- published: 01 Jan 1970
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- author: Aqualung1989
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![[reportage] Accros à la cocaine](http://web.archive.org./web/20130307205323im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Aiz7LPQ6F9o/default.jpg "Kai Hawaii, chanteur, DJ et depuis peu écrivain, explique comment la cocaïne lui a longtemps semblé indispensable à sa création musicale. Parvenu au sommet d...")
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- 2-Aminoindane
- 2-Aminotetralin
- 2-Benzylpiperazine
- 2-Benzylpiperidine
- 2-Bromo-LSD
- 2-Fluoroamphetamine
- 2-MDP
- 2-Methyl-MDA
- 2-OH-NPA
- 25I-NBF
- 25I-NBMD
- 25I-NBOH
- 25I-NBOMe
- 2C-B
- 2C-B-BZP
- 2C-B-FLY
- 2C-C-NBOMe
- 2C-E
- 2C-I
- 2C-T-2
- 2C-T-21
- 2C-T-7
- 2C-TFM-NBOMe
- 2CB-Ind
- 2CBCB-NBOMe
- 2CBFly-NBOMe
- 3,4-Diaminopyridine
- 3,4-Dihydroxystyrene
- 3-CPMT
- 3-Fluoroamphetamine
- 3-Iodotyrosine
- 3-Methoxyamphetamine
- 3-Methylamphetamine
- 3-PPP
- 4'-Fluorococaine
- 4-Aminobenzoic acid
- 4-Aminopyridine
- 4-Benzylpiperidine
- 4-Bromomethcathinone
- 4-Ethylamphetamine
- 4-Fluoroamphetamine
- 4-IBP
- 4-Methyl-AET
- 4-Methyl-AMT
- 4-Methylaminorex
- 4-Methylamphetamine
- 4-Methylpregabalin
- 4-NEMD
- 4-PPBP
- 5-APDB
- 5-Ethyl-DMT
- 5-HT1 receptor
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- 5-HT3 receptor
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- 5-HT6 receptor
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- 5-Hydroxytryptophan
- 5-I-R91150
- 5-IAI
- 5-Iodo-2-aminoindane
- 5-MeO-AET
- 5-MeO-AMT
- 5-MeO-DET
- 5-MeO-DMT
- 5-MeO-DPT
- 5-MeO-NBpBrT
- 5-Methoxytryptamine
- 5-Methyl-MDA
- 5HT
- 6-APDB
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- 7-OH-DPAT
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- 8-OH-PBZI
- 8-Phenyltheophylline
- A-366,833
- A-372,159
- A-412,997
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- A-77636
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- ATC code N01
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- ATC code R02
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- Beale Street
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- BGC20-760
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- BMY-14,802
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- BMY-7,378
- BOH (drug)
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- Bromocriptine
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- Broxaterol
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- BTS 74,398
- BTS-74,398
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- Burocrolol
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- Butofilolol
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- BVT-5182
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- Caribbean
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- Carl Koller
- Carl Scherzer
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- Carpindolol
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- Carteolol
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- CAS registry number
- Castoreum
- Catabolism
- Cathine
- Cathinone
- Caustic soda
- Cauterization
- Celiprolol
- Central America
- Cerebral cortex
- Cerlapirdine
- Cetamolol
- CGS-12066A
- CGS-15943
- CGS-19281A
- Chain smoking
- Channel blocker
- Charango
- Charybdotoxin
- ChEBI
- ChEMBL
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- ChemSpider
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- Chlorphentermine
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- Chore Boy
- Chris Farley
- CI-926
- Cianopramine
- Ciclazindol
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- Cigarettes
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- Cilansetron
- Cilnidipine
- Cilobamine
- Cimaterol
- Cimoxatone
- Cinamolol
- Cinanserin
- Cinchocaine
- Cinitapride
- Cinnamedrine
- Cinnarizine
- Cirazoline
- Cisapride
- Citalopram
- CJ-033,466
- Clebopride
- Clenbuterol
- Clentiazem
- Clevidipine
- Clinical trial
- Clobenzorex
- Clocapramine
- Clock genes
- Clofenciclan
- Cloforex
- Clominorex
- Clomipramine
- Clonidine
- Clopenthixol
- Cloranolol
- Clorgiline
- Clorgyline
- Clorotepine
- Clortermine
- Clozapine
- Club drug
- CM156
- Coca
- Coca eradication
- Coca leaf
- Coca leaves
- Coca Museum
- Coca tea
- Coca-Cola
- Cocaethylene
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- Cocaine (data page)
- Cocaine Anonymous
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- Cocaine paste
- Cocaine spoon
- Cocawine
- Cocoa bean
- Codeine
- Coffee
- Colombia
- COMT inhibitor
- Coniine
- Conium
- Conotoxin
- Convulsion
- Corynanthine
- Cotinine
- CP-135,807
- CP-286,601
- CP-39,332
- CP-809,101
- CP-93,129
- CP-94,253
- Crack cocaine
- Crack epidemic
- Crack lung
- CRL-40,941
- Cropropamide
- Crotetamide
- Crystal
- CSP-2503
- Currency
- Cuscohygrine
- Cuzco
- CY-208,243
- Cyanopindolol
- Cyclazocine
- Cyclazodone
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Cyclomethycaine
- Cyclopentamine
- CYP3A4
- Cypenamine
- Cyprodenate
- Cyproheptadine
- Cytisine
- D-161
- D-Deprenyl
- D-DOPA
- D-IX
- Dalbraminol
- Daledalin
- Dance party
- Dapiprazole
- Dapoxetine
- Darodipine
- Date-rape drug
- Datura
- Datura inoxia
- Datura metel
- Dauricine
- Dazopride
- DBL-583
- Decriminalization
- Deliriant
- Demand reduction
- Denopamine
- Depressant
- Deramciclane
- Deserpidine
- Designer drug
- Desipramine
- Desmethylcitalopram
- Desmethylsertraline
- Desoxypipradrol
- Desvenlafaxine
- Deterenol
- Detomidine
- Devapamil
- Dexfenfluramine
- Dexmedetomidine
- Dexmethylphenidate
- Dexpropranolol
- Dextrallorphan
- Dextroamphetamine
- Dextromethorphan
- Dextropropoxyphene
- Dextrorphan
- Dextrose
- DFMDA
- Diacetolol
- Dianicline
- Dichloroisoprenaline
- Dichloropane
- Diclofensine
- Diethyltryptamine
- Dieticyclidine
- Difemetorex
- Difluoropine
- Dihydrexidine
- Dihydroalprenolol
- Dihydroergocryptine
- Dihydroergotamine
- Dilevalol
- Diltiazem
- Dimeditiapramine
- Dimemebfe
- Dimemorfan
- Dimenhydrinate
- Dimethazan
- Dimethocaine
- Dimethoxyamphetamine
- Dimethylamphetamine
- Dimethylcathinone
- Dimethyltryptamine
- Dinapsoline
- Dinoxyline
- Diphenhydramine
- Diphenylprolinol
- Diphenylpyraline
- Dipivefrine
- Diprafenone
- Dipropyltryptamine
- Disco
- Disopyramide
- Dissertation
- Dissociative
- Disulfiram
- Ditolylguanidine
- Diuretic
- Dizocilpine
- DL-017
- DMCM
- Dobutamine
- Doctor of Philosophy
- Dofetilide
- Dolasetron
- Domesticine
- Dominican Republic
- Domperidone
- Dopamine
- Dopamine receptor
- Dopamine transporter
- Dopaminergic
- Dopastin
- Dopexamine
- Dosulepin
- Dotarizine
- DOV-102,677
- DOV-21,947
- DOV-216,303
- Downregulation
- Doxanthrine
- Doxazosin
- Doxepin
- Draquinolol
- Drinking straw
- Dronedarone
- Droperidol
- Dropranolol
- Drug addiction
- Drug court
- Drug culture
- Drug dependence
- Drug injection
- Drug liberalization
- Drug metabolism
- Drug overdose
- Drug paraphernalia
- Drug policy
- Drug Policy Alliance
- Drug policy of India
- Drug policy reform
- Drug possession
- Drug rehabilitation
- Drug test
- Drug tourism
- Drug-related crime
- DrugBank
- Drugs.com
- Duloxetine
- Dyspnea
- E-4031
- E-5,842
- E-55888
- E-6801
- E-6837
- Ebalzotan
- Ecastolol
- Ecgonine
- Ecgonine benzoate
- Echinopsidine
- Echinopsis pachanoi
- Echinopsis peruviana
- Eclanamine
- Ecopipam
- Edivoxetine
- EDMA
- Efaroxan
- Efonidipine
- EGIS-12,233
- EGIS-7625
- Eletriptan
- Eltoprazine
- Elzasonan
- Embolism
- EMD-386,088
- EMD-57,445
- EMDT
- Emopamil
- Emotional mood
- Enantiomers
- Encainide
- Enilospirone
- Enpiperate
- Entacapone
- Entactogen
- Entheogen
- Entomotoxicology
- Enzyme inhibitor
- Eosinophilia
- Epanolol
- Eperisone
- Ephedra
- Ephedrine
- Epibatidine
- Epiboxidine
- Epicriptine
- Epinephrine
- Epinine
- Eplivanserin
- Eptapirone
- Ergine
- Ergoline
- Ergometrine
- Ergotamine
- Ericolol
- Ernest Shackleton
- Ersentilide
- Esatenolol
- Escitalopram
- Esketamine
- Esmirtazapine
- Esmolol
- Esprolol
- Esproquin
- Esreboxetine
- Ester
- Esuprone
- Etafedrine
- Etamivan
- Ethadione
- Ethanol
- Ethcathinone
- Ethosuximide
- Ethotoin
- Ethylamphetamine
- Ethylnorepinephrine
- Ethylone
- Ethylphenidate
- Eticlopride
- Eticyclidine
- Etidocaine
- Etilefrine
- Etilevodopa
- Etolorex
- Etoperidone
- Etybenzatropine
- Eugenodilol
- Eugeroic
- Exaprolol
- Excretion
- EXP-561
- Eye drop
- F-11,461
- F-12,826
- F-13,714
- F-14,679
- F-15,063
- F-15,599
- Falintolol
- Falipamil
- Famprofazone
- Fananserin
- Fantofarone
- Fasudil
- FE-ß-CPPIT
- FE-β-CPPIT
- Felodipine
- Femoxetine
- Fenamic acid
- Fenbutrazate
- Fencamfamine
- Fencamine
- Fenclonine
- Fendiline
- Fenethylline
- Fenfluramine
- Fenmetozole
- Fenmetramide
- Fenoldopam
- Fenoterol
- Fenozolone
- Fenpentadiol
- Fenproporex
- Fenspiride
- Feprosidnine
- Ferrous
- Fezolamine
- Fingernails
- Fishscale cocaine
- Flatulence
- Flecainide
- Flephedrone
- Flesinoxan
- Flestolol
- Flibanserin
- Flopropione
- Florida
- Flu
- Fludorex
- Fluminorex
- Flunarizine
- Fluoxetine
- Fluparoxan
- Flupentixol
- Fluperlapine
- Fluphenazine
- Flurothyl
- Flusoxolol
- Fluspirilene
- Fluvoxamine
- Folic acid
- Formication
- Formoterol
- Fosphenytoin
- Fostedil
- FP-ß-CPPIT
- FP-β-CPPIT
- FR-260,010
- Freebase (chemistry)
- Friedrich Gaedcke
- Friedrich Wöhler
- Frigate
- Frovatriptan
- Furazolidone
- Furfenorex
- Fusaric acid
- G-130
- Gabapentin
- Gabapentin enacarbil
- Gabazine
- Gacyclidine
- Galen
- Gallopamil
- Gamfexine
- GBR-12,935
- GBR-12783
- GBR-12935
- GBR-13069
- GBR-13098
- GBR-13119
- Genistein
- Georgia (U.S. state)
- Gepefrine
- Gepirone
- Gevotroline
- Gilutensin
- Gingivitis
- Ginkgo biloba
- Glemanserin
- Glomerulonephritis
- Gludantane
- Glutamine
- Go-fast boat
- Gold medal
- GR-113,808
- GR-125,487
- GR-127,935
- GR-46611
- Granisetron
- GSK1360707F
- GTS-21
- Guanabenz
- Guanadrel
- Guanazodine
- Guanclofine
- Guanethidine
- Guanfacine
- Guanoxabenz
- Guanoxan
- Gulf of Mexico
- GW-742,457
- GYKI-12,743
- GYKI-16,084
- GYKI-52,895
- GYKI-52895
- Hallucination
- Hallucinogen
- Haloperidol
- Halothane
- Hard and soft drugs
- Harm reduction
- Harmala alkaloid
- Harmaline
- Harmine
- Hash oil
- Hashish
- Hawaii
- HDMP-28
- Health food store
- Heart rate
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- Heinrich Quincke
- Hepatic
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- Heroin
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- Hexapradol
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- Hexylcaine
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- Hordenine
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- Hydralazine
- Hydrochloride
- Hydrocodone
- Hydrogen
- Hydrolysis
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- Hydroxyamphetamine
- Hydroxycarteolol
- Hydroxytertatolol
- Hydroxytropacocaine
- Hygrine
- Hyoscyamine
- Hyoscyamus niger
- Hyperactivity
- Ibn Zuhr
- Ibogaine
- Ibopamine
- Ibutilide
- ICI-118,551
- ICS-205,930
- Idazoxan
- Idropranolol
- Ifoxetine
- Igmesine
- Illegal drug trade
- Iloperidone
- Imagabalin
- Imipramine
- Indacaterol
- Indalpine
- Indanidine
- Indanorex
- Indantadol
- Indanylaminopropane
- Indatraline
- Indeloxazine
- Indenolol
- Indopanolol
- Indoramin
- Indorenate
- Infusion
- Inhalant abuse
- Inositol
- Internalization
- Intravenous
- Iodocyanopindolol
- Iofetamine
- Ioflupane (123I)
- Iometopane
- Ion channel
- Iontocaine
- Iproclozide
- Iprocrolol
- Iproniazid
- Ipsapirone
- Iquique
- Iron
- Isamoltane
- Isocarboxazid
- Isoetarine
- Isoethcathinone
- Isoflurane
- Isometheptene
- Isoniazid
- Isoprenaline
- Isoxaprolol
- Isoxsuprine
- Ispronicline
- Isradipine
- Itch
- JNJ-7925476
- JO-1,784
- John Belushi
- John Pemberton
- Just Say No
- JWH-018
- JZ-IV-10
- Kava
- KEGG
- Ketamine
- Ketanserin
- Ketotifen
- Khat
- KML-010
- Kratom
- Kyoto University
- L-687,384
- L-694,247
- L-745,870
- L-765,314
- L-772,405
- L-Deprenyl
- L-DOPA
- L-DOPS
- L-Norpseudoephedrine
- L-Phenylalanine
- La Paz
- Labetalol
- Lacidipine
- Lacrimal duct
- Lactose
- Lactucarium
- Ladostigil
- Lamotrigine
- Landiolol
- Lasmiditan
- Latrepirdine
- Layne Staley
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- Lecozotan
- Lefetamine
- Legality of cannabis
- Leptacline
- Lercanidipine
- Lerisetron
- Lesopitron
- Levoamphetamine
- Levobetaxolol
- Levobunolol
- Levobupivacaine
- Levocicloprolol
- Levofenfluramine
- Levomethamphetamine
- Levomilnacipran
- Levomoprolol
- Levonordefrin
- Levophacetoperane
- Levopropylhexedrine
- Levosalbutamol
- Licarbazepine
- Lidocaine
- Lidocaine prilocaine
- Lidoflazine
- Ligand
- Lignocaine
- Lima
- Lincoln Journal Star
- Linezolid
- Linopirdine
- Lisdexamfetamine
- Lisuride
- Literature
- Litoxetine
- Liver
- Local anesthetic
- Lofepramine
- Lofexidine
- Lomevactone
- Lophophine
- Lorajmine
- Lorcainide
- Lorcaserin
- Lortalamine
- Love rose
- Loxapine
- LP-12
- LP-44
- LR-5182
- LSD-Pip
- Lu 28-179
- Lu AE58054
- Lubazodone
- Lupus erythematosus
- Lurasidone
- Luxury good
- LY-215,840
- LY-272,015
- LY-293,284
- LY-301,317
- LY-310,762
- LY-334,370
- LY-367,642
- LY-456,219
- LY-456,220
- LY-586,713
- Lysine
- Mabuterol
- Magnesium
- Magnesium sulfate
- Mandrake (plant)
- Manidipine
- Manifaxine
- Mannich reaction
- Mannitol
- Manoalide
- Maprotiline
- Maurotoxin
- Mazindol
- MDAI
- MDAT
- MDL-72,222
- MDMA
- MDMAT
- Mebanazine
- Meclofenoxate
- Medetomidine
- Medical cannabis
- Medifoxamine
- Medroxalol
- Mefenorex
- Mefexamide
- Mefway (18F)
- Melevodopa
- Melitracen
- Melperone
- Melting point
- Memantine
- Memphis, Tennessee
- Menthol
- Mephedrone
- Mephendioxan
- Mephentermine
- Mephenytoin
- Mepindolol
- Mepiprazole
- Mepirodipine
- Mepivacaine
- Meprylcaine
- Mepyramine
- Mescaline
- Mesembrine
- Mesocarb
- Mesolimbic pathway
- Mesoridazine
- Mesulergine
- Mesuximide
- Metabolism
- Metabolite
- Metabutoxycaine
- Metalol
- Metamfepramone
- Metanephrine
- Metaraminol
- Metazosin
- Metergoline
- Metfendrazine
- Methadone
- Methamphetamine
- Methastyridone
- Methcathinone
- Methedrone
- Methiopropamine
- Methotrimeprazine
- Methoxamine
- Methoxetamine
- Methoxyphenamine
- Methyldopa
- Methylecgonidine
- Methylene blue
- Methylhexanamine
- Methylnaphthidate
- Methylone
- Methylphenidate
- Methysergide
- Metipranolol
- Metirosine
- Metitepine
- Metoclopramide
- Metoprolol
- Metralindole
- Mexican Drug War
- Mexico
- Mexiletine
- Miami
- Miami, Florida
- Mianserin
- Mibefradil
- Midantane
- Midodrine
- Milacemide
- Milan
- Military Chaplain
- Milnacipran
- Minaprine
- Mirror
- Mirtazapine
- Mitch Hedberg
- Mivazerol
- MK-212
- MK-912
- MKC-242
- MMAI
- MMDA (drug)
- MMDMA (drug)
- Moclobemide
- Modafinil
- Mofegiline
- Molecular mass
- Molindone
- Monatepil
- Monoamine
- Monoamine oxidase
- Moprolol
- Morazone
- Moricizine
- Morphine
- Mosapramine
- Mosapride
- Moxisylyte
- MPPF
- MS-245
- Mucous membrane
- Mucus
- Mule (smuggling)
- Muscimol
- N-Butanol
- N-Methyl-5-HT
- Nadolol
- Nadoxolol
- NADPH
- Nafadotride
- Nafetolol
- Naftopidil
- Naluzotan
- NAN-190
- Nantenine
- Naphazoline
- Naphthylaminopropane
- Naphyrone
- Naratriptan
- Narc (narcotics)
- Narco submarine
- Narcotic
- NBUMP
- NE-100
- Nebivolol
- Nefazodone
- Nefopam
- Neldazosin
- Nemonapride
- Neosaxitoxin
- Nepicastat
- Neraminol
- Neurotoxicity
- Niacin
- Nialamide
- Nicardipine
- Nicergoline
- Nicolás Monardes
- Nicotinamide
- Nicotine
- Nifedipine
- Nifekalant
- Nifenalol
- Niguldipine
- Nikethamide
- Niludipin
- Nilvadipine
- Nimodipine
- Nipradilol
- Nisoldipine
- Nisoxetine
- Nitecapone
- Nitrendipine
- Nitrogen
- Nitrous oxide
- NMDA
- Nomifensine
- Nonbenzodiazepine
- Norcocaine
- Norepinephrine
- Norfenefrine
- Norfenfluramine
- Norharman
- Normetanephrine
- Norpholedrine
- Nortriptyline
- Norverapamil
- Noscapine
- Nostrils
- Novocain
- Novocaine
- NS-2359
- Nuciferine
- Nucleophile
- Nucleus accumbens
- O-2172
- O-4310
- Oberadilol
- Ochratoxin A
- Octamoxin
- Octodrine
- Octopamine
- Olanzapine
- Omiloxetine
- Ondansetron
- Oneirogen
- Onomatopoeic
- OPC-14,523
- Ophthalmology
- Opioid
- Opipramol
- Opium
- Oral syringe
- Orciprenaline
- Org 12,962
- ORG-37,684
- Organized crime
- Ornithine
- Ortetamine
- Orthocaine
- Osemozotan
- Osthol
- Otilonium bromide
- Otolaryngology
- Oudenone
- Oxaflozane
- Oxaprotiline
- Oxazoline
- Oxcarbazepine
- Oxilofrine
- Oxitriptyline
- Oxodipine
- Oxprenolol
- Oxycodone
- Oxyfedrine
- Oxygen
- Oxymetazoline
- Paan
- Pacrinolol
- Pafenolol
- Paliperidone
- Palonosetron
- Pamatolol
- Panuramine
- Paolo Mantegazza
- Para-Iodoamphetamine
- Parabromoamphetamine
- Parachute (drugs)
- Paraiodoamphetamine
- Paramethadione
- Paranasal sinus
- Paraxanthine
- Paraxazone
- Pardoprunox
- Pargolol
- Pargyline
- Parke-Davis
- Parkinson's disease
- Parodilol
- Paroxetine
- Party and play
- Passive smoking
- Paxilline
- PB-28
- PD-128,907
- PD-144,415
- PD-168,077
- PD-200,347
- PD-217,014
- PD-299,685
- Pedanius Dioscorides
- Pelanserin
- Pemoline
- Pen
- Penbutolol
- Penfluridol
- Penirolol
- Pentazocine
- Pentorex
- Pentoxyverine
- Pentylenetetrazol
- Pentylone
- Pepper spray
- Perazine
- Pergolide
- Perhexiline
- Periciazine
- Peridural
- Perospirone
- Perphenazine
- Peru
- Pethidine
- Peyote
- PF-219,061
- PHA-543,613
- Phase separation
- Phenacemide
- Phenatine
- Phencyclamine
- Phencyclidine
- Phendimetrazine
- Phendioxan
- Phenelzine
- Phenethylamine
- Pheneturide
- Pheniprazine
- Pheniramine
- Phenmetrazine
- Phenopicolinic acid
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Phenoxypropazine
- Phenpromethamine
- Phensuximide
- Phentermine
- Phentolamine
- Phenylalanine
- Phenylephrine
- Phenylpiracetam
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Phenytoin
- Pholedrine
- Phosphorylation
- PhQA-33
- Physician
- Physiological
- Piboserod
- Piclozotan
- Picrotoxin
- Pilsicainide
- PIM-35
- Pimavanserin
- Pimozide
- Pinaverium
- Pindobind
- Pindolol
- Pipamperone
- Piperazine
- Piperidine
- Piperocaine
- Piperoxan
- Pipofezine
- Pipradrol
- Piquindone
- Pirandamine
- Pirbuterol
- Pirepolol
- Piribedil
- Pirlindole
- Pivalylbenzhydrazine
- Pizotifen
- Plasmalemmal
- PNU-109,291
- PNU-120,596
- PNU-142,633
- PNU-22394
- PNU-282,987
- PNU-99,194
- Poly drug use
- Pope Leo XIII
- Poppers
- Portal Medicine
- Pozanicline
- Practolol
- Prajmaline
- Pramipexole
- Pranidipine
- Prazosin
- PRC200
- PRC200-SS
- PRE-084
- Pregabalin
- Pregnancy category
- Pregnenolone
- Prenalterol
- Prenylamine
- Presynaptic
- Pridefine
- Pridefrine
- Prilocaine
- Primidolol
- Procainamide
- Procaine
- Procarbazine
- Procaterol
- Prochlorperazine
- Procinolol
- Progesterone
- Prohibition of drugs
- Prolintane
- Promazine
- Pronethalol
- Propafenone
- Proparacaine
- Propoxycaine
- Propranolol
- Propylamphetamine
- Propylhexedrine
- Propylnorapomorphine
- Protein Data Bank
- Protriptyline
- Proxymetacaine
- Prucalopride
- Pruvanserin
- PRX-03140
- PRX-07034
- PRX-08066
- Pseudoephedrine
- Pseudophenmetrazine
- Psilocin
- Psilocybin
- Psilocybin mushroom
- Psychedelic
- Psychedelic art
- Psychedelic drug
- Psychedelic music
- Psychoactive drug
- Psychoactive toad
- Psychotropic
- PubChem
- PubMed Central
- PubMed Identifier
- Puerto Rico
- Pukateine
- Pyridoxal
- Pyridoxal phosphate
- Pyridoxamine
- Pyridoxine
- Pyrolysis
- Pyrovalerone
- Pyrrolidine
- Quechua languages
- Quetiapine
- Quinagolide
- Quinazosin
- Quinelorane
- Quinidine
- Quinpirole
- Quipazine
- Racemic
- Raclopride
- Ractopamine
- Radafaxine
- Ramosetron
- Rasagiline
- Rauwolscine
- Rave
- RDS-127
- Reboxetine
- Receptor antagonist
- Recreational drug
- Recreational drugs
- Remoxipride
- Renzapride
- Repinotan
- Reproterol
- Reserpine
- Respiratory system
- Responsible drug use
- Revospirone
- RH-34
- Ricasetron
- Richard Willstätter
- Ridazolol
- Rilmenidine
- Rimantadine
- Rimcazole
- Rimiterol
- Risedronic acid
- Risocaine
- Risperidone
- Ritanserin
- Ritodrine
- Rivanicline
- River Phoenix
- Rizatriptan
- Ro 63-0563
- Ro04-6790
- Ro10-5824
- Ro60-0175
- Ro60-0213
- Robalzotan
- Rolicyclidine
- Romifidine
- Ronactolol
- Ropinirole
- Ropivacaine
- Rotigotine
- Route 36 (bar)
- Roxindole
- RS-102,221
- RS-127,445
- RS-39604
- RS-56812
- RS-67,333
- RS-67506
- RS-67532
- RS-97,078
- RTI-105
- RTI-112
- RTI-113
- RTI-117
- RTI-120
- RTI-121
- RTI-126
- RTI-150
- RTI-154
- RTI-177
- RTI-183
- RTI-193
- RTI-194
- RTI-199
- RTI-202
- RTI-204
- RTI-229
- RTI-241
- RTI-31
- RTI-32
- RTI-336
- RTI-353
- RTI-354
- RTI-371
- RTI-386
- RTI-51
- RTI-55
- RU-24,969
- Rubidium chloride
- Rufinamide
- Ryodipine
- S 14,506
- S-14,671
- S-15535
- SA-4503
- Safinamide
- Safrazine
- Salbutamol
- Salicylic acid
- Salmeterol
- Salt (chemistry)
- Salvia divinorum
- Salvinorin A
- San Diego
- Sarizotan
- Sarpogrelate
- Satan
- Saussurea
- Saxitoxin
- Sazetidine A
- SB-200,646
- SB-203,186
- SB-204,070
- SB-204,741
- SB-206,553
- SB-215,505
- SB-216,641
- SB-221,284
- SB-224,289
- SB-228,357
- SB-236,057
- SB-242,084
- SB-243,213
- SB-258,585
- SB-258,719
- SB-258,741
- SB-269,970
- SB-271,046
- SB-277,011-A
- SB-357,134
- SB-399,885
- SB-649,915
- SB-656,104
- SB-656,104-A
- SB-691,673
- SB-699,551
- SB-742,457
- SCH-23,390
- SCH-5472
- SCH-58261
- Scopolamine
- SDZ 216-525
- SDZ SER-082
- Selegiline
- Self-medication
- SEP-225,289
- SEP-225289
- SEP-227,162
- Seproxetine
- Septum nasi
- Sercloremine
- Serotonergic
- Serotonin
- Sertindole
- Sertraline
- Sesamodil
- Setazindol
- Setiptiline
- Setoperone
- Sevoflurane
- Sex and drugs
- SGB-1,534
- Sherlock Holmes
- SIB-1553A
- Sibutramine
- Sigma receptor
- Sigmaergic
- Sigmund Freud
- Signal transduction
- Silene capensis
- Silodosin
- Siramesine
- SKF-38,393
- SKF-64139
- SKF-7698
- SKF-77,434
- SKF-77434
- SKF-81,297
- SKF-81297
- SKF-82,958
- SKF-82958
- SKF-83,959
- SKF-89,145
- SL-89.0591
- SL65.0155
- SLV-313
- SLV-314
- SM-21
- SMS Novara
- Smuggling
- Soda can
- Sodium carbonate
- Sodium valproate
- Solabegron
- Solubility
- Sonepiprazole
- Soquinolol
- SoRI-20041
- Sotalol
- South America
- South Pole
- Spain
- Sparteine
- Special ComparePages
- Speedball (drug)
- Spinal anesthesia
- Spiperone
- Spiramide
- Spirendolol
- Spiroxatrine
- SR 59230A
- SR-46349B
- SR-57,227
- SR-57,227-A
- SSR-180,711
- SSR-181,507
- Starbucks
- Stepholidine
- Stimulant
- Stimulation
- Stoner film
- Striatum
- Strychnine
- Studio 54
- Substance abuse
- Substance dependence
- Substantia nigra
- Sulfinalol
- Sulforidazine
- Sulfuric acid
- Sulpiride
- Sultopride
- Sumanirole
- Sumatriptan
- Sunepitron
- Supply reduction
- Suppository
- Sushruta Samhita
- Synaptic cleft
- Synephrine
- Synonym
- TA-2005
- TA-CD
- Tachycardia
- Take a Whiff On Me
- Talinolol
- Talipexole
- Talk Cocaine
- Talopram
- Talsupram
- Tametraline
- Tamsulosin
- Tandamine
- Tandospirone
- Tapentadol
- Tazolol
- TC-1698
- TC-1827
- TC-2216
- TC-5619
- TCB-2
- Tea
- Tebanicline
- Tedatioxetine
- Tedisamil
- Tegaserod
- Template Adrenergics
- Template Drug use
- Template Neurotrauma
- Template Reflex
- Template Sigmaergics
- Template Stimulants
- Teniloxazine
- Tenocyclidine
- Teoprolol
- Terazosin
- Terbutaline
- Terguride
- Terodiline
- Tertatolol
- Terthianolol
- Tesofensine
- Tetrabenazine
- Tetracaine
- Tetraethylammonium
- Tetrahydrobiopterin
- Tetrahydrocannabinol
- Tetrahydrofolic acid
- Tetrahydroharmine
- Tetrahydropalmatine
- Tetrahydrozoline
- Tetrandrine
- Tetrindole
- Tetrodotoxin
- Texas
- TFMFly
- The Economist
- The Lancet
- Theobromine
- Theodrenaline
- Theophrastus
- Theophylline
- Thiethylperazine
- Thioridazine
- Thiothixene
- Thozalinone
- Thujone
- Tianeptine
- Tiapride
- Tibalosin
- Tienoxolol
- Tiflorex
- Tiletamine
- Tilisolol
- Timolol
- Tinnitus
- Tiodazosin
- Tiospirone
- Tipentosin
- Tiprenolol
- Tizanidine
- Tobacco
- Tocainide
- Tofenacin
- Tolamolol
- Tolazoline
- Tolcapone
- Tolfenamic acid
- Toliprolol
- Tolonidine
- Toloxatone
- Toluene
- Tonne
- Tooth decay
- Tooth enamel
- Toothache
- Topical
- Topical anesthetic
- Topiramate
- Toxin
- Tramadol
- Tranilast
- Transmitter
- Tranylcypromine
- Trazium
- Trazodone
- Trepanation
- Tretoquinol
- Triamterene
- Tribe
- Tribendilol
- Trichloroethylene
- Trifluoperazine
- Trifluperidol
- Triflupromazine
- Trigevolol
- Trimazosin
- Trimecaine
- Trimethadione
- Trimipramine
- Tripelennamine
- Tropane
- Tropane alkaloid
- Tropanserin
- Troparil
- Tropinone
- Tropisetron
- Tropolone
- Tropoxane
- TROX-1
- Tryptamine
- Tryptophan
- Tuaminoheptane
- Tulobuterol
- Tyramine
- Tyrima
- Tyrosine
- Tyrosine hydroxylase
- U-92,016-A
- UB-165
- UH-232
- UH-301
- Umespirone
- United Kingdom
- United Nations
- United States
- United States dollar
- Upidosin
- Upregulation
- Urapidil
- US-Mexico border
- Vabicaserin
- Valerenic acid
- Valnoctamide
- Valperinol
- Valproate pivoxil
- Valproate semisodium
- Valproic acid
- Valpromide
- Vanoxerine
- Varenicline
- Vasculitis
- Vasoconstriction
- Vasoconstrictor
- Vatican City
- Velusetrag
- Venlafaxine
- Verapamil
- Vernakalant
- Vesicle (biology)
- Victorian era
- Vilazodone
- Viloxazine
- Vin Mariani
- Viqualine
- Vitamin B3
- Vitamin B6
- Vitamin B9
- Vitamin C
- Volinanserin
- Vortioxetine
- War on Drugs
- Water (molecule)
- WAY-100,135
- WAY-100,635
- WAY-161,503
- WAY-181,187
- WAY-208,466
- WAY-317,538
- WAY-629
- White American
- Wikipedia Link rot
- William Halsted
- Willow
- WIN 35428
- Wine
- World Drug Report
- Xaliproden
- Xamoterol
- Xenon
- Xibenolol
- Xipranolol
- Xylamidine
- Xylazine
- Xylocaine
- Xylometazoline
- Xylopropamine
- YM-31636
- YM-348
- Yohimbine
- Ypadu
- Zacopride
- Zalospirone
- Zatosetron
- Zero tolerance
- Zhang Zhongjing
- Ziconotide
- Zilpaterol
- Zimelidine
- Zinc
- Zinterol
- Ziprasidone
- Zolertine
- Zolmitriptan
- Zotepine
- Zuclopenthixol
- Zylofuramine
- Α-Methyl-5-HT
-
Antarctica
Antarctica
This map uses an orthographic projection, near-polar aspect. The South Pole is near the center, where longitudinal lines converge.
Antarctica (
i/æntˈɑrtɨkə/ or /ænˈtɑːktɨkə/) is Earth's southernmost continent, containing the geographic South Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2 (5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.
Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents. Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and far less inland. The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where it occurs is tundra.
wn.com/Antarctica -
Antofagasta
Antofagasta (Spanish pronunciation: [antofaˈɣasta] (
listen)) is a port city in northern Chile, about 700 miles (1,130 km) north of Santiago. It is the capital of Antofagasta Province and Antofagasta Region. According to the 2002 census, the city has a population of 296,905. However, a recent population projection by the National Institute of Statistics of Chile in 2009, says the city has an estimated population of 360,473 inhabitants.
The city of Antofagasta is closely linked to mining activity, being a major mining area of the country. The last decade has been a steady growth in the areas of construction, retail, hotel accommodations, population growth, and remarkable skyline development.
Also Antofagasta has the best GDP per capita of Chile, 32.008 USD and the 3rd place for Human Development Index just after Metropolitana de Santiago Region and Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region.
Currently there are several theories to explain the origin of the name Antofagasta. A clear consensus regarding the true origin of the word has not yet been determined.
wn.com/Antofagasta -
Arizona
Arizona (
i/ɛrɪˈzoʊnə/; /ærɪˈzoʊnə/) (Navajo: Hoozdo Hahoodzo; O'odham: Alĭ ṣonak) is a state of the United States, located in the southwestern region of the country. Arizona is also part of the Western United States and of the Mountain West states. Arizona is the sixth most extensive and the 16th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. The second largest city is Tucson, followed in population by eight cities of the Phoenix metropolitan area: Mesa, Chandler, Glendale, Scottsdale, Gilbert, Tempe, Peoria, and Surprise.
Arizona is the 48th state and last of the contiguous states to be admitted to the Union, and it achieved statehood on February 14, 1912. Arizona is noted for its desert climate in its southern half, where there are very hot summers and quite mild winters. The northern half of Arizona also features forests of pine, Douglas fir, and spruce trees, a very large, high plateau (the Colorado Plateau) and some mountain ranges—such as the San Francisco Mountains—as well as large, deep canyons, where there is much more moderate weather for three seasons of the year, plus significant snowfalls. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff and Alpine.
wn.com/Arizona -
Australia
Australia (
/əˈstreɪljə/), officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent as well as the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east.
For at least 40,000 years before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups. After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established.
wn.com/Australia -
Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
wn.com/Austria -
Bolivia
Coordinates: 16°42′43″S 64°39′58″W / 16.712°S 64.666°W / -16.712; -64.666 Bolivia (i/bəˈlɪviə/, Spanish: [boliˈβja]) officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia (Spanish: Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia, Quechua: Bulivya Mamallaqta, Aymara: Wuliwya Suyu), is a landlocked country in central South America. It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, Chile to the southwest, and Peru to the west.
Prior to European colonization, the Andean region of Bolivia was a part of the Inca Empire – the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century. During most of the Spanish colonial period, this territory was called Upper Peru and was under the administration of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which included most of Spain's South American colonies. After declaring independence in 1809, 16 years of war followed before the establishment of the Republic, named for Simón Bolívar, on 6 August 1825. Bolivia has struggled through periods of political instability, dictatorships and economic woes.
wn.com/Bolivia -
Boston
Boston (pronounced /ˈbɒstən/ or locally /ˈbɔstən/ ( listen)) is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper, covering only 48.43 square miles, had a population of 617,594 according to the 2010 U.S. Census. Boston is also the anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area called Greater Boston, home to 4.5 million people and the tenth-largest metropolitan area in the country. Greater Boston as a commuting region is home to 7.6 million people, making it the fifth-largest Combined Statistical Area in the United States.
In 1630, Puritan colonists from England founded the city on the Shawmut Peninsula. During the late 18th century, Boston was the location of several major events during the American Revolution, including the Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea Party. Several early battles of the American Revolution, such as the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston, occurred within the city and surrounding areas. Through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the peninsula. After American independence was attained Boston became a major shipping port and manufacturing center, and its rich history now helps attract many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone attracting over 20 million every year. The city was the site of several firsts, including America's first public school, Boston Latin School (1635), and the first subway system in the United States (1897).
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British Library
The British Library is the national library of the United Kingdom, and is the world's largest library in terms of total number of items. The library is a major research library, holding over 150 million items from many countries, in many languages and in many formats, both print and digital: books, manuscripts, journals, newspapers, magazines, sound and music recordings, videos, play-scripts, patents, databases, maps, stamps, prints, drawings. The Library's collections include around 14 million books (second only to the United States' Library of Congress), along with substantial holdings of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 2000 BC.
As a legal deposit library, the British Library receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, including a significant proportion of overseas titles distributed in the UK. It also has a programme for content acquisitions. The British Library adds some three million items every year occupying 9.6 kilometres (6.0 mi) of new shelf space.
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California
California (pronouncedi/kælɨˈfɔrnjə/) is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third most extensive (after Alaska and Texas). It is home to the nation's second- and sixth-largest census statistical areas (Los Angeles Metropolitan Area and San Francisco Bay Area), and eight of the nation's fifty most populated cities (Los Angeles, San Diego, San Jose, San Francisco, Fresno, Sacramento, Long Beach and Oakland). The capital city is Sacramento.
California's diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast in the west, to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east – from the Redwood–Douglas-fir forests of the northwest, to the Mojave Desert areas in the southeast. The center of the state is dominated by Central Valley, a major agricultural area. California contains both the highest and lowest points in the contiguous United States (Mount Whitney and Death Valley), and has the third-longest coastline of all states (after Alaska and Florida). Earthquakes are a common occurrence due to the state's location along the Pacific Ring of Fire: about 37,000 are recorded annually.
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Canada
Canada ( /ˈkænədə/) is a North American country consisting of ten provinces and three territories. Located in the northern part of the continent, it extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west, and northward into the Arctic Ocean. Spanning over 9,900,000 km2 (3,800,000 sq mi), Canada is the world's second-largest country by total area, and its common border with the United States is the longest land border in the world.
