenor in 1961 in Italy. That same year, he made his first international appearance in La traviata in Belgrade, Yugoslavia.[2] He sang in opera houses in addition to Italy, in the Netherlands, Vienna, London, Ankara, Budapest and Barcelona. The young tenor earned valuable experience and recognition while touring Australia at the invitation of soprano Joan Sutherland in 1965. He made his United States debut in Miami soon afterwards, also on Sutherland's recommendation. His position as a leading lyric tenor was consolidated in the years between 1966 and 1972, during which time he first appeared at Milan's La Scala and other major European houses. In 1968, he debuted at New York City's Metropolitan Opera as Rodolfo in Puccini's La bohème. At the Met in 1972, in the role of Tonio in Donizetti's La fille du régiment he earned the title "King of the high Cs" when he sang the aria "Ah mes amis ... pour mon âme". He gained worldwide fame for the brilliance and beauty of his tone, especially into the upper register.[3] He was at his best in bel canto operas, pre-Aida Verdi roles and Puccini works such as La bohème, Tosca and Madama Butterfly. The late 1970s and 1980s saw Pavarotti continue to make significant appearances in the world's foremost opera houses.
Celebrity beyond the world of opera came to Pavarotti at the 1990 World Cup in Italy with performances of Puccini's "Nessun dorma", sample (help·info) from Turandot, and as one of The Three Tenors in their famed first concert held on the eve of the tournament's final match. He sang on that occasion with fellow star tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras, bringing opera highlights to a wider audience. Appearances in advertisements and with pop icons in concerts furthered his international celebrity.
His final performance in an opera was at the Metropolitan Opera in March 2004. Later that year, the National Italian American Foundation (NIAF) inducted him into its Italian American Hall of Fame in recognition of his lifetime of work. During a ceremony held at the Foundation's Anniversary Gala just four days after his 69th birthday, singer Faith Hill presented Pavarotti with a birthday cake and sang "Happy Birthday" to the opera legend.
The 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin, Italy, saw Pavarotti on stage for the last time, where he performed "Nessun dorma", with the crowd serving as the aria's chorus, and he received a thunderous standing ovation.[4]
He died from pancreatic cancer on 6 September 2007.
Contents |
Earlier life and musical training[link]
Luciano Pavarotti was born in 1935 on the outskirts of Modena in Northern Italy, the son of Fernando Pavarotti, a baker and amateur tenor, and Adele Venturi, a cigar factory worker.[5] Although he spoke fondly of his childhood, the family had little money; its four members were crowded into a two-room apartment. According to Pavarotti, his father had a fine tenor voice but rejected the possibility of a singing career because of nervousness. World War II forced the family out of the city in 1943. For the following year they rented a single room from a farmer in the neighbouring countryside, where the young Pavarotti developed an interest in farming.
After abandoning the dream of becoming a football goalkeeper, Pavarotti spent seven years in vocal training. Pavarotti's earliest musical influences were his father's recordings, most of them featuring the popular tenors of the day - Beniamino Gigli, Giovanni Martinelli, Tito Schipa and Enrico Caruso. Pavarotti's favourite tenor and idol was Giuseppe Di Stefano.[6] He was also deeply influenced by Mario Lanza, saying, "In my teens I used to go to Mario Lanza movies and then come home and imitate him in the mirror".[7] At around the age of nine he began singing with his father in a small local church choir.
After what appears to have been a normal childhood with a typical interest in sports — in Pavarotti's case football above all, he graduated from the Scuola Magistrale and faced the dilemma of a career choice. He was interested in pursuing a career as a professional football goalkeeper, but his mother convinced him to train as a teacher. He subsequently taught in an elementary school for two years but finally allowed his interest in music to win out. Recognising the risk involved, his father gave his consent only reluctantly.
Pavarotti began the serious study of music in 1954 at the age of 19 with Arrigo Pola, a respected teacher and professional tenor in Modena who offered to teach him without remuneration. Not until he began these studies was Pavarotti aware that he had perfect pitch.[citation needed]
In 1955, he experienced his first singing success when he was a member of the Corale Rossini, a male voice choir from Modena that also included his father, which won first prize at the International Eisteddfod in Llangollen, Wales. He later said that this was the most important experience of his life, and that it inspired him to become a professional singer.[8] At about this time Pavarotti first met Adua Veroni. They married in 1961.