The land that is now Canada has been inhabited for millennia by various Aboriginal peoples. Beginning in the late 15th century, British and French colonial expeditions explored, and later settled, along the region's Atlantic coast. France ceded nearly all of its colonies in North America in 1763 after the Seven Years' War. In 1867, with the union of three British North American colonies through Confederation, Canada was formed as a federal dominion of four provinces. This began an accretion of provinces and territories and a process of increasing autonomy; the Canada Act 1982 severed the vestiges of legal dependence on Britain.
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Caribbean
The Caribbean (pronounced /ˌkærɨˈbiːən/ or /kəˈrɪbiən/) is a crescent-shaped group of islands more than 2,000 miles (3,200 km) long separating the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, to the west and south, from the Atlantic Ocean, to the east and north. From the peninsula of Florida on the mainland of the United States, the islands stretch 1,200 miles (1,900 km) southeastward, then 500 miles (800 km) south, then west along the north coast of Venezuela on the South American mainland.
Situated largely on the Caribbean Plate, the region comprises more than 7,000 islands, islets, reefs, and cays. These islands generally form island arcs that delineate the eastern and northern edges of the Caribbean Sea.
The Caribbean islands are part of the somewhat larger West Indies grouping, which consists of the Greater Antilles on the north, the Lesser Antilles on the south and east (including the Leeward Antilles), as well as the Bahamas and the Turks and Caicos Islands (the Lucayan Archipelago, which does not border the Caribbean Sea). Due to its proximity to the equator, the sun rises from 3am EST to 5am EST.[citation needed]
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Chicago
Chicago (i/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/ or /ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/) is the largest city in the US state of Illinois and the third most populous city in the United States after New York City and Los Angeles. The city has around 2.7 million residents. Its metropolitan area, sometimes called "Chicagoland", is the third largest in the United States, with an estimated 9.8 million people. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County, though a small portion also extends into DuPage County.
Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837, near a portage between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. Today, Chicago is listed as an alpha+ global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network, and ranks seventh in the world on the 2012 Global Cities Index. The city retains its status as an international hub for finance, industry, telecommunications and infrastructure, with O'Hare International Airport being the second busiest airport in the world in terms of traffic movements. In 2008[update], the city hosted 45.6 million domestic and overseas visitors. Among metropolitan areas, Chicago has the 4th largest Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the world, ranking just behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles. Chicago is one of the most important Worldwide Centers of Commerce and trade.
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Colombia
Colombia (
/kəˈlʌmbiə/ kə-LUM-biə, or /kəˈlɒmbiə/ kə-LOM-biə), officially the Republic of Colombia (Spanish: República de Colombia [reˈpuβlika ðe koˈlombja]), is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the northwest by Panama; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; and to the west by the Pacific Ocean. Colombia has maritime borders with Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela, Jamaica, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. Colombia is the 26th largest country by area and the fourth largest in South America after Brazil, Argentina and Peru. With over 46 million people, Colombia is the 27th largest country in the world by population and has the second largest population of any Spanish-speaking country in the world, after Mexico. Colombia is a middle power, with the fourth largest economy in Latin America, and the third largest in South America. Colombia is famous for the production of coffee, flowers, emeralds, coal, and oil. All of these products make up the primary sector of economy.
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Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic (i/dəˌmɪnɨkən rɨˈpʌblɪk/; Spanish: República Dominicana [reˈpuβlika ðominiˈkana]) is a nation on the island of Hispaniola, part of the Greater Antilles archipelago in the Caribbean region. The western third of the island is occupied by the nation of Haiti, making Hispaniola one of two Caribbean islands that are shared by two countries. Both by area and population, the Dominican Republic is the second largest Caribbean nation (after Cuba), with 48,442 square kilometres (18,704 sq mi) and an estimated 10 million people.
Taínos inhabited what is now the Dominican Republic since the 7th century. Christopher Columbus landed on it in 1492, and it became the site of the first permanent European settlement in the Americas, namely Santo Domingo, the country's capital and Spain's first capital in the New World. Santo Domingo can boast of many firsts in the Americas, including the first cathedral, and castle, both in the Ciudad Colonial area, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
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Florida
Florida (i/ˈflɒrɪdə/) is a state in the southeastern United States, bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. Florida is the 22nd most extensive, the 4th most populous, and the 8th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The state capital is Tallahassee, its largest city is Jacksonville, and the South Florida metropolitan area is the largest metropolitan area in the southeastern U.S.
Much of Florida is situated on a peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida. Its geography is marked by a coastline, by the omnipresence of water and the threat of hurricanes. Florida has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, encompassing approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state to border both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and its terrain is characterized by sedimentary soils. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. Its symbolic animals like the American alligator, Florida panther and the manatee, can be found in the Everglades, one of the most famous national parks in the world.
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Gulf of Mexico
The Gulf of Mexico (Spanish: Golfo de México) is an ocean basin largely surrounded by the North American continent and the island of Cuba. It is bounded on the northeast, north and northwest by the Gulf Coast of the United States, on the southwest and south by Mexico, and on the southeast by Cuba. In Texas and Louisiana it is often called the "Third Coast," in comparison with the U.S. Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The shape of its basin is roughly oval and is approximately 810 nautical miles (1,500 km) wide and filled with sedimentary rocks and debris. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean through the Florida Straits between the U.S. and Cuba, and with the Caribbean Sea (with which it forms the American Mediterranean Sea) via the Yucatan Channel between Mexico and Cuba. With this narrow connection to the Atlantic, the Gulf experiences very small tidal ranges. The size of the Gulf basin is approximately 615,000 mi² (1.6 million km²). Almost half of the basin is shallow continental shelf waters. At its deepest it is 14,383 ft (4,384 m) at the Sigsbee Deep, an irregular trough more than 300 nautical miles (560 km) (550 km) long. The basin contains a volume of roughly 660 quadrillion gallons (2.5 × 106 km3). It was formed approximately 300 million years ago as a result of plate tectonics.
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Hawaii
Coordinates: 21°18′41″N 157°47′47″W / 21.31139°N 157.79639°W / 21.31139; -157.79639
Hawaii (i/həˈwaɪ.iː/ or /həˈwaɪʔiː/; Hawaiian: Hawaiʻi Hawaiian pronunciation: [hɐˈvɐiʔi]) is the most recent of the 50 U.S. states (August 21, 1959), and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean.
Hawaii’s diverse natural scenery, warm tropical climate, abundance of public beaches and oceanic surrounding, and active volcanoes make it a popular destination for tourists, surfers, biologists, and volcanologists alike. Due to its mid-Pacific location, Hawaii has many North American and Asian influences along with its own vibrant native culture. Hawaii has over a million permanent residents along with many visitors and U.S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu.
The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km). At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the island of Hawaiʻi. The last is by far the largest and is often called "The Big Island" to avoid confusion with the state as a whole. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
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Hectare
The hectare ( /ˈhɛktɛər/ or /ˈhɛktɑr/; symbol ha) is a metric unit of area defined as 10,000 square metres (100 m by 100 m), and primarily used in the measurement of land. In 1795, when the metric system was introduced, the 'are' was defined as being 100 square metres and the hectare ('hecto-' + 'are') was thus 100 'ares' or 1/100 km2. A hectare of land is about 2.47 acres.
When the metric system was further rationalised in 1960, resulting in the International System of Units (SI), the are was not included as a recognised unit. The hectare is one of the non-SI units accepted for use with the SI units.
The metric system of measure was first given a legal basis in 1795 by the French Revolutionary government. The law of 18 Germinal, Year III (7 April 1795) defined five units of measure:
Although the law defined the length of the metre, there was no practical way of accurately measuring the metre (and hence the are) until 1799 when the first standard metre was manufactured and adopted.
The standard metre remained in the custody of successive French governments until 1875 when, under the Convention of the Metre, its supervision passed into international control under the auspices of the General Conference on Weights and Measures (GCPM). At the first meeting of the GCPM in 1889 when a new standard metre, manufactured by Johnson Matthey & Co of London was adopted, the are and hectare were automatically redefined.
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Iquique
Iquique (Spanish pronunciation: [iˈkike]) is a port city and commune in northern Chile, capital of both the Iquique Province and Tarapacá Region. It lies on the Pacific coast, west of the Atacama Desert and the Pampa del Tamarugal. It had a population of 216,419 as of the 2002 census. It is also the main commune of the Greater Iquique.
Iquique has one of the largest duty-free commercial port centers (or Zona Franca) of South America and has been traditionally called Zofri. There are around 2.4 square kilometres (0.93 sq mi) of warehouses, banking branches, and restaurants.
Copper mining, mainly in Quebrada Blanca, Cerro Colorado, and Doña Inés de Collahuasí, is also an important industry in Iquique.
Although the city was founded in the sixteenth century, there is evidence of habitation in the area by the Chango people as early as 7,000 BC. During colonial times, Iquique was part of the Viceroyalty of Peru as much of South America was at the time, and remained part of Peruvian territory until the end of the 19th century. Iquique's early development was due in large part to the discovery of mineral riches, particularly the presence of large deposits of sodium nitrate in the Atacama Desert (then part of Peruvian territory).
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Kava
Kava or kava-kava (Piper methysticum) (Piper: Latin for 'pepper', methysticum: (Latinized) Greek for 'intoxicating') is a crop of the western Pacific.
The name kava(-kava) is from Tongan and Marquesan; other names for kava include ʻawa (Hawaiʻi), ava (Samoa), yaqona (Fiji), and sakau (Pohnpei).
The roots of the plant are used to produce a drink with sedative and anesthetic properties. Kava is consumed throughout the Pacific Ocean cultures of Polynesia, including Hawaii, Vanuatu, Melanesia and some parts of Micronesia. Kava is sedating and is primarily consumed to relax without disrupting mental clarity. Its active ingredients are called kavalactones. A Cochrane Collaboration systematic review of its evidence concluded it was likely to be more effective than placebo at treating short-term social anxiety. Safety concerns have been raised over liver toxicity, largely due to the use of stems and leaves by supplement makers, as opposed to solely the root of the plant as dictated by traditional uses. However, based on a retrospective study of retained P. methysticum drug materials in Germany, the alkaloid pipermethystine, occurring to about 0.2% in the leaves, is an unlikely cause for the observed hepatotoxicity. Whether kava hepatotoxicity may be due to contamination with aflatoxins or other mould hepatotoxins, requires further studies. Heavy use of kava with comorbid alcohol consumption or an existing liver condition appears to lead to malnutrition, weight loss, liver damage (causing elevated serum γ -glutamyl transferase and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels), renal dysfunction, rashes, pulmonary hypertension, macrocytosis of red cells, lymphocytopenia, and decreasing platelet volumes.
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Kyoto University
Kyoto University (京都大学, Kyōto daigaku?), or Kyodai (京大, Kyōdai?) is a national university located in Kyoto, Japan. It is the second oldest Japanese university,, one of the highest ranked universities in Asia and formerly one of Japan's Imperial Universities.
The forerunner of the Kyoto University was the Chemistry School (舎密局, Seimi-kyoku?) founded in Osaka in 1869, which, despite its name, taught physics as well. (舎密 is a transcription of a Dutch word chemie.) Later, the Third Higher School (第三髙等學校, Daisan-kōtō-gakkō?) was established in the place of Seimi-kyoku in 1886, it then transferred to the university's present main campus in the same year.
Kyoto Imperial University (京都帝國大學, Kyōto-teikoku-daigaku?) as a part of the Imperial University system was established on June 18, 1897, using the Third Higher School's buildings. The higher school moved to a patch of land just across the street, where the Yoshida South Campus stands today. In the same year of the university's establishment, the College of Science and Technology was founded. The College of Law and the College of Medicine were founded in 1899, the College of Letters in 1906, expanding the university's activities to areas outside natural science.
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La Paz
Nuestra Señora de La Paz (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈnwes.tɾa seˈɲoɾa ðe la pas]; English: Our Lady of Peace; Aymara: Chuquiago Marka or Chuqiyapu), simply known as La Paz, is the seat of government of Bolivia, as well as the departmental capital of the La Paz Department, and the second largest city in the country (in population) after Santa Cruz de la Sierra. It is located in the western part of the country in the department of the same name at an elevation of roughly 3,650 m (11,975 ft) (the city is built on steep hills) above sea level, making it the world's highest "de facto" capital city, or administrative capital.
While the official capital of Bolivia is Sucre and it is the seat of Justice, La Paz has more government departments, hence the "de facto" qualifier. The city sits in a "bowl" surrounded by the high mountains of the altiplano.
As it grows, the city of La Paz climbs the hills, resulting in varying elevations from 3,000 to 4,100 m (9,800 to 13,500 ft). Overlooking the city is towering triple-peaked Illimani, which is always snow-covered and can be seen from several spots of the city, including from the neighbor city of El Alto. As of the 2001 census, the city had a population of 877,363.La Paz Metropolitan area, formed by the cities of La Paz, El Alto and Viacha, make the most populous urban area of Bolivia, with a population of 2.3 million inhabitants and surpassing the metropolitan area of Santa Cruz de la Sierra.
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Lima
Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima Metropolitan Area. With a population approaching 9 million, Lima is the fifth largest city in Latin America, behind Mexico City, São Paulo, Buenos Aires and Rio de Janeiro. Lima is home to one of the largest financial hubs in Latin America. It has been defined as a beta world city by GaWC international ranking.
Lima was founded by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, as la Ciudad de los Reyes, or "the City of Kings". It became the capital and most important city in the Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru. Following the Peruvian War of Independence, it became the capital of the Republic of Peru. Today, around one-third of the Peruvian population lives in the metropolitan area.
Lima is home to one of the oldest higher learning institutions in the New World. The National University of San Marcos, founded on May 12, 1551 during Spanish colonial regime, is the oldest continuously functioning university in the Americas.
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Mexico
Mexico (i/ˈmɛksɨkoʊ/; Spanish: México, IPA: [ˈmexiko] ( listen)), officially the United Mexican States (Spanish: Estados Unidos Mexicanos (help·info)), is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States of America; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometres (over 760,000 sq mi), Mexico is the fifth largest country in the Americas by total area and the thirteenth largest independent nation in the world. With an estimated population of over 113 million, it is the eleventh most populous country and the most populous Spanish-speaking country. Mexico is a federation comprising thirty-one states and a Federal District, the capital city.
In Pre-Columbian Mexico many cultures matured into advanced civilizations such as the Olmec, the Toltec, the Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, the Maya and the Aztec before the first contact with Europeans. In 1521, Spain conquered and colonized the territory from its base in México-Tenochtitlan, which was administered as the Viceroyalty of New Spain. This territory would eventually become Mexico as the colony's independence was recognized in 1821. The post-independence period was characterized by economic instability, the Mexican-American War and territorial cession to the United States, a civil war, two empires and a domestic dictatorship. The latter led to the Mexican Revolution in 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the country's current political system. Elections held in July 2000 marked the first time that an opposition party won the presidency from the Institutional Revolutionary Party.
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Miami
Miami ( /maɪˈæmi/ or /maɪˈæmə/) is a city located on the Atlantic coast in southeastern Florida and the county seat of Miami-Dade County, the most populous county in Florida and the eighth-most populous county in the United States with a population of 2,500,625. The 42nd largest city proper in the United States, with a population of 408,568, it is the principal, central, and most populous city of the South Florida metropolitan area, and the most populous metropolis in the Southeastern United States. According to the US Census Bureau, Miami's metro area is the seventh most populous and fifth-largest urban area in the United States, with a population of around 5.5 million.
Miami is a major center and a leader in finance, commerce, culture, media, entertainment, the arts, and international trade. In 2010, Miami was classified as a Alpha- World City in the World Cities Study Group’s inventory. In 2010, Miami ranked seventh in the United States in terms of finance, commerce, culture, entertainment, fashion, education, and other sectors. It ranked thirty-third among global cities. In 2008, Forbes magazine ranked Miami "America's Cleanest City", for its year-round good air quality, vast green spaces, clean drinking water, clean streets and city-wide recycling programs. According to a 2009 UBS study of 73 world cities, Miami was ranked as the richest city in the United States, and the world's fifth-richest city in terms of purchasing power. Miami is nicknamed the "Capital of Latin America", is the 2nd largest U.S. city (after El Paso) with a Spanish-speaking majority, and the largest city with a Cuban-American plurality.
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Milan
Milan (Italian: Milano [miˈlaːno] ( listen); Lombard: [miˈlan]; Latin: Mediolanum) is the second-largest city in Italy and the capital of Lombardy as well as of the province of Milan. The city proper has a population of about 1.3 million, while its urban area is the 5th largest in EU and the largest in Italy with an estimated population of approximately 5 million. The growth of many suburbs and satellite settlements around the city proper, following the Italian economic miracle of 1950s–60s and massive commuting flows, suggest that socioeconomic linkages have expanded well beyond the boundaries of its administrative limits and its agglomeration, creating a region of approximately 9,3 million people. It has been suggested that the Milan metropolitan area is part of the so-called Blue Banana, the area of Europe with the highest population and industrial density. Its health care and education system is considered one of the best of Europe.
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Peru
Perui/pəˈruː/ (Spanish: Perú; Quechua: Perú;Aymara: Piruw), officially the Republic of Peru (Spanish: República del Perú, pronounced: [reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu] ( listen)), is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
Peruvian territory was home to ancient cultures, spanning from the Norte Chico civilization, one of the oldest in the world, to the Inca Empire, the largest state in Pre-Columbian America. The Spanish Empire conquered the region in the 16th century and established a Viceroyalty, which included most of its South American colonies. After achieving independence in 1821, Peru has undergone periods of political unrest and fiscal crisis as well as periods of stability and economic upswing.
Peru is a representative democratic republic divided into 25 regions. Its geography varies from the arid plains of the Pacific coast to the peaks of the Andes Mountains and the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country with a high Human Development Index score and a poverty level around 31%. Its main economic activities include agriculture, fishing, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.
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Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (/ˌpɔrtə ˈriːkoʊ/ or /ˌpwɛərtə ˈriːkoʊ/), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, [esˈtaðo ˈlibɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko]—literally, "Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"), is an unincorporated territory of the United States, located in the northeastern Caribbean, east of the Dominican Republic and west of both the United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands.
Puerto Rico (Spanish for "rich port") comprises an archipelago that includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands, the largest of which are Vieques, Culebra, and Mona. The main island of Puerto Rico is the smallest by land area of the Greater Antilles. However, it ranks third in population amongst that group of four islands, which also include Cuba, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), and Jamaica. Due to its location, Puerto Rico enjoys a tropical climate and also experiences the Atlantic hurricane season.
Originally populated for centuries by indigenous aboriginal peoples known as Taínos, the island was claimed by Christopher Columbus for Spain during his second voyage to the Americas on November 19, 1493. Under Spanish rule, the island was colonized and the indigenous population was forced into slavery and nearly wiped out due to, among other things, European infectious diseases. The remaining population was emancipated by King Charles I in 1520. Spain possessed Puerto Rico for over 400 years, despite attempts at capture of the island by the French, Dutch, and British. The Spanish Crown, in an attempt to keep Puerto Rico from gaining its independence, revived the Royal Decree of Graces of 1815. The decree was printed in three languages — Spanish, English and French — and it fostered the immigration of hundreds of non-Spanish European families.
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San Diego
San Diego /ˌsæn diːˈeɪɡoʊ/ is the eighth-largest city in the United States and second-largest city in California. The city is located on the coast of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California, immediately adjacent to the Mexican border. The birthplace of California, San Diego is known for its mild year-round climate, natural deep-water harbor, extensive beaches, long association with the U.S. Navy, and recent emergence as a healthcare and biotechnology enclave. The population was 1,301,617 at the 2010 census.
Historically home to the Kumeyaay people, San Diego was the first site visited by Europeans on what is now the West Coast of the United States. Upon landing in San Diego Bay in 1542, Juan Cabrillo claimed the entire area for Spain, forming the basis for the settlement of Alta California 200 years later. The Presidio and Mission of San Diego, founded in 1769, were the first European settlement in what is now California. In 1821, San Diego became part of newly independent Mexico, and in 1850, became part of the United States following the Mexican-American War and the admission of California to the union.
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South Pole
Coordinates: 90°S 0°W / 90°S 0°W / -90; -0
The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is one of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface. It is the southernmost point on the surface of the Earth and lies on the opposite side of the Earth from the North Pole. Situated on the continent of Antarctica, it is the site of the United States Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, which was established in 1956 and has been permanently staffed since that year. The Geographic South Pole should not be confused with the South Magnetic Pole, which though geographically nearby, is defined based on the Earth's magnetic field.
For most purposes, the Geographic South Pole is defined as the southern point of the two points where the Earth's axis of rotation intersects its surface (the other being the Geographic North Pole). However, the Earth's axis of rotation is actually subject to very small 'wobbles', so this definition is not adequate for very precise work; see Polar Motion for further information.
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Spain
Spain (i/ˈspeɪn/ SPAYN; Spanish: España, pronounced: [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar; to the north and north east by France, Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal.
Spanish territory also includes the Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean off the African coast, and two autonomous cities in North Africa, Ceuta and Melilla, that border Morocco. Furthermore, the town of Llívia is a Spanish exclave situated inside French territory. With an area of 504,030 square kilometres (194,610 sq mi), it is the second largest country in Western Europe and the European Union after France, and the fourth largest country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France.
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Studio 54
Studio 54 was a popular and world renowned nightclub from 1977 until 1981 when it was sold by founders and creators Steve Rubell and Ian Schrager. It was called the most famous nightclub of all time and was a sophisticated, groundbreaking multi-media visual extravaganza. It continued to operate as a nightclub until 1991 by other owners. Located at 254 West 54th Street in Manhattan, New York City, the space was originally the Gallo Opera House, opening in 1927, after which it changed names several times, eventually becoming CBS radio and television Studio 54. Since November 1998 it has been a venue for the Roundabout Theatre Company and is still called Studio 54, but is no longer a nightclub.
In 1943 CBS Radio purchased the theatre, renaming it Studio 52. CBS named its studios in order of purchase; the number 52 was unrelated to the street it was located on. During these years, CBS used the theater for radio broadcasts.
From the 1940s to the mid-1970s, CBS used the location as a radio and TV stage that housed such shows as What's My Line?, The $64,000 Question, Password, To Tell the Truth, Beat the Clock, The Jack Benny Show, I've Got a Secret, Ted Mack's Original Amateur Hour, and Captain Kangaroo. The soap opera Love of Life was produced there until 1975.
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Texas
Texas (i/ˈtɛksəs/) (Alibamu: Teksi ) is the second most populous and the second most extensive of the 50 United States, and the most extensive state of the 48 contiguous United States. The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in East Texas. Located in the South Central United States, Texas shares an international border with the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas to the south, and borders the US states of New Mexico to the west, Oklahoma to the north, Arkansas to the northeast, and Louisiana to the east. Texas has an area of 268,820 square miles (696,200 km2), and a growing population of 25.7 million residents.
During the Spanish colonial rule, the area was officially known as the Nuevo Reino de Filipinas: La Provincia de Texas. Antonio Margil de Jesús was known to be the first person to use the name in a letter to the Viceroy of Mexico in July 20, 1716. The name was not popularly used in daily speech but often appeared in legal documents until the end of the 1800s.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK, or Britain) is a sovereign state located off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The country includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands. Northern Ireland is the only part of the UK that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, the North Sea, the English Channel and the Irish Sea.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state governed under a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary system, with its seat of government in the capital city of London. It is a country in its own right and consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. There are three devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in Belfast, Edinburgh and Cardiff, the capitals of Northern Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Associated with the UK, but not constitutionally part of it, are three Crown Dependencies. The United Kingdom has fourteen overseas territories. These are remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in 1922, encompassed almost a quarter of the world's land surface and was the largest empire in history. British influence can still be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former territories.
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United States
The United States of America (commonly abbreviated to the United States, the U.S., the USA, America, and the States) is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district. The country is situated mostly in central North America, where its forty-eight contiguous states and Washington, D.C., the capital district, lie between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, bordered by Canada to the north and Mexico to the south. The state of Alaska is in the northwest of the continent, with Canada to the east and Russia to the west, across the Bering Strait. The state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific. The country also possesses several territories in the Pacific and Caribbean.
At 3.79 million square miles (9.83 million km2) and with over 312 million people, the United States is the third or fourth largest country by total area, and the third largest by both land area and population. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many countries. The U.S. economy is the world's largest national economy, with an estimated 2011 GDP of $15.1 trillion (22% of nominal global GDP and over 19% of global GDP at purchasing-power parity). Per capita income is the world's sixth-highest.
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Vatican City
Vatican Cityi/ˈvætɨkən ˈsɪti/, or Vatican City State, in Italian officially Stato della Città del Vaticano (pronounced [ˈstaːto della t͡ʃitˈta del vatiˈkaːno]), is a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy. It has an area of approximately 44 hectares (110 acres), and a population of just over 800. This makes Vatican City the smallest independent state in the world by both area and population.
Vatican City State was established in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty, signed by Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri, on behalf of Pope Pius XI and by Prime Minister and Head of Government Benito Mussolini on behalf of King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy. Vatican City State is distinct from the Holy See, which dates back to early Christianity and is the main episcopal see of 1.2 billion Latin and Eastern Catholic adherents around the globe. Ordinances of Vatican City are published in Italian; official documents of the Holy See are issued mainly in Latin. The two entities have distinct passports: the Holy See, not being a country, issues only diplomatic and service passports, whereas Vatican City State issues normal passports. In each case very few passports are issued.
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African American
African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans, and formerly as American Negroes) are citizens or residents of the United States that have ancestry from any of the native populations of Sub-Saharan Africa.
African Americans make up the single largest racial minority in the United States. Most African Americans are of West and Central African descent and are descendants of enslaved Africans within the boundaries of the present United States. However, some immigrants from African, Caribbean, Central American or South American nations, or their descendants, may be identified or self-identify with the term.
African-American history starts in the 16th century with African slaves who quickly rose up against the Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón and progresses to the present day, with Barack Obama as the 44th and current President of the United States. Between those landmarks there have been events and issues, both resolved and ongoing, including slavery, racism, Reconstruction, development of the African-American community, participation in the great military conflicts of the United States, racial segregation, and the Civil Rights Movement.
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Arthur Conan Doyle
Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a Scottish physician and writer, most noted for his stories about the detective Sherlock Holmes, generally considered a milestone in the field of crime fiction, and for the adventures of Professor Challenger. He was a prolific writer whose other works include science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction and historical novels.
Arthur Conan Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh, Scotland. His father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was English of Irish descent, and his mother, born Mary Foley, was Irish. They married in 1855. In 1864 the family dispersed due to Charles's growing alcoholism and the children were temporarily housed across Edinburgh. In 1867, the family came together again and lived in the squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place.
Although he is now referred to as "Conan Doyle", the origin of this compound surname is uncertain. The entry in which his baptism is recorded in the register of St Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh gives "Arthur Ignatius Conan" as his Christian name, and simply "Doyle" as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather.
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Austria
Austria (i/ˈɒstriə/ or /ˈɔːstriə/; German: Österreich [ˈøːstɐˌʁaɪç] ( listen)), officially the Republic of Austria (German: Republik Österreich (help·info)), is a landlocked country of roughly 8.47 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Hungary and Slovakia to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the west. The territory of Austria covers 83,855 square kilometres (32,377 sq mi) and has a temperate and alpine climate. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the Alps; only 32% of the country is below 500 metres (1,640 ft), and its highest point is 3,798 metres (12,461 ft). The majority of the population speak local Austro-Bavarian dialects of German as their native language, and German in its standard form is the country's official language. Other local official languages are Burgenland Croatian, Hungarian and Slovene.
The origins of modern-day Austria date back to the time of the Habsburg dynasty when the vast majority of the country was a part of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Austria became one of the great powers of Europe and, in response to the coronation of Napoleon I as the Emperor of the French, the Austrian Empire was officially proclaimed in 1804. In 1867, the Austrian Empire was reformed into Austria-Hungary.
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Avicenna
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥusayn ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sīnā (Persian پورسينا Pur Sina [ˈpuːr ˈsiːnɑː] "son of Sina"; c. 980, Afshana near Bukhara– 1037, Hamadan, Iran), commonly known as Ibn Sīnā or by his Latinized name Avicenna, was a Persianpolymath, who wrote almost 450 treatises on a wide range of subjects, of which around 240 have survived. In particular, 150 of his surviving treatises concentrate on philosophy and 40 of them concentrate on medicine.
His most famous works are The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, and The Canon of Medicine, which was a standard medical text at many medieval universities. The Canon of Medicine was used as a text-book in the universities of Montpellier and Leuven as late as 1650. Ibn Sīnā's Canon of Medicine provides a complete system of medicine according to the principles of Galen (and Hippocrates).
His corpus also includes writing on philosophy, astronomy, alchemy, geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, as well as poetry. He is regarded as the most famous and influential polymath of the Islamic Golden Age.
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Chris Farley
Christopher Crosby "Chris" Farley (February 15, 1964 – December 18, 1997) was an American comedian and actor. Farley was a member of Chicago's Second City Theatre and cast member of the hit NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live between 1990 and 1995. Farley and Chris Rock were introduced as two of the show's new cast members in early 1990. Like his idol, John Belushi, Farley died of a speedball overdose at the age of 33. On August 26, 2005, Farley was posthumously awarded the 2,289th star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, which is located in front of iO West.
Farley was born in Madison, Wisconsin, the son of Mary Anne (née Crosby), a housewife, and Thomas "Tom" Farley, Sr., who owned an oil company. He had four siblings: Tom Jr., Kevin, John, and Barbara. His cousin, Jim, is a vice president at Ford Motor Company. Farley's family is traditionally Irish Catholic, and Farley and his siblings attended Catholic schools in his hometown, including Edgewood High School of the Sacred Heart. According to Joel Murray, a fellow Second City cast member, Chris would "always make it to Mass". Many of his summers were spent as a camper and counselor at Red Arrow Camp, near Minocqua, Wisconsin.
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Ernest Shackleton
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton, CVO, OBE, FRGS (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish polar explorer, one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. His first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, from which he was sent home early on health grounds. Determined to make amends for this perceived personal failure, he returned to Antarctica in 1907 as leader of the Nimrod Expedition. In January 1909 he and three companions made a southern march which established a record Farthest South latitude at 88° 23′ S, 97 geographical miles (112 statute miles, 190 km) from the South Pole, by far the closest convergence in exploration history up to that time. For this achievement, Shackleton was knighted by King Edward VII on his return home.
After the race to the South Pole ended in 1912 with Roald Amundsen's conquest, Shackleton turned his attention to what he said was the one remaining great object of Antarctic journeying—the crossing of the continent from sea to sea, via the pole. To this end he made preparations for what became the Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1914–17. Disaster struck this expedition when its ship, Endurance, became trapped in pack ice and was slowly crushed before the shore parties could be landed. There followed a sequence of exploits, and an ultimate escape with no lives lost, that would eventually assure Shackleton's heroic status, although this was not immediately evident. In 1921 he went back to the Antarctic with the Shackleton-Rowett Expedition, intending to carry out a programme of scientific and survey activities. Before the expedition could begin this work Shackleton died of a heart attack while his ship, Quest, was moored in South Georgia. At his wife's request he was buried there.
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Friedrich Gaedcke
Friedrich Georg Carl (Friedrich) Gaedcke (5 June 1828 – 19 September 1890) was a German chemist. He was the first person to isolate the cocaine alkaloid which happened in 1855.
Gaedcke named the alkaloid “erythroxyline,” and published a description in the journal Archiv der Pharmazie.
Gaedcke worked in a pharmacy in Rostock and studied in Rostock between 1850 and 1851. In 1856, he took over a pharmacy in Dömitz which he ran for 34 years.
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Friedrich Wöhler
Friedrich Wöhler (31 July 1800 – 23 September 1882) was a German chemist, best known for his synthesis of urea, but also the first to isolate several chemical elements.
He was born in Eschersheim, which belonged to Hanau at the time but is nowadays a district of Frankfurt am Main. In 1823 Wöhler finished his study of medicine in Heidelberg at the laboratory of Leopold Gmelin, who arranged for him to work under Jöns Jakob Berzelius in Stockholm. He taught chemistry from 1826 to 1831 at the Polytechnic School in Berlin until 1839 when he was stationed at the Polytechnic School at Kassel. Afterwards, he became Ordinary Professor of Chemistry in the University of Göttingen, where he remained until his death in 1882. In 1834, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.
Wöhler is regarded as a pioneer in organic chemistry as a result of his (accidentally) synthesizing urea in the Wöhler synthesis in 1828. This discovery has become celebrated as a refutation of vitalism, the hypothesis that living things are alive because of some special "vital force". However, contemporary accounts do not support that notion. This Wöhler Myth, as historian of science Peter J. Ramberg called it, originated from a popular history of chemistry published in 1931, which, "ignoring all pretense of historical accuracy, turned Wöhler into a crusader who made attempt after attempt to synthesize a natural product that would refute vitalism and lift the veil of ignorance, until 'one afternoon the miracle happened'". Nevertheless, it was the beginning of the end of one popular vitalist hypothesis, that of Jöns Jakob Berzelius that "organic" compounds could only be made by living things.
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Galen
Aelius Galenus or Claudius Galenus (b. 129 AD, d. circa 200 AD), better known as Galen of Pergamon (modern-day Bergama, Turkey), was a prominent Roman (of Greek ethnicity) physician, surgeon and philosopher. Arguably the most accomplished of all medical researchers of antiquity, Galen contributed greatly to the understanding of numerous scientific disciplines, including anatomy,physiology, pathology,pharmacology, and neurology, as well as philosophy and logic.
The son of Aelius Nicon, a wealthy architect with scholarly interests, Galen received a comprehensive education that prepared him for a successful career as a physician and philosopher. He traveled extensively, exposing himself to a wide variety of medical theories and discoveries before settling in Rome, where he served prominent members of Roman society and eventually was given the position of personal physician to several emperors.
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Heinrich Quincke
Heinrich Irenaeus Quincke (26 August 1842 - 19 May 1922) was a German internist and surgeon. His main contribution to internal medicine was the introduction of the lumbar puncture for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. After 1874, his main area of research was pulmonary medicine.
Born at Frankfurt an der Oder, Heinrich was the son of prominent physician Hermann Quincke and the younger brother of physicist Georg Hermann Quincke. He received his doctorate in 1863 from the University of Berlin, having studied previously at the University of Heidelberg and at the University of Würzburg under Rudolf Virchow and Albert von Kölliker.
In 1865, Quincke worked with physiologist Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke at the University of Vienna, and in 1866, he became the assistant to the surgeon Robert Ferdinand Wilms. He was an "assistenzarzt" (subordinate physician) in internal medicine under Friedrich Theodor von Frerichs at the Charité in Berlin until 1870.
In 1873, Quincke became a professor of internal medicine at the University of Berne. Five years later, he moved to the University of Kiel and became a professor emeritus in 1908. He died in Frankfurt am Main, where he had been giving lectures until his death.
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Hippocrates
Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos (Ancient Greek: Ἱπποκράτης; Hippokrátēs; c. 460 BC – c. 370 BC) was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Athens), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the father of Western medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of Medicine. This intellectual school revolutionized medicine in ancient Greece, establishing it as a discipline distinct from other fields that it had traditionally been associated with (notably theurgy and philosophy), thus establishing medicine as a profession.
However, the achievements of the writers of the Corpus, the practitioners of Hippocratic medicine, and the actions of Hippocrates himself are often commingled; thus very little is known about what Hippocrates actually thought, wrote, and did. Hippocrates is commonly portrayed as the paragon of the ancient physician, credited with coining the Hippocratic Oath, still relevant and in use today. He is also credited with greatly advancing the systematic study of clinical medicine, summing up the medical knowledge of previous schools, and prescribing practices for physicians through the Hippocratic Corpus and other works.
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Ibn Zuhr
Abū Merwān ’Abdal-Malik ibn Zuhr (Arabic: أبو مروان عبد الملك بن زهر) (also known as Ibn Zuhr, Avenzoar, Abumeron or Ibn-Zohr) (1091–1161) was a Muslim physician, surgeon and teacher in Al-Andalus.
He was born at Seville (now southwestern Spain). His famous book Al-Taisir Fil-Mudawat Wal-Tadbeer (Book of Simplification Concerning Therapeutics and Diet) was influential to the progress of surgery. He also improved surgical and medical knowledge by keying out several diseases and their treatments.
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John Belushi
John Adam Belushi ( /bəˈluːʃi/; January 24, 1949 – March 5, 1982) was an American comedian, actor, and musician, best known as one of the original cast members of the NBC sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live and starring alongside Dan Aykroyd in the comedy film The Blues Brothers. He was the older brother of James "Jim" Belushi.
John Belushi was born in Chicago. He was the son of Agnes (née Samaras), who was of Albanian descent, and Adam Belushi (1918–1996), an Albanian immigrant and restaurant operator who left his native village, Qytezë, in 1934 at the age of sixteen. John was raised in a Chicago suburb, along with his three siblings: younger brothers Billy and Jim and his sister, Marian. The family's name at the time of immigration was Bellios, or Belliors. Belushi was raised in the Albanian Orthodox church and grew up outside Chicago in Wheaton. He attended Wheaton Central High School, where he met his future wife, Judy Jacklin.
Belushi's first big break as a comedian occurred in 1971, when he joined The Second City comedy troupe in Chicago. He was cast in National Lampoon's Lemmings, a parody of Woodstock, which played Off-Broadway in 1972 and showcased future Saturday Night Live (SNL) performers Chevy Chase and Christopher Guest.
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John Pemberton
John Stith Pemberton (July 8, 1831 – August 16, 1888) was a Confederate veteran and an American pharmacist, and is best known for being the inventor of Coca-Cola.
Pemberton was born to James Clifford Pemberton (born 1803 in North Carolina) and Martha L. Gant (born 1803 in Virginia), both of English descent. Though born in Knoxville, GA, Georgia, Pemberton, as a young child, moved with his family.
In April 1865, Pemberton was wounded in the Battle of Columbus, Georgia, and like many wounded veterans, he became addicted to morphine. Searching for a cure for this addiction, he began experimenting with coca and coca wines, eventually creating his own version of Vin Mariani, containing kola nut and damiana, which he called Pemberton's French Wine Coca.
With public concern about drug addiction, depression and alcoholism among veterans, and "neurasthenia" among "highly-strung" Southern women, his medicinal concoction was advertised as being particularly beneficial for "ladies, and all those whose sedentary employment causes nervous prostration, irregularities of the stomach, bowels and kidneys, who require a nerve tonic and a pure, delightful diffusible stimulant."
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Layne Staley
Layne Thomas Staley (August 22, 1967 – April 5, 2002) was an American musician who served as the lead singer and co-lyricist of the rock band Alice in Chains, which was formed in Seattle, Washington in 1987 by Staley and guitarist Jerry Cantrell. Alice in Chains rose to international fame as part of the grunge movement of the early 1990s. The band became known for his distinct vocal style, as well as the harmonized vocals between him and Cantrell. Staley was also a member of the supergroups Mad Season and Class of '99. He struggled throughout his career with severe drug addiction, culminating with his death in April 2002.
Layne Staley was born to Phil Staley and Nancy Staley (née McCallum) in Kirkland, Washington. He was seven years old when his parents divorced, after which he was raised by his mother and stepfather, Jim Elmer. He was raised Catholic. He took his stepfather's name while enrolled in Meadowdale High School and was known for some time as Layne Elmer. In early 2002, shortly before his death, he would describe the experience of witnessing his parents' divorce: "My world became a nightmare, there were just shadows around me. I got a call saying that my dad had died, but my family always knew he was around doing all kinds of drugs. Since that call I always was wondering, 'Where is my dad?' I felt so sad for him and I missed him. He dropped out of my life for 15 years." In that same interview he hinted that his parents' break-up and his father's drug use were at least partially responsible for his own drug problems, and also said that he was convinced that if he became a celebrity his dad would return.
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Mexican Drug War
The Mexican Drug War is an ongoing armed conflict between rival drug cartels fighting each other for regional control, and Mexican government forces. The government's principal goal has been to put down the drug-related violence that was raging between different drug cartels before any military intervention was made. In addition, the Mexican government has claimed that their primary focus is on dismantling the powerful drug cartels, rather than on drug trafficking prevention, which is left to U.S. functionaries.
Although Mexican drug cartels, or drug trafficking organizations, have existed for several decades, they have become more powerful since the demise of Colombia's Cali and Medellín cartels in the 1990s. Mexican drug cartels now dominate the wholesale illicit drug market by controlling 90% of the drugs that enter the United States. Arrests of key cartel leaders, particularly in the Tijuana and Gulf cartels, have led to increasing drug violence as cartels fight for control of the trafficking routes into the United States.
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Mitch Hedberg
Mitchell Lee "Mitch" Hedberg (February 24, 1968 – March 29, 2005) was an American stand-up comedian known for his surreal humor and unconventional comedic delivery. His comedy typically featured short, sometimes one-line jokes, mixed with absurd elements and non sequiturs.
Hedberg's comedy and on-stage persona gained him a cult following, with audience members sometimes shouting out the punchlines to his jokes before he could finish them.
Mitch Hedberg was born February 24, 1968, in Saint Paul, Minnesota, the son of Arne and Mary Hedberg. He graduated from Harding High School in Saint Paul.
Hedberg began his stand-up career in Florida, and after a period of honing his skills moved to Seattle and began to tour. He soon appeared on MTV's Comikaze, followed by a 1996 appearance on Late Show with David Letterman which brought him his big break. He won the 1997 grand prize at the Seattle Comedy Competition. The following year he appeared in one episode of Fox's series That 70's Show.
In 1999 he completed his own independent feature film Los Enchiladas!, in which he wrote, directed, produced, and starred. He recorded three comedy CDs entitled Strategic Grill Locations, Mitch All Together, and Do You Believe in Gosh?, which was released posthumously. He also appeared at the Montreal Just For Laughs comedy festival in 1998 and 2001. According to Hedberg there had been talk of creating a TV series around him, but plans never came to be.[citation needed]
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Nicolás Monardes
Nicolás Bautista Monardes (1493 – 10 October 1588) was a Spanish physician and botanist.
The genus Monarda was named for him.
Monardes published several books of varying importance. In Diálogo llamado pharmacodilosis (1536), he examines humanism and suggests studying several classical authors, principally Pedanius Dioscorides. He discusses the importance of Greek and Arab medicine in De Secanda Vena in pleuriti Inter Grecos et Arabes Concordia (1539). De Rosa et partibus eius (1540) is about roses and citrus fruits. It is known that Monardes also believed that tobacco smoke was an infallible cure for everything.
Monardes' most significant and well known work was Historia medicinal de las cosas que se traen de nuestras Indias Occidentales, published in three parts under varying titles (in 1565, 1569 and completed in 1574; unchanged reprint in 1580). This was translated into Latin by Charles de l'Écluse and into English by John Frampton with the title "Joyfull News out of the New Found World".
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Paolo Mantegazza
Paolo Mantegazza (1831–1910) was a prominent Italian neurologist, physiologist and anthropologist, noted for his experimental investigation of coca leaves into its effects on the human psyche. He was also an author of fiction.
Mantegazza was born at Monza on October 31, 1831. After spending his student-days at the universities of Pisa and Milan, he gained his M.D. degree at Pavia in 1854. After travelling in Europe, India and the Americas, he practised as a doctor in the Argentine Republic and Paraguay. Returning to Italy in 1858 he was appointed surgeon at Milan Hospital, in Milan, and professor of general pathology at Pavia. In 1870 he was nominated professor of anthropology at the Istituto di Studi Superiori, Florence. Here he founded the first Museum of Anthropology and Ethnology in Italy, and later the Italian Anthropological Society. From 1865 until 1876 he was deputy for Monza in the Parliament of Italy, being elected subsequently to the Italian Senate. He became the object of fierce attacks because of the extent to which he practiced vivisection.
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Pedanius Dioscorides
Pedanius Dioscorides (Ancient Greek: Πεδάνιος Διοσκουρίδης; circa 40—90 AD) was a Greek physician, pharmacologist and botanist, the author of De Materia Medica -- a 5-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine and related medicinal substances (a pharmacopeia), that was widely read for more than 1,500 years.
A native of Anazarbus, Cilicia, Asia Minor, Dioscorides "practiced in Rome at the time of Nero. He was a surgeon with the army of the emperor, so he had the opportunity to travel extensively, seeking medicinal substances (plants and minerals) from all over the Roman and Greek world."
Between 50 and 70 AD Dioscorides wrote a five-volume book in his native Greek, Περὶ ὕλης ἰατρικῆς, known more widely by its Latin title De Materia Medica ("Regarding Medical Materials") that is a "precursor to all modern pharmacopeias". It remained in use until about CE 1600. Unlike the case of many classical authors, his works were not "rediscovered" in the Renaissance, because his book never left circulation. In the medieval age, De Materia Medica was circulated in Latin, Greek, and Arabic. While being reproduced in manuscript form through the centuries, it was often supplemented with commentary on Dioscorides' work, with minor additions from Arabic and Indian sources. The most important Greek manuscripts survive today in Mount Athos monasteries.[citation needed] A number of illustrated manuscripts of the De Materia Medica survive. The most famous of these is the lavishly illustrated Vienna Dioscurides produced in Constantinople in 512/513 AD. Densely illustrated Arabic copies survive from the 12th and 13th centuries.
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Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII (2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci to an Italian comital family, was the 256th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church, reigning from 1878 to 1903. He was the oldest pope (reigning until the age of 93), and had the third longest pontificate, behind his immediate predecessor Pius IX and John Paul II.
He is known for intellectualism, the development of social teachings with his encyclical Rerum Novarum and his attempts to define the position of the Church with regard to modern thinking. He influenced Roman Catholic Mariology and promoted both the rosary and the scapular. He issued a record eleven encyclicals on the rosary, approved two new Marian scapulars and was the first Pope to fully embrace the concept of Mary as mediatrix.
Born in Carpineto Romano, near Rome, he was the sixth of the seven sons of Count Ludovico Pecci and his wife Anna Prosperi Buzzi. Until 1818 he lived at home with his family, "in which religion counted as the highest grace on earth, as through her, salvation can be earned for all eternity". Together with his brother he studied in the Jesuit College in Viterbo, where he stayed until 1824. He enjoyed the Latin language and was known to write his own Latin poems at the age of eleven.
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Poppers
Poppers is a slang term for various alkyl nitrites inhaled for recreational purposes, particularly isopropyl nitrite (2-propyl nitrite) and isobutyl nitrite (2-methylpropyl nitrite), and now more rarely, butyl nitrite and amyl nitrite (isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite). Amyl nitrite is used medically as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, but the term "poppers" refers specifically to recreational use. Amyl nitrite and several other alkyl nitrites, which are present in products such as air freshener, video head cleaner and finger nail polish remover, are often inhaled with the goal of enhancing sexual pleasure. These products have also been part of the club culture from the 1970s disco scene to the 1980s and 1990s rave scene. Poppers have a long history of use due to the rush of warm sensations and dizziness experienced when the vapours are inhaled.
Although, according to at least one analysis, poppers have a lower risk of harm to society and the individual than do certain other recreational drugs, other cases have shown that serious adverse effects can occur. In a letter to the New England Journal of Medicine, an ophthalmologist described four cases in which recreational users of poppers experienced temporary changes in vision. There is some evidence to indicate that even occasional use of poppers may affect vision. Accidentally swallowing or aspirating the liquid, rather than inhaling the vapours, is certainly dangerous and can prove fatal.
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Richard Willstätter
Richard Martin Willstätter FRS (13 August 1872 – 3 August 1942) was a German organic chemist whose study of the structure of plant pigments, chlorophyll included, won him the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Willstätter invented paper chromatography independently of Mikhail Tsvet.
Willstätter was born in to a Jewish family in Karlsruhe. He went to school there and, when his family moved, he attended the Technical School in Nuremberg. At age 18 he entered the University of Munich to study science and stayed for the next fifteen years. He was in the Department of Chemistry, first as a student of Adolf von Baeyer -- he received his doctorate in 1894 - then as a faculty member. His doctoral thesis was on the structure of cocaine. Willstätter continued his research into other alkaloids and synthesized several of them. In 1896 he was named Lecturer and in 1902 Professor extraordinarius (professor without a chair).
In 1905 he left Munich to become professor at the ETH Zürich and there he worked on the plant pigment chlorophyll. He first determined its structure.
wn.com/Richard_Willstätter -
River Phoenix
River Jude Phoenix (August 23, 1970 – October 31, 1993) was an American film actor, musician, and activist. He was the oldest brother of fellow actors Rain, Joaquin, Liberty, and Summer Phoenix. Phoenix's work encompassed 24 films and television appearances, including the science fiction adventure film Explorers, the coming-of-age film Stand By Me, the action sequel Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade and the independent adult drama My Own Private Idaho.
Phoenix began acting at age 10 in television commercials. He appeared in diverse roles, making his first notable appearance in the 1986 film Stand by Me, a hugely popular coming-of-age film based on a novella by Stephen King. Phoenix made a transition into more adult-oriented roles with Running on Empty (1988), playing the son of fugitive parents in a well-received performance that earned him an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor nomination, and My Own Private Idaho (1991), playing a gay hustler in search of his estranged mother. For his performance in the latter, Phoenix garnered enormous praise and won a Volpi Cup at the Venice Film Festival, along with Best Actor from the National Society of Film Critics. He was listed by John Willis as one of twelve promising new actors of 1986.
wn.com/River_Phoenix -
Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes ( /ˈʃɜrlɒk ˈhoʊmz/) is a fictional detective created by Scottish author and physician Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. The fantastic London-based "consulting detective", Holmes is famous for his astute logical reasoning, his ability to adopt almost any disguise, and his use of forensic science skills to solve difficult cases.
Holmes, who first appeared in publication in 1887, was featured in four novels and 56 short stories. The first novel, A Study in Scarlet, appeared in Beeton's Christmas Annual in 1887 and the second, The Sign of the Four, in Lippincott's Monthly Magazine in 1890. The character grew tremendously in popularity with the first series of short stories in Strand Magazine, beginning with A Scandal in Bohemia in 1891; further series of short stories and two novels published in serial form appeared between then and 1927. The stories cover a period from around 1880 up to 1914.
All but four stories are narrated by Holmes's friend and biographer, Dr. John H. Watson; two are narrated by Holmes himself ("The Blanched Soldier" and "The Lion's Mane") and two others are written in the third person ("The Mazarin Stone" and "His Last Bow"). In two stories ("The Musgrave Ritual" and "The Gloria Scott"), Holmes tells Watson the main story from his memories, while Watson becomes the narrator of the frame story. The first and fourth novels, A Study in Scarlet and The Valley of Fear, each include a long interval of omniscient narration recounting events unknown to either Holmes or Watson.
wn.com/Sherlock_Holmes -
Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud (German pronunciation: [ˈziːkmʊnt ˈfʁɔʏt]), born Sigismund Schlomo Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939), was an Austrian neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. Freud's family and ancestry were Jewish. Freud always considered himself a Jew even though he rejected Judaism and had a critical view of religion. Freud's parents were poor, but ensured his education. Freud was an outstanding pupil in high school, and graduated the Matura with honors in 1873. Interested in philosophy as a student, Freud later turned away from it and became a neurological researcher into cerebral palsy, Aphasia and microscopic neuroanatomy.
Freud went on to develop theories about the unconscious mind and the mechanism of repression, and established the field of verbal psychotherapy by creating psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient (or "analysand") and a psychoanalyst. Though psychoanalysis has declined as a therapeutic practice, it has helped inspire the development of many other forms of psychotherapy, some diverging from Freud's original ideas and approach. Freud postulated the existence of libido (an energy with which mental process and structures are invested), developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association (in which patients report their thoughts without reservation and make no attempt to concentrate while doing so), discovered the transference (the process by which patients displace on to their analysts feelings based on their experience of earlier figures in their lives) and established its central role in the analytic process, and proposed that dreams help to preserve sleep by representing as fulfilled wishes that would otherwise awake the dreamer. He was also a prolific essayist, drawing on psychoanalysis to contribute to the interpretation and critique of culture.
wn.com/Sigmund_Freud -
Theophrastus
Theophrastus (Greek: Θεόφραστος; c. 371 – c. 287 BC), a Greek native of Eresos in Lesbos, was the successor to Aristotle in the Peripatetic school. He came to Athens at a young age, and initially studied in Plato's school. After Plato's death he attached himself to Aristotle. Aristotle bequeathed to Theophrastus his writings, and designated him as his successor at the Lyceum. Theophrastus presided over the Peripatetic school for thirty-six years, during which time the school flourished greatly. After his death, the Athenians honoured him with a public funeral. His successor as head of the school was Strato of Lampsacus.
The interests of Theophrastus were wide-ranging, extending from biology and physics to ethics and metaphysics. His two surviving botanical works, Enquiry into Plants and On the Causes of Plants, were an important influence on medieval science. There are also surviving works On Moral Characters, On Sensation, On Stones, and fragments on Physics and Metaphysics all written in Greek. In philosophy, he studied grammar and language, and continued Aristotle's work on logic. He also regarded space as the mere arrangement and position of bodies, time as an accident of motion, and motion as a necessary consequence of all activity. In ethics, he regarded happiness as depending on external influences as well as on virtue, and famously said that "life is ruled by fortune, not wisdom."
wn.com/Theophrastus -
Zhang Zhongjing
Zhang Zhongjing (张仲景) (150 — 219), formal name Zhang Ji (张机), was a Han Dynasty physician and one of the most eminent Chinese physicians during the later years of the Han Dynasty. He established medication principles and summed up the medicinal experience up until that time, thus making a great contribution to the development of traditional Chinese medicine.
Though extremely well known in modern Chinese medicine and considered one of the finest Chinese physicians in history, very little is known about his life. According to later sources, he was born in Nanyang, held an official position in Changsha and lived from approximately 150 to 219 AD. Exact dates regarding his birth, death and works vary, but an upper limit of 220 AD is generally accepted.
During his time, with warlords fighting for their own territories, many people were infected with fevers. Zhang's family was no exception. He learned medicine by studying from his towns fellow and later teacher Zhang Bozu, assimilating from previous medicinal literature such as Emperor canon of Internal medicine (黄帝内经), and collecting many prescriptions elsewhere, finally writing the medical masterpiece Shanghan Zabing Lun' (Chinese: 傷寒雜病論; pinyin: Shānghán Zábìng Lùn, lit. "Treatise on Cold Pathogenic and Miscellaneous Diseases"). Shortly after its publication, the book was lost during the wars that ravaged China during the period of the Three Kingdoms. Due to Zhang's contribution to traditional Chinese medicine, he is often regarded as the sage of Chinese medicine.
wn.com/Zhang_Zhongjing
- Cocaine - Bob Dylan
- Cocaine - Eminem
- Cocaine - Eric Clapton
- Cocaine - Grateful Dead
- Cocaine - Andres Calamaro
- Cocaine - Nazareth
- Cocaine - Rammstein
- Cocaine - J.J. Cale
- Cocaine - Jackson Browne
- Cocaine - J. J. Cale
- Cocaine - Jimi Hendrix
- Cocaine - Cream & Eric Clapton
- Cocaine - Robin Thicke
- Cocaine - Project Pat
- Cocaine - UGK
- Cocaine - Lonely Island
- Cocaine - Northern Lite
- Cocaine - Lefay
- Cocaine - Frankenbok
- Cocaine - I-20
- Cocaine - O.L.D
- Cocaine - OLD (O.L.D.)
- Cocaine - Bad Co. Project
- Cocaine - Amb
- Cocaine - Andralls
- Cocaine - Akissforjersey
- Cocaine - Andy Taylor
- Cocaine - Young Cash
- Cocaine - Dead On Tv
- Cocaine - Dick Justice
- Cocaine - Dice
Every time my baby and me we go uptown,
Police come in and knock me down.
Cocaine all around my brain.
Hey baby, better come here quick,
This old cocaine is 'bout to make me sick.
Cocaine all around my brain.
Yonder come my baby, she's dressed in red,
She's got a shot-gun,
Says she's gonna kill me dead.
Cocaine all around my brain.
Hey baby, better come here quick,
This old cocaine 'bout to make me sick.
Cocaine all around my brain.
(Instrumental Bridge #1)
You take Sally, an' I'll take Sue,
Ain't nah difference between the two.
Cocaine all around my brain.
Hey baby, you better come here quick,
This old cocaine 'bout to make me sick.
Cocaine all around my brain.
(Instrumental Bridge #2)
Cocaine's for horses and it's not for men,
Doctor said it kill you, but he didn't say when.
Cocaine all around my brain.
Hey baby, you better come here quick,
This old cocaine 'bout to make me sick.
Cocaine all around my brain.
Hey baby, you better come here quick,
This old cocaine 'bout to make me sick.
[Alicia Keys]
...yeah I made it
I'm addicted
[Eminem - First Verse]
This was a beat with no words at first, it's a blank painting
Exercising my mind, it's brain strength training
Starts off with the pain
Going to lengths explaining
Myself to myself, but I ain't great at delaying
The temptation and lust, the sensation's a must
A combination of rush and not giving a !!
So I'm giving up
Back to cabinet, a couple pills
Take enough to chill and just feel like nothing's real
But satisfy my appetite, I feel like nothing will
So I take a couple more, why the !! not?
I up the thrill
Wearing nothing but a bathrobe, got my wallet and that's it
Now I'm driving a back road, you could call it a bad trip
Act cool but I'm nervous under the surface, swerving in both lanes
If you wanna hang out
You've gotta take her out
Cocaine
If you wanna get down
Down on the ground
Cocaine
She don't lie
She don't lie
She don't lie
COCAINE
If you got bad news
You wanna kick them blues
Cocaine
When your day is done
And you wanna run
Cocaine
She don't lie
She don't lie
She don't lie
COCAINE
If your thing is gone
And you wanna ride on
Cocaine
Don't forget this fact
You can't get it back
Cocaine
She don't lie
She don't lie
She don't lie
COCAINE
She don't lie
She don't lie
She don't lie
Take a snip of this then play a little riff, don't be afraid to try
Don't need no airplane to get off the ground there's more than one way to fly
Have a little taste, Baby, don't hesitate, every hit don't have to be a song
Gonna take you to the cosmos, Baby, and boogie with you all night long
Riding out on a rail, feels so fine
Talking 'bout that cocaine express, mainline, got a good head of steam
Never lived down on the Bayou, but I been busted in New Orleans, New Orleans
I can roll all night with you, Baby got a land? I'm just in from Marin
Can't get it off, but I can get it on and we'll be truckin' 'till the break of day
Here comes the doo-dah dealer on his Hog three wheeler, 250 pounds of sin
He's made your car the main attraction. you wanna beef up his action
But he will cut you, before he would cut you in, the only place to win
Riding out on a rail, feels so fine
Talking 'bout that cocaine express, mainline, taking a midnight cruise
Never lived up in the Northlands, but I been snowblind out in Sandford Dew
If you wanna be up, you got to take along...cocaine
If you wanna be down, down on the ground...cocaine
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie...cocaine
If you come back loose, you wanna get them blues...cocaine
When your day is done, and you wanna run on...cocaine
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie...cocaine
If your evening's gone, and you wanna ride on..cocaine
Don't forget this fact, you can't get back... cocaine
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie... cocaine
If you want to go out
You've got to take her out, cocaine
And if you want to get down
Down on the ground, cocaine
She don't lie
She don't lie
She don't lie, cocaine
Well if you've had bad news
You want to kick your blues, cocaine
And if your day is done
But you just got to run on, cocaine
She don't lie
She don't lie
She don't lie, cocaine
Feeling is gone but you just
Got to ride on, cocaine
But don't forget this fact
You just can't get it back, cocaine
She don't lie
She don't lie
She don't lie, cocaine
She don't lie
(Translation To: Kokain)
Were the friends weighed for me
the white fairy stretches her bow
she shoots into the face of my worries
and on the two halves breaks
the father of all mirrors
He waves for me and I bend
he whispers quietly in my ear
You are the most beautiful child of all
I hold you like my own blood
you are the most beautiful child
even the bad is good, in me
The curiosity lengthens my dream
the white fairy sings and laughs
she has violently made me pregnant
and pregnancy tortures me through the night
the father of all mirrors
He waves for me and I bend
he whispers quietly in my ear
You are the most beautiful child of all
I hold you like my own blood
you are the most beautiful child
even the bad is good, in me
And how I defend myself against the pains of birth
in the cradle yet still whoring
I see with it to how I give birth
and devour the afterbirth
You are the most beautiful child...
If you want to hang out, you've got to take her out, cocaine
If you want to get down, get down on the ground, cocaine
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, cocaine
If you got bad news, you want to kick them blues, cocaine
When your day is done and you got to run, cocaine
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, cocaine
If your thing is gone and you want to ride on, cocaine
Don't forget this fact, you can't get it back, cocaine
You take Sally and I'll take Sue
Their ain't no difference between the two
Cocaine, running all 'round my brain
Headin' down Scott, turnin' up main
Looking for that girl that sells cocaine
Cocaine, runnin' all 'round my brain
Mama come here quick
That old cocaine 'bout to make me sick
Cocaine, running all 'round my brain
Late last night, about a quarter past four
Ladanyi come knockin' down my hotel room door
Where's the cocaine? Said, "It's runnin' all 'round my brain"
I was talking to my doctor down at the hospital
He said, "Son, it says here you're twenty-seven but that's impossible
Cocaine, "You look like you could be forty-five"
Now I'm losing touch with reality and I'm almost out of blow
It's such a fine line, I hate to see it go
If you want to hang out, you've got to take her out, cocaine
If you want to get down, get down on the ground, cocaine
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, cocaine
If you got bad news, you want to kick them blues, cocaine
When your day is done and you got to run, cocaine
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, cocaine
If your thing is gone and you want to ride on, cocaine
Don't forget this fact, you can't get it back, cocaine
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, cocaine
If you want to hang out, you’ve got to take her out, cocaine
If you want to get down, get down on the ground, cocaine
She don’t lie, she don’t lie, she don’t lie, cocaine
If you got bad news, you want to kick them blues, cocaine
When your day is done and you got to run, cocaine
She don’t lie, she don’t lie, she don’t lie, cocaine
If your thing is gone and you want to ride on, cocaine
Don’t forget this fact, you can’t get it back, cocaine
by J. J. Cale
If you wanna hang out you've got to take her out; cocaine.
If you wanna get down, down on the ground; cocaine.
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie; cocaine.
If you got bad news, you wanna kick them blues; cocaine.
When your day is done and you wanna run; cocaine.
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie; cocaine.
If your thing is gone and you wanna ride on; cocaine.
Don't forget this fact, you can't get it back; cocaine.
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie; cocaine.
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie; cocaine.
Baby Beverly Hills Hotel 4am
Its my birthday
I wanna stay young
I wanna have fun
I dont wanna be the only one no way
Movie stars models and blondes and cocaine
New York LA its all the same
The angels look the other way
Cause they can understand my pain
Cocaine back up in a big way
Cocaine comin out the closets
Cocaine Im standin in an alley
With my hands behind me
The club just aint the same without the cocaine
Ooh downtown upstate get down
Midnight high art underground
Hip hop blue jeans its all around
I wanna stay young ooh
Everybodys watchin but no one talks about it
Right now theres only one name u cant call it
She said sex just aint the same without it Its cocaine
Cocaine back up in a big way
Cocaine comin out the closets
Cocaine Im standin in an alley
With my hands behind me
Co***, co***, co***, co***
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
I had *** in my mouth, razor blade in my hand
If a ** hittin' *** then you get it from the man
Understand I can do the thang, any way you want it
We can make it quarter key or a *** for the hundred
Want it now, maybe wanna come through a lil' later
Got a line up my nose, size of the equator
Take a ounce of that pure, then make it into two
Bakin' soda make it stretch, on the stove it'll brew
Come on through, I ain't worried 'bout no *** on a jackin'
I got killers front and back do', who ain't on no actin'
Guns clackin' triggers pull, sendin' suckers straight to Heaven
You'll get hit in the head wit' this **-47
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
Residue on the table from the *** we's choppin'
Our balls big as golf balls, we's been sno'tin'
Up all night in this trap house, *** know we got clout
'Caine slangers on the blade know what I'm talkin' 'bout
'Bout to bring the *** to the hood like a blizzard
Dodgin' police and this trap they movin' like a lizard
Hoovin' got a pipeline comin' out of Dallas
Got a mansion in Memphis down there, got a palace
I'm addicted to this hustle game just like the ***
Tell myself I'mma quit but I can't stop it mayne
Love the cars, love the clothes, diamonds in my mouth
Down here dope is cheaper so we boomin' down south
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it we can flip it
We can s*** it we can flip it, we can s*** it co***
Co***, co***, co***, co***
Cocaine, cocaine
I'd like to introduce you all to
Cocaine, cocaine
UGK, UGK bitch, my man Bun B
Cocaine, cocaine
Pimp C in the house y'all put your hands together
Big Dick Cheney and Snowy Snow
Cocaine, cocaine, cocaine, cocaine
Uh, the bitch, been good to me
Been bad to my homies, keep it cool with me
I played it by the rules and the regulations
I use to switch cars with the Mexican at the gas station
Mine had money in it, his had the work
After the deal was done, I make my girl pussy squirt
'Cause after the deal, we would all celebrate
Happy 'cause it wasn't no jacking and the product was straight
I never came with the funny business
That's why we steady playing in Jags and Benzes
Some niggaz, let the city eat 'em up
I was just coming up, whipping my pyrex steady beating it up
I'm a shark with the fork, microwave or pot
I'ma hit it with the Sprite and make that butter lock
Everything was cool, I was ice cold
Till I let that bitch get up in my nose
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
They call it cocaine, cocaina, yayo
Coca leaves, whatever you wanna say bro
Cocaine is a hell of a drug, it ain't hum-drum
And we all know where it's at, but where it come from
The mountains of Columbia and Peru
Extracted from the coca leaf, but see that shit ain't new
It's been around for hundreds of years, exploited by the rich
They even use to put it in Coca-Cola, ain't that a bitch
You had kings, queens, princes and princesses
Even priests and popes fought to getting it in different instances
A privileged possession for dozens of centuries
Helped a few wars, legal and illegal industries
Grown by the cartels, protected by gorillas
Transported by the best to the ghettos to straight killers
The power of the powder pimping, you don't understand
Ask W man, he's a dealer and a fan of cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
You chilling on the corner, looking cooler than a mo'fucker
Got a pocket full of hot, it's hotter than a mo'fucker
Living in that condition, my Phantom in the front yard
We them real dope boys, I ain't gotta front dog
Big dope in the trunk, following my Map Quest
Choppers in the White House, pistol on my lap, yes
I remember, when I first met that wonderful girl
Club Rolex, she fathered my mother a pearl
Spinning wild living foul, diamonds all in my dial
Pimping style, but they yayo got me wearing linen now
Getting paper, paper plates on convertibles
And my yayo to PA, that work'll move
Ricky Ross only fuck with legends
Pimp C, Bun B got the hustle perfected
I could ship it to ya or you could come and get it
Just bring the cool million with ya when you come and visit Ross
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
Cocaine, cocaine
AHHHH
Snort snort snort the cocaine (x3)
Snort-y snort snort the cocaine
Ohhhhhh
Drop the biggest bump I ever hit
Damnnnn
Yo fucking chop another kid
I wanna do it til my face falls off
Til my tongue’s so numb that the taste fall off
I do blow
And boy I do it viciously
Lines in my face and the mother fucking rest is history
Cocaine cocaine
China bright, snow white
Rolled to a raven
Steal a mother fucker’s blow light
Keep my dough right
Man these white lines bite
Make me bleed out my mother fucking eyes tonight
So highhhhh
Nose like a power vac
Girls rub me down just to get into my powder sack
On the power track
So I drink to my health
Lift the rail off the mirror and I wink to myself
No needle in my vein
I got to maintain
A bitch like me is doing cocaine
Snort snort snort the cocaine (x3)
Snort-y snort snort the cocaine
Snort snort snort the cocaine (x3)
Snort-y snort snort the cocaine
I like to do the cokey-coke
You’ll never see me smokey-smoke
Never buy, already brokey-broke
Pass me a dollar and I’ll roll it up
For yo
Were gonna sell and cut tonight
Uhhh huhhh
I’m gonna yell and fuck tonight
Uhhh huhhh
I’m gonna press my luck tonight
Uhh huhh
Motha fuckas better duck tonight
Uhh huhh
Doing lines off my face with a bendy straw
Pick up my whole card in half with a bendy saw
There ain’t enough room for me in this town
And once my dick gets hard it’ll never go down
A to the M to the dark to the sun
When it comes to getting gacked we stay number one
While others split a grab, we be sniffing a ton
And we never fucking stop until the bag is done
I walk in the party with my dick in my hand
And straight to the bathroom with my dick in my hand
You wanna step up I got the brick in my hand
Then leave your ass face down with my dick in my hand
Denis ay I hit the yay all day
Went to your party must stay all day
Hit you in the brain
Leave your face ug-lay
Anderson give a fuck what ya’ll say.
Fill up Anderson looking for action
Dear God on the floor
Call the chain reaction
Step up
You better learn how to act son
No go
You better hit the track bud
Arny ay, but the girls call me Arny
Do more blows than the Columbian army
Made my name in the hyrdogame
Now I play all day on my hydroplane.
Tell me if your nose froze
Girls with no clothes
Then your face pushed in
For that shit that you stole
We cut your shit with ay jack so products bump
And it sits a hundred grand out the back of my trunk
When your radio play you can’t fuck with Philip ay
Andersons mother fucker till my dying day
While you were horse faced, running
Tryin to get the crowd hyped
We was in the back
Sippin yack
Startin fist fights
I hit the light when I spin on your girl
Turn around and do a line
And I spit on your girl
Haaaa
That’s the sound of my laughter
My grove takes my life
To a live firecracker
Never sleep
All my dreams end in disaster
Life in the fast lane just got faster
What’s your name?
Arny ay, call me Mr. What
Last to pass out
And the first to fuck
And whatchya do?
Sell snow
Man, all the blow
The mother fucking pipe,
Pipe arose me though
What’s your name?
Denny ay, soft soother with the luga
Have more keys than the ones on your computer
Whatchya do?
Anything, anywhere, anytime and place
You try to shake my hand I’ll punch you in the face
What’s your name?
Philip ay, known as bobby flay
Cuz I cook that coke up everyday
And whatchya do?
Drink, fuck, snort, shoot and fight
Ya fuck with Phil ya gonna fuck all night
What’s ya name?
Anderson, the family’s here
The one that you love, and hate and fear
And whatchya do?
Known to party every night and day
And when my soul starts to bleed
I need my weed
The future ain't hard to see
On my L.S.D.
Sure it's my free will
When I take my pill
And right before I go insane
[bonus track]
Cocaine, cocaine I think it's my choice of drug
Cocaine showed me a life that's less cynical
Soap and open with the knives of the critical
And wash away today the effects sorry and typical
Cocaine, cocaine I think it's my choice of drug
Cocaine, cocaine the last time I had you was not the same
In vain - The ass end of choice has become my name
Cocaine I sink with this choice like dung
Snow white!
Cocaine be it my choice of drug
I'd be it all if I could be...
I just want one fucking hit!
I bleed and seep out all my flaws
My teeth tampon absorb this vermin that I
Snort, sniff, sniff, snort
Feel the aura of all kinds
It's the best I get
The yes I'm let into
Insured. Pre Natural
Sniff and invest in bliss
One out of every five people who tried cocaine get
hooked...
[I-20:]
I exhibit confidence, while they display incompetence
Bobby is the shit baby, pardon my incontinence
They respected dominance, I'm feeding off they
compliments
A yard look like a dealership, a cripple every
continent
Knowledge my accomplishments, my presents and my
prominence
There's money on my mind so I exercise common sense
Damn, I wonder if they catch the line
Where's the competition at? Show me who's next in line
Basically it's flexin' time, the watch is so phenomenal
Dealer got that snowman, the work is so abdominal
Plus a nigga keep it hood, cause I know they needed
that
Long as a nigga eating good, I don't need your feedback
All these niggas see that, ye ain't on my level homie
Call me Bobby Hendrix; I keep that heavy metal on me
That mean that we spark heat, bussin' to the dark meat
You are in that water now and this the start of shark
week
You know they say that talk's cheap and ya looking
stingy to me
See I love to start beef, you looking like a vegan to
At least a vegetarian, see I know I'm scaring him
Asking if they dig that or I'm a fuckin bury em
Man I used to carry them, right there on my carrion
20 out here running shit welcome to my marathon
I keep it pushin' like Lamar's class
Laying in the cut, I got it cover like a guard's mask
Yeah, I'm spittin' that Bolivian
Married to the banks and the flow is oblivion
This is what I'm giving him direction on which way to
Nothing but that uncut to 'portant for the radio
Never try to play me hoe, I bring it 'cross the border
line
Lyrical cocaine, go ahead and start a line
Die in your beauty sleep
Where is grandma? It's time to eat...
Perhaps in the bathroom, trying to excrete...
She's not on the throne, where can she be?
Maybe in the living room, watching TV...
Not in here either, where did she go?
Someone find her soon, the roast is getting cold...
OK - no one panic - we musn't dispair...
I've got a feeling she's somwhere upstairs...
Now I'm getting mad - where's that senile loon?
The only place left, is in the bedroom
Open the door, hear the wretched snore...
ahaaa!!!
grandma's sleeping
grandma's sleeping
no she's not
no she's not
she's dying in her beauty sleep
she's dying in her beauty sleep
almost dead... almost dead
Now we have to bury grandma...
Now we have to bury grandma...
Die in your beauty sleep
Where is grandma? It's time to eat...
Perhaps in the bathroom, trying to excrete...
She's not on the throne, where can she be?
Maybe in the living room, watching TV...
Not in here either, where did she go?
Someone find her soon, the roast is getting cold...
OK - no one panic - we musn't dispair...
I've got a feeling she's somwhere upstairs...
Now I'm getting mad - where's that senile loon?
The only place left, is in the bedroom
Open the door, hear the wretched snore...
AHAAA!!
GRANDMA'S SLEEPING
GRANDMA'S SLEEPING
NO SHE'S NOT
NO SHE'S NOT
SHE'S DYING IN HER BEAUTY SLEEP
SHE'S DYING IN HER BEAUTY SLEEP
ALMOST DEAD...... ALMOST DEAD
Now we have to bury grandma...
Now we have to bury grandma...
Now we have to bury grandma...
One of these days again, one thought´s so dominant
I set out desperately, gotta get some in the end...
[Chorus:]
I want it bad as fuck
I love it spinning ´round my brain
It´s time for another one,
my focus is always on COCAINE
I´m not the one you know, this outer shell ain´t me
I dwell in my own prison where none can look and see
You call it an affliction, part of this "rock´n´roll"
I lead the life I want to, you got a weakness of your own
You say it´s an addiction and I´m loosing my control
I´m in a vicious circle - who´ s gonna save my soul?
[Chorus:]
I´m running out of luck
I need it - gimme some cocaine!
Yeah it´s all I want
without it living ain´t the same
I want it bad as fuck
I need it spinning ´round my brain!
I´m a puppet now,
[CHORUS]
So now your feelin' like your healin' and you are the queen
Everythings perfect and worth it your life don't miss a thing
When you sniff it get lifted your on top of the world
But whens it's distant you missed it the helpless little girl
You takin' money from your family cause you cold and desperate
With no money your just a junkie but you won't accept it
You won't slow down until you end up dead or get arrested
I'd give you my heart with the diamonds encrested
It all starts with the person that your with
Anticipation as your waiting for another sniff
What some consider pain others consider a gift
They say the care about you but they don't care about shit
As your blood stream is flooding with something you've never felt
Find yourself trapped in a hell, nobody else
But I love you like I can, understand that I'm the man that took the stand and took your hand and tried to help you but once again you had a way(a way)
When I still had so much more to say
So now I pound my head and wait for my soul to take
I guess some things were just supposed to change
As you shakin' and bleedin', drippin' and sniffin' the Cocaine
[CHORUS]
So now your feelin' like your healin and you are the queen
Everythings perfect and worth it your life don't miss a thing
When you sniff it get twistid your on top of the world
But whens it's distant you missed it the helpless little girl
You takin' money from your family cause you cold and desperate
With no money your just a junkie but you won't accept it
You won't slow down until you end up dead or get arrested
I'd give you my heart with the diamonds encrested(encrested)
The search for answers have left us with mo questions
We are showed the lives but learn no lessons
I pray to God and I ask him for some mo blessin's
But it seems all the world wants to do is escape the stressin'
Above you can struggle with love will leave in unimpressed an'
Cocaine and things enter your brain your body straight infested
With such a sick, a sick death won't let you live a day
With no escape afraid to look your problems in the face
No matter how bad you hurt the ones around you or yourself
Your mind and soul(soul) is trapped inside the wishing well
And then you claim it ain't no thang and that you ain't insane
Shakin' and bleedin', drippin' and sniffin' the Cocaine
[CHORUS]
So now your feelin' like your healin' and you are the queen
Everythings perfect and worth it your life don't miss a thing
When you sniff it get lifted your on top of the world
But whens it's distant you missed it the helpless little girl
You takin' money from your family cause you cold and desperate
With no money your just a junkie but still you won't accept it
You won't slow down until you end up dead or get arrested
I'd give you my heart with the diamonds encrested(encrested)
Another night that you try to go to sleep
My eyes drip to the sky I cry and I weep
At the thought of you, so cold and alone, the anger it brings me is too much for a song
Cause I wish nothing more then for you to be ok
For my blood to overcome, fuck I wish it everyday
As I begged and I begged until my integrity vanished
The many times I bleeded for you put me in a panic
I know that when your done there will be nothing left
But a shell held bent on Cocaine and Meth
All I ask of you now is that you take a fucking step
Back to relax, understand and then accept
[CHOURUS ALSO PLAYING]
That you were more important to me then my own life
I loved you much more then the stars and the sky
I know that when you think of me you wished I'd fuckin' die
I know you lay alone in bed and ask God why
All I can tell you is that the one reason's the same
I wake up every morning just to decide on my brain
Angry is so packed and faith made things change
Children asking for money
Being out of control
Forget the suffering pain
And killing visions they feel everyday
Dispersed on the ground
They can see bodies dying all around
It's turning day into night
And preserving sickness in this end of times
Cocaine, I wanna sniff, I wanna kill
I want the hell, the blood spills
She screams bloody hallelujias
To the alter, these lungs of mine are closing in
And in her nasty dress like her mothers she falls between the skin
And the lines on her forehead
I have found my place, face down heading foward
And I can't sleep tonite, because all the lights are scaring me, there scaring me tonite
Pencil thin, walking a line, about that size
But he knows the worst to come
By the black in her eyes
I have found my place, face down heading foward
And I can't sleep tonite, because all the lights are scaring me, there scaring me tonite
But he knew what good girl was, when he saw one
I have found my place, face down heading foward
And I can't sleep tonite, because all the lights are scaring me, there scaring me tonite
If you wanna hang out you've got to take her out, cocaine.
If you wanna get down, down on the ground, cocaine.
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, cocaine.
If you got bad news, you wanna kick them blues, cocaine.
When your day is done and you wanna run, cocaine.
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, cocaine.
If your thing is gone and you wanna ride on, cocaine.
Don't forget this fact, you can't get it back, cocaine.
She don't lie, she don't lie, she don't lie, cocaine.
[Chorus:]
Pure cocaine, pure cocaine [x2]
All I ever served out in these streets is pure cocaine
[Young Cash:]
Yeah, I never thought I would be ridin dirty on I-10 just reup and flip again,
Rent a car from enterprise license proof of insurance
Speed limit 65 so I'm goin 62,
Both hands on the steering wheel drivin like a old lady do
Crackers pull me over they ain't got shit gotta let me dip,
Purple haze is all I smoke but she couldn't make it on this trip
Usaully keep a pistol too one in the chamber clip full,
Not today on I-10 it's nothing but me and redbull
Collared shirt brown slacks lookin like a business man,
Bible on the passenger side yeah I'm a christian man
Yeah I pray to god let me get these bricks back lord,
Please don't let these crackers try to search this lil ol' honda accord.