When his teacher Arrigo Pola moved to Japan, Pavarotti became a student of Ettore Campogalliani, who at that time was also teaching Pavarotti's childhood friend, Mirella Freni, whose mother worked with Luciano's mother in the cigar factory. Like Pavarotti, Freni was destined to operatic greatness; they were to share the stage many times and make memorable recordings together.
During his years of musical study, Pavarotti held part time jobs in order to sustain himself – first as an elementary school teacher and then as an insurance salesman. The first six years of study resulted in only a few recitals, all in small towns and without pay. When a nodule developed on his vocal cords, causing a "disastrous" concert in Ferrara, he decided to give up singing. Pavarotti attributed his immediate improvement to the psychological release connected with this decision. Whatever the reason, the nodule not only disappeared but, as he related in his autobiography, "Everything I had learned came together with my natural voice to make the sound I had been struggling so hard to achieve".
Career[link]
1960s–1970s[link]
Pavarotti began his career as a tenor in smaller regional Italian opera houses, making his debut as Rodolfo in La Bohème at the Teatro Municipale in Reggio Emilia in April 1961.
Very early in his career, on 23 February 1963, he debuted at the Vienna State Opera with the same role. In March and April 1963 Vienna saw Pavarotti again as Rodolfo and as Duca di Mantova in Rigoletto. The same year saw his Royal Opera House debut, where he replaced an indisposed Giuseppe di Stefano as Rodolfo.[9]
While generally successful, Pavarotti's early roles did not immediately propel him into the stardom that he would later enjoy. An early coup involved his connection with Joan Sutherland (and her conductor husband, Richard Bonynge), who in 1963 had sought a young tenor taller than herself to take along on her tour to Australia.[10] With his commanding physical presence, Pavarotti proved ideal.[11] The two sang some forty performances over two months, and Pavarotti later credited Sutherland for the breathing technique that would sustain him over his career.[12]
Pavarotti made his American début with the Greater Miami Opera in February 1965, singing in Donizetti's Lucia di Lammermoor opposite Joan Sutherland on the stage of the Miami-Dade County Auditorium in Miami. The tenor scheduled to perform that night became ill with no understudy. As Sutherland was traveling with him on tour, she recommended the young Pavarotti as he was well acquainted with the role.
Shortly after, on 28 April, Pavarotti made his La Scala debut in the revival of the famous Franco Zeffirelli production of La Bohème, with his childhood friend Mirella Freni singing Mimi and Herbert von Karajan conducting. Karajan had requested the singer's engagement. After an extended Australian tour, he returned to La Scala, where he added Tebaldo from I Capuleti e i Montecchi to his repertoire on 26 March 1966, with Giacomo Aragall as Romeo. His first appearance as Tonio in Donizetti's La Fille du Régiment took place at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, on 2 June of that year. It was his performances of this role that would earn him the title of "King of the High Cs".
He scored another major triumph in Rome on 20 November 1969 when he sang in I Lombardi opposite Renata Scotto. This was recorded on a private label and widely distributed, as were various recordings of his I Capuleti e i Montecchi, usually with Aragall. Early commercial recordings included a recital of Donizetti (the aria from Don Sebastiano were particularly highly regarded) and Verdi arias, as well as a complete L'Elisir d'Amore with Sutherland.
His major breakthrough in the United States came on 17 February 1972, in a production of La Fille du Régiment at New York's Metropolitan Opera, in which he drove the crowd into a frenzy with his nine effortless high Cs in the signature aria. He achieved a record seventeen curtain calls.
Pavarotti sang his international recital début at William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri, on 1 February 1973, as part of the college's Fine Arts Program, now known as the Harriman-Jewell Series. Perspiring due to nerves and a lingering cold, the tenor clutched a handkerchief throughout the début. The prop became a signature part of his solo performances.