Shit I'm wide awake, I ain't sleepy so I ain't gon swerve
Told you I like to trap it when it rain I call em thunderbirds
I'm the only one touch the work so I know it's all good,
Cause I don't move nothing but, nothin but, nothin but
[Chorus x2]
[Yo gotti:]
Remember me coca'ina you like my best friend,
When I was down and fucked up you got my ass in
Far as I remember my nigga my life is full of pain,
I posted up in the snow I stood out in the rain
I laid that white on the table I watch em catch a drain,
I knew right then right there that I would never live the same
I'm like a bird myself nigga wrap me up and move me,
I got a stamp in the middle the whole hood approve me
But you can't break me down (down) you gotta sell me whole (whole),
It's a drought on real niggas you already know
I'm that ether nigga that fish scale,
You that oil base homie you don't cook well
I'm yo gotti the king and I got that young cash,
New money in a muthafuckin dufflebag
All hundreds in a sour creme ruffles bag,
Young money bitch I keep a couple hundred stashed
[Chorus x2]
[Gucci mane:]
Coca'ina heavily cooking dope excessively,
Heavy risk activity my god given ability
Hid the bricks in the 6 wait 'til they get low to?,
Shawtys start a lotta problems let her start it off with bricks
Gucci mane the dope boy point me where the jays at,
Heres a 50 slab watch my'74 to payday
Shawty want some hardball baby want some powder,
I'm so high I see stone mountain
Gucci got da birds I ain't talkin bout da falcons,
Gucci slangin birds also known as a dragon
Hundred pounds of midgrade stash that in my magnum,
Roll it to the country then them country boys I tax them
Gucci mane bastard cook dat dope faster,
Make that dope stretch like a 80 inch plasma
Coke skank dope skank smokin on my airplane,
80 in the air man bricks over here mane
Give me a taste god
I'm hollow inside
Wanna bleed from my nose
Yeah, I need it to cry
Find me on my knees praying
On the bathroom floor
In the midnight hour
I scream
More, more, more
These lies
So white
Cocaine
Cocaine
I'm dyin'
All night
Cocaine
Cocaine
Don't care what ya say man
Give me all that you got
Sold my soul down a rail
Yeah, don't want this to stop
God, I'm dying to live
Yeah, I gotta get gone
I'm all razors and mirrors
I need it
Go on gal, don’t take me for no fool
I ain’t gonna quit you, pretty mama, while the
weather’s cool
Around your back door, honey, I’m gonna creep
Just as long as you bring me two-and-a-half a week
I’ve got a girl, she works in the white folks yard
She bring me meal, I swear she brings me lard
She brings me meal, honey she brings me lard
She bring me everything honey that a girl can steal
Lord a vaudeville circus rider came to town
They got a dancer lookin’ nice and brown
They didn’t know it was against the law
For the monkey’s to stop at a five cent store
Well, just around the corner, just a minute too late
Another one standin’ at the big back gate
I’m simply wild about my good cocaine
I stood my corner, hey hey!
Here come Sal with a nose all so’
Doctors said she couldn’t smell no mo’
Lord run doctor, ring the bell
The women in the alley…
I’m simply wild about my good cocaine
Furniture man came to my house, was last Sunday morn
Asked me was my wife at home
Said she’d long been gone
Backed his wagon up to my door
Took everything I had
He carried it back to the furniture store
Honey, I did feel sad
What in the world has any man got, now
Messin’ with the furniture man?
Got no dough, stand for sho’
Certainly will back you back
Take everything from an earthly plant
From a skillet to a frying pan
If there ever was a devil born without any horns
Musta been the furniture man
I hear you mama, hey hey!
Here come Sal with a nose all so’
Doctors said she couldn’t smell no mo’
Lord go doctor, ring the bell
Women in the alley…
I’m simply wild about my good cocaine
Lord the babies in the cradle in New Orleans
The doctors kept a-whiffin’ til the baby got mean
Doctor whiffed until the baby got so’
Mama said she couldn’t smell no mo’
Lord go, Doctor, ring the bell,
The women in the alley…
I simply wild about my good cocaine
I’m simply wild about my good cocaine
[Dice: talking like Scarface]
You know what I'm saying Manny
Were going to do this, Manny
We got all type of money around here
I'm not going to lie to you Manny
This is what it's all about Manny
The girl right there
This girl is what it's all about Manny
Follow me Manny
Get the money Manny
[Verse 1:]
I've been around the world and back
So many times I've lost track
Loved by the drug lords in Africa and Iraq
Born and raised in Colombia
I traveled the seas
Most wanted by these Cuban's, cause I'm making them G's
Created by leaves
Guys with ghats protect me from thieves
See they put me to the test, cut me up with some mess
I was too powerful, but now I'm straight for the U.S
The Don Madelyn was a warrior
He shipped me on a boat to Florida
There I was met by some chick named Gloria
Who afforded me, took me to some cats that rewarded me
With the razor, they chopped me up and then they snorted me
Then they shipped me off to Atlanta
On an airplane with Manny and Tony Montana
Overheard them say some rich folks are lovin it
But they don't know I'm controlled by the government
I travel in a suitcase, and keep cool as a fridge
I've been through the white house
Plus across the Brooklyn bridge
[Chorus:]
I've traveled the world and the seven seas
Cocaine business controls America!
Cocaine business controls America!
Cocaine business controls America!
Cocaine business controls!
[Verse 2:]
I'm in 52 states at the same time, I warned ya
Arrived in California, at 6:15
By 8:15 I was into people's blood stream
They kept knocking at the door exchanging me for cream
These people chopped me
In Detroit they cooked me up and rocked me
I'm at a party getting smoked
By some Russians that play hockey
I destroyed the life of Roy Tarpley
So no more NBA, I almost had Cool J
And further more I was put here to destroy the poor
I even have them strung out, and start an all out war
See jealous niggas bring the ruckus
They snitch and give cops tips
The bustas, they found the cake of me
In the spare tire of a g-rides Cutlass
And now he up state, I roll with these thug niggas
Cause thug niggas push weight, and that's great
If you run out, re-up and you straight
A Chaldean found dead in his black mark 8
[Chorus]
[Verse 3:]
The world is mine, no competition
Been through the nose of these rich white folks
Lawyers and politicians, I'm hazardous to your condition
I got prostitutes turning tricks for me, in all positions
I made all you niggas famous, give me my props
Smoke is in and out of pawnshops
But in my game you locked up, or put in a pine box
I'm far from racist, been in plenty car chases
Don't have to call, so these drug dealers won't catch cases
I'm the boss, they should crown me the king of weight loss
My alias is white horse, bust it
They put me in a crack pipe and stuff it
CP brown, I mess around
And have more base hits then Kirby Puckett
I have the whole world in rehab
From Black, White, to Arab
I'll have your body so numb
You couldn't feel a Holyfield jab
Careless whispers, I'm ill as hurricane or twisters
Ask Richard Pryor, or the Pointer Sisters
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Eric Clapton- Cocaine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:43
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
Eric Clapton- Cocaine, from the album Slowhand.
http://wn.com/Eric_Clapton_Cocaine
Eric Clapton- Cocaine, from the album Slowhand.
Eric Clapton - Cocaine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:22
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
Eric Clapton LIVE! It's a sick song. It's basically a music video.
http://wn.com/Eric_Clapton_Cocaine
Eric Clapton LIVE! It's a sick song. It's basically a music video.
- published: 03 Oct 2006
- views: 27346802
- author: aeroterek
How Drugs Work 3/3 - Cocaine (BBC Three)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 56:47
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Documentary combining compelling real-life stories and stunning computer graphics to explore how cocaine creates its highs and its lows. Cocaine, once a drug...
http://wn.com/How_Drugs_Work_3_3_Cocaine_BBC_Three
Documentary combining compelling real-life stories and stunning computer graphics to explore how cocaine creates its highs and its lows. Cocaine, once a drug...
- published: 19 Dec 2012
- views: 18297
- author: TroublesVictims
Drugs, Inc. - The Cocaine Producer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:58
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Drugs, Inc: Crack : SUN JAN 1 8p et/pt : http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/drugs-inc Diego is a cocaine producer in the jungles of Peru, where ru...
http://wn.com/Drugs,_Inc_The_Cocaine_Producer
Drugs, Inc: Crack : SUN JAN 1 8p et/pt : http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/drugs-inc Diego is a cocaine producer in the jungles of Peru, where ru...
- published: 21 Dec 2011
- views: 564077
- author: NationalGeographic
cocaine crack-STREET SWAG SOCIETY
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
This video is about cocaine crack-STREET SWAG SOCIETY.
http://wn.com/cocaine_crack-STREET_SWAG_SOCIETY
This video is about cocaine crack-STREET SWAG SOCIETY.
- published: 07 Mar 2013
- author: todd204morfoot
Cocaine Posse Carter - Still (chopped & slowed)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:15
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
download - download the mixtape "Don't Forget The Ice 2'' for free here - beeareaydee.tumblr.com/ soundcloud.com/beeareaydee follow @itsjustcarteryo follow @...
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Posse_Carter_Still_chopped_slowed
download - download the mixtape "Don't Forget The Ice 2'' for free here - beeareaydee.tumblr.com/ soundcloud.com/beeareaydee follow @itsjustcarteryo follow @...
- published: 07 Mar 2013
- author: BeeaReADee
LOVE YOU DOWN (COVER - 1ST VERSE) - lil0N3 - original by HONEY COCAINE
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:09
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
feel'n the song so decided to do a quick raw vid of me doing the 1st verse :)
http://wn.com/LOVE_YOU_DOWN_COVER_1ST_VERSE_lil0N3_original_by_HONEY_COCAINE
feel'n the song so decided to do a quick raw vid of me doing the 1st verse :)
- published: 07 Mar 2013
- views: 2
- author: abigail aquino
Comedian Finds Cocaine in Heckler's Coat (Laughing Skull Lounge, ATL)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:14
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
I pulled a bag of cocaine out of a heckler's coat. I'm on Twitter: https://twitter.com/Adam_Newman And Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/adamnewmancomedy And...
http://wn.com/Comedian_Finds_Cocaine_in_Heckler's_Coat_Laughing_Skull_Lounge,_ATL
I pulled a bag of cocaine out of a heckler's coat. I'm on Twitter: https://twitter.com/Adam_Newman And Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/adamnewmancomedy And...
- published: 30 Nov 2012
- views: 2960661
- author: Adam Newman
[reportage] Accros à la cocaine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 59:29
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Kai Hawaii, chanteur, DJ et depuis peu écrivain, explique comment la cocaïne lui a longtemps semblé indispensable à sa création musicale. Parvenu au sommet d...
http://wn.com/_reportage_Accros_à_la_cocaine
Kai Hawaii, chanteur, DJ et depuis peu écrivain, explique comment la cocaïne lui a longtemps semblé indispensable à sa création musicale. Parvenu au sommet d...
- published: 11 Jan 2013
- views: 2839
- author: martin dupont
Bruce Parry sees how cocaine is made in the Amazon - Explore - BBC
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:09
- Updated: 27 Feb 2013
Bruce Parry spends time with workers of an illegal cocaine-making factory located deep in the heart of the Amazon jungle. Amazing footage from BBC documentar...
http://wn.com/Bruce_Parry_sees_how_cocaine_is_made_in_the_Amazon_Explore_BBC
Bruce Parry spends time with workers of an illegal cocaine-making factory located deep in the heart of the Amazon jungle. Amazing footage from BBC documentar...
- published: 09 May 2009
- views: 312131
- author: BBCExplore
Eric Clapton - "Cocaine" [Live Video Version]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:27
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
2007 WMG Eric Clapton - "Cocaine" [Live Video Version] Connect with Eric: http://www.ericclapton.com http://www.ecaccess.cc/join http://www.facebook.com/er...
http://wn.com/Eric_Clapton_Cocaine_Live_Video_Version_
2007 WMG Eric Clapton - "Cocaine" [Live Video Version] Connect with Eric: http://www.ericclapton.com http://www.ecaccess.cc/join http://www.facebook.com/er...
- published: 27 Oct 2009
- views: 3463057
- author: ericclapton
Greasy Cocaine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Updated: 04 Mar 2013
Border Wars: Rio Grande Reefer : MON JUL 9 at 9p et/pt : http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/ Border patrol agents search a car stuffed with packag...
http://wn.com/Greasy_Cocaine
Border Wars: Rio Grande Reefer : MON JUL 9 at 9p et/pt : http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/ Border patrol agents search a car stuffed with packag...
- published: 06 Jul 2012
- views: 88850
- author: NationalGeographic
Pablo Escobar - King of Cocaine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 52:00
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Incorporating never before-seen archival footage, home movies and interviews with family members, journalists and law enforcement officials, this tells the s...
http://wn.com/Pablo_Escobar_King_of_Cocaine
Incorporating never before-seen archival footage, home movies and interviews with family members, journalists and law enforcement officials, this tells the s...
- published: 22 Jan 2012
- views: 1234406
- author: HistoryFeed
Cocaine Stories
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:19
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
I tried something new. It's a little edgy but in the end it might really help people by making them aware of the realities of drugs. Watch to the end and let...
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Stories
I tried something new. It's a little edgy but in the end it might really help people by making them aware of the realities of drugs. Watch to the end and let...
- published: 06 Aug 2012
- views: 266877
- author: WoodysGamertag
Nomy - Cocaine / lyrics
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:07
- Updated: 07 Mar 2013
This is the lyrics for Nomy - Cocaine. If you don't like the lyrics i made you can also read description: NOMY - COCAINE - LYRICS You are in pain Take your l...
http://wn.com/Nomy_Cocaine_lyrics
This is the lyrics for Nomy - Cocaine. If you don't like the lyrics i made you can also read description: NOMY - COCAINE - LYRICS You are in pain Take your l...
- published: 18 Oct 2008
- views: 2681454
- author: moplip
![Alley Boy & Fat Trel - Cocaine [Dir by @BlaQstar91 ]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130307205323im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/0Pb9LqxMaVs/default.jpg "Alley Boy & Fat Trel - Cocaine [Dir by @BlaQstar91 ]")
Alley Boy & Fat Trel - Cocaine [Dir by @BlaQstar91 ]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:55
- Updated: 05 Mar 2013
Alley Boy & Fat Trel CocaineDir byblaqstar91. Fat Trel24 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 9006. 21899. Like 219 Dislike 5. Like .... Sign in to youtube. Sign in with your youtube Accountyoutube Google+ Gmail Orkut Picasa or Chrome to rate Sal Joness comment. Sign in. Remove; Report profile image; Flag for spam; Block User; Unblock User. thelastgenerationtv 3 days ago. All did it for cocaine. Reply ...
http://wn.com/Alley_Boy_Fat_Trel_Cocaine_Dir_by_@BlaQstar91_
Alley Boy & Fat Trel CocaineDir byblaqstar91. Fat Trel24 videos. Subscribe Subscribed Unsubscribe 9006. 21899. Like 219 Dislike 5. Like .... Sign in to youtube. Sign in with your youtube Accountyoutube Google+ Gmail Orkut Picasa or Chrome to rate Sal Joness comment. Sign in. Remove; Report profile image; Flag for spam; Block User; Unblock User. thelastgenerationtv 3 days ago. All did it for cocaine. Reply ...
- published: 25 Feb 2013
- views: 19922
- author: Fat Trel
How Does Cocaine Affect The Brain? - How Drugs Work, Cocaine, Preview - BBC Three
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:42
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
More about this programme: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00xwspg This CGI animated sequence demonstrates how cocaine effects the user's brain.
http://wn.com/How_Does_Cocaine_Affect_The_Brain?_How_Drugs_Work,_Cocaine,_Preview_BBC_Three
More about this programme: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00xwspg This CGI animated sequence demonstrates how cocaine effects the user's brain.
- published: 14 Jan 2011
- views: 296470
- author: BBC
Peru's cocaine industry skyrockets
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 26 Feb 2013
Peru, one of the world's leading producers and exporters of cocaine, has seen the illicit trade boom in recent years. The industry's growth has prompted the ...
http://wn.com/Peru's_cocaine_industry_skyrockets
Peru, one of the world's leading producers and exporters of cocaine, has seen the illicit trade boom in recent years. The industry's growth has prompted the ...
- published: 18 Dec 2011
- views: 41700
- author: AlJazeeraEnglish
![CRASHDIET - Cocaine Cowboys [Official Music Video]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130307205323im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/582XyRHHsrw/default.jpg "CRASHDIET - Cocaine Cowboys [Official Music Video]")
CRASHDIET - Cocaine Cowboys [Official Music Video]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:49
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
DIRECTED BY: RICK-Y http://www.rick-y.com First single off the new CRASHDÏET album "The Savage Playground" out January 22 - 2013 PRE-ORDER HERE: http://www.c...
http://wn.com/CRASHDIET_Cocaine_Cowboys_Official_Music_Video_
DIRECTED BY: RICK-Y http://www.rick-y.com First single off the new CRASHDÏET album "The Savage Playground" out January 22 - 2013 PRE-ORDER HERE: http://www.c...
- published: 21 Dec 2012
- views: 107436
- author: MrSleaze
The Internet - Cocaine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:27
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
Directed by Matt Alonzo Concept by Matt Martin & Syd Video Produced by Michael Busalacchi, Kelvin Craver & Tara Razavi (Modern Artists//Happy Place)
http://wn.com/The_Internet_Cocaine
Directed by Matt Alonzo Concept by Matt Martin & Syd Video Produced by Michael Busalacchi, Kelvin Craver & Tara Razavi (Modern Artists//Happy Place)
- published: 31 Oct 2011
- views: 1160375
- author: OFWGKTA
Cocaine, HOOKED: ILLEGAL DRUGS ep.3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 42:42
- Updated: 24 Feb 2013
History Channel, HOOKED: ILLEGAL DRUGS AND HOW THEY GOT THAT WAY HOOKED explores the world of illegal drugs, meeting with pharmacologists and scientists to l...
http://wn.com/Cocaine,_HOOKED_ILLEGAL_DRUGS_ep3
History Channel, HOOKED: ILLEGAL DRUGS AND HOW THEY GOT THAT WAY HOOKED explores the world of illegal drugs, meeting with pharmacologists and scientists to l...
- published: 02 May 2011
- views: 20384
- author: NIMBIN TELEVISION
Locked Up Abroad S06E06 - Cocaine Mule Mom
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 49:49
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
American mother Ruthie Lambert turns to drug trafficking to help make ends meet. She makes numerous successful trips smuggling cocaine out of Peru, until she...
http://wn.com/Locked_Up_Abroad_S06E06_Cocaine_Mule_Mom
American mother Ruthie Lambert turns to drug trafficking to help make ends meet. She makes numerous successful trips smuggling cocaine out of Peru, until she...
- published: 07 Jun 2012
- views: 186063
- author: Sammy Badbwoi
Honey Cocaine 'Love Coca' Official Music Video
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 06 Mar 2013
The official music video for Honey Cocaine "Love Coca."
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_'Love_Coca'_Official_Music_Video
The official music video for Honey Cocaine "Love Coca."
- published: 23 Dec 2012
- views: 18810
- author: femalerappersnet
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Keith Richards - Cocaine Blues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:17
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This is Keith's cover of the classic blues-song originally written and recorded by Luke Jordan back in 1927.
It's not the best version of the song I have heard, but it's a moving version. Enjoy.
Keith Richards: guitar and vocals (1994).
The lyrics:
well,yonder comes my baby all dressed in white
see baby gonna stay all night
cocaine all around my brain
yonder comes my baby all dressed in blue
see baby what you gonna do
cocain all around my brain
hey baby come here quick
this old cocaine is making me sick
cocain all around my brain
cocaine's for horses, its not for men
they say it'll kill you but they don't say when
cocain all around my brain
ohh baby would'nt you get here quick
this old cocaine is making me sick
cocain all around my brain
it's all around my brain
http://wn.com/Keith_Richards_Cocaine_Blues
This is Keith's cover of the classic blues-song originally written and recorded by Luke Jordan back in 1927.
It's not the best version of the song I have heard, but it's a moving version. Enjoy.
Keith Richards: guitar and vocals (1994).
The lyrics:
well,yonder comes my baby all dressed in white
see baby gonna stay all night
cocaine all around my brain
yonder comes my baby all dressed in blue
see baby what you gonna do
cocain all around my brain
hey baby come here quick
this old cocaine is making me sick
cocain all around my brain
cocaine's for horses, its not for men
they say it'll kill you but they don't say when
cocain all around my brain
ohh baby would'nt you get here quick
this old cocaine is making me sick
cocain all around my brain
it's all around my brain
- published: 06 Mar 2010
- views: 1738557
- author: rockhoundkiller
Keith Richards Blood Brother Eric Clapton Crossroads
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Blood Brother Eric Clapton Keith Richards 1986
The Ritz, NYC - 23rd November, 1986, but KR don´t play in this song.
Eric Clapton: guitar & vocals
Steve Ferrone: drums
Nathan East: bass
Greg Phillinganes: keyboards
Special Guest: Keith Richards
01 - Crossroads
02 - White Room
03 - I Shot The Sheriff
04 - Wanna Make Love To You
05 - It's In The Way You Use It
06 - Run
07 - Miss You
08 - Same Old Blues
01 - Tearing Us Apart
02 - Holy Mother
03 - Badge
04 - Let It Rain
05 - Cocaine
06 - Layla
07 - Sunshine Of Your Love
08 - Further On Up The Road
http://wn.com/Keith_Richards_Blood_Brother_Eric_Clapton_Crossroads
Blood Brother Eric Clapton Keith Richards 1986
The Ritz, NYC - 23rd November, 1986, but KR don´t play in this song.
Eric Clapton: guitar & vocals
Steve Ferrone: drums
Nathan East: bass
Greg Phillinganes: keyboards
Special Guest: Keith Richards
01 - Crossroads
02 - White Room
03 - I Shot The Sheriff
04 - Wanna Make Love To You
05 - It's In The Way You Use It
06 - Run
07 - Miss You
08 - Same Old Blues
01 - Tearing Us Apart
02 - Holy Mother
03 - Badge
04 - Let It Rain
05 - Cocaine
06 - Layla
07 - Sunshine Of Your Love
08 - Further On Up The Road
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 36681
- author: rockhoundkiller
HANK WILLIAMS III - Cocaine Blues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:00
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Song written by T.J. "Red" Arnall | Hank III and The Damn Band | February 18, 2009 | Austin, Texas | Emos | www.hank3.com | www.myspace.com/hank3
http://wn.com/HANK_WILLIAMS_III_Cocaine_Blues
Song written by T.J. "Red" Arnall | Hank III and The Damn Band | February 18, 2009 | Austin, Texas | Emos | www.hank3.com | www.myspace.com/hank3
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 120154
- author: rockhoundkiller
Kris Kristofferson & Waylon Jennings - Chase the Feeling
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
1995
http://wn.com/Kris_Kristofferson_Waylon_Jennings_Chase_the_Feeling
Gov't Mule - Beautifully Broken
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:26
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Gov't Mule playing Beautifully Broken live in Cologne(Germany).
http://wn.com/Gov't_Mule_Beautifully_Broken
Gov't Mule playing Beautifully Broken live in Cologne(Germany).
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 571398
- author: rockhoundkiller
Worried Down With the Blues- Gov't Mule
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 8:46
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
My favorite studio recording from the mule. would love to hear it live some day.
http://wn.com/Worried_Down_With_the_Blues_Gov't_Mule
My favorite studio recording from the mule. would love to hear it live some day.
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 26661
- author: rockhoundkiller
Waylon Jennings I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
waylon jennings im so lonesome i could cry.
http://wn.com/Waylon_Jennings_I'm_So_Lonesome_I_Could_Cry
waylon jennings im so lonesome i could cry.
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 82655
- author: rockhoundkiller
Waylon Jennings Waymore's Blues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Waylon Jennings Waymore's Blues
http://wn.com/Waylon_Jennings_Waymore's_Blues
Neil Young - Long may you run
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Neil Young - Long may you run
http://wn.com/Neil_Young_Long_may_you_run
Neil Young - Cinnamon Girl
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Neil Young - Cinnamon Girl
I felt there needed to be a studio version up on Youtube for people to listen to.
Song is property of Neil Young and Affiliating Record Companies I don't own the song or album artwork
Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for fair use for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
http://wn.com/Neil_Young_Cinnamon_Girl
Neil Young - Cinnamon Girl
I felt there needed to be a studio version up on Youtube for people to listen to.
Song is property of Neil Young and Affiliating Record Companies I don't own the song or album artwork
Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for fair use for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 1906777
- author: rockhoundkiller
LOST HIGHWAY by Hank Williams
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:42
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
LOST HIGHWAY by Hank Williams. Written by Leon Payne
"Lost Highway", often assumed to have come from Hank's pen, was written by Leon Payne...
Payne was a blind musician who worked out of Jerry Irby's nightclub in Houston and guested on the Hayride and the Opry. His original version... had been released on the Nashville-based Bullet label in October 1948.
Colin Escott, Hank Williams - The Biography, Boston, 1995, p. 98.
MYRTIE (Mrs. Leon) PAYNE:
In the early days of Leon's career, he hitchhiked from one place to another, finding jobs wherever he could. Once he was in Califonia hitchhiking to Alba, Texas, to visit his sick mother. He was unable to get a ride and finally got help from the Salvation Army. It was while he was waiting for help that he wrote this song.
Telephone interview, Dec 20, 1972; reprinted in Dorothy Horstman, Sing Your Heart Out, Country Boy, New York, 1976, p. 368.
http://wn.com/LOST_HIGHWAY_by_Hank_Williams
LOST HIGHWAY by Hank Williams. Written by Leon Payne
"Lost Highway", often assumed to have come from Hank's pen, was written by Leon Payne...
Payne was a blind musician who worked out of Jerry Irby's nightclub in Houston and guested on the Hayride and the Opry. His original version... had been released on the Nashville-based Bullet label in October 1948.
Colin Escott, Hank Williams - The Biography, Boston, 1995, p. 98.
MYRTIE (Mrs. Leon) PAYNE:
In the early days of Leon's career, he hitchhiked from one place to another, finding jobs wherever he could. Once he was in Califonia hitchhiking to Alba, Texas, to visit his sick mother. He was unable to get a ride and finally got help from the Salvation Army. It was while he was waiting for help that he wrote this song.
Telephone interview, Dec 20, 1972; reprinted in Dorothy Horstman, Sing Your Heart Out, Country Boy, New York, 1976, p. 368.
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 984960
- author: rockhoundkiller
Hank Williams: Lovesick Blues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The best country song ever!
http://wn.com/Hank_Williams_Lovesick_Blues
Wayne Hancock - Lost Highway (Hank Williams Cover)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:12
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Live at Lee's Liquor Lounge, Minneapolis. 10-24-08
http://wn.com/Wayne_Hancock_Lost_Highway_Hank_Williams_Cover
Live at Lee's Liquor Lounge, Minneapolis. 10-24-08
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 41213
- author: rockhoundkiller
Hank III Low Down
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:25
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Hank Williams III - Low Down (Straight To Hell)
http://wn.com/Hank_III_Low_Down
Hank Williams III - Low Down (Straight To Hell)
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 159443
- author: rockhoundkiller
Jimi Hendrix plays Hey Joe with his teeth
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Jimi Hendrix plays Hey Joe with his teeth
http://wn.com/Jimi_Hendrix_plays_Hey_Joe_with_his_teeth
Jimi Hendrix plays Hey Joe with his teeth
- published: 07 Jun 2010
- views: 138010
- author: rockhoundkiller
Muddy Waters - Champagne & Reefer
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:37
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Mr. Morganfield
Yeah bring me champagne when I'm thirsty.
Bring me reefer when I want to get high.
Yeah bring me champagne when I'm thirsty.
Bring me reefer when I want to get high.
Well you know when I'm lonely
Bring my woman set her right down here by my side.
Well you know there should be no law
on people that want to smoke a little dope.
Well you know there should be no law
on people that want to smoke a little dope.
Well you know it's good for your head
And it relax your body don't you know.
Everytime I get high
I lay my head down on my baby's breast.
Well you know I lay down be quiet
Tryin' to take my rest.
Well you know she done hug and kiss me
Says Muddy your one man that I love the best.
I'm gonna get high
Gonna get high just as sure as you know my name.
Y'know I'm gonna get so high this morning
It's going to be a cryin' shame.
Well you know I'm gonna stick with my reefer
Ain't gonna be messin' round with no cocaine.
http://wn.com/Muddy_Waters_Champagne_Reefer
Mr. Morganfield
Yeah bring me champagne when I'm thirsty.
Bring me reefer when I want to get high.
Yeah bring me champagne when I'm thirsty.
Bring me reefer when I want to get high.
Well you know when I'm lonely
Bring my woman set her right down here by my side.
Well you know there should be no law
on people that want to smoke a little dope.
Well you know there should be no law
on people that want to smoke a little dope.
Well you know it's good for your head
And it relax your body don't you know.
Everytime I get high
I lay my head down on my baby's breast.
Well you know I lay down be quiet
Tryin' to take my rest.
Well you know she done hug and kiss me
Says Muddy your one man that I love the best.
I'm gonna get high
Gonna get high just as sure as you know my name.
Y'know I'm gonna get so high this morning
It's going to be a cryin' shame.
Well you know I'm gonna stick with my reefer
Ain't gonna be messin' round with no cocaine.
- published: 07 Jun 2010
- views: 1777011
- author: rockhoundkiller
Waylon Jennings - Slow Rollin' Low *Live*
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Waylon Jennings - Slow Rollin' Low - From Waylon Live - Expanded Addition -Written By Billy Joe Shaver
http://wn.com/Waylon_Jennings_Slow_Rollin'_Low_*Live*
Waylon Jennings - Slow Rollin' Low - From Waylon Live - Expanded Addition -Written By Billy Joe Shaver
- published: 07 Jun 2010
- views: 69325
- author: rockhoundkiller
Those Poor Bastards: Black Sheep: Deep Blues Festival II
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:47
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Satan is Watching You. Those Poor Bastards are from Madison, WI, USA.
"Those Poor Bastards Are the best Gothic Country I have heard yet to this day. The depressing gloomy vocals coming out of this drifter named Lonesome Wyatt has hints of Marilyn Manson to Nick Cave, Throwrag and maybe even a hint of a demented Adam Ant with a shot of a Pilled Up Johnny Cash... And the Minister is backing up Lonesome Wyatt with a style that is a cross between erie strung out folk music with a creepy blend of The Nightmare Before Christmas!!!!!!!!!" -Hank Williams III
Those Poor Bastards play miserable and primitive old-time gothic country music. Lonesome Wyatt (guitar, vocals) and The Minister (banjo, bass, etc) are both legally certified holiness preachers. If you're looking for slick, overproduced, commercial songs, you'd better cover your delicate little ears. Those Poor Bastards play it raw and they play it mean. Be a pal and support independent anti corporate country music.
http://wn.com/Those_Poor_Bastards_Black_Sheep_Deep_Blues_Festival_II
Satan is Watching You. Those Poor Bastards are from Madison, WI, USA.
"Those Poor Bastards Are the best Gothic Country I have heard yet to this day. The depressing gloomy vocals coming out of this drifter named Lonesome Wyatt has hints of Marilyn Manson to Nick Cave, Throwrag and maybe even a hint of a demented Adam Ant with a shot of a Pilled Up Johnny Cash... And the Minister is backing up Lonesome Wyatt with a style that is a cross between erie strung out folk music with a creepy blend of The Nightmare Before Christmas!!!!!!!!!" -Hank Williams III
Those Poor Bastards play miserable and primitive old-time gothic country music. Lonesome Wyatt (guitar, vocals) and The Minister (banjo, bass, etc) are both legally certified holiness preachers. If you're looking for slick, overproduced, commercial songs, you'd better cover your delicate little ears. Those Poor Bastards play it raw and they play it mean. Be a pal and support independent anti corporate country music.
- published: 07 Jun 2010
- views: 12150
- author: rockhoundkiller
Those Poor Bastards - I Walk The Line (Johnny Cash cover).wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:35
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Those_Poor_Bastards_I_Walk_The_Line_Johnny_Cash_coverwmv
the 357 String Band - Cocaine Habit Blues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
LIVE AT FEEL GOOD FESTIVAL 2006!
http://wn.com/the_357_String_Band_Cocaine_Habit_Blues
Chuck Berry - Reelin and Rockin
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:21
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
London 1972
http://wn.com/Chuck_Berry_Reelin_and_Rockin
Jerry Lee Lewis - The Wild One (From "Legends of Rock 'n' Roll" DVD)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
For more info -
http://www.eagle-rock.com/artist/393DC1/Jerry+Lee+Lewis
This amazing concert brings together some of the true pioneers of rock 'n' roll music including Bo Diddley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, James Brown, Fats Domino and B.B.King. Recorded in Italy in 1989 it features these legendary artists in performance of their best loved tracks such as Papa's Got A Brand New Bag, Bo Diddley, Great Balls Of Fire, Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On and Blueberry Hill. At the end of the concert all the performers come together for all-star jam that leaves the audience hollering for more. It's a rare event indeed that brings so many great live performers together on one bill and this DVD captures the real excitement of the evening.
http://wn.com/Jerry_Lee_Lewis_The_Wild_One_From_Legends_of_Rock_'n'_Roll_DVD
For more info -
http://www.eagle-rock.com/artist/393DC1/Jerry+Lee+Lewis
This amazing concert brings together some of the true pioneers of rock 'n' roll music including Bo Diddley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Little Richard, James Brown, Fats Domino and B.B.King. Recorded in Italy in 1989 it features these legendary artists in performance of their best loved tracks such as Papa's Got A Brand New Bag, Bo Diddley, Great Balls Of Fire, Whole Lotta Shakin' Goin' On and Blueberry Hill. At the end of the concert all the performers come together for all-star jam that leaves the audience hollering for more. It's a rare event indeed that brings so many great live performers together on one bill and this DVD captures the real excitement of the evening.
- published: 07 Jun 2010
- views: 960887
- author: rockhoundkiller
B.B. King Three 3 O'clock Blues
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:12
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
If I can just play like that....
Blues can't get any better than this...
http://wn.com/BB_King_Three_3_O'clock_Blues
If I can just play like that....
Blues can't get any better than this...
- published: 07 Jun 2010
- views: 444972
- author: rockhoundkiller
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Dillinger - Cool Operator
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - Cool Operator
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Cool_Operator
Dillinger - War is Over
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:50
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Dillinger_War_is_Over
Dillinger-Natty Kung Fu
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:02
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Classic Reggae.
http://wn.com/Dillinger-Natty_Kung_Fu
Dillinger - Flat Foot Hustling (Reggae)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - Flat Foot Hustling
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Flat_Foot_Hustling_Reggae
Dillinger - Crabs In My Pants
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:56
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - Crabs In My Pants
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Crabs_In_My_Pants
Dillinger - Cocaine In My Brain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:12
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Cocaine In My Brain: Anthology
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Cocaine_In_My_Brain
Dillinger - 'CB 200' - 1978 45rpm
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - CB 200
Well Charge JA
http://wn.com/Dillinger_'CB_200'_1978_45rpm
Dillinger - Jah Love
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 7:39
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - Jah Love
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Jah_Love
H.S.K. presents: Dillinger - Marijuana in my Brain
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - Marijuana in my Brain
May contain errors, but I was to stoned to fix it.
http://wn.com/HSK_presents_Dillinger_Marijuana_in_my_Brain
Dillinger - Marijuana in my Brain
May contain errors, but I was to stoned to fix it.
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 12372
- author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - The Fool And His Money (Reggae)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:26
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - The Fool And His Money
http://wn.com/Dillinger_The_Fool_And_His_Money_Reggae
Dillinger - Answer Mi Question
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:18
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - Answer Mi Question
Top Tune from a fantastic deejay.
Lots more on the way...........
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Answer_Mi_Question
Dillinger - Answer Mi Question
Top Tune from a fantastic deejay.
Lots more on the way...........
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 19416
- author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Ragnampiza
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:07
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Some Great CHANNEL ONE Sounds
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Ragnampiza
Dillinger - Natty Dread A The Ruler (Reggae)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - Natty Dread A The Ruler
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Natty_Dread_A_The_Ruler_Reggae
Dillinger - Funky Punk
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:50
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - Funky Punk
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Funky_Punk
49. Dillinger & Sugar Minott - Dread Call Fred - Mikie Dread Tv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:34
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
This tune came out in 1979 with Dillinger written all over it. the intro is flawed due to a terrible master tape but dont watch that, this is a genuine feel good riddim. I sang this at school, at swimming, at disco's, in the bath....... anyway, the record came out on the Jamaica Sounds label, a highly sort after catalog of quality reggae artists including Jah Whoosh, Errol Dunkley, Dennis Brown and Johnny Clarke.
r.i.p Sugar Minott
Mikie Dread Tv
http://wn.com/49_Dillinger_Sugar_Minott_Dread_Call_Fred_Mikie_Dread_Tv
This tune came out in 1979 with Dillinger written all over it. the intro is flawed due to a terrible master tape but dont watch that, this is a genuine feel good riddim. I sang this at school, at swimming, at disco's, in the bath....... anyway, the record came out on the Jamaica Sounds label, a highly sort after catalog of quality reggae artists including Jah Whoosh, Errol Dunkley, Dennis Brown and Johnny Clarke.
r.i.p Sugar Minott
Mikie Dread Tv
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 15979
- author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Loving Pauper
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:08
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Better known for the Dennis Brown version, this comes to youtube by special request!
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Loving_Pauper
Better known for the Dennis Brown version, this comes to youtube by special request!
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 21275
- author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Rockers
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:50
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Cocaine Riddim. enjoy !
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Rockers
Dillinger - Cornbread
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - "Cornbread" from Cornbread
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Cornbread
Dillinger - Youth Man
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
From the killer LP "Cornbread"
1978
(from wikipedia)
As a young man growing up in Kingston, Dillinger would hang around Dennis Alcapone's El Paso sound system. This exposure would eventually lead to work in 1971, as a deejay on the Prince Jackie and El Paso sound systems, initially influenced by Big Youth, U Roy, and Dennis Alcapone, and performing as "Dennis Alcapone Jr.".
The first record producer he worked with was Lee "Scratch" Perry, who decided that Bullocks should change his name to Dillinger, after gangster John Dillinger. He was part of the second wave of deejay toasters who rose to prominence during the mid 1970s. In 1974, he recorded "Freshly" for Yabby You, and 1975 saw a slew of releases for a variety of producers including Augustus Pablo ("Brace a Boy"), Joseph Hoo Kim ("CB 200") and Coxsone Dodd ("Killer Man Jaro").[1] Albums for Dodd (Ready Natty Dreadie) and Hoo Kim (CB 200 and Bionic Dread) would soon follow.
His hit "Cokane In My Brain" which relied heavily on the main tune from "Do It Anyway You Wanna" by The People's Choice was hugely popular internationally, prompting a follow-up in a similar vein, "Marijuana In My Brain", which was a number 1 hit in the Netherlands. His output dropped somewhat in the mid 1980s but he returned to recording in the early 1990s. On September 17 2008, the Mars Volta covered this song during a concert at the Hammerstien Ballroom.
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Youth_Man
From the killer LP "Cornbread"
1978
(from wikipedia)
As a young man growing up in Kingston, Dillinger would hang around Dennis Alcapone's El Paso sound system. This exposure would eventually lead to work in 1971, as a deejay on the Prince Jackie and El Paso sound systems, initially influenced by Big Youth, U Roy, and Dennis Alcapone, and performing as "Dennis Alcapone Jr.".
The first record producer he worked with was Lee "Scratch" Perry, who decided that Bullocks should change his name to Dillinger, after gangster John Dillinger. He was part of the second wave of deejay toasters who rose to prominence during the mid 1970s. In 1974, he recorded "Freshly" for Yabby You, and 1975 saw a slew of releases for a variety of producers including Augustus Pablo ("Brace a Boy"), Joseph Hoo Kim ("CB 200") and Coxsone Dodd ("Killer Man Jaro").[1] Albums for Dodd (Ready Natty Dreadie) and Hoo Kim (CB 200 and Bionic Dread) would soon follow.
His hit "Cokane In My Brain" which relied heavily on the main tune from "Do It Anyway You Wanna" by The People's Choice was hugely popular internationally, prompting a follow-up in a similar vein, "Marijuana In My Brain", which was a number 1 hit in the Netherlands. His output dropped somewhat in the mid 1980s but he returned to recording in the early 1990s. On September 17 2008, the Mars Volta covered this song during a concert at the Hammerstien Ballroom.
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 9268
- author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Marcus Garvey
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:37
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger-"Marcus Garvey" from Cornbread
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Marcus_Garvey
Dillinger - Warrior
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - "Warrior" from Cornbread
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Warrior
Dillinger - Leggo Violence
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:48
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger - Leggo Violence
http://wn.com/Dillinger_Leggo_Violence
Dillinger & The Upsetters - Tighten Up Skank
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:43
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Dillinger & The Upsetters - Tighten Up Skank
http://wn.com/Dillinger_The_Upsetters_Tighten_Up_Skank
Dillinger & The Upsetters - Tighten Up Skank
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 9703
- author: antonio ortiz
Send this Playlist by SMS
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Honey Cocaine - Thug Life
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:29
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Honey Cocaine - Thug Life (Prod. by DJ Mustard)
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_Thug_Life
Honey Cocaine - Thug Life (Prod. by DJ Mustard)
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 82836
- author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine - Rice Schwag Militia
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:14
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Going ham like bread.
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_Rice_Schwag_Militia
Honey Cocaine - Rack City (FREESTYLE)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_Rack_City_FREESTYLE
![Too Pussy To - Honey Cocaine[Free Download][Lyrics]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130307205323im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/z6aEUhipE48/default.jpg "Too Pussy To - Honey Cocaine[Free Download][Lyrics]")
Too Pussy To - Honey Cocaine[Free Download][Lyrics]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:24
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Free Download No Survey - http://bit.ly/xFj2kR
Lyrics -
Chorus:
fuck your feelings bitch! Ha ha ha
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I ain't never been a pussy, I tell what the deal is
These bitches always bein some idiots and they still is
If you ain't feel this, homie it's a sign then, that
You ain't fucking with me, bitch, i ain't got the time then!
I'm getting my friend, what ya ass waiting for
i tell these haters hating honey and the way to go
And fucked up a real bitch repping gold gang
You ain't get it O.D on the cocaine
Chorus:
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
Find More lyrics at www.sweetslyrics.com
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I ain't never been fake, yo it's always been a hunred kidd
Bitches commin on my hand, just cuz I ain't a sunne bitch
so get the fuck up a bitch keep ya way down
I'm not in the game looking lie my playground.
Me and the homies got the money to the ceiling
All the swag with the feeling
Cuz a bitch try stealing
I came here to make a killin
What the fuck ya ass know?
Been ghost,wait then my ass go,ass go
Bitches waiting for me! Still waiting for me
Bitches waiting for me! Still waiting for me
X2
Been waiting for me!
Chorus:
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
Honey cocaine bitch 416
I do not own the rights to this song. Using under fair use by the Copyright Disclaimer, Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for 'fair use' for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
http://wn.com/Too_Pussy_To_Honey_Cocaine_Free_Download_Lyrics_
Free Download No Survey - http://bit.ly/xFj2kR
Lyrics -
Chorus:
fuck your feelings bitch! Ha ha ha
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I ain't never been a pussy, I tell what the deal is
These bitches always bein some idiots and they still is
If you ain't feel this, homie it's a sign then, that
You ain't fucking with me, bitch, i ain't got the time then!
I'm getting my friend, what ya ass waiting for
i tell these haters hating honey and the way to go
And fucked up a real bitch repping gold gang
You ain't get it O.D on the cocaine
Chorus:
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
Find More lyrics at www.sweetslyrics.com
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I ain't never been fake, yo it's always been a hunred kidd
Bitches commin on my hand, just cuz I ain't a sunne bitch
so get the fuck up a bitch keep ya way down
I'm not in the game looking lie my playground.
Me and the homies got the money to the ceiling
All the swag with the feeling
Cuz a bitch try stealing
I came here to make a killin
What the fuck ya ass know?
Been ghost,wait then my ass go,ass go
Bitches waiting for me! Still waiting for me
Bitches waiting for me! Still waiting for me
X2
Been waiting for me!
Chorus:
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
Honey cocaine bitch 416
I do not own the rights to this song. Using under fair use by the Copyright Disclaimer, Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for 'fair use' for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 111259
- author: Haley Ranger
Unrealeased HONEY COCAINE Mix
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 6:10
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
I FOUND A BUNCH OF DEZE HONEY COCAINE TRACKZ & PUT THEM 2GETHER MYSELF!
http://wn.com/Unrealeased_HONEY_COCAINE_Mix
I FOUND A BUNCH OF DEZE HONEY COCAINE TRACKZ & PUT THEM 2GETHER MYSELF!
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 190406
- author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine- Yo Own Thang
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:22
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
#fuckYoFeelings Vol. 1
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_Yo_Own_Thang
4. Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine #FuckYoFeelings
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:06
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
All rights belong to the artist.
http://wn.com/4_Waiting_Outside_Honey_Cocaine_FuckYoFeelings
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
All rights belong to the artist.
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 53428
- author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine - In The Ghetto
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:52
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://youtube.com/user/HoneyLKCocaine
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_In_The_Ghetto
Honey Cocaine - I'm Yours (Lyrics)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:32
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Honey Cocaine - I'm Yours (Lyrics)
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_I'm_Yours_Lyrics
Honey Cocaine - Just Wanna Escape
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:47
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Honey Cocaine - Just Wanna Escape
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_Just_Wanna_Escape
Honey Cocaine - I Don't Give A Fuck (Official Video)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:46
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Honey Cocaine. Last Kings. 2011 Music Video
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_I_Don't_Give_A_Fuck_Official_Video
Honey Cocaine. Last Kings. 2011 Music Video
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 444714
- author: Haley Ranger
HONEY COCAINE - FORGET ABOUT YOU (FT. NICOLE).wmv
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:16
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://bellezzajustice.wordpress.com/ http://www.labellasoul.blogspot.com
http://wn.com/HONEY_COCAINE_FORGET_ABOUT_YOU_FT_NICOLEwmv
http://bellezzajustice.wordpress.com/ http://www.labellasoul.blogspot.com
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 28536
- author: Haley Ranger
![Tyga - Heisman Part 2 (Ft. Honey Cocaine) [OFFICIAL VIDEO]](http://web.archive.org./web/20130307205323im_/http://i.ytimg.com/vi/5bGD2cDURVY/default.jpg "Tyga - Heisman Part 2 (Ft. Honey Cocaine) [OFFICIAL VIDEO]")
Tyga - Heisman Part 2 (Ft. Honey Cocaine) [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:04
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
For more new music:
Like us on Facebook: http://Facebook.com/DailyNewMusic
Follow us on Twitter: http://Twitter.com/OfficialDNHH
-----
Tyga feat Honey Cocaine - Heisman Part 2 [Official Video]
Tyga - Heisman Pt. 2
Tyga - Heisman Part 2
Tyga - Heisman Pt. 2
http://wn.com/Tyga_Heisman_Part_2_Ft_Honey_Cocaine_OFFICIAL_VIDEO_
For more new music:
Like us on Facebook: http://Facebook.com/DailyNewMusic
Follow us on Twitter: http://Twitter.com/OfficialDNHH
-----
Tyga feat Honey Cocaine - Heisman Part 2 [Official Video]
Tyga - Heisman Pt. 2
Tyga - Heisman Part 2
Tyga - Heisman Pt. 2
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 16093234
- author: Haley Ranger
Tyga Careless World TV Episode 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:53
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Tyga_Careless_World_TV_Episode_4
Honey Cocaine - Iunno You
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Follow Honey Cocaine On Twitter ; @HoneyLKCocaine
Follow Me On Twitter ; @_Payasa
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_Iunno_You
Follow Honey Cocaine On Twitter ; @HoneyLKCocaine
Follow Me On Twitter ; @_Payasa
- published: 05 Jul 2012
- views: 172363
- author: Haley Ranger
Tyga Careless World TV Episode 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:22
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Tyga_Careless_World_TV_Episode_5
Fck Yur Feelings - Honey Cocaine
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:21
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
http://wn.com/Fck_Yur_Feelings_Honey_Cocaine
Honey Cocaine- B*tch Please
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
#FuckYoFeelings Vol. 1
http://wn.com/Honey_Cocaine_B*tch_Please
Send this Playlist by SMS
Email this Page
Cocaine Cowboys - N.O.R.E. - (banned on myspace)
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 4:19
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
**this video has been banned on myspace**
NORE with some 'dope' shit...
Cocaine Cowboys on DVD now..GO COP
buy it here:
http://www.amazon.com/Cocaine-Cowboys-Kelly-Hughes/dp/B000KLQUUS
Coming Soon: Cocaine Cowboys II: The Godmother Returns
myspace.com/cocainecowboys
myspace.com/nore
directed by David Rousseau
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_NORE_banned_on_myspace
**this video has been banned on myspace**
NORE with some 'dope' shit...
Cocaine Cowboys on DVD now..GO COP
buy it here:
http://www.amazon.com/Cocaine-Cowboys-Kelly-Hughes/dp/B000KLQUUS
Coming Soon: Cocaine Cowboys II: The Godmother Returns
myspace.com/cocainecowboys
myspace.com/nore
directed by David Rousseau
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 875621
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Jon's Money
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:36
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Clip from rakontur's documentary 'Cocaine Cowboys' -- now available for sale on DVD
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_Jon's_Money
Clip from rakontur's documentary 'Cocaine Cowboys' -- now available for sale on DVD
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 19478
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Murder Montage
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:03
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Clip from rakontur's documentary 'Cocaine Cowboys' -- now available for sale on DVD
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_Murder_Montage
Clip from rakontur's documentary 'Cocaine Cowboys' -- now available for sale on DVD
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 6670
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Chucho Hit
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:38
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
ONLY IN THEATERS OCTOBER 27, 2006
The cocaine trade of the 70s and 80s had an indelible impact on contemporary Miami. Smugglers and distributors forever changed a once sleepy retirement community into one of the world's most glamorous hot spots, the epicenter of a $20 billion annual business fed by Colombia's Medellin cartel. By the early 80s, Miami's tripled homicide rate had made it the murder capital of the country, for which a Time cover story dubbed the city "Paradise Lost."
With COCAINE COWBOYS, filmmaker Billy Corben -- whose first feature, Raw Deal: A Question Of Consent, caused a sensation at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival -- paints a dazzling portrait of a cultural explosion that still echoes as Hollywood myth, evidenced by the latest manifestation, NBC/Universal's Miami Vice, opening July 28th. Composer of the original "Miami Vice" theme, Jan Hammer, provides the score.
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_Chucho_Hit
ONLY IN THEATERS OCTOBER 27, 2006
The cocaine trade of the 70s and 80s had an indelible impact on contemporary Miami. Smugglers and distributors forever changed a once sleepy retirement community into one of the world's most glamorous hot spots, the epicenter of a $20 billion annual business fed by Colombia's Medellin cartel. By the early 80s, Miami's tripled homicide rate had made it the murder capital of the country, for which a Time cover story dubbed the city "Paradise Lost."
With COCAINE COWBOYS, filmmaker Billy Corben -- whose first feature, Raw Deal: A Question Of Consent, caused a sensation at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival -- paints a dazzling portrait of a cultural explosion that still echoes as Hollywood myth, evidenced by the latest manifestation, NBC/Universal's Miami Vice, opening July 28th. Composer of the original "Miami Vice" theme, Jan Hammer, provides the score.
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 45086
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Drugs Everywhere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:30
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
ONLY IN THEATERS OCTOBER 27, 2006
The cocaine trade of the 70s and 80s had an indelible impact on contemporary Miami. Smugglers and distributors forever changed a once sleepy retirement community into one of the world's most glamorous hot spots, the epicenter of a $20 billion annual business fed by Colombia's Medellin cartel. By the early 80s, Miami's tripled homicide rate had made it the murder capital of the country, for which a Time cover story dubbed the city "Paradise Lost."
With COCAINE COWBOYS, filmmaker Billy Corben -- whose first feature, Raw Deal: A Question Of Consent, caused a sensation at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival -- paints a dazzling portrait of a cultural explosion that still echoes as Hollywood myth, evidenced by the latest manifestation, NBC/Universal's Miami Vice, opening July 28th. Composer of the original "Miami Vice" theme, Jan Hammer, provides the score.
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_Drugs_Everywhere
ONLY IN THEATERS OCTOBER 27, 2006
The cocaine trade of the 70s and 80s had an indelible impact on contemporary Miami. Smugglers and distributors forever changed a once sleepy retirement community into one of the world's most glamorous hot spots, the epicenter of a $20 billion annual business fed by Colombia's Medellin cartel. By the early 80s, Miami's tripled homicide rate had made it the murder capital of the country, for which a Time cover story dubbed the city "Paradise Lost."
With COCAINE COWBOYS, filmmaker Billy Corben -- whose first feature, Raw Deal: A Question Of Consent, caused a sensation at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival -- paints a dazzling portrait of a cultural explosion that still echoes as Hollywood myth, evidenced by the latest manifestation, NBC/Universal's Miami Vice, opening July 28th. Composer of the original "Miami Vice" theme, Jan Hammer, provides the score.
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 80937
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Money in Miami
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:11
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Cocaine Cowboys is available on DVD NOW
Cocaine Cowboys 2: Hustlin'
DVD IN STORES NOW!!!!
GO COP
Best Buy, Target, Walmart.com, Netflix, Blockbuster, etc..
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_Money_in_Miami
Cocaine Cowboys is available on DVD NOW
Cocaine Cowboys 2: Hustlin'
DVD IN STORES NOW!!!!
GO COP
Best Buy, Target, Walmart.com, Netflix, Blockbuster, etc..
- published: 23 Jun 2010
- views: 5100
- author: rakontur
CC - Clip Reel - Cocaine Cowboys
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 5:00
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Clip Reel from the Documentary 'Cocaine Cowboys'
http://wn.com/CC_Clip_Reel_Cocaine_Cowboys
Clip Reel from the Documentary 'Cocaine Cowboys'
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 14704
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - The Bootleggers - Streets of Miami Episode 1
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The Carol City Flea Market
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_The_Bootleggers_Streets_of_Miami_Episode_1
The Carol City Flea Market
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 116114
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - The Barbershop - Streets of Miami Episode 2
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 1:58
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
At Forensic Cutz Barbershop - Miami-Dade County, FL
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_The_Barbershop_Streets_of_Miami_Episode_2
At Forensic Cutz Barbershop - Miami-Dade County, FL
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 65784
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Trick Daddy - Streets of Miami Episode 3
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:38
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
An interview with homegrown rapper Trick Daddy at his Carol City studio - Miami-Dade County, FL
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_Trick_Daddy_Streets_of_Miami_Episode_3
An interview with homegrown rapper Trick Daddy at his Carol City studio - Miami-Dade County, FL
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 277823
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Pitbull - Streets of Miami Episode 4
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:10
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Miami's own Cuban hero Pitbull comments on the Cocaine Cowboys phenonmenon....
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_Pitbull_Streets_of_Miami_Episode_4
Miami's own Cuban hero Pitbull comments on the Cocaine Cowboys phenonmenon....
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 156738
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - DJ Khaled- Streets of Miami Episode 5
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:08
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The voice of Miami, DJ Khaled, speaks on the Cocaine Cowboys phenomenon @ the carol city flea market (Miami-Dade, FL)
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_DJ_Khaled_Streets_of_Miami_Episode_5
The voice of Miami, DJ Khaled, speaks on the Cocaine Cowboys phenomenon @ the carol city flea market (Miami-Dade, FL)
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 167440
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Smitty - Streets of Miami Episode 6
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:13
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Miami-Dade rapper Smitty speaks on the movie Cocaine Cowboys and about the diamonds on his neck
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_Smitty_Streets_of_Miami_Episode_6
Miami-Dade rapper Smitty speaks on the movie Cocaine Cowboys and about the diamonds on his neck
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 48103
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Prince Markie Dee - Streets of Miami Episode 7
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:33
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Former Fat Boys member, 'Disorderlies' actor, and current radio show host Prince Markie Dee on the 'Cocaine Cowboys' phenomenon
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_Prince_Markie_Dee_Streets_of_Miami_Episode_7
Former Fat Boys member, 'Disorderlies' actor, and current radio show host Prince Markie Dee on the 'Cocaine Cowboys' phenomenon
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 49634
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - N.O.R.E. - Streets of Miami Episode 8
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:21
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Miami's other Noreaga (besides THE REAL NORIEGA) talks about his infatuation with the documentary Cocaine Cowboys...
On DVD 1/23/07
www.cocainecowboys.com
myspace.com/cocainecowboys
myspace.com/NORE
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_NORE_Streets_of_Miami_Episode_8
Miami's other Noreaga (besides THE REAL NORIEGA) talks about his infatuation with the documentary Cocaine Cowboys...
On DVD 1/23/07
www.cocainecowboys.com
myspace.com/cocainecowboys
myspace.com/NORE
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 72887
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Cool & Dre - Streets of Miami Episode 9
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 3:41
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Miami super-producers Cool & Dre speak on the Cocaine Cowboys phenomenon
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_Cool_Dre_Streets_of_Miami_Episode_9
Miami super-producers Cool & Dre speak on the Cocaine Cowboys phenomenon
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 85648
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Showtime Premiere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:57
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Cocaine Cowboys premieres on Showtime this month. Catch it December 7th at 8pm, Dec 13th at 7pm, and Dec 17th at 8pm. Also on Showtime Too Dec 8th at 8pm and Dec 13th at 11pm.
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_Showtime_Premiere
Cocaine Cowboys premieres on Showtime this month. Catch it December 7th at 8pm, Dec 13th at 7pm, and Dec 17th at 8pm. Also on Showtime Too Dec 8th at 8pm and Dec 13th at 11pm.
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 32367
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys II: Hustlin' with the Godmother - Teaser
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 0:49
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Coming Soon -- for more information please visit:
www.rakontur.com
www.myspace.com/cocainecowboys
(music for teaser: "The Real SCARFACE" produced and performed by Ncredable -- exec producer: Willie Collins -- Movement Ent.)
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_II_Hustlin'_with_the_Godmother_Teaser
Coming Soon -- for more information please visit:
www.rakontur.com
www.myspace.com/cocainecowboys
(music for teaser: "The Real SCARFACE" produced and performed by Ncredable -- exec producer: Willie Collins -- Movement Ent.)
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 241584
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - ABC World News Tonight
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:10
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Director Billy Corben discusses Cocaine Cowboys
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_ABC_World_News_Tonight
Director Billy Corben discusses Cocaine Cowboys
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 97701
- author: rakontur
Deco Drive @ Cocaine Cowboys Premiere
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 2:01
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
Fox-WSVN's Deco Drive covers the Miami premiere of the documentary Cocaine Cowboys - In Theaters October 27th
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
http://wn.com/Deco_Drive_@_Cocaine_Cowboys_Premiere
Fox-WSVN's Deco Drive covers the Miami premiere of the documentary Cocaine Cowboys - In Theaters October 27th
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 12637
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys panel (part 2 of 4) - South Florida Historical Museum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:05
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The film Cocaine Cowboys, released in 2006, documents the rise of the illicit drug trade of the 1970s and 80s. Hear the real story from the movies director/producer and research subjects, as well as those involved in combating Miamis drug underworld. The program will feature clips from the film.
Panelists:
Billy Corben (moderator), director of Cocaine Cowboys, The U, and the upcoming Square Grouper
Captain Nelson Andreu, former Miami Police Department homicide detective
Louis Casuso, Miami criminal defense attorney
Abe Laeser, former prosecutor, Miami-Dade Office of the State Attorney
Mickey Munday, featured in Cocaine Cowboys
Robert Platshorn, featured in Square Grouper and author of Black Tuna Diaries, the true story of the Black Tuna Gang
Barry Mankes, retired undercover narcotics detective - Miami-Dade Police Department
part 3 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBLIwgQqACg
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_panel_part_2_of_4_South_Florida_Historical_Museum
The film Cocaine Cowboys, released in 2006, documents the rise of the illicit drug trade of the 1970s and 80s. Hear the real story from the movies director/producer and research subjects, as well as those involved in combating Miamis drug underworld. The program will feature clips from the film.
Panelists:
Billy Corben (moderator), director of Cocaine Cowboys, The U, and the upcoming Square Grouper
Captain Nelson Andreu, former Miami Police Department homicide detective
Louis Casuso, Miami criminal defense attorney
Abe Laeser, former prosecutor, Miami-Dade Office of the State Attorney
Mickey Munday, featured in Cocaine Cowboys
Robert Platshorn, featured in Square Grouper and author of Black Tuna Diaries, the true story of the Black Tuna Gang
Barry Mankes, retired undercover narcotics detective - Miami-Dade Police Department
part 3 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBLIwgQqACg
- published: 23 Jun 2010
- views: 11015
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys panel (part 3 of 4) - South Florida Historical Museum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 30:04
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The film Cocaine Cowboys, released in 2006, documents the rise of the illicit drug trade of the 1970s and 80s. Hear the real story from the movies director/producer and research subjects, as well as those involved in combating Miamis drug underworld. The program will feature clips from the film.
Panelists:
Billy Corben (moderator), director of Cocaine Cowboys, The U, and the upcoming Square Grouper
Captain Nelson Andreu, former Miami Police Department homicide detective
Louis Casuso, Miami criminal defense attorney
Abe Laeser, former prosecutor, Miami-Dade Office of the State Attorney
Mickey Munday, featured in Cocaine Cowboys
Robert Platshorn, featured in Square Grouper and author of Black Tuna Diaries, the true story of the Black Tuna Gang
Barry Mankes, retired undercover narcotics detective - Miami-Dade Police Department
part 4 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zSWUWFknOY
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_panel_part_3_of_4_South_Florida_Historical_Museum
The film Cocaine Cowboys, released in 2006, documents the rise of the illicit drug trade of the 1970s and 80s. Hear the real story from the movies director/producer and research subjects, as well as those involved in combating Miamis drug underworld. The program will feature clips from the film.
Panelists:
Billy Corben (moderator), director of Cocaine Cowboys, The U, and the upcoming Square Grouper
Captain Nelson Andreu, former Miami Police Department homicide detective
Louis Casuso, Miami criminal defense attorney
Abe Laeser, former prosecutor, Miami-Dade Office of the State Attorney
Mickey Munday, featured in Cocaine Cowboys
Robert Platshorn, featured in Square Grouper and author of Black Tuna Diaries, the true story of the Black Tuna Gang
Barry Mankes, retired undercover narcotics detective - Miami-Dade Police Department
part 4 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zSWUWFknOY
- published: 23 Jun 2010
- views: 13239
- author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys panel (part 4 of 4) - South Florida Historical Museum
- Order: Reorder
- Duration: 14:12
- Updated: 01 Jan 1970
The film Cocaine Cowboys, released in 2006, documents the rise of the illicit drug trade of the 1970s and 80s. Hear the real story from the movies director/producer and research subjects, as well as those involved in combating Miamis drug underworld. The program will feature clips from the film.
Panelists:
Billy Corben (moderator), director of Cocaine Cowboys, The U, and the upcoming Square Grouper
Captain Nelson Andreu, former Miami Police Department homicide detective
Louis Casuso, Miami criminal defense attorney
Abe Laeser, former prosecutor, Miami-Dade Office of the State Attorney
Mickey Munday, featured in Cocaine Cowboys
Robert Platshorn, featured in Square Grouper and author of Black Tuna Diaries, the true story of the Black Tuna Gang
Barry Mankes, retired undercover narcotics detective - Miami-Dade Police Department
back to part 1 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gq4ta8L9jNc
http://wn.com/Cocaine_Cowboys_panel_part_4_of_4_South_Florida_Historical_Museum
The film Cocaine Cowboys, released in 2006, documents the rise of the illicit drug trade of the 1970s and 80s. Hear the real story from the movies director/producer and research subjects, as well as those involved in combating Miamis drug underworld. The program will feature clips from the film.
Panelists:
Billy Corben (moderator), director of Cocaine Cowboys, The U, and the upcoming Square Grouper
Captain Nelson Andreu, former Miami Police Department homicide detective
Louis Casuso, Miami criminal defense attorney
Abe Laeser, former prosecutor, Miami-Dade Office of the State Attorney
Mickey Munday, featured in Cocaine Cowboys
Robert Platshorn, featured in Square Grouper and author of Black Tuna Diaries, the true story of the Black Tuna Gang
Barry Mankes, retired undercover narcotics detective - Miami-Dade Police Department
back to part 1 - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gq4ta8L9jNc
- published: 23 Jun 2010
- views: 4030
- author: rakontur
2:17
Keith Richards - Cocaine Blues
This is Keith's cover of the classic blues-song originally written and recorded by Luke Jo...
published: 06 Mar 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Keith Richards - Cocaine Blues
This is Keith's cover of the classic blues-song originally written and recorded by Luke Jordan back in 1927.
It's not the best version of the song I have heard, but it's a moving version. Enjoy.
Keith Richards: guitar and vocals (1994).
The lyrics:
well,yonder comes my baby all dressed in white
see baby gonna stay all night
cocaine all around my brain
yonder comes my baby all dressed in blue
see baby what you gonna do
cocain all around my brain
hey baby come here quick
this old cocaine is making me sick
cocain all around my brain
cocaine's for horses, its not for men
they say it'll kill you but they don't say when
cocain all around my brain
ohh baby would'nt you get here quick
this old cocaine is making me sick
cocain all around my brain
it's all around my brain
- published: 06 Mar 2010
- views: 1738557
- author: rockhoundkiller
5:13
Keith Richards Blood Brother Eric Clapton Crossroads
Blood Brother Eric Clapton Keith Richards 1986
The Ritz, NYC - 23rd November, 1986, but K...
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Keith Richards Blood Brother Eric Clapton Crossroads
Blood Brother Eric Clapton Keith Richards 1986
The Ritz, NYC - 23rd November, 1986, but KR don´t play in this song.
Eric Clapton: guitar & vocals
Steve Ferrone: drums
Nathan East: bass
Greg Phillinganes: keyboards
Special Guest: Keith Richards
01 - Crossroads
02 - White Room
03 - I Shot The Sheriff
04 - Wanna Make Love To You
05 - It's In The Way You Use It
06 - Run
07 - Miss You
08 - Same Old Blues
01 - Tearing Us Apart
02 - Holy Mother
03 - Badge
04 - Let It Rain
05 - Cocaine
06 - Layla
07 - Sunshine Of Your Love
08 - Further On Up The Road
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 36681
- author: rockhoundkiller
4:00
HANK WILLIAMS III - Cocaine Blues
Song written by T.J. "Red" Arnall | Hank III and The Damn Band | February 18, 2009 | Aust...
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
HANK WILLIAMS III - Cocaine Blues
Song written by T.J. "Red" Arnall | Hank III and The Damn Band | February 18, 2009 | Austin, Texas | Emos | www.hank3.com | www.myspace.com/hank3
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 120154
- author: rockhoundkiller
3:22
Kris Kristofferson & Waylon Jennings - Chase the Feeling
1995...
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Kris Kristofferson & Waylon Jennings - Chase the Feeling
1995
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 33675
- author: rockhoundkiller
6:26
Gov't Mule - Beautifully Broken
Gov't Mule playing Beautifully Broken live in Cologne(Germany)....
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Gov't Mule - Beautifully Broken
Gov't Mule playing Beautifully Broken live in Cologne(Germany).
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 571398
- author: rockhoundkiller
8:46
Worried Down With the Blues- Gov't Mule
My favorite studio recording from the mule. would love to hear it live some day....
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Worried Down With the Blues- Gov't Mule
My favorite studio recording from the mule. would love to hear it live some day.
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 26661
- author: rockhoundkiller
2:33
Waylon Jennings I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry
waylon jennings im so lonesome i could cry....
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Waylon Jennings I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry
waylon jennings im so lonesome i could cry.
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 82655
- author: rockhoundkiller
2:42
Waylon Jennings Waymore's Blues
Waylon Jennings Waymore's Blues...
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Waylon Jennings Waymore's Blues
Waylon Jennings Waymore's Blues
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 136877
- author: rockhoundkiller
4:06
Neil Young - Long may you run
Neil Young - Long may you run...
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Neil Young - Long may you run
Neil Young - Long may you run
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 1059988
- author: rockhoundkiller
3:07
Neil Young - Cinnamon Girl
Neil Young - Cinnamon Girl
I felt there needed to be a studio version up on Youtube for pe...
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Neil Young - Cinnamon Girl
Neil Young - Cinnamon Girl
I felt there needed to be a studio version up on Youtube for people to listen to.
Song is property of Neil Young and Affiliating Record Companies I don't own the song or album artwork
Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for fair use for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 1906777
- author: rockhoundkiller
2:42
LOST HIGHWAY by Hank Williams
LOST HIGHWAY by Hank Williams. Written by Leon Payne
"Lost Highway", often assumed to hav...
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
LOST HIGHWAY by Hank Williams
LOST HIGHWAY by Hank Williams. Written by Leon Payne
"Lost Highway", often assumed to have come from Hank's pen, was written by Leon Payne...
Payne was a blind musician who worked out of Jerry Irby's nightclub in Houston and guested on the Hayride and the Opry. His original version... had been released on the Nashville-based Bullet label in October 1948.
Colin Escott, Hank Williams - The Biography, Boston, 1995, p. 98.
MYRTIE (Mrs. Leon) PAYNE:
In the early days of Leon's career, he hitchhiked from one place to another, finding jobs wherever he could. Once he was in Califonia hitchhiking to Alba, Texas, to visit his sick mother. He was unable to get a ride and finally got help from the Salvation Army. It was while he was waiting for help that he wrote this song.
Telephone interview, Dec 20, 1972; reprinted in Dorothy Horstman, Sing Your Heart Out, Country Boy, New York, 1976, p. 368.
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 984960
- author: rockhoundkiller
3:01
Hank Williams: Lovesick Blues
The best country song ever!...
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Hank Williams: Lovesick Blues
The best country song ever!
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 3031594
- author: rockhoundkiller
4:12
Wayne Hancock - Lost Highway (Hank Williams Cover)
Live at Lee's Liquor Lounge, Minneapolis. 10-24-08...
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Wayne Hancock - Lost Highway (Hank Williams Cover)
Live at Lee's Liquor Lounge, Minneapolis. 10-24-08
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 41213
- author: rockhoundkiller
3:25
Hank III Low Down
Hank Williams III - Low Down (Straight To Hell)...
published: 06 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Hank III Low Down
Hank Williams III - Low Down (Straight To Hell)
- published: 06 Jun 2010
- views: 159443
- author: rockhoundkiller
Vimeo results:
1:06
Cocaine Unwrapped - The Machine
We are proud to present our new project for "Cocaine Unwrapped" anti-drug social campaign ...
published: 11 May 2012
author: Platige Image
Cocaine Unwrapped - The Machine
We are proud to present our new project for "Cocaine Unwrapped" anti-drug social campaign created by Leo Burnett London and produced by Stink.
The goal of the campaign is to raise awarness of the impact that cocaine production has on people across the world. Different places, different people and different situations all have the common element... cocaine chain of production.
Animated film directed by Tomek Baginski is one of the two in the campaign.
The second is a Rohan Blair-Mangat live-action short - "One Line One Life" (https://vimeo.com/42328869)
Agency: Leo Burnett London
Production house: Stink
Postproduction studio: Platige Image
Director: Tomek Bagiński
CG Supervisor: Grzegorz Kukuś
Producer: Agata Socha
Art director/Concept Art: Piotr Jabłoński
Compositing: Alan Uran
Rendering: Mateusz Bargiel, Grzegorz Kukuś
Animatic: Damian Nenow
Modellers: Mateusz Gajewski, Artur Owśnicki
Textures: Bartłomiej Walendziak
Additional Technical Director: Mateusz Popławski
Offline: Adam Kałuski
Conforming: Piotr Popielawski
DOP:: Kamil Pohl
Camera assistant: Maciej Żak
Make-up artist: Monika Bagińska
Cast: Karolina Mann
3:55
Dirt Nasty - "1980"
Directed by Nicholaus Goossen. Featuring Mickey Avalon, Andre Legacy, Shwayze, Cisco Adler...
published: 13 Nov 2008
author: Nicholaus Goossen
Dirt Nasty - "1980"
Directed by Nicholaus Goossen. Featuring Mickey Avalon, Andre Legacy, Shwayze, Cisco Adler, Evidence, and DJ AM.
5:17
"Near Death Experience" by Bryan Lewis Saunders & Spastic Dementia
Video for the title track of the LP, "Near Death Experience" on the French label Erratum. ...
published: 04 Feb 2011
author: Bryan Lewis Saunders
"Near Death Experience" by Bryan Lewis Saunders & Spastic Dementia
Video for the title track of the LP, "Near Death Experience" on the French label Erratum. Vocals by Bryan Lewis Saunders. Music by Spastic Dementia. (All guitar sounds were made with Marcelo Aguirre's mouth).
Based on 2 true stories, the video was created with over 3,000 self-portraits. At times 29 images per second flash on the screen. Faster than can be physically perceived. As in the story, I used them so actual pieces of my life would once again flash before my eyes almost burning them, but not in an animated cartoon like way. Because the story takes place in Hell, I mostly selected self-portraits with flames and devil horns and the ones representing pain and general anxiety. I also used some of the illustrated moments from the times when the events occurred as well as a few drawn from memory. I don't use cocaine. It is an ironic statement at the end used to convey the power of addiction.
1:05
Isanyoneup.com Long Island Part at Bar Social w/ Hunter Moore Dj set
Hunter moore djing long island for isanyoneup.com...
published: 09 Oct 2011
author: hunter moore
Isanyoneup.com Long Island Part at Bar Social w/ Hunter Moore Dj set
Hunter moore djing long island for isanyoneup.com
Youtube results:
3:41
Jimi Hendrix plays Hey Joe with his teeth
Jimi Hendrix plays Hey Joe with his teeth...
published: 07 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Jimi Hendrix plays Hey Joe with his teeth
Jimi Hendrix plays Hey Joe with his teeth
- published: 07 Jun 2010
- views: 138010
- author: rockhoundkiller
4:37
Muddy Waters - Champagne & Reefer
Mr. Morganfield
Yeah bring me champagne when I'm thirsty.
Bring me reefer when I want to ...
published: 07 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Muddy Waters - Champagne & Reefer
Mr. Morganfield
Yeah bring me champagne when I'm thirsty.
Bring me reefer when I want to get high.
Yeah bring me champagne when I'm thirsty.
Bring me reefer when I want to get high.
Well you know when I'm lonely
Bring my woman set her right down here by my side.
Well you know there should be no law
on people that want to smoke a little dope.
Well you know there should be no law
on people that want to smoke a little dope.
Well you know it's good for your head
And it relax your body don't you know.
Everytime I get high
I lay my head down on my baby's breast.
Well you know I lay down be quiet
Tryin' to take my rest.
Well you know she done hug and kiss me
Says Muddy your one man that I love the best.
I'm gonna get high
Gonna get high just as sure as you know my name.
Y'know I'm gonna get so high this morning
It's going to be a cryin' shame.
Well you know I'm gonna stick with my reefer
Ain't gonna be messin' round with no cocaine.
- published: 07 Jun 2010
- views: 1777011
- author: rockhoundkiller
3:16
Waylon Jennings - Slow Rollin' Low *Live*
Waylon Jennings - Slow Rollin' Low - From Waylon Live - Expanded Addition -Written By Bill...
published: 07 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Waylon Jennings - Slow Rollin' Low *Live*
Waylon Jennings - Slow Rollin' Low - From Waylon Live - Expanded Addition -Written By Billy Joe Shaver
- published: 07 Jun 2010
- views: 69325
- author: rockhoundkiller
3:47
Those Poor Bastards: Black Sheep: Deep Blues Festival II
Satan is Watching You. Those Poor Bastards are from Madison, WI, USA.
"Those Poor Bastard...
published: 07 Jun 2010
author: rockhoundkiller
Those Poor Bastards: Black Sheep: Deep Blues Festival II
Satan is Watching You. Those Poor Bastards are from Madison, WI, USA.
"Those Poor Bastards Are the best Gothic Country I have heard yet to this day. The depressing gloomy vocals coming out of this drifter named Lonesome Wyatt has hints of Marilyn Manson to Nick Cave, Throwrag and maybe even a hint of a demented Adam Ant with a shot of a Pilled Up Johnny Cash... And the Minister is backing up Lonesome Wyatt with a style that is a cross between erie strung out folk music with a creepy blend of The Nightmare Before Christmas!!!!!!!!!" -Hank Williams III
Those Poor Bastards play miserable and primitive old-time gothic country music. Lonesome Wyatt (guitar, vocals) and The Minister (banjo, bass, etc) are both legally certified holiness preachers. If you're looking for slick, overproduced, commercial songs, you'd better cover your delicate little ears. Those Poor Bastards play it raw and they play it mean. Be a pal and support independent anti corporate country music.
- published: 07 Jun 2010
- views: 12150
- author: rockhoundkiller
5:06
Dillinger - Cool Operator
Dillinger - Cool Operator...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Cool Operator
Dillinger - Cool Operator
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 149926
- author: antonio ortiz
3:50
Dillinger - War is Over
...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - War is Over
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 35244
- author: antonio ortiz
3:02
Dillinger-Natty Kung Fu
Classic Reggae....
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger-Natty Kung Fu
Classic Reggae.
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 35450
- author: antonio ortiz
2:39
Dillinger - Flat Foot Hustling (Reggae)
Dillinger - Flat Foot Hustling...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Flat Foot Hustling (Reggae)
Dillinger - Flat Foot Hustling
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 62877
- author: antonio ortiz
2:56
Dillinger - Crabs In My Pants
Dillinger - Crabs In My Pants...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Crabs In My Pants
Dillinger - Crabs In My Pants
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 9648
- author: antonio ortiz
5:12
Dillinger - Cocaine In My Brain
Cocaine In My Brain: Anthology...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Cocaine In My Brain
Cocaine In My Brain: Anthology
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 259612
- author: antonio ortiz
2:39
Dillinger - 'CB 200' - 1978 45rpm
Dillinger - CB 200
Well Charge JA...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - 'CB 200' - 1978 45rpm
Dillinger - CB 200
Well Charge JA
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 5773
- author: antonio ortiz
7:39
Dillinger - Jah Love
Dillinger - Jah Love...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Jah Love
Dillinger - Jah Love
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 27636
- author: antonio ortiz
3:13
H.S.K. presents: Dillinger - Marijuana in my Brain
Dillinger - Marijuana in my Brain
May contain errors, but I was to stoned to fix it....
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
H.S.K. presents: Dillinger - Marijuana in my Brain
Dillinger - Marijuana in my Brain
May contain errors, but I was to stoned to fix it.
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 12372
- author: antonio ortiz
3:26
Dillinger - The Fool And His Money (Reggae)
Dillinger - The Fool And His Money...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - The Fool And His Money (Reggae)
Dillinger - The Fool And His Money
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 52847
- author: antonio ortiz
3:18
Dillinger - Answer Mi Question
Dillinger - Answer Mi Question
Top Tune from a fantastic deejay.
Lots more on the way........
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Answer Mi Question
Dillinger - Answer Mi Question
Top Tune from a fantastic deejay.
Lots more on the way...........
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 19416
- author: antonio ortiz
3:07
Dillinger - Ragnampiza
Some Great CHANNEL ONE Sounds...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Ragnampiza
Some Great CHANNEL ONE Sounds
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 14148
- author: antonio ortiz
3:49
Dillinger - Natty Dread A The Ruler (Reggae)
Dillinger - Natty Dread A The Ruler...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Natty Dread A The Ruler (Reggae)
Dillinger - Natty Dread A The Ruler
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 68568
- author: antonio ortiz
5:50
Dillinger - Funky Punk
Dillinger - Funky Punk...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Funky Punk
Dillinger - Funky Punk
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 95361
- author: antonio ortiz
Vimeo results:
1:06
Cocaine Unwrapped - The Machine
We are proud to present our new project for "Cocaine Unwrapped" anti-drug social campaign ...
published: 11 May 2012
author: Platige Image
Cocaine Unwrapped - The Machine
We are proud to present our new project for "Cocaine Unwrapped" anti-drug social campaign created by Leo Burnett London and produced by Stink.