He began to give frequent television performances, starting with his performances as Rodolfo (La Bohème) in the first Live from the Met telecast in March 1977, which attracted one of the largest audiences ever for a televised opera. He won many Grammy awards and platinum and gold discs for his performances. In addition to the previously listed titles, his La Favorita with Fiorenza Cossotto and his I Puritani (1975) with Sutherland stand out.
In 1976, Pavarotti debuted at the Salzburg Festival, appearing in a solo recital on 31 July, accompanied by pianist Leone Magiera. Pavarotti returned to the festival in 1978 with a recital and as the Italian singer in Der Rosenkavalier in 1983 with Idomeneo, and both in 1985 and 1988 with solo recitals.
In 1979, he was profiled in a cover story in the weekly magazine Time.[13] That same year saw Pavarotti's return to the Vienna State Opera after an absence of fourteen years. With Herbert von Karajan conducting, Pavarotti sang Manrico in Il Trovatore. In 1978, he appeared in a solo recital on Live from Lincoln Center.
1980s–1990s[link]
At the beginning of the 1980s, he set up The Pavarotti International Voice Competition for young singers, performing with the winners in 1982 in excerpts of La Bohème and L'Elisir d'Amore. The second competition, in 1986, staged excerpts of La Bohème and Un Ballo in Maschera. To celebrate the 25th anniversary of his career, he brought the winners of the competition to Italy for gala performances of La Bohème in Modena and Genoa, and then to China where they staged performances of La Bohème in Beijing (Peking). To conclude the visit, Pavarotti performed the first ever concert in the Great Hall of the People before 10,000 people, receiving a standing ovation for nine effortless high Cs. The third competition in 1989 again staged performances of L'Elisir d'Amore and Un ballo in Maschera. The winners of the fifth competition accompanied Pavarotti in performances in Philadelphia in 1997.
In the mid-1980s, Pavarotti returned to two opera houses that had provided him with important breakthroughs, the Vienna State Opera and La Scala. Vienna saw Pavarotti as Rodolfo in La Bohème with Carlos Kleiber conducting and again Mirella Freni was Mimi; as Nemorino in L'Elisir d'Amore; as Radames in Aïda conducted by Lorin Maazel; as Rodolfo in Luisa Miller; and as Gustavo in Un Ballo in Maschera conducted by Claudio Abbado. In 1996, Pavarotti appeared for the last time at the Staatsoper in Andrea Chenier.
In 1985, Pavarotti sang Radames at La Scala opposite Maria Chiara in a Luca Ronconi production conducted by Maazel, recorded on video. His performance of the aria "Celeste Aïda" received a two-minute ovation on the opening night. He was reunited with Mirella Freni for the San Francisco Opera production of La Bohème in 1988, also recorded on video. In 1992, La Scala saw Pavarotti in a new Zeffirelli production of Don Carlo, conducted by Riccardo Muti. Pavarotti's performance was heavily criticized by some observers and booed by parts of the audience.
Pavarotti became even better known throughout the world in 1990 when his rendition of Giacomo Puccini's aria, "Nessun Dorma" from Turandot was taken as the theme song of BBC's TV coverage of the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy. The aria achieved pop status and remained his trademark song. This was followed by the hugely successful Three Tenors concert, held on the eve of the World Cup final at the ancient Baths of Caracalla in Rome with fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras and conductor Zubin Mehta, which became the biggest selling classical record of all time. A highlight of the concert, in which Pavarotti hammed up a famous portion of di Capua's "O Sole Mio" and was mimicked by Domingo and Carreras to the delight of the audience, became one of the most memorable moments in contemporary operatic history. Throughout the 1990s, Pavarotti appeared in many well-attended outdoor concerts, including his televised concert in London's Hyde Park, which drew a record attendance of 150,000. In June 1993, more than 500,000 listeners gathered for his free performance on the Great Lawn of New York's Central Park, while millions more around the world watched on television. The following September, in the shadow of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, he sang for an estimated crowd of 300,000. Following on from the original 1990 concert, the Three Tenors concerts were held during the Football World Cups: in Los Angeles in 1994, in Paris in 1998, and in Yokohama in 2002.