The goal of the campaign is to raise awarness of the impact that cocaine production has on people across the world. Different places, different people and different situations all have the common element... cocaine chain of production.
Animated film directed by Tomek Baginski is one of the two in the campaign.
The second is a Rohan Blair-Mangat live-action short - "One Line One Life" (https://vimeo.com/42328869)
Agency: Leo Burnett London
Production house: Stink
Postproduction studio: Platige Image
Director: Tomek Bagiński
CG Supervisor: Grzegorz Kukuś
Producer: Agata Socha
Art director/Concept Art: Piotr Jabłoński
Compositing: Alan Uran
Rendering: Mateusz Bargiel, Grzegorz Kukuś
Animatic: Damian Nenow
Modellers: Mateusz Gajewski, Artur Owśnicki
Textures: Bartłomiej Walendziak
Additional Technical Director: Mateusz Popławski
Offline: Adam Kałuski
Conforming: Piotr Popielawski
DOP:: Kamil Pohl
Camera assistant: Maciej Żak
Make-up artist: Monika Bagińska
Cast: Karolina Mann
3:55
Dirt Nasty - "1980"
Directed by Nicholaus Goossen. Featuring Mickey Avalon, Andre Legacy, Shwayze, Cisco Adler...
published: 13 Nov 2008
author: Nicholaus Goossen
Dirt Nasty - "1980"
Directed by Nicholaus Goossen. Featuring Mickey Avalon, Andre Legacy, Shwayze, Cisco Adler, Evidence, and DJ AM.
5:17
"Near Death Experience" by Bryan Lewis Saunders & Spastic Dementia
Video for the title track of the LP, "Near Death Experience" on the French label Erratum. ...
published: 04 Feb 2011
author: Bryan Lewis Saunders
"Near Death Experience" by Bryan Lewis Saunders & Spastic Dementia
Video for the title track of the LP, "Near Death Experience" on the French label Erratum. Vocals by Bryan Lewis Saunders. Music by Spastic Dementia. (All guitar sounds were made with Marcelo Aguirre's mouth).
Based on 2 true stories, the video was created with over 3,000 self-portraits. At times 29 images per second flash on the screen. Faster than can be physically perceived. As in the story, I used them so actual pieces of my life would once again flash before my eyes almost burning them, but not in an animated cartoon like way. Because the story takes place in Hell, I mostly selected self-portraits with flames and devil horns and the ones representing pain and general anxiety. I also used some of the illustrated moments from the times when the events occurred as well as a few drawn from memory. I don't use cocaine. It is an ironic statement at the end used to convey the power of addiction.
1:05
Isanyoneup.com Long Island Part at Bar Social w/ Hunter Moore Dj set
Hunter moore djing long island for isanyoneup.com...
published: 09 Oct 2011
author: hunter moore
Isanyoneup.com Long Island Part at Bar Social w/ Hunter Moore Dj set
Hunter moore djing long island for isanyoneup.com
Youtube results:
5:34
49. Dillinger & Sugar Minott - Dread Call Fred - Mikie Dread Tv
This tune came out in 1979 with Dillinger written all over it. the intro is flawed due to ...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
49. Dillinger & Sugar Minott - Dread Call Fred - Mikie Dread Tv
This tune came out in 1979 with Dillinger written all over it. the intro is flawed due to a terrible master tape but dont watch that, this is a genuine feel good riddim. I sang this at school, at swimming, at disco's, in the bath....... anyway, the record came out on the Jamaica Sounds label, a highly sort after catalog of quality reggae artists including Jah Whoosh, Errol Dunkley, Dennis Brown and Johnny Clarke.
r.i.p Sugar Minott
Mikie Dread Tv
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 15979
- author: antonio ortiz
4:08
Dillinger - Loving Pauper
Better known for the Dennis Brown version, this comes to youtube by special request!...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Loving Pauper
Better known for the Dennis Brown version, this comes to youtube by special request!
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 21275
- author: antonio ortiz
5:50
Dillinger - Rockers
Cocaine Riddim. enjoy !...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Rockers
Cocaine Riddim. enjoy !
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 18298
- author: antonio ortiz
3:57
Dillinger - Cornbread
Dillinger - "Cornbread" from Cornbread...
published: 17 Jan 2012
author: antonio ortiz
Dillinger - Cornbread
Dillinger - "Cornbread" from Cornbread
- published: 17 Jan 2012
- views: 10364
- author: antonio ortiz
2:29
Honey Cocaine - Thug Life
Honey Cocaine - Thug Life (Prod. by DJ Mustard)...
published: 19 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine - Thug Life
Honey Cocaine - Thug Life (Prod. by DJ Mustard)
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 82836
- author: Haley Ranger
2:14
Honey Cocaine - Rice Schwag Militia
Going ham like bread....
published: 19 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine - Rice Schwag Militia
Going ham like bread.
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 800655
- author: Haley Ranger
1:36
Honey Cocaine - Rack City (FREESTYLE)
...
published: 19 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine - Rack City (FREESTYLE)
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 2393741
- author: Haley Ranger
2:24
Too Pussy To - Honey Cocaine[Free Download][Lyrics]
Free Download No Survey - http://bit.ly/xFj2kR
Lyrics -
Chorus:
fuck your feelings bitc...
published: 19 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Too Pussy To - Honey Cocaine[Free Download][Lyrics]
Free Download No Survey - http://bit.ly/xFj2kR
Lyrics -
Chorus:
fuck your feelings bitch! Ha ha ha
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I ain't never been a pussy, I tell what the deal is
These bitches always bein some idiots and they still is
If you ain't feel this, homie it's a sign then, that
You ain't fucking with me, bitch, i ain't got the time then!
I'm getting my friend, what ya ass waiting for
i tell these haters hating honey and the way to go
And fucked up a real bitch repping gold gang
You ain't get it O.D on the cocaine
Chorus:
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
Find More lyrics at www.sweetslyrics.com
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I ain't never been fake, yo it's always been a hunred kidd
Bitches commin on my hand, just cuz I ain't a sunne bitch
so get the fuck up a bitch keep ya way down
I'm not in the game looking lie my playground.
Me and the homies got the money to the ceiling
All the swag with the feeling
Cuz a bitch try stealing
I came here to make a killin
What the fuck ya ass know?
Been ghost,wait then my ass go,ass go
Bitches waiting for me! Still waiting for me
Bitches waiting for me! Still waiting for me
X2
Been waiting for me!
Chorus:
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
I do the shit these bitches is too pussy to
You too pussy to, you too pussy to!
Honey cocaine bitch 416
I do not own the rights to this song. Using under fair use by the Copyright Disclaimer, Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for 'fair use' for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research. Fair use is a use permitted by copyright statute that might otherwise be infringing. Non-profit, educational or personal use tips the balance in favor of fair use.
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 111259
- author: Haley Ranger
6:10
Unrealeased HONEY COCAINE Mix
I FOUND A BUNCH OF DEZE HONEY COCAINE TRACKZ & PUT THEM 2GETHER MYSELF!...
published: 19 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Unrealeased HONEY COCAINE Mix
I FOUND A BUNCH OF DEZE HONEY COCAINE TRACKZ & PUT THEM 2GETHER MYSELF!
- published: 19 Jun 2012
- views: 190406
- author: Haley Ranger
3:22
Honey Cocaine- Yo Own Thang
#fuckYoFeelings Vol. 1...
published: 22 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine- Yo Own Thang
#fuckYoFeelings Vol. 1
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 159837
- author: Haley Ranger
2:06
4. Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine #FuckYoFeelings
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Co...
published: 22 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
4. Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine #FuckYoFeelings
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
Waiting Outside - Honey Cocaine
All rights belong to the artist.
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 53428
- author: Haley Ranger
2:52
Honey Cocaine - In The Ghetto
http://youtube.com/user/HoneyLKCocaine...
published: 22 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine - In The Ghetto
http://youtube.com/user/HoneyLKCocaine
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 65176
- author: Haley Ranger
3:32
Honey Cocaine - I'm Yours (Lyrics)
Honey Cocaine - I'm Yours (Lyrics)...
published: 22 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine - I'm Yours (Lyrics)
Honey Cocaine - I'm Yours (Lyrics)
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 163087
- author: Haley Ranger
2:47
Honey Cocaine - Just Wanna Escape
Honey Cocaine - Just Wanna Escape...
published: 22 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine - Just Wanna Escape
Honey Cocaine - Just Wanna Escape
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 144419
- author: Haley Ranger
2:46
Honey Cocaine - I Don't Give A Fuck (Official Video)
Honey Cocaine. Last Kings. 2011 Music Video...
published: 22 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine - I Don't Give A Fuck (Official Video)
Honey Cocaine. Last Kings. 2011 Music Video
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 444714
- author: Haley Ranger
3:16
HONEY COCAINE - FORGET ABOUT YOU (FT. NICOLE).wmv
http://bellezzajustice.wordpress.com/ http://www.labellasoul.blogspot.com...
published: 22 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
HONEY COCAINE - FORGET ABOUT YOU (FT. NICOLE).wmv
http://bellezzajustice.wordpress.com/ http://www.labellasoul.blogspot.com
- published: 22 Jun 2012
- views: 28536
- author: Haley Ranger
3:04
Tyga - Heisman Part 2 (Ft. Honey Cocaine) [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
For more new music:
Like us on Facebook: http://Facebook.com/DailyNewMusic
Follow us on Tw...
published: 27 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Tyga - Heisman Part 2 (Ft. Honey Cocaine) [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
For more new music:
Like us on Facebook: http://Facebook.com/DailyNewMusic
Follow us on Twitter: http://Twitter.com/OfficialDNHH
-----
Tyga feat Honey Cocaine - Heisman Part 2 [Official Video]
Tyga - Heisman Pt. 2
Tyga - Heisman Part 2
Tyga - Heisman Pt. 2
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 16093234
- author: Haley Ranger
2:53
Tyga Careless World TV Episode 4
...
published: 27 Jun 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Tyga Careless World TV Episode 4
- published: 27 Jun 2012
- views: 215517
- author: Haley Ranger
Vimeo results:
1:06
Cocaine Unwrapped - The Machine
We are proud to present our new project for "Cocaine Unwrapped" anti-drug social campaign ...
published: 11 May 2012
author: Platige Image
Cocaine Unwrapped - The Machine
We are proud to present our new project for "Cocaine Unwrapped" anti-drug social campaign created by Leo Burnett London and produced by Stink.
The goal of the campaign is to raise awarness of the impact that cocaine production has on people across the world. Different places, different people and different situations all have the common element... cocaine chain of production.
Animated film directed by Tomek Baginski is one of the two in the campaign.
The second is a Rohan Blair-Mangat live-action short - "One Line One Life" (https://vimeo.com/42328869)
Agency: Leo Burnett London
Production house: Stink
Postproduction studio: Platige Image
Director: Tomek Bagiński
CG Supervisor: Grzegorz Kukuś
Producer: Agata Socha
Art director/Concept Art: Piotr Jabłoński
Compositing: Alan Uran
Rendering: Mateusz Bargiel, Grzegorz Kukuś
Animatic: Damian Nenow
Modellers: Mateusz Gajewski, Artur Owśnicki
Textures: Bartłomiej Walendziak
Additional Technical Director: Mateusz Popławski
Offline: Adam Kałuski
Conforming: Piotr Popielawski
DOP:: Kamil Pohl
Camera assistant: Maciej Żak
Make-up artist: Monika Bagińska
Cast: Karolina Mann
3:55
Dirt Nasty - "1980"
Directed by Nicholaus Goossen. Featuring Mickey Avalon, Andre Legacy, Shwayze, Cisco Adler...
published: 13 Nov 2008
author: Nicholaus Goossen
Dirt Nasty - "1980"
Directed by Nicholaus Goossen. Featuring Mickey Avalon, Andre Legacy, Shwayze, Cisco Adler, Evidence, and DJ AM.
5:17
"Near Death Experience" by Bryan Lewis Saunders & Spastic Dementia
Video for the title track of the LP, "Near Death Experience" on the French label Erratum. ...
published: 04 Feb 2011
author: Bryan Lewis Saunders
"Near Death Experience" by Bryan Lewis Saunders & Spastic Dementia
Video for the title track of the LP, "Near Death Experience" on the French label Erratum. Vocals by Bryan Lewis Saunders. Music by Spastic Dementia. (All guitar sounds were made with Marcelo Aguirre's mouth).
Based on 2 true stories, the video was created with over 3,000 self-portraits. At times 29 images per second flash on the screen. Faster than can be physically perceived. As in the story, I used them so actual pieces of my life would once again flash before my eyes almost burning them, but not in an animated cartoon like way. Because the story takes place in Hell, I mostly selected self-portraits with flames and devil horns and the ones representing pain and general anxiety. I also used some of the illustrated moments from the times when the events occurred as well as a few drawn from memory. I don't use cocaine. It is an ironic statement at the end used to convey the power of addiction.
1:05
Isanyoneup.com Long Island Part at Bar Social w/ Hunter Moore Dj set
Hunter moore djing long island for isanyoneup.com...
published: 09 Oct 2011
author: hunter moore
Isanyoneup.com Long Island Part at Bar Social w/ Hunter Moore Dj set
Hunter moore djing long island for isanyoneup.com
Youtube results:
3:01
Honey Cocaine - Iunno You
Follow Honey Cocaine On Twitter ; @HoneyLKCocaine
Follow Me On Twitter ; @_Payasa...
published: 05 Jul 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine - Iunno You
Follow Honey Cocaine On Twitter ; @HoneyLKCocaine
Follow Me On Twitter ; @_Payasa
- published: 05 Jul 2012
- views: 172363
- author: Haley Ranger
5:22
Tyga Careless World TV Episode 5
...
published: 09 Jul 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Tyga Careless World TV Episode 5
- published: 09 Jul 2012
- views: 105238
- author: Haley Ranger
2:21
Fck Yur Feelings - Honey Cocaine
...
published: 09 Jul 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Fck Yur Feelings - Honey Cocaine
- published: 09 Jul 2012
- views: 316480
- author: Haley Ranger
2:38
Honey Cocaine- B*tch Please
#FuckYoFeelings Vol. 1...
published: 09 Jul 2012
author: Haley Ranger
Honey Cocaine- B*tch Please
#FuckYoFeelings Vol. 1
- published: 09 Jul 2012
- views: 503071
- author: Haley Ranger
4:19
Cocaine Cowboys - N.O.R.E. - (banned on myspace)
**this video has been banned on myspace**
NORE with some 'dope' shit...
Cocaine Cowboys ...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - N.O.R.E. - (banned on myspace)
**this video has been banned on myspace**
NORE with some 'dope' shit...
Cocaine Cowboys on DVD now..GO COP
buy it here:
http://www.amazon.com/Cocaine-Cowboys-Kelly-Hughes/dp/B000KLQUUS
Coming Soon: Cocaine Cowboys II: The Godmother Returns
myspace.com/cocainecowboys
myspace.com/nore
directed by David Rousseau
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 875621
- author: rakontur
1:36
Cocaine Cowboys - Jon's Money
Clip from rakontur's documentary 'Cocaine Cowboys' -- now available for sale on DVD...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Jon's Money
Clip from rakontur's documentary 'Cocaine Cowboys' -- now available for sale on DVD
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 19478
- author: rakontur
1:03
Cocaine Cowboys - Murder Montage
Clip from rakontur's documentary 'Cocaine Cowboys' -- now available for sale on DVD...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Murder Montage
Clip from rakontur's documentary 'Cocaine Cowboys' -- now available for sale on DVD
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 6670
- author: rakontur
1:38
Cocaine Cowboys - Chucho Hit
ONLY IN THEATERS OCTOBER 27, 2006
The cocaine trade of the 70s and 80s had an indelible i...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Chucho Hit
ONLY IN THEATERS OCTOBER 27, 2006
The cocaine trade of the 70s and 80s had an indelible impact on contemporary Miami. Smugglers and distributors forever changed a once sleepy retirement community into one of the world's most glamorous hot spots, the epicenter of a $20 billion annual business fed by Colombia's Medellin cartel. By the early 80s, Miami's tripled homicide rate had made it the murder capital of the country, for which a Time cover story dubbed the city "Paradise Lost."
With COCAINE COWBOYS, filmmaker Billy Corben -- whose first feature, Raw Deal: A Question Of Consent, caused a sensation at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival -- paints a dazzling portrait of a cultural explosion that still echoes as Hollywood myth, evidenced by the latest manifestation, NBC/Universal's Miami Vice, opening July 28th. Composer of the original "Miami Vice" theme, Jan Hammer, provides the score.
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 45086
- author: rakontur
1:30
Cocaine Cowboys - Drugs Everywhere
ONLY IN THEATERS OCTOBER 27, 2006
The cocaine trade of the 70s and 80s had an indelible i...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Drugs Everywhere
ONLY IN THEATERS OCTOBER 27, 2006
The cocaine trade of the 70s and 80s had an indelible impact on contemporary Miami. Smugglers and distributors forever changed a once sleepy retirement community into one of the world's most glamorous hot spots, the epicenter of a $20 billion annual business fed by Colombia's Medellin cartel. By the early 80s, Miami's tripled homicide rate had made it the murder capital of the country, for which a Time cover story dubbed the city "Paradise Lost."
With COCAINE COWBOYS, filmmaker Billy Corben -- whose first feature, Raw Deal: A Question Of Consent, caused a sensation at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival -- paints a dazzling portrait of a cultural explosion that still echoes as Hollywood myth, evidenced by the latest manifestation, NBC/Universal's Miami Vice, opening July 28th. Composer of the original "Miami Vice" theme, Jan Hammer, provides the score.
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 80937
- author: rakontur
1:11
Cocaine Cowboys - Money in Miami
Cocaine Cowboys is available on DVD NOW
Cocaine Cowboys 2: Hustlin'
DVD IN STORES NOW!!!...
published: 23 Jun 2010
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Money in Miami
Cocaine Cowboys is available on DVD NOW
Cocaine Cowboys 2: Hustlin'
DVD IN STORES NOW!!!!
GO COP
Best Buy, Target, Walmart.com, Netflix, Blockbuster, etc..
- published: 23 Jun 2010
- views: 5100
- author: rakontur
2:49
Cocaine Cowboys - The Bootleggers - Streets of Miami Episode 1
The Carol City Flea Market
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - The Bootleggers - Streets of Miami Episode 1
The Carol City Flea Market
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 116114
- author: rakontur
1:58
Cocaine Cowboys - The Barbershop - Streets of Miami Episode 2
At Forensic Cutz Barbershop - Miami-Dade County, FL
see more at http://youtube.com/rakont...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - The Barbershop - Streets of Miami Episode 2
At Forensic Cutz Barbershop - Miami-Dade County, FL
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 65784
- author: rakontur
2:38
Cocaine Cowboys - Trick Daddy - Streets of Miami Episode 3
An interview with homegrown rapper Trick Daddy at his Carol City studio - Miami-Dade Count...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Trick Daddy - Streets of Miami Episode 3
An interview with homegrown rapper Trick Daddy at his Carol City studio - Miami-Dade County, FL
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 277823
- author: rakontur
3:10
Cocaine Cowboys - Pitbull - Streets of Miami Episode 4
Miami's own Cuban hero Pitbull comments on the Cocaine Cowboys phenonmenon....
see more a...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Pitbull - Streets of Miami Episode 4
Miami's own Cuban hero Pitbull comments on the Cocaine Cowboys phenonmenon....
see more at http://youtube.com/rakontur
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 156738
- author: rakontur
3:08
Cocaine Cowboys - DJ Khaled- Streets of Miami Episode 5
The voice of Miami, DJ Khaled, speaks on the Cocaine Cowboys phenomenon @ the carol city f...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - DJ Khaled- Streets of Miami Episode 5
The voice of Miami, DJ Khaled, speaks on the Cocaine Cowboys phenomenon @ the carol city flea market (Miami-Dade, FL)
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 167440
- author: rakontur
2:13
Cocaine Cowboys - Smitty - Streets of Miami Episode 6
Miami-Dade rapper Smitty speaks on the movie Cocaine Cowboys and about the diamonds on his...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Smitty - Streets of Miami Episode 6
Miami-Dade rapper Smitty speaks on the movie Cocaine Cowboys and about the diamonds on his neck
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 48103
- author: rakontur
2:33
Cocaine Cowboys - Prince Markie Dee - Streets of Miami Episode 7
Former Fat Boys member, 'Disorderlies' actor, and current radio show host Prince Markie De...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Prince Markie Dee - Streets of Miami Episode 7
Former Fat Boys member, 'Disorderlies' actor, and current radio show host Prince Markie Dee on the 'Cocaine Cowboys' phenomenon
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 49634
- author: rakontur
Vimeo results:
1:06
Cocaine Unwrapped - The Machine
We are proud to present our new project for "Cocaine Unwrapped" anti-drug social campaign ...
published: 11 May 2012
author: Platige Image
Cocaine Unwrapped - The Machine
We are proud to present our new project for "Cocaine Unwrapped" anti-drug social campaign created by Leo Burnett London and produced by Stink.
The goal of the campaign is to raise awarness of the impact that cocaine production has on people across the world. Different places, different people and different situations all have the common element... cocaine chain of production.
Animated film directed by Tomek Baginski is one of the two in the campaign.
The second is a Rohan Blair-Mangat live-action short - "One Line One Life" (https://vimeo.com/42328869)
Agency: Leo Burnett London
Production house: Stink
Postproduction studio: Platige Image
Director: Tomek Bagiński
CG Supervisor: Grzegorz Kukuś
Producer: Agata Socha
Art director/Concept Art: Piotr Jabłoński
Compositing: Alan Uran
Rendering: Mateusz Bargiel, Grzegorz Kukuś
Animatic: Damian Nenow
Modellers: Mateusz Gajewski, Artur Owśnicki
Textures: Bartłomiej Walendziak
Additional Technical Director: Mateusz Popławski
Offline: Adam Kałuski
Conforming: Piotr Popielawski
DOP:: Kamil Pohl
Camera assistant: Maciej Żak
Make-up artist: Monika Bagińska
Cast: Karolina Mann
3:55
Dirt Nasty - "1980"
Directed by Nicholaus Goossen. Featuring Mickey Avalon, Andre Legacy, Shwayze, Cisco Adler...
published: 13 Nov 2008
author: Nicholaus Goossen
Dirt Nasty - "1980"
Directed by Nicholaus Goossen. Featuring Mickey Avalon, Andre Legacy, Shwayze, Cisco Adler, Evidence, and DJ AM.
5:17
"Near Death Experience" by Bryan Lewis Saunders & Spastic Dementia
Video for the title track of the LP, "Near Death Experience" on the French label Erratum. ...
published: 04 Feb 2011
author: Bryan Lewis Saunders
"Near Death Experience" by Bryan Lewis Saunders & Spastic Dementia
Video for the title track of the LP, "Near Death Experience" on the French label Erratum. Vocals by Bryan Lewis Saunders. Music by Spastic Dementia. (All guitar sounds were made with Marcelo Aguirre's mouth).
Based on 2 true stories, the video was created with over 3,000 self-portraits. At times 29 images per second flash on the screen. Faster than can be physically perceived. As in the story, I used them so actual pieces of my life would once again flash before my eyes almost burning them, but not in an animated cartoon like way. Because the story takes place in Hell, I mostly selected self-portraits with flames and devil horns and the ones representing pain and general anxiety. I also used some of the illustrated moments from the times when the events occurred as well as a few drawn from memory. I don't use cocaine. It is an ironic statement at the end used to convey the power of addiction.
1:05
Isanyoneup.com Long Island Part at Bar Social w/ Hunter Moore Dj set
Hunter moore djing long island for isanyoneup.com...
published: 09 Oct 2011
author: hunter moore
Isanyoneup.com Long Island Part at Bar Social w/ Hunter Moore Dj set
Hunter moore djing long island for isanyoneup.com
Youtube results:
3:21
Cocaine Cowboys - N.O.R.E. - Streets of Miami Episode 8
Miami's other Noreaga (besides THE REAL NORIEGA) talks about his infatuation with the docu...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - N.O.R.E. - Streets of Miami Episode 8
Miami's other Noreaga (besides THE REAL NORIEGA) talks about his infatuation with the documentary Cocaine Cowboys...
On DVD 1/23/07
www.cocainecowboys.com
myspace.com/cocainecowboys
myspace.com/NORE
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 72887
- author: rakontur
3:41
Cocaine Cowboys - Cool & Dre - Streets of Miami Episode 9
Miami super-producers Cool & Dre speak on the Cocaine Cowboys phenomenon...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Cool & Dre - Streets of Miami Episode 9
Miami super-producers Cool & Dre speak on the Cocaine Cowboys phenomenon
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 85648
- author: rakontur
0:57
Cocaine Cowboys - Showtime Premiere
Cocaine Cowboys premieres on Showtime this month. Catch it December 7th at 8pm, Dec 13th ...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys - Showtime Premiere
Cocaine Cowboys premieres on Showtime this month. Catch it December 7th at 8pm, Dec 13th at 7pm, and Dec 17th at 8pm. Also on Showtime Too Dec 8th at 8pm and Dec 13th at 11pm.
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 32367
- author: rakontur
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Cocaine Cowboys II: Hustlin' with the Godmother - Teaser
Coming Soon -- for more information please visit:
www.rakontur.com
www.myspace.com/cocain...
published: 20 Mar 2008
author: rakontur
Cocaine Cowboys II: Hustlin' with the Godmother - Teaser
Coming Soon -- for more information please visit:
www.rakontur.com
www.myspace.com/cocainecowboys
(music for teaser: "The Real SCARFACE" produced and performed by Ncredable -- exec producer: Willie Collins -- Movement Ent.)
- published: 20 Mar 2008
- views: 241584
- author: rakontur
photo: AP / David Guttenfelder
07 Mar 2013
Posted. March 7, 2013. North Korea threatened a preemptive nuclear attack against the United States ahead of an upcoming vote on additional UN sanctions against Pyongyang. The country also accused the United States of performing military drills in South Korea as a launching pad for nuclear war. North Korea adds that it plans to scrap the armistice that ended Korean War hostilities ... The statement read. ... Category. Asia. Tags ... Posted ... ....(size: 2.5Kb)
photo: AP / Aaron Favila
05 Mar 2013
Manila. Members of a major Philippine Muslim rebel force who were meant to have disarmed in the 1990s as part of a peace pact are involved in deadly battles in Malaysia, the group’s leader said on Tuesday. Nur Misuari, who founded the Moro National Liberation Front in the late 1960s, confirmed “freedom fighters” from his group were part of the militia sent by a self-proclaimed sultan to claim the Malaysian state of Sabah....(size: 2.6Kb)
photo: AP / Bullit Marquez
07 Mar 2013
The conflict has wreaked political havoc for both Malaysia and the neighboring Philippines ... Ismail said at least 52 Filipinos have now been killed in the past week since hostilities in the Sabah security crisis escalated ... World news....(size: 1.3Kb)
photo: AP / Ariel Schalit
07 Mar 2013
9.58 PM. The U.N. is demanding the immediate release of 21 peacekeepers seized by members of the Syrian opposition in the disputed Golan Heights area between Syria and Israel. Here's a statement from U.N. Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon. ... "The Secretary-General reminds all actors in Syria that UNDOF is mandated to monitor the Disengagement of Forces Agreement between Israel and Syria ... The U.N ... A U.N ... Here's more from The New York Times. ... U.N ... ....(size: 4.0Kb)
photo: US Army / Edward N. Johnson
06 Mar 2013
North Korea has threatened to cancel the 1953 ceasefire that ended the Korean War, citing a US-led push for punishing UN sanctions over its recent nuclear test and ongoing US-South Korean joint military drills. The threat came on Tuesday as the United States, with Chinese backing, introduced a draft UN resolution to punish North Korea for its nuclear test on February 12 ... 415 Source.. Agencies. Share. Send Feedback ... China ... News ... ....(size: 7.2Kb)
Rocky Mount Telegram
07 Mar 2013
Police said a Rocky Mount cocaine distributor will spend the next 19 years in federal prison ... of cocaine....(size: 0.6Kb)
noodls
07 Mar 2013
Paul, a 26-year-old Robbinsdale man was sentenced for conspiring to distribute approximately 249 grams of cocaine. United States District Court Judge Susan Richard Nelson sentenced Brian Funtaneous Mack to 51 months in prison on one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute cocaine ... Miller also directed Chase to store the cocaine in their Burnsville apartment....(size: 2.2Kb)
Sun Sentinel
07 Mar 2013
Cocaine can be a strange mistress ... The man, later ID'd as Quanta'e Levonne Powell, 21, seemed to be "very agitated" and kept screaming and yelling about cocaine then got up and jumped on the hood of the patrol car, according to the arrest affidavit. When asked what was going on, Powell allegedly told the cop "I love cocaine" ......(size: 1.8Kb)
Boston Herald
07 Mar 2013
State police assigned to Logan Airport seized a 22-kilogram cocaine shipment bound for Boston yesterday, authorities said ... While Massachusetts cops found 10 kilos of cocaine, the investigation uncovered ......(size: 1.1Kb)
Canada Newswire
07 Mar 2013
MONTREAL, March 6, 2013 /CNW Telbec/ - The Canada Border Services Agency (CBSA) announced today that its officers have seized 31.9 kg of suspected cocaine at Montréal-Trudeau Airport ... After conducting tests, they determined that the drugs were suspected cocaine....(size: 1.5Kb)
Huffington Post
07 Mar 2013
Here's a possible effect of the sequester you probably didn't see coming. more cocaine on America's streets. That's because the deployment of at least four crucial drug-busting Navy ships is being suspended, according to reports from the Virginian-Pilot and the U.S ... federal law enforcement agencies) and can take credit for busting more than 260 tons of cocaine worth $4 billion since its inception, according to USNI. That's no small feat....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
07 Mar 2013
(Source. FBI - Federal Bureau of Investigation) ... Hickton announced today. Senior United States District Judge Maurice B. Cohill, Jr ... According to information presented to the court, on January 10, 2012, Pullium conspired with another individual to distribute two ounces of cocaine....(size: 1.2Kb)
noodls
07 Mar 2013
This was later found to contain 153 grams of cocaine ... On 30 May officers entered and searched the property, where they discovered 2.1 kilograms of cocaine and an industrial press with moulds for compressing blocks and pellets ... This is the first time pellet-making equipment has been recovered in Scotland as part of a large-scale cocaine distribution operation....(size: 5.1Kb)
MSNBC
07 Mar 2013
A Cape Coral man was arrested for selling cocaine on Wednesday after changing his story about getting robbed in a parking lot Sunday night ... At the time of Adams' alleged robbery, detectives had already bought cocaine from him and were building a case for a search warrant. Wednesday night, detectives bought crack cocaine from Adams again and he was arrested....(size: 2.0Kb)
Canberra Times
07 Mar 2013
A competitive bodybuilder who once pumped weights with one of Australia's most wanted organised crime figures has been hit with additional cocaine supply charges after a previous multimillion-dollar drug bust ... Both were charged with allegedly supplying an estimated nine kilograms of prohibited drugs, including a commercial quantity of cocaine....(size: 2.2Kb)
BBC News
07 Mar 2013
David Thomas, 20, of Menai Bridge, Anglesey, pleaded guilty to supplying ecstasy and cocaine to Thomas Jones, of Llangefni, on 1 February ... The court heard that Thomas paid £600 for 200 pills and arranged to supply 15 of them and cocaine to Mr Jones for £140. Prosecutor Kate Meredith-Jones said Thomas had been detained by bouncers at a Bangor nightclub in February 2012 and had cocaine and nine ecstasy tablets....(size: 2.7Kb)
Independent online (SA)
07 Mar 2013
Cellphones, Viagra tablets, marijuana seeds, diamonds, tik, cocaine and passports were some of the items seized at border controls and airports ... A detailed report from Sars showed that the products used in drug-related crimes, especially those involving tik and cocaine, were high among the seizures made by the unit ... Of the drugs seized, about 35kg was cocaine and about 60kg was tik and ephedrine....(size: 2.5Kb)
noodls
07 Mar 2013
In January 2013, a federal grand jury charged Jonathan Christian Trevino, 28; Alexis Rigoberto Espinoza, 29; Fabian Rodriguez, 28; and Gerardo Mendoza-Duran, 30, with conspiring to possess with the intent to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine ... The trio was also charged in several substantive counts of possession with the intent to distribute more than multi-kilogram quantities of cocaine....(size: 2.5Kb)
For other uses, see Cocaine (disambiguation).
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| Systematic (IUPAC) name | |
| methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3- (benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1] octane-2-carboxylate | |
| Clinical data | |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information |
| Pregnancy cat. | C |
| Legal status | Controlled (S8) (AU) Schedule I (CA) ? (UK) Schedule II (US) |
| Dependence liability | High |
| Routes | Topical, Oral, Insufflation, IV, PO |
| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Bioavailability | Oral: 33%[1] Insufflated: 60[2]–80%[3] Nasal Spray: 25[4]–43%[1] |
| Metabolism | Hepatic CYP3A4 |
| Half-life | 1 hour |
| Excretion | Renal (benzoylecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester) |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 50-36-2  Y |
| ATC code | N01BC01 R02AD03, S01HA01, S02DA02 |
| PubChem | CID 5760 |
| IUPHAR ligand | 2286 |
| DrugBank | DB00907 |
| ChemSpider | 10194104 Y |
| UNII | I5Y540LHVR Y |
| KEGG | D00110 Y |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:27958 Y |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL120901  N |
| Synonyms | methylbenzoylecgonine, benzoylmethylecgonine, ecgonine methyl ester benzoate, 2b-Carbomethoxy -3b-benzoyloxy tropane |
| Chemical data | |
| Formula | C17H21NO4 |
| Mol. mass | 303.353 g/mol |
| SMILES | eMolecules & PubChem |
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|
| Physical data | |
| Melt. point | 98 °C (208 °F) |
| Boiling point | 187 °C (369 °F) |
| Solubility in water | HCl: 1800-2500 mg/mL (20 °C) |
 N (what is this?) (verify) |
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Cocaine (benzoylmethylecgonine) (INN) is a crystalline tropane alkaloid that is obtained from the leaves of the coca plant.[5] The name comes from "coca" and the alkaloid suffix -ine, forming cocaine. It is a stimulant, an appetite suppressant, and a topical anesthetic. Biologically, cocaine acts as a serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor, also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI). It is addictive because of its effect on the mesolimbic reward pathway.[6]
Unlike most molecules, cocaine has pockets with both high hydrophilic and lipophilic efficiency, violating the rule of hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. This causes it to cross the blood–brain barrier far better than other psychoactive chemicals.
It is illegal to possess, grow, or distribute cocaine for non-medicinal and non-government-sanctioned purposes in almost all countries. Still it is used extensively throughout the world.
Contents
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Medical effects[link]
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Cocaine is a powerful nervous system stimulant.[8] Its effects can last from 15–30 minutes to an hour, depending on the route of administration.[9]
Cocaine increases alertness, feelings of well-being and euphoria, energy and motor activity, feelings of competence and sexuality. Athletic performance may be enhanced in sports where sustained attention and endurance is required. Anxiety, paranoia and restlessness are also frequent. With excessive dosage, tremors, convulsions and increased body temperature are observed.[8]
Occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems.[10][11]
Acute[link]
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This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2009) |
Main article: Cocaine intoxication
With excessive or prolonged use, the drug can cause itching, tachycardia, hallucinations, and paranoid delusions. Overdoses cause tachyarrhythmias and a marked elevation of blood pressure, which can be life-threatening.
Chronic[link]
Chronic cocaine intake causes brain cells to adapt functionally to strong imbalances of transmitter levels in order to compensate extremes. Thus, receptors disappear from the cell surface or reappear on it, resulting more or less in an "off" or "working mode" respectively, or they change their susceptibility for binding partners (ligands) – mechanisms called down-/upregulation. However, studies suggest cocaine abusers do not show normal age-related loss of striatal dopamine transporter (DAT) sites, suggesting cocaine has neuroprotective properties for dopamine neurons.[12] The experience of insatiable hunger, aches, insomnia/oversleeping, lethargy, and persistent runny nose are often described as very unpleasant. Depression with suicidal ideation may develop in very heavy users. Finally, a loss of vesicular monoamine transporters, neurofilament proteins, and other morphological changes appear to indicate a long term damage of dopamine neurons. All these effects contribute a rise in tolerance thus requiring a larger dosage to achieve the same effect.[13]
The lack of normal amounts of serotonin and dopamine in the brain is the cause of the dysphoria and depression felt after the initial high. Physical withdrawal is not dangerous, and is in fact restorative. Physiological changes caused by cocaine withdrawal include vivid and unpleasant dreams, insomnia or hypersomnia, increased appetite and psychomotor retardation or agitation.[14]
Physical side effects from chronic smoking of cocaine include hemoptysis, bronchospasm, pruritus, fever, diffuse alveolar infiltrates without effusions, pulmonary and systemic eosinophilia, chest pain, lung trauma, sore throat, asthma, hoarse voice, dyspnea (shortness of breath), and an aching, flu-like syndrome. Cocaine constricts blood vessels, dilates pupils, and increases body temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure. It can also cause headaches and gastrointestinal complications such as abdominal pain and nausea. A common but untrue belief is that the smoking of cocaine chemically breaks down tooth enamel and causes tooth decay. However, cocaine does often cause involuntary tooth grinding, known as bruxism, which can deteriorate tooth enamel and lead to gingivitis.[15] Additionally, stimulants like cocaine, methamphetamine, and even caffeine cause dehydration and dry mouth. Since saliva is an important mechanism in maintaining one's oral pH level, chronic stimulant abusers who do not hydrate sufficiently may experience demineralization of their teeth due to the pH of the tooth surface dropping too low (below 5.5).
Chronic intranasal usage can degrade the cartilage separating the nostrils (the septum nasi), leading eventually to its complete disappearance. Due to the absorption of the cocaine from cocaine hydrochloride, the remaining hydrochloride forms a dilute hydrochloric acid.[16]
Cocaine may also greatly increase this risk of developing rare autoimmune or connective tissue diseases such as lupus, Goodpasture's disease, vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and other diseases.[17][18][19][20] It can also cause a wide array of kidney diseases and renal failure.[21][22]
Cocaine misuse doubles both the risks of hemorrhagic and ischemic strokes,[23] as well as increases the risk of other infarctions, such as myocardial infarction.[24]
Addiction[link]
Main article: Cocaine dependence
Cocaine dependence (or addiction) is psychological dependency on the regular use of cocaine. Cocaine dependency may result in physiological damage, lethargy, psychosis, depression, akathisia, and fatal overdose.
Biosynthesis[link]
Main article: Biosynthesis of cocaine
The first synthesis and elucidation of the cocaine molecule was by Richard Willstätter in 1898.[25] Willstätter's synthesis derived cocaine from tropinone. Since then, Robert Robinson and Edward Leete have made significant contributions to the mechanism of the synthesis.
[edit] Biosynthesis of N-methyl-pyrrolinium cation
The biosynthesis begins with L-Glutamine, which is derived to L-ornithine in plants. The major contribution of L-ornithine and L-arginine as a precursor to the tropane ring was confirmed by Edward Leete.[26] Ornithine then undergoes a Pyridoxal phosphate-dependent decarboxylation to form putrescine. In animals, however, the urea cycle derives putrescine from ornithine. L-ornithine is converted to L-arginine,[27] which is then decarboxylated via PLP to form agmatine. Hydrolysis of the imine derives N-carbamoylputrescine followed with hydrolysis of the urea to form putrescine. The separate pathways of converting ornithine to putrescine in plants and animals have converged. A SAM-dependent N-methylation of putrescine gives the N-methylputrescine product, which then undergoes oxidative deamination by the action of diamine oxidase to yield the aminoaldehyde. Schiff base formation confirms the biosynthesis of the N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrolinium cation.
Biosynthesis of cocaine[link]
The additional carbon atoms required for the synthesis of cocaine are derived from acetyl-CoA, by addition of two acetyl-CoA units to the N-methyl-Δ1-pyrrolinium cation.[28] The first addition is a Mannich-like reaction with the enolate anion from acetyl-CoA acting as a nucleophile towards the pyrrolinium cation. The second addition occurs through a Claisen condensation. This produces a racemic mixture of the 2-substituted pyrrolidine, with the retention of the thioester from the Claisen condensation. In formation of tropinone from racemic ethyl [2,3-13C2]4(Nmethyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-3-oxobutanoate there is no preference for either stereoisomer.[29] In the biosynthesis of cocaine, however, only the (S)-enantiomer can cyclize to form the tropane ring system of cocaine. The stereoselectivity of this reaction was further investigated through study of prochiral methylene hydrogen discrimination.[30] This is due to the extra chiral center at C-2.[31] This process occurs through an oxidation, which regenerates the pyrrolinium cation and formation of an enolate anion, and an intramolecular Mannich reaction. The tropane ring system undergoes hydrolysis, SAM-dependent methylation, and reduction via NADPH for the formation of methylecgonine. The benzoyl moiety required for the formation of the cocaine diester is synthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic acid.[32] Benzoyl-CoA then combines the two units to form cocaine.
Robert Robinson's acetonedicarboxylate[link]
The biosynthesis of the tropane alkaloid, however, is still uncertain. Hemscheidt proposes that Robinson's acetonedicarboxylate emerges as a potential intermediate for this reaction.[33] Condensation of N-methylpyrrolinium and acetonedicarboxylate would generate the oxobutyrate. Decarboxylation leads to tropane alkaloid formation.
Reduction of tropinone[link]
The reduction of tropinone is mediated by NADPH-dependent reductase enzymes, which have been characterized in multiple plant species.[34] These plant species all contain two types of the reductase enzymes, tropinone reductase I and tropinone reductase II. TRI produces tropine and TRII produces pseudotropine. Due to differing kinetic and pH/activity characteristics of the enzymes and by the 25-fold higher activity of TRI over TRII, the majority of the tropinone reduction is from TRI to form tropine.[35]
Pharmacology[link]
Appearance[link]
Cocaine in its purest form is a white, pearly product. Cocaine appearing in powder form is a salt, typically cocaine hydrochloride (CAS 53-21-4). Street market cocaine is frequently adulterated or “cut” with various powdery fillers to increase its weight; the substances most commonly used in this process are baking soda; sugars, such as lactose, dextrose, inositol, and mannitol; and local anesthetics, such as lidocaine or benzocaine, which mimic or add to cocaine's numbing effect on mucous membranes. Cocaine may also be "cut" with other stimulants such as methamphetamine.[36] Adulterated cocaine is often a white, off-white or pinkish powder.
The color of “crack” cocaine depends upon several factors including the origin of the cocaine used, the method of preparation – with ammonia or baking soda – and the presence of impurities, but will generally range from white to a yellowish cream to a light brown. Its texture will also depend on the adulterants, origin and processing of the powdered cocaine, and the method of converting the base. It ranges from a crumbly texture, sometimes extremely oily, to a hard, almost crystalline nature.
Forms of cocaine[link]
Salts[link]
Cocaine is a weakly alkaline compound (an "alkaloid"), and can therefore combine with acidic compounds to form various salts. The hydrochloride (HCl) salt of cocaine is by far the most commonly encountered, although the sulfate (-SO4) and the nitrate (-NO3) are occasionally seen. Different salts dissolve to a greater or lesser extent in various solvents – the hydrochloride salt is polar in character and is quite soluble in water.
Basic[link]
Main article: Freebase (chemistry)
As the name implies, “freebase” is the base form of cocaine, as opposed to the salt form. It is practically insoluble in water whereas hydrochloride salt is water soluble.
Smoking freebase cocaine has the additional effect of releasing methylecgonidine into the user's system due to the pyrolysis of the substance (a side effect which insufflating or injecting powder cocaine does not create). Some research suggests that smoking freebase cocaine can be even more cardiotoxic than other routes of administration[37] because of methylecgonidine's effects on lung tissue[38] and liver tissue.[39]
Pure cocaine is prepared by neutralizing its compounding salt with an alkaline solution which will precipitate to non-polar basic cocaine. It is further refined through aqueous-solvent Liquid-liquid extraction.
Crack cocaine[link]
Main article: Crack cocaine
Crack is a lower purity form of free-base cocaine that is usually produced by neutralization of cocaine hydrochloride with a solution of baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) and water, producing a very hard/brittle, off-white-to-brown colored, amorphous material that contains sodium carbonate, entrapped water, and other by-products as the main impurities.
The "freebase" and "crack" forms of cocaine are usually administered by vaporization of the powdered substance into smoke, which is then inhaled.[40] The origin of the name "crack" comes from the "crackling" sound (and hence the onomatopoeic moniker “crack”) that is produced when the cocaine and its impurities (i.e. water, sodium bicarbonate) are heated past the point of vaporization.[41] Pure cocaine base/crack is easy to smoke because it vaporizes smoothly, with little or no decomposition at around 98°C,[citation needed][dubious – discuss] which is below the boiling point of water. The smoke produced from cocaine base is usually described as having a very distinctive, pleasant taste.
In contrast, cocaine hydrochloride does not vaporize until heated to a much higher temperature (about 197°C), and considerable decomposition/burning occurs at these high temperatures. This effectively destroys some of the cocaine, and yields a sharp, acrid, and foul-tasting smoke.
Smoking or vaporizing cocaine and inhaling it into the lungs produces an almost immediate "high" that can be very powerful (and addicting) quite rapidly – this initial crescendo of stimulation is known as a "rush". While the stimulating effects may last for hours, the euphoric sensation is very brief, prompting the user to smoke more immediately.
Coca leaf infusions[link]
Coca herbal infusion (also referred to as Coca tea) is used in coca-leaf producing countries much as any herbal medicinal infusion would elsewhere in the world. The free and legal commercialization of dried coca leaves under the form of filtration bags to be used as "coca tea" has been actively promoted by the governments of Peru and Bolivia for many years as a drink having medicinal powers. Visitors to the city of Cuzco in Peru, and La Paz in Bolivia are greeted with the offering of coca leaf infusions (prepared in tea pots with whole coca leaves) purportedly to help the newly arrived traveler overcome the malaise of high altitude sickness. The effects of drinking coca tea are a mild stimulation and mood lift. It does not produce any significant numbing of the mouth nor does it give a rush like snorting cocaine. In order to prevent the demonization of this product, its promoters publicize the unproven concept that much of the effect of the ingestion of coca leaf infusion would come from the secondary alkaloids, as being not only quantitatively different from pure cocaine but also qualitatively different.
It has been promoted as an adjuvant for the treatment of cocaine dependence. In one controversial study, coca leaf infusion was used -in addition to counseling- to treat 23 addicted coca-paste smokers in Lima, Peru. Relapses fell from an average of four times per month before treatment with coca tea to one during the treatment. The duration of abstinence increased from an average of 32 days prior to treatment to 217 days during treatment. These results suggest that the administration of coca leaf infusion plus counseling would be an effective method for preventing relapse during treatment for cocaine addiction.[42] Importantly, these results also suggest strongly that the primary pharmacologically active metabolite in coca leaf infusions is actually cocaine and not the secondary alkaloids.
The cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine can be detected in the urine of people a few hours after drinking one cup of coca leaf infusion.
Routes of administration[link]
Oral[link]
Many users rub the powder along the gum line, or onto a cigarette filter which is then smoked, which numbs the gums and teeth – hence the colloquial names of "numbies", "gummers" or "cocoa puffs" for this type of administration. This is mostly done with the small amounts of cocaine remaining on a surface after insufflation. Another oral method is to wrap up some cocaine in rolling paper and swallow (parachute) it. This is sometimes called a "snow bomb."
Coca leaf[link]
Coca leaves are typically mixed with an alkaline substance (such as lime) and chewed into a wad that is retained in the mouth between gum and cheek (much in the same as chewing tobacco is chewed) and sucked of its juices. The juices are absorbed slowly by the mucous membrane of the inner cheek and by the gastrointestinal tract when swallowed. Alternatively, coca leaves can be infused in liquid and consumed like tea. Ingesting coca leaves generally is an inefficient means of administering cocaine. Advocates of the consumption of the coca leaf state that coca leaf consumption should not be criminalized as it is not actual cocaine, and consequently it is not properly the illicit drug. Because cocaine is hydrolyzed and rendered inactive in the acidic stomach, it is not readily absorbed when ingested alone. Only when mixed with a highly alkaline substance (such as lime) can it be absorbed into the bloodstream through the stomach. The efficiency of absorption of orally administered cocaine is limited by two additional factors. First, the drug is partly catabolized by the liver. Second, capillaries in the mouth and esophagus constrict after contact with the drug, reducing the surface area over which the drug can be absorbed. Nevertheless, cocaine metabolites can be detected in the urine of subjects that have sipped even one cup of coca leaf infusion. Therefore, this is an actual additional form of administration of cocaine, albeit an inefficient one.
Orally administered cocaine takes approximately 30 minutes to enter the bloodstream. Typically, only a third of an oral dose is absorbed, although absorption has been shown to reach 60% in controlled settings. Given the slow rate of absorption, maximum physiological and psychotropic effects are attained approximately 60 minutes after cocaine is administered by ingestion. While the onset of these effects is slow, the effects are sustained for approximately 60 minutes after their peak is attained.
Contrary to popular belief, both ingestion and insufflation result in approximately the same proportion of the drug being absorbed: 30 to 60%. Compared to ingestion, the faster absorption of insufflated cocaine results in quicker attainment of maximum drug effects. Snorting cocaine produces maximum physiological effects within 40 minutes and maximum psychotropic effects within 20 minutes, however, a more realistic activation period is closer to 5 to 10 minutes, which is similar to ingestion of cocaine. Physiological and psychotropic effects from nasally insufflated cocaine are sustained for approximately 40–60 minutes after the peak effects are attained.[43]
Coca tea, an infusion of coca leaves, is also a traditional method of consumption. The tea has often been recommended for travelers in the Andes to prevent altitude sickness.[44] However, its actual effectiveness has never been systematically studied.[44] This method of consumption has been practiced for many centuries by the native tribes of South America. One specific purpose of ancient coca leaf consumption was to increase energy and reduce fatigue in messengers who made multi-day quests to other settlements.
In 1986 an article in the Journal of the American Medical Association revealed that U.S. health food stores were selling dried coca leaves to be prepared as an infusion as “Health Inca Tea.”[45] While the packaging claimed it had been "decocainized," no such process had actually taken place. The article stated that drinking two cups of the tea per day gave a mild stimulation, increased heart rate, and mood elevation, and the tea was essentially harmless. Despite this, the DEA seized several shipments in Hawaii, Chicago, Illinois, Georgia, and several locations on the East Coast of the United States, and the product was removed from the shelves.
Insufflation[link]
Nasal insufflation (known colloquially as "snorting," "sniffing," or "blowing") is the most common method of ingestion of recreational powdered cocaine in the Western world. The drug coats and is absorbed through the mucous membranes lining the sinuses. When insufflating cocaine, absorption through the nasal membranes is approximately 30–60%, with higher doses leading to increased absorption efficiency. Any material not directly absorbed through the mucous membranes is collected in mucus and swallowed (this "drip" is considered pleasant by some and unpleasant by others). In a study[46] of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 14.6 minutes. Any damage to the inside of the nose is because cocaine highly constricts blood vessels – and therefore blood and oxygen/nutrient flow – to that area. Nosebleeds after cocaine insufflation are due to irritation and damage of mucus membranes by foreign particles and adulterants and not the cocaine itself; as a vasoconstrictor, cocaine acts to reduce bleeding.
Prior to insufflation, cocaine powder must be divided into very fine particles. Cocaine of high purity breaks into fine dust very easily, except when it is moist (not well stored) and forms "chunks," which reduces the efficiency of nasal absorption.
Rolled up banknotes, hollowed-out pens, cut straws, pointed ends of keys, specialized spoons, long fingernails, and (clean) tampon applicators are often used to insufflate cocaine. Such devices are often called "tooters" by users. The cocaine typically is poured onto a flat, hard surface (such as a mirror, CD case or book) and divided into "bumps", "lines" or "rails", and then insufflated.[47] As tolerance builds rapidly in the short-term (hours), many lines are often snorted to produce greater effects.
A study by Bonkovsky and Mehta[48] reported that, just like shared needles, the sharing of straws used to "snort" cocaine can spread blood diseases such as Hepatitis C.
In the United States, as far back as 1992 many of the people sentenced by federal authorities for charges related to powder cocaine were Hispanic American; more Hispanics than non-Hispanic White and non-Hispanic Black people received sentences for crimes related to powder cocaine.[49]
Injection[link]
Drug injection provides the highest blood levels of drug in the shortest amount of time. Subjective effects not commonly shared with other methods of administration include a ringing in the ears moments after injection (usually when in excess of 120 milligrams) lasting 2 to 5 minutes including tinnitus & audio distortion. This is colloquially referred to as a "bell ringer".[50] In a study[46] of cocaine users, the average time taken to reach peak subjective effects was 3.1 minutes. The euphoria passes quickly. Aside from the toxic effects of cocaine, there is also danger of circulatory emboli from the insoluble substances that may be used to cut the drug. As with all injected illicit substances, there is a risk of the user contracting blood-borne infections if sterile injecting equipment is not available or used. Additionally, because cocaine is a vasoconstrictor, and usage often entails multiple injections within several hours or less, subsequent injections are progressively more difficult to administer, which in turn may lead to more injection attempts and more sequelae from improperly performed injection.
An injected mixture of cocaine and heroin, known as “speedball” is a particularly dangerous combination, as the converse effects of the drugs actually complement each other, but may also mask the symptoms of an overdose. It has been responsible for numerous deaths, including celebrities such as John Belushi, Chris Farley, Mitch Hedberg, River Phoenix and Layne Staley.
Experimentally, cocaine injections can be delivered to animals such as fruit flies to study the mechanisms of cocaine addiction.[51]
Inhalation[link]
See also: Crack cocaine
Inhalation or smoking is one of the several means cocaine is administered. Cocaine is smoked by inhaling the vapor by sublimating solid cocaine by heating.[52] In a 2000 Brookhaven National Laboratory medical department study, based on self reports of 32 abusers who participated in the study,"peak high" was found at mean of 1.4min +/- 0.5 minutes.[46]
Smoking freebase or crack cocaine is most often accomplished using a pipe made from a small glass tube, often taken from "Love roses," small glass tubes with a paper rose that are promoted as romantic gifts.[53] These are sometimes called "stems", "horns", "blasters" and "straight shooters". A small piece of clean heavy copper or occasionally stainless steel scouring pad – often called a "brillo" (actual Brillo pads contain soap, and are not used), or "chore", named for Chore Boy brand copper scouring pads, – serves as a reduction base and flow modulator in which the "rock" can be melted and boiled to vapor. Crack smokers also sometimes smoke through a soda can with small holes in the bottom.
Crack is smoked by placing it at the end of the pipe; a flame held close to it produces vapor, which is then inhaled by the smoker. The effects, felt almost immediately after smoking, are very intense and do not last long – usually 5 to 15 minutes.
When smoked, cocaine is sometimes combined with other drugs, such as cannabis, often rolled into a joint or blunt. Powdered cocaine is also sometimes smoked, though heat destroys much of the chemical; smokers often sprinkle it on cannabis.
The language referring to paraphernalia and practices of smoking cocaine vary, as do the packaging methods in the street level sale.
Suppository[link]
Little research has been focused on the suppository (anal or vaginal insertion) method of administration, also known as "plugging". This method of administration is commonly administered using an oral syringe. Cocaine can be dissolved in water and withdrawn into an oral syringe which may then be lubricated and inserted into the anus or vagina before the plunger is pushed. Anecdotal evidence of its effects are infrequently discussed, possibly due to social taboos in many cultures. The rectum and the vaginal canal is where the majority of the drug would likely be taken up, through the membranes lining its walls.[citation needed]}}
Mechanism of Action[link]
The pharmacodynamics of cocaine involve the complex relationships of neurotransmitters (inhibiting monoamine uptake in rats with ratios of about: serotonin:dopamine = 2:3, serotonin:norepinephrine = 2:5[54]) The most extensively studied effect of cocaine on the central nervous system is the blockade of the dopamine transporter protein. Dopamine transmitter released during neural signaling is normally recycled via the transporter; i.e., the transporter binds the transmitter and pumps it out of the synaptic cleft back into the presynaptic neuron, where it is taken up into storage vesicles. Cocaine binds tightly at the dopamine transporter forming a complex that blocks the transporter's function. The dopamine transporter can no longer perform its reuptake function, and thus dopamine accumulates in the synaptic cleft. This results in an enhanced and prolonged postsynaptic effect of dopaminergic signaling at dopamine receptors on the receiving neuron. Prolonged exposure to cocaine, as occurs with habitual use, leads to homeostatic dysregulation of normal (i.e. without cocaine) dopaminergic signaling via down-regulation of dopamine receptors and enhanced signal transduction. The decreased dopaminergic signaling after chronic cocaine use may contribute to depressive mood disorders and sensitize this important brain reward circuit to the reinforcing effects of cocaine (for example, enhanced dopaminergic signalling only when cocaine is self-administered). This sensitization contributes to the intractable nature of addiction and relapse.
Dopamine-rich brain regions such as the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex are frequent targets of cocaine addiction research. Of particular interest is the pathway consisting of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area that terminate in the nucleus accumbens. This projection may function as a "reward center", in that it seems to show activation in response to drugs of abuse like cocaine in addition to natural rewards like food or sex.[55] While the precise role of dopamine in the subjective experience of reward is highly controversial among neuroscientists, the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens is widely considered to be at least partially responsible for cocaine's rewarding effects. This hypothesis is largely based on laboratory data involving rats that are trained to self-administer cocaine. If dopamine antagonists are infused directly into the nucleus accumbens, well-trained rats self-administering cocaine will undergo extinction (i.e. initially increase responding only to stop completely) thereby indicating that cocaine is no longer reinforcing (i.e. rewarding) the drug-seeking behavior.
Cocaine's effects on serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) show across multiple serotonin receptors, and is shown to inhibit the re-uptake of 5-HT3 specifically as an important contributor to the effects of cocaine. The overabundance of 5-HT3 receptors in cocaine conditioned rats display this trait, however the exact effect of 5-HT3 in this process is unclear.[56] The 5-HT2 receptor (particularly the subtypes 5-HT2AR, 5-HT2BR and 5-HT2CR) show influence in the evocation of hyperactivity displayed in cocaine use.[57]
In addition to the mechanism shown on the above chart, cocaine has been demonstrated to bind as to directly stabilize the DAT transporter on the open outward-facing conformation whereas other stimulants (namely phenethylamines) stabilize the closed conformation. Further, cocaine binds in such a way as to inhibit a hydrogen bond innate to DAT that otherwise still forms when amphetamine and similar molecules are bound. Cocaine's binding properties are such that it attaches so this hydrogen bond will not form and is blocked from formation due to the tightly locked orientation of the cocaine molecule. Research studies have suggested that the affinity for the transporter is not what is involved in habituation of the substance so much as the conformation and binding properties to where & how on the transporter the molecule binds.[58]
Sigma receptors are affected by cocaine, as cocaine functions as a sigma ligand agonist.[59] Further specific receptors it has been demonstrated to function on are NMDA and the D1 dopamine receptor.[60]
Cocaine also blocks sodium channels, thereby interfering with the propagation of action potentials; thus, like lignocaine and novocaine, it acts as a local anesthetic. It also functions on the binding sites to the dopamine and serotonin sodium dependent transport area as targets as separate mechanisms from its reuptake of those transporters; unique to its local anesthetic value which makes it in a class of functionality different from both its own derived phenyltropanes analogues which have that removed and the amphetamine class of stimulants which as well altogether lack that. In addition to this cocaine has some target binding to the site of the Kappa-opioid receptor as well.[61] Cocaine also causes vasoconstriction, thus reducing bleeding during minor surgical procedures. The locomotor enhancing properties of cocaine may be attributable to its enhancement of dopaminergic transmission from the substantia nigra. Recent research points to an important role of circadian mechanisms[62] and clock genes[63] in behavioral actions of cocaine.
Because nicotine increases the levels of dopamine in the brain, many cocaine users find that consumption of tobacco products during cocaine use enhances the euphoria. This, however, may have undesirable consequences, such as uncontrollable chain smoking during cocaine use (even users who do not normally smoke cigarettes have been known to chain smoke when using cocaine), in addition to the detrimental health effects and the additional strain on the cardiovascular system caused by tobacco.
Cocaine can often cause reduced food intake, many chronic users lose their appetite and can experience severe malnutrition and significant weight loss. Cocaine effects, further, are shown to be potentiated for the user when used in conjunction with new surroundings and stimuli, and otherwise novel environs.[64]
Metabolism and excretion[link]
Cocaine is extensively metabolized, primarily in the liver, with only about 1% excreted unchanged in the urine. The metabolism is dominated by hydrolytic ester cleavage, so the eliminated metabolites consist mostly of benzoylecgonine (BE), the major metabolite, and other significant metabolites in lesser amounts such as ecgonine methyl ester (EME) and ecgonine. Further minor metabolites of cocaine include norcocaine, p-hydroxycocaine, m-hydroxycocaine, p-hydroxybenzoylecgonine (pOHBE), and m-hydroxybenzoylecgonine.[65] These do not include metabolites created beyond the standard metabolism of the drug in the human body, like for example by the process of pyrolysis such as is the case with methylecgonidine; or the binding of other exogenous subsumed chemicals in administration concurrently with any constituent cocaine molecule conformation in vivo to be enumerated within the user as a conditionate dependant on tertiary measures to form as a novel metabolite too vast in potential instances to account for beyond the tertiary measure of their otherwise notability.
Depending on liver and kidney function, cocaine metabolites are detectable in urine. Benzoylecgonine can be detected in urine within four hours after cocaine intake and remains detectable in concentrations greater than 150 ng/mL typically for up to eight days after cocaine is used. Detection of accumulation of cocaine metabolites in hair is possible in regular users until the sections of hair grown during use are cut or fall out.
If consumed with alcohol, cocaine combines with alcohol in the liver to form cocaethylene. Studies have suggested cocaethylene is both more euphorigenic, and has a higher cardiovascular toxicity than cocaine by itself.[66][67][68]
A study in mice has suggested that capsaicin found in pepper spray may interact with cocaine with potentially fatal consequences. The method through which they would interact however, is not known.[69][70]
Detection in biological fluids[link]
Cocaine and its major metabolites may be quantitated in blood, plasma or urine to monitor for abuse, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning or assist in the forensic investigation of a traffic or other criminal violation or a sudden death. Most commercial cocaine immunoassay screening tests cross-react appreciably with the major cocaine metabolites, but chromatographic techniques can easily distinguish and separately measure each of these substances. When interpreting the results of a test, it is important to consider the cocaine usage history of the individual, since a chronic user can develop tolerance to doses that would incapacitate a cocaine-naive individual, and the chronic user often has high baseline values of the metabolites in his system. Cautious interpretation of testing results may allow a distinction between passive or active usage, and between smoking versus other routes of administration.[71] In 2011, researchers at John Jay College of Criminal Justice reported that dietary zinc supplements can mask the presence of cocaine and other drugs in urine. Similar claims have been made in web forums on that topic.[72]
Cocaine as a local anesthetic[link]
Cocaine was historically useful as a topical anesthetic in eye and nasal surgery, although it is now predominantly used for nasal and lacrimal duct surgery. The major disadvantages of this use are cocaine's intense vasoconstrictor activity and potential for cardiovascular toxicity. Cocaine has since been largely replaced in Western medicine by synthetic local anesthetics such as benzocaine, proparacaine, lignocaine/xylocaine/lidocaine, and tetracaine though it remains available for use if specified. If vasoconstriction is desired for a procedure (as it reduces bleeding), the anesthetic is combined with a vasoconstrictor such as phenylephrine or epinephrine. In Australia it is currently prescribed for use as a local anesthetic for conditions such as mouth and lung ulcers. Some ENT specialists occasionally use cocaine within the practice when performing procedures such as nasal cauterization. In this scenario dissolved cocaine is soaked into a ball of cotton wool, which is placed in the nostril for the 10–15 minutes immediately prior to the procedure, thus performing the dual role of both numbing the area to be cauterized and also vasoconstriction. Even when used this way, some of the used cocaine may be absorbed through oral or nasal mucosa and give systemic effects.
In 2005, researchers from Kyoto University Hospital proposed the use of cocaine in conjunction with phenylephrine administered in the form of an eye drop as a diagnostic test for Parkinson's disease.[73]
History[link]
 |
This section is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style. (March 2010) |
Coca leaf[link]
For over a thousand years South American indigenous peoples have chewed the leaves of Erythroxylon coca, a plant that contains vital nutrients as well as numerous alkaloids, including cocaine. The coca leaf was, and still is, chewed almost universally by some indigenous communities. The remains of coca leaves have been found with ancient Peruvian mummies, and pottery from the time period depicts humans with bulged cheeks, indicating the presence of something on which they are chewing.[74] There is also evidence that these cultures used a mixture of coca leaves and saliva as an anesthetic for the performance of trepanation.[75]
When the Spanish arrived in South America, most at first ignored aboriginal claims that the leaf gave them strength and energy, and declared the practice of chewing it the work of the Devil. But after discovering that these claims were true, they legalized and taxed the leaf, taking 10% off the value of each crop.[76] In 1569, Nicolás Monardes described the practice of the natives of chewing a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves to induce "great contentment":
When they wished to make themselves drunk and out of judgment they chewed a mixture of tobacco and coca leaves which make them go as they were out of their wittes.[77]
In 1609, Padre Blas Valera wrote:
Coca protects the body from many ailments, and our doctors use it in powdered form to reduce the swelling of wounds, to strengthen broken bones, to expel cold from the body or prevent it from entering, and to cure rotten wounds or sores that are full of maggots. And if it does so much for outward ailments, will not its singular virtue have even greater effect in the entrails of those who eat it?[citation needed]
Isolation and naming[link]
Although the stimulant and hunger-suppressant properties of coca had been known for many centuries, the isolation of the cocaine alkaloid was not achieved until 1855. Various European scientists had attempted to isolate cocaine, but none had been successful for two reasons: the knowledge of chemistry required was insufficient at the time.[citation needed] Additionally contemporary conditions of sea-shipping from South America could degrade the cocaine in the plant samples available to Europeans.[citation needed]
The cocaine alkaloid was first isolated by the German chemist Friedrich Gaedcke in 1855. Gaedcke named the alkaloid "erythroxyline", and published a description in the journal Archiv der Pharmazie.[78]
In 1856, Friedrich Wöhler asked Dr. Carl Scherzer, a scientist aboard the Novara (an Austrian frigate sent by Emperor Franz Joseph to circle the globe), to bring him a large amount of coca leaves from South America. In 1859, the ship finished its travels and Wöhler received a trunk full of coca. Wöhler passed on the leaves to Albert Niemann, a Ph.D. student at the University of Göttingen in Germany, who then developed an improved purification process.[79]
Niemann described every step he took to isolate cocaine in his dissertation titled Über eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern (On a New Organic Base in the Coca Leaves), which was published in 1860—it earned him his Ph.D. and is now in the British Library. He wrote of the alkaloid's "colourless transparent prisms" and said that, "Its solutions have an alkaline reaction, a bitter taste, promote the flow of saliva and leave a peculiar numbness, followed by a sense of cold when applied to the tongue." Niemann named the alkaloid "cocaine" from "coca" (from Quechua "cuca") + suffix "ine".[79][80] Because of its use as a local anesthetic, a suffix "-caine" was later extracted and used to form names of synthetic local anesthetics.
The first synthesis and elucidation of the structure of the cocaine molecule was by Richard Willstätter in 1898.[25] The synthesis started from tropinone, a related natural product and took five steps.
Medicalization[link]
With the discovery of this new alkaloid, Western medicine was quick to exploit the possible uses of this plant.
In 1879, Vassili von Anrep, of the University of Würzburg, devised an experiment to demonstrate the analgesic properties of the newly discovered alkaloid. He prepared two separate jars, one containing a cocaine-salt solution, with the other containing merely salt water. He then submerged a frog's legs into the two jars, one leg in the treatment and one in the control solution, and proceeded to stimulate the legs in several different ways. The leg that had been immersed in the cocaine solution reacted very differently than the leg that had been immersed in salt water.[81]
Carl Koller (a close associate of Sigmund Freud, who would write about cocaine later) experimented with cocaine for ophthalmic usage. In an infamous experiment in 1884, he experimented upon himself by applying a cocaine solution to his own eye and then pricking it with pins. His findings were presented to the Heidelberg Ophthalmological Society. Also in 1884, Jellinek demonstrated the effects of cocaine as a respiratory system anesthetic. In 1885, William Halsted demonstrated nerve-block anesthesia,[82] and James Corning demonstrated peridural anesthesia.[83] 1898 saw Heinrich Quincke use cocaine for spinal anesthesia.
Today, cocaine has very limited medical use. See the section Cocaine as a local anesthetic
Popularization[link]
In 1859, an Italian doctor, Paolo Mantegazza, returned from Peru, where he had witnessed first-hand the use of coca by the natives. He proceeded to experiment on himself and upon his return to Milan he wrote a paper in which he described the effects. In this paper he declared coca and cocaine (at the time they were assumed to be the same) as being useful medicinally, in the treatment of "a furred tongue in the morning, flatulence, and whitening of the teeth."
A chemist named Angelo Mariani who read Mantegazza's paper became immediately intrigued with coca and its economic potential. In 1863, Mariani started marketing a wine called Vin Mariani, which had been treated with coca leaves, to become cocawine. The ethanol in wine acted as a solvent and extracted the cocaine from the coca leaves, altering the drink's effect. It contained 6 mg cocaine per ounce of wine, but Vin Mariani which was to be exported contained 7.2 mg per ounce, to compete with the higher cocaine content of similar drinks in the United States. A "pinch of coca leaves" was included in John Styth Pemberton's original 1886 recipe for Coca-Cola, though the company began using decocainized leaves in 1906 when the Pure Food and Drug Act was passed. The actual amount of cocaine that Coca-Cola contained during the first twenty years of its production is practically impossible to determine.[citation needed]
In 1879 cocaine began to be used to treat morphine addiction. Cocaine was introduced into clinical use as a local anesthetic in Germany in 1884, about the same time as Sigmund Freud published his work Über Coca, in which he wrote that cocaine causes:
Exhilaration and lasting euphoria, which in no way differs from the normal euphoria of the healthy person. You perceive an increase of self-control and possess more vitality and capacity for work. In other words, you are simply normal, and it is soon hard to believe you are under the influence of any drug. Long intensive physical work is performed without any fatigue. This result is enjoyed without any of the unpleasant after-effects that follow exhilaration brought about by alcohol. Absolutely no craving for the further use of cocaine appears after the first, or even after repeated taking of the drug.
In 1885 the U.S. manufacturer Parke-Davis sold cocaine in various forms, including cigarettes, powder, and even a cocaine mixture that could be injected directly into the user's veins with the included needle. The company promised that its cocaine products would "supply the place of food, make the coward brave, the silent eloquent and render the sufferer insensitive to pain."
By the late Victorian era cocaine use had appeared as a vice in literature. For example, it was injected by Arthur Conan Doyle's fictional Sherlock Holmes.
In early 20th-century Memphis, Tennessee, cocaine was sold in neighborhood drugstores on Beale Street, costing five or ten cents for a small boxful. Stevedores along the Mississippi River used the drug as a stimulant, and white employers encouraged its use by black laborers.[85]
In 1909, Ernest Shackleton took "Forced March" brand cocaine tablets to Antarctica, as did Captain Scott a year later on his ill-fated journey to the South Pole.[86]
During the mid-1940s, amidst WWII, cocaine was considered for inclusion as an ingredient of a future generation of 'pep pills' for the German military code named D-IX.[87]
Prohibition[link]
The gears of prohibition began churning long before the Harrison Act was passed by Congress in 1914 – a law requiring cocaine and narcotics to be dispensed only with a doctor's order.[88] Before this moment, various factors and groups acted on primarily a state level influencing a move towards prohibition and away from a laissez-faire attitude.[89]
By 1903 cocaine consumption had grown to about five times that of 1890.[90] Non-medical users accounted for almost the entire increase as cocaine-users extended outside the middle-aged, white, professional class.[90] Cocaine became associated with laborers, youths, blacks and the urban underworld.[90]
The popularization of cocaine first began with laborers who used cocaine as a stimulant to increase productivity.[90] Cocaine was often supplied by employers.[91] Cocaine was often supplied to African American workers, who many employers believed were better physical workers; cocaine was thought to provide added strength and constitution and according to the Medical News, made blacks “impervious to the extremes of heat and cold.”[90] However, users of cocaine quickly acquired a reputation as dangerous and in 1897, the first state bill of control for cocaine sales came from a mining county in Colorado.[92]
The popularization of cocaine use was not confined to African Americans or simple laborers. In Northern cities, cocaine use increased amongst poorer people – in fact, cocaine was often cheaper than alcohol.[91] In the Northeast in particular, cocaine became popular amongst workers in factories, textile mills and on rail roads.[93] In some instances, cocaine use supplemented or replaced caffeine as the drug-of-choice to keep workers awake and working overtime.[93]
This period of increasing cocaine use followed with increasing fears that young children were being preyed upon and forced into cocaine addiction.[94] Indeed, it was even thought that cocaine was used to seduce young girls away from their homes and cause them to be addicted and dependent upon the substance and therefore fall prey to an inescapable cycle of prostitution.[95] Fears of the corruption of the youth by cocaine were popular and widespread but there is little evidence to support their veracity.[94]
Mainstream media reported cocaine epidemics as early as 1894 in Dallas, Texas.[96] Reports of the cocaine epidemic would foreshadow a familiar theme in later so-called epidemics, namely that cocaine presented a social threat more dangerous than simple health effects and had insidious results when used by blacks and members of the lower class.[96] Similar anxiety-ridden reports appeared throughout cities in the South leading some to declare that “the cocaine habit has assumed the proportions of an epidemic among the colored people.”[96] In 1900, state legislatures in Alabama, Georgia and Tennessee considered anti-cocaine bills for the first time.[96]
Hyperbolic reports of the effect of cocaine on African Americans went hand-in-hand with this hysteria. In 1901, the Atlanta Constitution reported that “Use of the drug [cocaine] among negroes is growing to an alarming extent.”[97] The New York Times reported that under the influence of cocaine, “sexual desires are increased and perverted … peaceful negroes become quarrelsome, and timid negroes develop a degree of 'Dutch courage' that is sometimes almost incredible.”[98] A medical doctor even wrote “cocaine is often the direct incentive to the crime of rape by the negroes.”[98] To complete the characterization, a judge in Mississippi declared that supplying a “negro” with cocaine was more dangerous than injecting a dog with rabies.[99]
These attitudes not only influenced drug law and policy but also led to increased violence against African Americans. In 1906, a major race riot led by whites erupted; it was sparked by reports of crimes committed by black ‘cocaine fiends.’[97] Indeed, white-led, race riots spawning from reports of blacks under the influence of cocaine were not uncommon.[100] Police in the South widely adopted the use of a heavier caliber handguns so as to better stop a cocaine-crazed black person – believed to be empowered with super-human strength.[101] Another dangerous myth perpetuated amongst police was that cocaine imbued African Americans with tremendous accuracy with firearms and therefore police were better advised to shoot first in questionable circumstances.[102]
Ultimately public opinion rested against the cocaine user. Criminality was commonly believed to be a natural result of cocaine use.[103] Much of the influence for these kind of perceptions came from the widespread publicity given to notorious cases.[89] While the historical reality of cocaine’s effect on violence and crime is difficult to disentangle from inflamed perceptions, it does appear that public opinion was swayed by the image of the violent, cocaine-crazed fiend and pushed over the edge by a few violent episodes.[103] It was an image of the cocaine-user that carried acute racial overtones.[89]
Before any substantive federal regulation of cocaine, state and local municipalities evoked their own means to regulate cocaine. Because of the initial lack of targeted legislation, on both federal and state level, the most typical strategy by law enforcement was the application of nuisance laws pertaining to vagrancy and disturbing the peace.[104] Subsequent legislative actions aimed at controlling the distribution of cocaine rather than its manufacture.[105] Reformers took this approach in part because of legal precedents which made it easier to control distributors, such as thin the case of pharmacies; state and local boards of hearth or boards of pharmacy often took the place of regulatory bodies for controlling the distribution of cocaine.[105]
Some states took the position of outright banning of all forms of cocaine sale; Georgia was the first to do this in 1902.[106] A New Orleans ordinance banned cocaine sales as well but left an ill-defined exception for therapeutic uses.[105] A more common requirement was to restrict the sale of cocaine or impose labeling requirements. A 1907 California law limiting sale of cocaine to only those with a physician’s prescription resulted in the arrest of over 50 store owners and clerks in the first year.[105] A 1913 New York state law limited druggists’ cocaine stocks to under 5 ounces. Labeling requirements initially operated on a state level with some states even going so far as to require that cocaine and cocaine-containing products be labeled as poison.[107]
Eventually the federal government stepped in and instituted a national labeling requirement for cocaine and cocaine-containing products through the Food and Drug Act of 1906.[107] The next impactful federal regulation was the Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914. While this act is often seen as the start of prohibition, the act itself was not actually a prohibition on cocaine, but instead setup a regulatory and licensing regime.[108] The Harrison Act did not recognize addiction as a treatable condition and therefore the therapeutic use of cocaine, heroin or morphine to such individuals was outlawed – leading the Journal of American Medicine to remark, “[the addict] is denied the medical care he urgently needs, open, above-board sources from which he formerly obtained his drug supply are closed to him, and he is driven to the underworld where he can get his drug, but of course, surreptitiously and in violation of the law.”[109] The Harrison Act left manufacturers of cocaine untouched so long as they met certain purity and labeling standards.[110] Despite that cocaine was typically illegal to sell and legal outlets were more rare, the quantities of legal cocaine produced declined very little.[110] Legal cocaine quantities did not decrease until the Jones-Miller Act of 1922 put serious restrictions on cocaine manufactures.[110]
Modern usage[link]
In many countries, cocaine is a popular recreational drug. In the United States, the development of "crack" cocaine introduced the substance to a generally poorer inner-city market. Use of the powder form has stayed relatively constant, experiencing a new height of use during the late 1990s and early 2000s in the U.S., and has become much more popular in the last few years in the UK.[citation needed]
Cocaine use is prevalent across all socioeconomic strata, including age, demographics, economic, social, political, religious, and livelihood.[citation needed]
The estimated U.S. cocaine market exceeded $70 billion in street value for the year 2005, exceeding revenues by corporations such as Starbucks.[111][112] There is a tremendous demand for cocaine in the U.S. market, particularly among those who are making incomes affording luxury spending, such as single adults and professionals with discretionary income. Cocaine’s status as a club drug shows its immense popularity among the "party crowd".
In 1995 the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute (UNICRI) announced in a press release the publication of the results of the largest global study on cocaine use ever undertaken. However, a decision by an American representative in the World Health Assembly banned the publication of the study, because it seemed to make a case for the positive uses of cocaine. An excerpt of the report strongly conflicted with accepted paradigms, for example "that occasional cocaine use does not typically lead to severe or even minor physical or social problems." [113] In the sixth meeting of the B committee the US representative threatened that "If WHO activities relating to drugs failed to reinforce proven drug control approaches, funds for the relevant programs should be curtailed". This led to the decision to discontinue publication. A part of the study has been recuperated. Available are profiles of cocaine use in 20 countries.