In 1995, Pavarotti's friends, the singer Lara Saint Paul (as Lara Cariaggi) and her husband showman Pier Quinto Cariaggi, who had produced and organised Pavarotti's 1990 FIFA World Cup Celebration Concert at the PalaTrussardi in Milan,[14] produced and wrote the television documentary The Best is Yet to Come, an extensive biography about the life of Pavarotti.[15] Lara Saint Paul was the interviewer for the documentary with Pavarotti, who spoke candidly about his life and career.[16]
Pavarotti's rise to stardom was not without occasional difficulties, however. He earned a reputation as "The King of Cancellations" by frequently backing out of performances, and his unreliable nature led to poor relationships with some opera houses. This was brought into focus in 1989 when Ardis Krainik of the Lyric Opera of Chicago severed the house's 15-year relationship with the tenor.[17] Over an eight-year period, Pavarotti had cancelled 26 out of 41 scheduled appearances at the Lyric, and the decisive move by Krainik to ban him for life was well-noted throughout the opera world, after the performer walked away from a season premiere less than two weeks before rehearsals began, saying pain from a sciatic nerve required two months of treatment.
On 12 December 1998, he became the first (and, to date, only) opera singer to perform on Saturday Night Live, singing alongside Vanessa L. Williams. He also sang with U2, in the band's 1995 song "Miss Sarajevo", and with Mercedes Sosa in a big concert at the Boca Juniors arena La Bombonera in Buenos Aires, Argentina, in 1999.
In 1998, Pavarotti was presented with the Grammy Legend Award. Given only on special occasions, as of 2007 it has been awarded only 15 times since its first presentation in 1990.
2000s[link]
In 2004, one of Pavarotti's former managers, Herbert Breslin, published a book, The King & I.[17] Seen by many as bitter and sensationalistic, it is critical of the singer's acting (in opera), his inability to read music well and learn parts, and of his personal conduct, although acknowledging their mutual success. In an interview in 2005 with Jeremy Paxman on the BBC, Pavarotti rejected the allegation that he could not read music, although he acknowledged he did not read orchestral scores.
He received an enormous number of awards and honours, including Kennedy Center Honors in 2001. He also holds two Guinness World Records: one for receiving the most curtain calls (165)[18] and another for the best-selling classical album (In Concert by The Three Tenors). (The latter record is thus shared by fellow tenors Plácido Domingo and José Carreras.)
In late 2003, he released his final compilation - and his first and only "crossover" album, Ti Adoro. Most of the 13 songs were written and produced by the Michele Centonze who had already helped produce the "Pavarotti & Friends" concerts between 1998 and 2000.[19] The tenor described the album as a wedding gift to Nicoletta Mantovani.
Pavarotti began his farewell tour in 2004, at the age of 69, performing one last time in old and new locations, after more than four decades on the stage. Pavarotti gave his last performance in an opera at the New York Metropolitan Opera on 13 March 2004, for which he received a long standing ovation for his role as the painter Mario Cavaradossi in Giacomo Puccini's Tosca. On 1 December 2004, he announced a 40-city farewell tour. Pavarotti and his manager, Terri Robson, commissioned impresario Harvey Goldsmith to produce the Worldwide Farewell Tour. His last full-scale performance was at the end of a two-month Australasian tour in Taiwan, in December 2005.
In March 2005, Pavarotti underwent neck surgery to repair two vertebrae. In early 2006, he underwent further back surgery and contracted an infection while in the hospital in New York, forcing cancellation of concerts in the U.S., Canada and the UK.[20]
On 10 February 2006, Pavarotti sang "Nessun Dorma" at the 2006 Winter Olympics opening ceremony in Turin, Italy, at his final performance. In the last act of the opening ceremony, his performance received the longest and loudest ovation of the night from the international crowd. Leone Magiera, who directed the performance, revealed in his 2008 memoirs, Pavarotti Visto da Vicino, that the performance was prerecorded weeks earlier.[21] "The orchestra pretended to play for the audience, I pretended to conduct and Luciano pretended to sing. The effect was wonderful," he wrote. Pavarotti's manager, Terri Robson, said that the tenor had turned the Winter Olympic Committee's invitation down several times because it would have been impossible to sing late at night in the sub-zero conditions of Turin in February. The committee eventually persuaded him to take part by pre-recording the song.
Other work[link]
Film and television[link]
Pavarotti's one venture into film, a romantic comedy called Yes, Giorgio (1982), was roundly panned by the critics. He can be seen to better advantage in Jean-Pierre Ponnelle's adaptation of Rigoletto for television, released that same year, or in his more than 20 live opera performances taped for television between 1978 and 1994, most of them with the Metropolitan Opera, and most available on DVD.
Humanitarianism[link]
Pavarotti annually hosted the "Pavarotti and Friends" charity concerts in his home town of Modena in Italy, joining with singers from all parts of the music industry, including Andrea Bocelli, Jon Bon Jovi, Bryan Adams, Bono, James Brown, Mariah Carey, Eric Clapton, Sheryl Crow, Céline Dion, Elton John, Deep Purple, Meat Loaf, Queen, George Michael, Sting and the Spice Girls, to raise money for several UN causes. Concerts were held for War Child, and victims of war and civil unrest in Bosnia, Guatemala, Kosovo and Iraq. After the war in Bosnia, he financed and established the Pavarotti Music Centre in the southern city of Mostar to offer Bosnia's artists the opportunity to develop their skills. For these contributions, the city of Sarajevo named him an honorary citizen in 2006.[22]
He performed at benefit concerts to raise money for victims of tragedies such as the Spitak earthquake that killed 25,000 people in northern Armenia in December 1988,[23] and sang Gounod's Ave Maria with legendary French pop music star and ethnic Armenian Charles Aznavour.
He was a close friend of Diana, Princess of Wales. They raised money for the elimination of land mines worldwide. He was invited to sing at her funeral service, but declined to sing, as he felt he could not sing well "with his grief in his throat". Nonetheless, he attended the service.
In 1998, he was appointed the United Nations Messenger of Peace, using his fame to raise awareness of UN issues, including the Millennium Development Goals, HIV/AIDS, child rights, urban slums and poverty.[24]
In 1999, Pavarotti performed a charity benefit concert in Beirut, to mark Lebanon's reemergence on the world stage after a brutal 15 year civil war. The largest concert held in Beirut since the end of the war, it was attended by 20,000 people who travelled from countries as distant as Saudi Arabia and Bulgaria.[25]
In 2001, Pavarotti received the Nansen Medal from the UN High Commission for Refugees for his efforts raising money on behalf of refugees worldwide. Through benefit concerts and volunteer work, he has raised more than any other individual.[26]
Other honours he received include the "Freedom of London Award" and The Red Cross "Award for Services to Humanity", for his work in raising money for that organization, and the 1998 "MusiCares Person of the Year", given to humanitarian heroes by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences.[27][28]
He was a National Patron of Delta Omicron, an international professional music fraternity.[29]
Death[link]
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Wikinews has related news: Opera singer Luciano Pavarotti dies at age 71 |
While undertaking an international "farewell tour," Pavarotti was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in July 2006. The tenor fought back against the implications of this diagnosis, undergoing major abdominal surgery and making plans for the resumption and conclusion of his singing commitments.[30] He died at his home in Modena on 6 September 2007. Within hours of his death, his manager, Terri Robson, noted in an e-mail statement, "The Maestro fought a long, tough battle against the pancreatic cancer which eventually took his life. In fitting with the approach that characterized his life and work, he remained positive until finally succumbing to the last stages of his illness".[31][32][33]
Pavarotti's funeral was held in Modena Cathedral. Romano Prodi and Kofi Annan attended.[34] The Frecce Tricolori, the aerobatic demonstration team of the Italian Air Force, flew overhead, leaving green-white-red smoke trails. After a funeral procession through the centre of Modena, Pavarotti's coffin was taken the final ten kilometres to Montale Rangone, a village part of Castelnuovo Rangone, and was buried near his parents' grave. The funeral, in its entirety, was also telecast live on CNN. The Vienna State Opera and the Salzburg Festival Hall flew black flags in mourning.[35] Tributes were published by many opera houses, such as London's Royal Opera House.[36] The Italian football giant Juventus F.C., of which Pavarotti was a lifelong fan, was represented at the funeral and posted a farewell message on its website which said: "Ciao Luciano, black-and-white heart" referring to the team's famous stripes when they play on their home ground.
Personal life[link]
On 13 December 2003, he married his former personal assistant, Nicoletta Mantovani (born 1969), with whom he already had a daughter, Alice. A second child, Riccardo, did not survive, because of complications at the time of birth in January 2003. Pavarotti is also survived by three other daughters by his first wife Adua, to whom he was married for 34 years: Lorenza, Cristina, and Giuliana. At the time of his death, he had one granddaughter.
Settlement of estate[link]
His first will was opened the day after his death and a second will, within the same month of September.[37] He left an estate outside his native Modena, a villa in Pesaro, a flat in Monte Carlo, and three flats in New York City.[38]
Pavarotti's widow's lawyers Giorgio Bernini, Anna Maria Bernini, and manager Terri Robson announced on 30 June 2008 that his family amicably settled his estate – 300 million euros ($ 474.2 million, including $15 million in U.S. assets). Pavarotti drafted two wills before his death: one divided his assets by Italian law, giving half to his second wife, Nicoletta Mantovani, and half to his four daughters; the second gave his U.S. holdings to Mantovani. The judge confirmed the compromise by the end of July 2008. However, a Pesaro public prosecutor, Massimo di Patria, investigated allegations that Pavarotti was not of sound mind when he signed the will.[39][40][41] Pavarotti's estate has been settled "fairly", a lawyer for Pavarotti's widow, Nicoletta Mantovani, said in statements after reports of a dispute between Ms. Mantovani and his three daughters from his first marriage.[42]
See also[link]
Notes and references[link]
- ^ The Times Obituary: Luciano Pavarotti, 6 September 2007
- ^ [1][dead link]
- ^ Warrack, John and Ewan West (1996). "Luciano Pavarotti." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Opera. (3rd Ed.), ... an excellent technique, and a conquering personality.")
- ^ Kington, Tom (7 April 2008). "Pavarotti mimed at final performance". The Guardian (London). http://music.guardian.co.uk/classical/story/0,,2271470,00.html. Retrieved 2008-04-07.
- ^ Luciano Pavarotti Biography (1935-2007)
- ^ YouTube - Luciano Pavarotti talks about his idol Giuseppe di Stefano
- ^ http://www.liveleak.com/view?i=5e2_1189060061 Originally from MSNBC article at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/20607839/
- ^ "Pavarotti eisteddfod career start". BBC Online. 6 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/north_east/6981188.stm. Retrieved 2007-09-07.
- ^ Paul Arendt, "It Was All About the Voice," The Guardian,(Italy), 7 September 2007
- ^ Joan Sutherland quoted in Paul Arendt, "It Was All About the Voice," The Guardian, (London), 7 September 2007: "The young Pavarotti was a revelation to the opera world. He made his debut in the United States with us in Miami in 1965. He then came as part of our company to Australia, where he sang three times a week for 14 weeks, and we went on to make countless recordings together.
- ^ Richard Dyer, "Opera star Luciano Pavarotti dies: Epic career spanned 40 years, The Boston Globe, 6 September 2007
- ^ Ariel David, "World Mourns Italian Tenor Pavarotti," WTOPnews.com, 6 September 2007
- ^ Time Cover Archive, Sept 24th, 1979
- ^ Pavarotti, Luciano: The Event, The World Cup Celebration Concert (1990) Pavarotti, Luciano
- ^ The New York Public Library: Luciano Pavarotti, The Best is Yet to Come Pavarotti: The Best is Yet to Come: LEO - the New York Public Library Catalogue[dead link]
- ^ The Best is Yet to Come Pavarotti: The Best is Yet to Come, Interviewed by Lara Saint Paul: Penrith City Library Catalogue
- ^ a b Herbert H. Breslin, The King and I: The Uncensored Tale of Luciano Pavarotti's Rise to Fame by His Manager, Friend and Sometime Adversary, New York: Doubleday Publishing, 2004 ISBN 978-0-385-50972-5 ISBN 0-385-50972-3
- ^ Block, Mervin (15 October 2004). "'60 Minutes' Story About Singer Hits False Note". Poynter Online. http://www.mervinblock.com/?q=node/34. Retrieved 2009-09-28.
- ^ Pavarotti & Friends concert series at Amazon.com
- ^ "Pavarotti 'will return to stage'". BBC News Online. 25 July 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5212832.stm. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
- ^ Kington, Tom (7 April 2008). "Pavarotti mimed at final performance". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/apr/07/classicalmusicandopera.italy. Retrieved 28 August 2009.
- ^ "Sarajevo authorities name Pavarotti honorary citizen", Deseret News (Salt Lake City), 22 February 2006; retrieved on 2007-09-06
- ^ Alessandra Rizzo, "Italian tenor Pavarotti dies at age 71" on yahoo.com[dead link]; retrieved on 2007-09-06
- ^ "Luciano Pavarotti to Promote UN Causes During Series of Concerts, 2005 - 2006", U.N. Press release, 5/4/2005, retrieved on 6 September 2007
- ^ Pavarotti breaks a different kind of sound barrier; 14 June 1999; retrieved on 2007-10-12
- ^ Crossette, Barbara (30 May 2001). "United Nations: Honor For Tenor With Midas Touch". The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990DE5D8133CF933A05756C0A9679C8B63. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
- ^ "Freedom of London for Pavarotti". Entertainment (BBC News). 13 September 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/entertainment/4236980.stm. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
- ^ Parker, Lyndsey (31 February 1997). "Pavarotti Is The Person". Yahoo! Music News (Yahoo!). http://music.yahoo.com/read/news/12044059. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
- ^ Delta Omicron
- ^ "Singer Luciano Pavarotti recovering from pancreatic cancer surgery". Fox News. 7 July 2006. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,202530,00.html. Retrieved 2007-09-05.
- ^ "Tenor Luciano Pavarotti dead at 71" on cnn.com, 6 September 2007; retrieved on 2007-09-06
- ^ Pavarotti dead at 71: manager; retrieved on 2007-09-06
- ^ "Pavarotti Dead At Age 71". CBS News. 7 September 2007. http://www.webcastr.com/videos/news/pavarotti-dead-at-age-71.html.
- ^ People gather at Modena Cathedral to say farewell to Pavarotti|
- ^ "Black flag flies over Vienna Opera House for Pavarotti". Agence France-Presse. 2007-09-06. http://www.focus-fen.net/index.php?id=n121376. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
- ^ Castonguay, Gilles (2007-09-06). "Luciano Pavarotti dead at 71". Reuters. http://www.canada.com/topics/entertainment/story.html?id=24dd10ff-8048-45bb-9fde-b362693e5ac8&k=84681&p=1. Retrieved 2007-09-06.
- ^ Hooper, John (19 September 2007). "Pavarotti's will leaves US property to his second wife". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/italy/story/0,,2172193,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-06.
- ^ Owen, Richard (11 September 2007). "Pavarotti's manager on his last days". The Times (London). http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article2433004.ece. Retrieved 2007-10-14.
- ^ ap.google.com, Pavarotti widow, daughters agree on inheritance[dead link]
- ^ uk.reuters.com, Pavarotti's widow and daughters reach inheritance deal
- ^ independent.co.uk, Widow settles dispute with Pavarotti's daughters over will
- ^ Lee, Felicia R. (1 July 2008). "Pavarotti's Daughters and Widow Reach Deal". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/01/arts/01arts-PAVAROTTISDA_BRF.html. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Luciano Pavarotti |
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Luciano Pavarotti |
- Official website
- Luciano Pavarotti at the Internet Movie Database
- Discography (Capon's Lists of Opera Recordings)
- Luciano Pavarotti discography at MusicBrainz
- The Times obituary
- Review of The King and I at theage.com.au
- The Pavarotti Story Decca Records
- Pavarotti Video Biography by National Italian American Foundation NIAF
- History of the Tenor - Sound Clips and Narration
- Funeral Mass of Luciano Pavarotti
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|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Pavarotti, Luciano |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | Opera singer |
| Date of birth | 12 October 1935 |
| Place of birth | Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy |
| Date of death | 6 September 2007 |
| Place of death | Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy |
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