It was reported in October 2010 that the use of cocaine in Australia has doubled since monitoring began in 2003.[114]
A problem with illegal cocaine use, especially in the higher volumes used to combat fatigue (rather than increase euphoria) by long-term users, is the risk of ill effects or damage caused by the compounds used in adulteration. Cutting or "stepping on" the drug is commonplace, using compounds which simulate ingestion effects, such as Novocain (procaine) producing temporary anesthaesia as many users believe a strong numbing effect is the result of strong and/or pure cocaine, ephedrine or similar stimulants that are to produce an increased heart rate. The normal adulterants for profit are inactive sugars, usually mannitol, creatine or glucose, so introducing active adulterants gives the illusion of purity and to 'stretch' or make it so a dealer can sell more product than without the adulterants.[citation needed] The adulterant of sugars therefore allows the dealer to sell the product for a higher price because of the illusion of purity and allows to sell more of the product at that higher price, enabling dealers to make a lot of revenue with little cost of the adulterants. Cocaine trading carries large penalties in most jurisdictions, so user deception about purity and consequent high profits for dealers are the norm.[original research?] A study by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction in 2007 showed that the purity levels for street purchased cocaine was often under 5% and on average under 50% pure.[115]
Society and culture[link]
Legal status[link]
Main article: Legal status of cocaine
The production, distribution and sale of cocaine products is restricted (and illegal in most contexts) in most countries as regulated by the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, and the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. In the United States the manufacture, importation, possession, and distribution of cocaine is additionally regulated by the 1970 Controlled Substances Act.
Some countries, such as Peru and Bolivia permit the cultivation of coca leaf for traditional consumption by the local indigenous population, but nevertheless prohibit the production, sale and consumption of cocaine. In addition, some parts of Europe and Australia allow processed cocaine for medicinal uses only.
Interdiction[link]
In 2004, according to the United Nations, 589 tonnes of cocaine were seized globally by law enforcement authorities. Colombia seized 188 t, the United States 166 t, Europe 79 t, Peru 14 t, Bolivia 9 t, and the rest of the world 133 t.[116]
Illicit trade[link]
Because of the extensive processing it undergoes during preparation, cocaine is generally treated as a 'hard drug', with severe penalties for possession and trafficking. Demand remains high, and consequently black market cocaine is quite expensive. Unprocessed cocaine, such as coca leaves, are occasionally purchased and sold, but this is exceedingly rare as it is much easier and more profitable to conceal and smuggle it in powdered form. The scale of the market is immense: 770 tonnes times $100 per gram retail = up to $77 billion.[citation needed]
Production[link]
Colombia is the world's leading producer of cocaine.[117] Three-quarters of the world's annual yield of cocaine has been produced in Colombia, both from cocaine base imported from Peru (primarily the Huallaga Valley) and Bolivia, and from locally grown coca. There was a 28% increase from the amount of potentially harvestable coca plants which were grown in Colombia in 1998. This, combined with crop reductions in Bolivia and Peru, made Colombia the nation with the largest area of coca under cultivation after the mid-1990s. Coca grown for traditional purposes by indigenous communities, a use which is still present and is permitted by Colombian laws, only makes up a small fragment of total coca production, most of which is used for the illegal drug trade.
An interview with a coca farmer published in 2003 described a mode of production by acid-base extraction that has changed little since 1905. Roughly 625 pounds of leaves were harvested per hectare, six times per year. The leaves were dried for half a day, then chopped into small pieces with a strimmer and sprinkled with a small amount of powdered cement (replacing sodium carbonate from former times). Several hundred pounds of this mixture was soaked in 50 US gallons (190 L) of gasoline for a day, then the gasoline was removed and the leaves were pressed for remaining liquid, after which they could be discarded. Then battery acid (weak sulfuric acid) was used, one bucket per 25 kilograms of leaves, to create a phase separation in which the cocaine free base in the gasoline was acidified and extracted into a few buckets of "murky-looking smelly liquid". Once powdered caustic soda was added to this, the cocaine precipitated and could be removed by filtration through a cloth. The resulting material, when dried, was termed pasta and sold by the farmer. The 3750 pound yearly harvest of leaves from a hectare produced 2.5 kg (6 lb) of pasta, approximately 40–60% cocaine. Repeated recrystallization from solvents, producing pasta lavada and eventually crystalline cocaine, were performed at specialized laboratories after the sale.[118]
Attempts to eradicate coca fields through the use of defoliants have devastated part of the farming economy in some coca growing regions of Colombia, and strains appear to have been developed that are more resistant or immune to their use. Whether these strains are natural mutations or the product of human tampering is unclear. These strains have also shown to be more potent than those previously grown, increasing profits for the drug cartels responsible for the exporting of cocaine. Although production fell temporarily, coca crops rebounded as numerous smaller fields in Colombia, rather than the larger plantations.
The cultivation of coca has become an attractive, and in some cases even necessary, economic decision on the part of many growers due to the combination of several factors, including the persistence of worldwide demand, the lack of other employment alternatives, the lower profitability of alternative crops in official crop substitution programs, the eradication-related damages to non-drug farms, and the spread of new strains of the coca plant.
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net cultivation (km2) | 1875 | 2218 | 2007.5 | 1663 | 1662 |
| Potential pure cocaine production (tonnes) | 770 | 925 | 830 | 680 | 645 |
The latest estimate provided by the U.S. authorities on the annual production of cocaine in Colombia refers to 290 metric tons. As of the end of 2011, the seizure operations of Colombian cocaine carried out in different countries have totaled 351.8 metric tons of cocaine, i.e. 121.3% of Colombia’s annual production according to the U.S. Department of State’s estimates. [120][121]
Synthesis[link]
Synthetic cocaine would be highly desirable to the illegal drug industry, as it would eliminate the high visibility and low reliability of offshore sources and international smuggling, replacing them with clandestine domestic laboratories, as are common for illicit methamphetamine. However, natural cocaine remains the lowest cost and highest quality supply of cocaine. Actual full synthesis of cocaine is rarely done. Formation of inactive enantiomers (cocaine has 4 chiral centres – 1R,2R,3S,5S – hence a total potential of 16 possible enantiomers and diastereoisomers) plus synthetic by-products limits the yield and purity. Names like "synthetic cocaine" and "new cocaine" have been misapplied to phencyclidine (PCP) and various designer drugs.
Trafficking and distribution[link]
Organized criminal gangs operating on a large scale dominate the cocaine trade. Most cocaine is grown and processed in South America, particularly in Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, and smuggled into the United States and Europe, the United States being the worlds largest consumer of cocaine,[122] where it is sold at huge markups; usually in the US at $80–$120 for 1 gram, and $250–300 for 3.5 grams (1/8 of an ounce, or an "eight ball").
Caribbean and Mexican routes[link]
Cocaine shipments from South America transported through Mexico or Central America are generally moved over land or by air to staging sites in northern Mexico. The cocaine is then broken down into smaller loads for smuggling across the U.S.–Mexico border. The primary cocaine importation points in the United States are in Arizona, southern California, southern Florida, and Texas. Typically, land vehicles are driven across the U.S.-Mexico border. Sixty five percent of cocaine enters the United States through Mexico, and the vast majority of the rest enters through Florida.[123]
Cocaine traffickers from Colombia, and recently Mexico, have also established a labyrinth of smuggling routes throughout the Caribbean, the Bahama Island chain, and South Florida. They often hire traffickers from Mexico or the Dominican Republic to transport the drug. The traffickers use a variety of smuggling techniques to transfer their drug to U.S. markets. These include airdrops of 500–700 kg in the Bahama Islands or off the coast of Puerto Rico, mid-ocean boat-to-boat transfers of 500–2,000 kg, and the commercial shipment of tonnes of cocaine through the port of Miami.
Chilean route[link]
Another route of cocaine traffic goes through Chile, this route is primarily used for cocaine produced in Bolivia since the nearest seaports lie in northern Chile. The arid Bolivia-Chile border is easily crossed by 4x4 vehicles that then head to the seaports of Iquique and Antofagasta. While the price of cocaine is higher in Chile than in Peru and Bolivia, the final destination is usually Europe, especially Spain where drug dealing networks exist among South American immigrants.
Techniques[link]
Cocaine is also carried in small, concealed, kilogram quantities across the border by couriers known as “mules” (or “mulas”), who cross a border either legally, for example, through a port or airport, or illegally elsewhere. The drugs may be strapped to the waist or legs or hidden in bags, or hidden in the body. If the mule gets through without being caught, the gangs will reap most of the profits. If he or she is caught however, gangs will sever all links and the mule will usually stand trial for trafficking alone.
Bulk cargo ships are also used to smuggle cocaine to staging sites in the western Caribbean–Gulf of Mexico area. These vessels are typically 150–250-foot (50–80 m) coastal freighters that carry an average cocaine load of approximately 2.5 tonnes. Commercial fishing vessels are also used for smuggling operations. In areas with a high volume of recreational traffic, smugglers use the same types of vessels, such as go-fast boats, as those used by the local populations.
Sophisticated drug subs are the latest tool drug runners are using to bring cocaine north from Colombia, it was reported on March 20, 2008. Although the vessels were once viewed as a quirky sideshow in the drug war, they are becoming faster, more seaworthy, and capable of carrying bigger loads of drugs than earlier models, according to those charged with catching them.[124]
Sales to consumers[link]
Cocaine is readily available in all major countries' metropolitan areas. According to the Summer 1998 Pulse Check, published by the U.S. Office of National Drug Control Policy, cocaine use had stabilized across the country, with a few increases reported in San Diego, Bridgeport, Miami, and Boston. In the West, cocaine usage was lower, which was thought to be due to a switch to methamphetamine among some users; methamphetamine is cheaper, three and a half times more powerful, lasts 12 to 24 times longer with each dose and is known to cause neurotoxicity while cocaine is not.[125][126] Nevertheless, the number of cocaine users remain high, with a large concentration among urban youth.
In addition to the amounts previously mentioned, cocaine can be sold in "bill sizes": for example, $10 might purchase a "dime bag," a very small amount (0.1–0.15 g) of cocaine. Twenty dollars might purchase 0.15–0.3 g. However, in lower Texas, it is sold cheaper due to it being easier to receive: a dime for $10 is 0.4g, a 20 is 0.8–1.0 gram and a 8-ball (3.5g) is sold for $60 to $80 dollars, depending on the quality and dealer. These amounts and prices are very popular among young people because they are inexpensive and easily concealed on one's body. Quality and price can vary dramatically depending on supply and demand, and on geographic region.[127]
The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction reports that the typical retail price of cocaine varied between €50 and €75 per gram in most European countries, although Cyprus, Romania, Sweden and Turkey reported much higher values.[128]
Consumption[link]
World annual cocaine consumption currently[when?] stands at around 600 tonnes, with the United States consuming around 300 t, 50% of the total, Europe about 150 t, 25% of the total, and the rest of the world the remaining 150 t or 25%.[129]
The 2010 UN World Drug Report concluded that "it appears that the North American cocaine market has declined in value from US$47 billion in 1998 to US$38 billion in 2008. Between 2006 and 2008, the value of the market remained basically stable."[130]
Usage[link]
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The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page. (March 2010) |
According to a 2007 United Nations report, Spain is the country with the highest rate of cocaine usage (3.0% of adults in the previous year).[131] Other countries where the usage rate meets or exceeds 1.5% are the United States (2.8%), England and Wales (2.4%), Canada (2.3%), Italy (2.1%), Bolivia (1.9%), Chile (1.8%), and Scotland (1.5%).[131]
In the United States[link]
General usage in the United States[link]
Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in the U.S. (behind marijuana)[132] and the U.S. is the world's largest consumer of cocaine.[122] Cocaine is commonly used in middle to upper class communities. It is also popular amongst college students, as a party drug. Its users span over different ages, races, and professions. In the 1970s and 1980s, the drug became particularly popular in the disco culture as cocaine usage was very common and popular in many discos such as Studio 54.
The National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) reported in 1999 that cocaine was used by 3.7 million Americans, or 1.7% of the household population age 12 and older. Estimates of the current number of those who use cocaine regularly (at least once per month) vary, but 1.5 million is a widely accepted figure within the research community. In 2001, more Hispanics received sentences for crimes relating to powder cocaine than any other ethnicity while more African Americans were convicted of crimes relating to crack cocaine in the United States.[133]
Although cocaine use had not significantly changed over the six years prior to 1999, the number of first-time users went up from 574,000 in 1991, to 934,000 in 1998 – an increase of 63%. While these numbers indicated that cocaine is still widely present in the United States, its use was significantly less prevalent than during the early 1980s.
Usage among youth[link]
The 1999 Monitoring the Future (MTF) survey found the proportion of American students reporting use of powdered cocaine rose during the 1990s. In 1991, 2.3% of eighth-graders stated that they had used cocaine in their lifetime. This figure rose to 4.7% in 1999. For the older grades, increases began in 1992 and continued through the beginning of 1999. Between those years, lifetime use of cocaine went from 3.3% to 7.7% for tenth-graders and from 6.1% to 9.8% for high school seniors. Lifetime use of crack cocaine, according to MTF, also increased among eighth-, tenth-, and twelfth-graders, from an average of 2% in 1991 to 3.9% in 1999.
Perceived risk and disapproval of cocaine and crack use both decreased during the 1990s at all three grade levels. The 1999 NHSDA found the highest rate of monthly cocaine use was for those aged 18–25 at 1.7%, an increase from 1.2% in 1997. Rates declined between 1996 and 1998 for ages 26–34, while rates slightly increased for the 12–17 and 35+ age groups. Studies also show people are experimenting with cocaine at younger ages. NHSDA found a steady decline in the mean age of first use from 23.6 years in 1992 to 20.6 years in 1998.
In Europe[link]
General usage in Europe[link]
Cocaine is the second most popular illegal recreational drug in Europe (behind marijuana). Since the mid-1990s, overall cocaine usage in Europe has been on the rise, but usage rates and attitudes tend to vary between countries. Countries with the highest usage rates are: The United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, and Ireland.
Approximately 12 million Europeans (3.6%) have used cocaine at least once, 4 million (1.2%) in the last year, and 2 million in the last month (0.5%).
Usage among young adults[link]
About 3.5 million or 87.5% of those who have used the drug in the last year are young adults (15–34 years old). Usage is particularly prevalent among this demographic: 4% to 7% of males have used cocaine in the last year in Spain, Denmark, Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The ratio of male to female users is approximately 3.8:1, but this statistic varies from 1:1 to 13:1 depending on country.[134]
See also[link]
- Black cocaine
- Brown-brown
- CART, a purported "endogenous cocaine"
- Coca eradication
- Coca Museum
- Cocaine Anonymous
- Cocaine (data page)
- Cocaine intoxication
- Cocaine paste ("paco")
- Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography (book)
- Colombia in Popular Culture
- Crack epidemic
- Crack lung
- Cuscohygrine
- Drug addiction
- Drugs and prostitution
- Ecgonine benzoate
- Entomotoxicology
- Fishscale
- Hydroxytropacocaine
- Hygrine
- Legal status of cocaine
- List of cocaine analogues
- Methamphetamine
- Methylecgonine cinnamate
- Prenatal cocaine exposure
- Psychoactive drug
- Route 36, cocaine bar in Bolivia
- TA-CD
- Take a Whiff On Me
- Vanoxerine
- Ypadu
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- ^ F. Gaedcke (1855). "Ueber das Erythroxylin, dargestellt aus den Blättern des in Südamerika cultivirten Strauches Erythroxylon Coca". Archiv der Pharmazie 132 (2): 141–150. DOI:10.1002/ardp.18551320208.
- ^ a b Albert Niemann (1860). "Ueber eine neue organische Base in den Cocablättern". Archiv der Pharmazie 153 (2): 129–256. DOI:10.1002/ardp.18601530202.
- ^ Harper, Douglas. "Cocaine". Online Etymology Dictionary. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Cocaine.
- ^ Yentis SM, Vlassakov KV (1999). "Vassily von Anrep, forgotten pioneer of regional anesthesia". Anesthesiology 90 (3): 890–5. DOI:10.1097/00000542-199903000-00033. PMID 10078692.
- ^ Halsted W (1885). "Practical comments on the use and abuse of cocaine". New York Medical Journal 42: 294–295.
- ^ Corning JL (1885). "An experimental study". New York Medical Journal 42: 483.
- ^ "Experience Vin Mariani today | Grupo Mariani S.A". Cocanaturally.com. http://www.cocanaturally.com/. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ Barlow, William. "Looking Up At Down": The Emergence of Blues Culture. Temple University Press (1989), p. 207. ISBN 978-0-87722-583-6.
- ^ Streatfeild, Dominic (2003). Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography. Picador. ISBN 978-0-312-42226-4.
- ^ "Jeevan Vasagar: cocaine-based "wonder drug" tested on concentration camp inmates". Amphetamines.com. 2002-11-19. http://amphetamines.com/nazidrug.html. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. pp. 106.
- ^ a b c Spillane, Joseph F. (2000). Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884-1920. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. pp. 121.
- ^ a b c d e Spillane, Joseph F. (2000). Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884-1920. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. pp. 91.
- ^ a b Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. pp. 84.
- ^ Spillane, Joseph F. (2000). Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884-1920. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. pp. 92–93.
- ^ a b Spillane, Joseph F. (2000). Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884-1920. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. pp. 93.
- ^ a b Gootenberg, Paul, Ed. (1999). Cocaine: Global Histories. London: Routledge. pp. 33.
- ^ Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. pp. 102.
- ^ a b c d Spillane, Joseph F. (2000). Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884-1920. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. pp. 94.
- ^ a b Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. pp. 85.
- ^ a b Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Compamy. pp. 89.
- ^ Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. pp. 88.
- ^ Spillane, Joseph F. (2000). Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884-1920. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. pp. 120.
- ^ Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. pp. 90.
- ^ Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. pp. 91.
- ^ a b Spillane, Joseph F. (2000). Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884-1920. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. pp. 119.
- ^ Spillane, Joseph F. (2000). Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884-1920. Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press. pp. 111.
- ^ a b c d Gootenberg, Paul, Ed. (1999). Cocaine: Global Histories. London: Routledge. pp. 35.
- ^ Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. pp. 82.
- ^ a b Gootenberg, Paul, Ed. (1999). Cocaine: Global Histories. London: Routledge. pp. 37.
- ^ Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. pp. 106.
- ^ Madge, Tim (2001). White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine. Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing Company. pp. 107.
- ^ a b c Gootenberg, Paul, Ed. (1999). Cocaine: Global Histories. London: Routledge. pp. 40.
- ^ "Apple Sanity – Fetish – Blow: War on Drugs VS. Cocaine". Web.archive.org. 2008-06-17. Archived from the original on 2008-06-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20080617113902/http://www.applesanity.com/fetish/blow/. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
- ^ "Cocaine Market". Havocscope.com. http://www.havocscope.com/Drugs/cocaine.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-09. [dead link]
- ^ WHO/UNICRI (1995). "WHO Cocaine Project". http://www.tni.org/archives/drugscoca-docs_sixhorsemen. [dead link]
- ^ "Cocaine use doubles in a decade". Sydney Morning Herald. 15 October 2010. http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/wellbeing/cocaine-use-doubles-in-a-decade-20101015-16mli.html. Retrieved 19 October 2010.
- ^ EMCDDA (2007). "EMCDDA Retail Cocaine Purity Study". http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/stats09/ppptab7a.
- ^ "Cocaine: Seizures, 1998–2003" (PDF). World Drug Report 2006. 2. New York: United Nations. 2006. http://www.unodc.org/pdf/WDR_2006/wdr2006_chap4_cocaine.pdf.
- ^ Colombia. CIA World Factbook
- ^ Dominic Streatfeild (2003). Cocaine: An Unauthorized Biography. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-312-42226-4. http://books.google.com/books?id=9ceLzaeHsZAC&pg=PA462.
- ^ NDIC (2006). National Drug Threat Assessment 2006. http://www.justice.gov/ndic/pubs11/18862/index.htm.
- ^ http://dl.dropbox.com/u/13210473/NARCOLEAKS%20ENG.pdf
- ^ http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35754.htm
- ^ a b "Field Listing – Illicit drugs (by country)". Cia.gov. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2086.html. Retrieved 2011-01-15.
- ^ Jacobson, Robert. "Illegal Drugs: America's Anguish". Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale, 2006
- ^ "Coast Guard hunts drug-running semi-subs". CNN. 2008-03-20. http://edition.cnn.com/2008/CRIME/03/20/drug.subs/index.html. Retrieved 2008-03-20.
- ^ Meth Info | The Meth Project[dead link]
- ^ "Drugs of Abuse | City of Denison Iowa". Denisonia.com. http://www.denisonia.com/policeDept/amphetamines.asp. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
- ^ "Pricing powder", The Economist, June 28, 2007, Prices: USA around $110/g, Israel/ Germany/ Britain around $46/g, Colombia $2/g, New Zealand recordbreaking $714.30/g.
- ^ European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2008). Annual report: the state of the drugs problem in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. p. 59. ISBN 978-92-9168-324-6. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_en.pdf.
- ^ (PDF) The Cocaine Threat: A Hemispheric Perspective. United States Department of Defense. http://www.dod.mil/policy/sections/policy_offices/solic/cn/cocaine2.pdf. [dead link]
- ^ United Nations (June 2010). World Drug Report 2010. United Nations Publications. p. 77. ISBN 978-92-1-148256-0. http://books.google.com/books?id=HB9PuEhHahQC&pg=PA77.
- ^ a b (PDF) World Drug Report 2007. New York: United Nations. 2007. http://www.unodc.org/pdf/research/wdr07/WDR_2007.pdf. , p243.
- ^ "erowid.org". Archived from the original on October 6, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20071006230957/http%3A//www.erowid.org/chemicals/cocaine/cocaine.shtml. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
- ^ RJHresearch.com[dead link]
- ^ (PDF) The State of the Drugs Problem in Europe 2008. Luxembourg: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. 2008. pp. 58–62. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_64227_EN_EMCDDA_AR08_en.pdf.
Further reading[link]
- Feiling, Tom (2009). The Candy Machine: How Cocaine Took Over the World. London: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-103446-1.
External links[link]
- A look at the Evidence for Cocaine in Mummies
- EMCDDA drugs profile: Cocaine(2007)
- Erowid -> Cocaine Information — A collection of data about cocaine including dose, effects, chemistry, legal status, images and more.
- Slang Dictionary for Cocaine.
- Cocaine content of plants
- Cocaine – The History and the Risks at h2g2
- Cocaine Frequently Asked Questions
- U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal – Cocaine
- Cocaine Market Data and Value-Havocscope Black Markets Data on cocaine trafficking worldwide.
- Cocaine bound to proteins in the PDB
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine
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This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
| Eric Clapton CBE |
|
|---|---|
 Clapton on stage at the Hard Rock Calling concert, Hyde Park, London on 28 June 2008. |
|
| Background information | |
| Birth name | Eric Patrick Clapton |
| Also known as | Slowhand |
| Born | (1945-03-30) 30 March 1945 (age 67) Ripley, Surrey, England |
| Genres | Rock, blues rock, blues, psychedelic rock, hard rock |
| Occupations | Musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, artist |
| Instruments | Vocals, guitar |
| Years active | 1962–present |
| Labels | Warner Bros., Reprise, Polydor, RSO, Atco, Apple, Deram[1] |
| Associated acts | The Yardbirds, John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers, Powerhouse, Cream, Free Creek, The Dirty Mac, Blind Faith, J.J. Cale, The Plastic Ono Band, Delaney, Bonnie & Friends, Derek and the Dominos, Sheryl Crow, The Beatles, Phil Collins, The Rolling Stones, Luciano Pavarotti, The Band, Freddie King, B.B. King, Mark Knopfler, Brian Wilson, John Mayer, Roger Waters, Dire Straits |
| Website | www.ericclapton.com |
| Notable instruments | |
| See: Guitars section "Blackie": Fender Stratocaster "Brownie": Fender Stratocaster |
|
Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, (born 30 March 1945) is an English guitarist and singer-songwriter. Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time.[2] Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time"[3] and fourth in Gibson's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time.[4]
In the mid 1960s, Clapton departed from the Yardbirds to play blues with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. In his one-year stay with Mayall, Clapton gained the nickname "Slowhand". Immediately after leaving Mayall, Clapton formed Cream, a power trio with drummer Ginger Baker and bassist Jack Bruce in which Clapton played sustained blues improvisations and "arty, blues-based psychedelic pop." For most of the 1970s, Clapton's output bore the influence of the mellow style of J.J. Cale and the reggae of Bob Marley. His version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff" helped reggae reach a mass market.[5] Two of his most popular recordings were "Layla", recorded by Derek and the Dominos, another band he formed and Robert Johnson's "Crossroads", recorded by Cream. A recipient of seventeen Grammy Awards,[6] in 2004 Clapton was awarded a CBE for services to music.[7] In 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers.[8]
Contents |
Early life[link]
Eric Patrick Clapton was born in Ripley, Surrey, England, the son of 16-year-old Patricia Molly Clapton (b. 7 January 1929 d. March 1999) and Edward Walter Fryer (21 March 1920 – 15 May 1985), a 25-year-old soldier from Montreal, Quebec.[9] Fryer shipped off to war prior to Clapton's birth and then returned to Canada. Clapton grew up with his grandmother, Rose, and her second husband, Jack Clapp, who was stepfather to Patricia Clapton and her brother Adrian, believing they were his parents and that his mother was actually his older sister. The similarity in surnames gave rise to the erroneous belief that Clapton's real surname is Clapp (Reginald Cecil Clapton was the name of Rose's first husband, Eric Clapton's maternal grandfather).[10] Years later, his mother married another Canadian soldier and moved to Germany,[11] leaving young Eric with his grandparents in Surrey.[12]
Clapton received an acoustic Hoyer guitar, made in Germany, for his thirteenth birthday, but the inexpensive steel-stringed instrument was difficult to play and he briefly lost interest.[12] Two years later Clapton picked it up again and started playing consistently.[12] Clapton was influenced by the blues from an early age, and practised long hours to learn the chords of blues music by playing along to the records.[13] He preserved his practice sessions using his portable Grundig reel-to-reel tape recorder, listening to them over and over until he felt he'd got it right.[13][14]
After leaving Hollyfield School, in Surbiton, in 1961, Clapton studied at the Kingston College of Art but was dismissed at the end of the academic year because his focus remained on music rather than art. His guitar playing was so advanced that by the age of 16 he was getting noticed.[14] Around this time Clapton began busking around Kingston, Richmond, and the West End.[15] In 1962, Clapton started performing as a duo with fellow blues enthusiast David Brock in pubs around Surrey.[14] When he was seventeen years old Clapton joined his first band, an early British R&B group, "The Roosters", whose other guitarist was Tom McGuinness. He stayed with this band from January through August 1963.[16] In October of that year, Clapton did a seven-gig stint with Casey Jones & The Engineers.[16]
Career[link]
1960s[link]
The Yardbirds and the Bluesbreakers[link]
Main articles: The Yardbirds and John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers
In October 1963 Clapton joined The Yardbirds, a blues-influenced rock and roll band, and stayed with them until March 1965. Synthesising influences from Chicago blues and leading blues guitarists such as Buddy Guy, Freddie King, and B. B. King, Clapton forged a distinctive style and rapidly became one of the most talked-about guitarists in the British music scene.[17] The band initially played Chess/Checker/Vee-Jay blues numbers and began to attract a large cult following when they took over the Rolling Stones' residency at the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond. They toured England with American bluesman Sonny Boy Williamson II; a joint LP album, recorded in December 1963, was issued in 1965.
It was during this time period that Clapton's Yardbirds rhythm guitarist, Chris Dreja, recalled that whenever Clapton broke a guitar string during a concert, he would stay on stage and replace it. The English audiences would wait out the delay by doing what is called a "slow handclap". Clapton told his official biographer, Ray Coleman, that, "My nickname of 'Slowhand' came from Giorgio Gomelsky. He coined it as a good pun. He kept saying I was a fast player, so he put together the slow handclap phrase into Slowhand as a play on words".[18]
In March 1965 the Yardbirds had their first major hit, "For Your Love", on which Clapton played guitar. The Yardbirds elected to move toward a pop-oriented sound, in part because of the success of "For Your Love", written by pop songwriter-for-hire Graham Gouldman, who had also written hit songs for Herman's Hermits and The Hollies. Still musically devoted to the blues, Clapton was opposed to the move, and left the band. He recommended fellow guitarist Jimmy Page as his replacement, but Page was at that time unwilling to relinquish his lucrative career as a freelance studio musician, so Page in turn recommended Clapton's successor, Jeff Beck.[17] While Beck and Page played together in the Yardbirds, the trio of Beck, Page, and Clapton were never in the group together. However, the trio did appear on the 12-date benefit tour for Action for Research into Multiple Sclerosis in 1983, as well as on the album Guitar Boogie.
Clapton joined John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers in April 1965, only to quit a few months later. In the summer of 1965 he left for Greece with a band called The Glands, which included his old friend Ben Palmer on piano. In November 1965 he rejoined John Mayall. During his second Bluesbreakers stint, Clapton gained a reputation as the best blues guitarist on the club circuit. Although Clapton gained world fame for his playing on the influential album, Blues Breakers – John Mayall – With Eric Clapton, this album was not released until Clapton had left the Bluesbreakers for the last time. Having swapped his Fender Telecaster and Vox AC30 amplifier for a 1960 Gibson Les Paul Standard guitar and Marshall amplifier, Clapton's sound and playing inspired a well-publicised graffiti that deified him with the famous slogan "Clapton is God". The phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington Underground station in the autumn of 1967. The graffiti was captured in a now-famous photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall. Clapton is reported to have been embarrassed by the slogan, saying in his The South Bank Show profile in 1987, "I never accepted that I was the greatest guitar player in the world. I always wanted to be the greatest guitar player in the world, but that's an ideal, and I accept it as an ideal". The phrase began to appear in other areas of Islington throughout the mid 1960s.[19]
Cream[link]
Main article: Cream (band)
Clapton left the Bluesbreakers in July 1966 (to be replaced by Peter Green) and formed Cream, one of the earliest supergroups, with Jack Bruce on bass (also of Manfred Mann, the Bluesbreakers, and the Graham Bond Organisation) and Ginger Baker on drums (another member of the Graham Bond Organisation). Before the formation of Cream, Clapton was not well known in the United States; he left the Yardbirds before "For Your Love" hit the American Top Ten, and had yet to perform there.[20] During his time with Cream, Clapton began to develop as a singer, songwriter, and guitarist, though Bruce took most of the lead vocals and wrote the majority of the material with lyricist Pete Brown.[17] Cream's first gig was an unofficial performance at the Twisted Wheel Club in Manchester on 29 July 1966 before their full debut two nights later at the National Jazz and Blues Festival in Windsor. Cream established its enduring legend with the high-volume blues jamming and extended solos of their live shows.
In early 1967 Clapton's status as Britain's top guitarist was rivalled by the emergence of Jimi Hendrix, an acid rock-infused guitarist who used wailing feedback and effects pedals to create new sounds for the instrument. Hendrix attended a performance of the newly-formed Cream at the Central London Polytechnic on 1 October 1966, during which Hendrix sat in on a double-timed version of "Killing Floor". Top UK stars including Clapton, Pete Townshend, and members of The Rolling Stones and The Beatles avidly attended Hendrix's early club performances. Hendrix's arrival had an immediate and major effect on the next phase of Clapton's career, although Clapton continued to be recognised in UK music polls as the premier guitarist.
Clapton first visited the United States while touring with Cream. In March 1967, Cream performed a nine-show stand at the RKO Theater in New York. They recorded Disraeli Gears in New York from 11–15 May 1967. Cream's repertoire varied from hard rock ("I Feel Free") to lengthy blues-based instrumental jams ("Spoonful"). Disraeli Gears featured Clapton's searing guitar lines, Bruce's soaring vocals and prominent, fluid bass playing, and Baker's powerful, polyrhythmic jazz-influenced drumming. Together, Cream's talents secured them as an influential power trio.
In 28 months, Cream had become a commercial success, selling millions of records and playing throughout the U.S. and Europe. They redefined the instrumentalist's role in rock and were one of the first blues-rock bands to emphasise musical virtuosity and lengthy jazz-style improvisation sessions. Their U.S. hit singles include "Sunshine of Your Love" (#5, 1968), "White Room" (#6, 1968) and "Crossroads" (#28, 1969) – a live version of Robert Johnson's "Cross Road Blues". Though Cream was hailed as one of the greatest groups of its day, and the adulation of Clapton as a guitar hero reached new heights, the supergroup was short-lived. Drug and alcohol use escalated tension between the three members, and conflicts between Bruce and Baker eventually led to Cream's demise. A strongly critical Rolling Stone review of a concert of the group's second headlining U.S. tour was another significant factor in the trio's demise, and it affected Clapton profoundly.[21]
Cream's farewell album, Goodbye, featuring live performances recorded at The Forum, Los Angeles, 19 October 1968, was released shortly after Cream disbanded; it also featured the studio single "Badge", co-written by Clapton and George Harrison. Clapton met Harrison and became friends with him after the Beatles shared a bill with the Clapton-era Yardbirds at the London Palladium. The close friendship between Clapton and Harrison resulted in Clapton's playing on Harrison's "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" from the Beatles' White Album (1968). Harrison also released his solo debut album, Wonderwall Music, in 1968. It became the first of many Harrison solo records to feature Clapton on guitar. Clapton would go largely uncredited for his contributions to Harrison's albums due to contractual restraints. The pair would often play live together as each other's guest. A year after Harrison's death in 2001, Clapton helped organise a tribute concert, for which he was musical director.[22]
Cream briefly reunited in 1993 to perform at the ceremony inducting them into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; a full reunion took place in May 2005, with Clapton, Bruce, and Baker playing four sold-out concerts at London's Royal Albert Hall,[23] and three shows at New York's Madison Square Garden that October.[24] Recordings from the London shows, Royal Albert Hall London May 2-3-5-6, 2005, were released on CD, LP, and DVD in September/December 2005.[25]
Blind Faith and Delaney and Bonnie and Friends[link]
Main articles: Blind Faith and Delaney and Bonnie and Friends
Clapton's next group, Blind Faith (1969), was composed of Cream drummer Ginger Baker, Steve Winwood of Traffic, and Ric Grech of Family, and yielded one LP and one arena-circuit tour. The supergroup debuted before 100,000 fans in London's Hyde Park on 7 June 1969. They performed several dates in Scandinavia and began a sold-out American tour in July before their only album was released. The LP Blind Faith consisted of just six songs, one of them a 15-minute jam entitled "Do What You Like". The album's jacket image of a topless pubescent girl was deemed controversial in the United States and was replaced by a photograph of the band. Blind Faith dissolved after less than seven months.
Clapton subsequently toured as a sideman for an act that had opened for Blind Faith, Delaney and Bonnie and Friends. He also played two dates as a member of The Plastic Ono Band that autumn, including a recorded performance at the Toronto Rock and Roll Revival in September 1969 released as the album Live Peace in Toronto 1969.[26] On 15 December 1969 Clapton performed with John Lennon, George Harrison, and others as the Plastic Ono Band at a fundraiser for UNICEF in London.[26]
Delaney Bramlett encouraged Clapton in his singing and writing. During the summer of 1969, Clapton and Bramlett contributed to the Music From Free Creek "supersession" project. Clapton, appearing as "King Cool" for contractual reasons, played with Dr. John on three songs, joined by Bramlett on two tracks.
Using the Bramletts' backing group and an all-star cast of session players (including Leon Russell and Stephen Stills), Clapton recorded his first solo album during two brief tour hiatuses, fittingly named Eric Clapton. Delaney Bramlett co-wrote six of the songs with Clapton,[27] and Bonnie Bramlett co-wrote "Let It Rain".[28] The album yielded the unexpected U.S. #18 hit, J. J. Cale's "After Midnight". Clapton went with Delaney and Bonnie from the stage to the studio with the Dominos to record George Harrison's All Things Must Pass in spring 1970. During this busy period, Clapton also recorded with other artists including Dr. John, Leon Russell, Plastic Ono Band, Billy Preston, and Ringo Starr.
1970s[link]
Derek and the Dominos[link]
Main article: Derek and the Dominos
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With the intention to counteract the "star" cult faction that had begun to form around him, Clapton assembled a new band composed of Delaney and Bonnie's former rhythm section, Bobby Whitlock as keyboardist and vocalist, Carl Radle as the bassist, and drummer Jim Gordon, with Clapton playing guitar. It was his intention to show that he need not fill a starring role, and functioned well as a member of an ensemble.[29] Naming the band, "Eric Clapton and Friends" at first, the name "Derek and the Dominos" was a fluke. It occurred when the band's provisional name of "Del and the Dynamos" was misread as Derek and the Dominos.[30] Clapton's biography states that Tony Ashton of Ashton, Gardner and Dyke told Clapton to call the band "Del and the Dominos", since "Del" was his nickname for Eric Clapton. Del and Eric were combined and the final name became "Derek and the Dominos".[31]
Clapton's close friendship with George Harrison brought him into contact with Harrison's wife, Pattie Boyd, with whom he became deeply infatuated. When she spurned his advances, Clapton's unrequited affections prompted most of the material for the Dominos' album, Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs (1970). Heavily blues-influenced, the album features the twin lead guitars of Duane Allman and Clapton, with Allman's slide guitar as a key ingredient of the sound. Working at Criteria Studios in Miami with Atlantic Records producer Tom Dowd, who had worked with Clapton on Cream's Disraeli Gears, the band recorded a double album.
The album features the hit love song "Layla", inspired by the classical poet of Persian literature, Nizami Ganjavi's The Story of Layla and Majnun, a copy of which Ian Dallas had given to Clapton. The book moved Clapton profoundly, as it was the tale of a young man who fell hopelessly in love with a beautiful, unavailable woman and who went crazy because he could not marry her.[32][33] The two parts of "Layla" were recorded in separate sessions: the opening guitar section was recorded first, and for the second section, laid down several months later, drummer Jim Gordon composed and played the piano part.[31]
The Layla LP was actually recorded by a five-piece version of the group, thanks to the unforeseen inclusion of guitarist Duane Allman of The Allman Brothers Band. A few days into the Layla sessions, Dowd—who was also producing the Allmans—invited Clapton to an Allman Brothers outdoor concert in Miami. The two guitarists met first on stage, then played all night in the studio, and became friends. Duane first added his slide guitar to "Tell the Truth" and "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out". In four days, the five-piece Dominos recorded "Key to the Highway", "Have You Ever Loved a Woman" (a blues standard popularised by Freddie King and others), and "Why Does Love Got to be So Sad". In September, Duane briefly left the sessions for gigs with his own band, and the four-piece Dominos recorded "I Looked Away", "Bell Bottom Blues", and "Keep on Growing". Duane returned to record "I am Yours", "Anyday", and "It's Too Late". On 9 September, they recorded Hendrix's "Little Wing" and the title track. The following day, the final track, "It's Too Late", was recorded.[34]
Tragedy dogged the group throughout its brief career. During the sessions, Clapton was devastated by news of the death of Jimi Hendrix; eight days previously the band had cut a cover of "Little Wing" as a tribute to Hendrix. On 17 September 1970, one day before Hendrix's death, Clapton had purchased a left-handed Fender Stratocaster that he had planned to give to Hendrix as a birthday gift. Adding to Clapton's woes, the Layla album received only lukewarm reviews upon release. The shaken group undertook a U.S. tour without Allman, who had returned to the Allman Brothers Band. Despite Clapton's later admission that the tour took place amidst a veritable blizzard of drugs and alcohol, it resulted in the live double album In Concert.[35] The band had recorded several tracks for a second album in London during the spring of 1971 (five of which were released on the Eric Clapton box-set Crossroads), but the results were mediocre.
A second record was in the works when a clashing of egos took place and Clapton walked, thus disbanding the group. Allman was killed in a motorcycle accident on 29 October 1971. Although Radle would remain Clapton's bass player until the summer of 1979 (Radle died in May 1980 from the effects of alcohol and narcotics), it would be 2003 before Clapton and Whitlock appeared together again (Clapton guested on Whitlock's appearance on the Later with Jools Holland show). Another tragic footnote to the Dominos story was the fate of drummer Jim Gordon, who was an undiagnosed schizophrenic and years later murdered his mother during a psychotic episode. Gordon was confined to 16-years-to-life imprisonment, later being moved to a mental institution, where he remains today.[17]
Solo career[link]
Clapton's career successes in the 1970s were in stark contrast with his personal life, which was troubled by romantic longings and drug and alcohol addiction.[36] While suffering his (temporarily) unrequited and intense attraction to Pattie Boyd, he withdrew from recording and touring to isolation in his Surrey, England, residence. There he nursed his heroin addiction, which resulted in a career hiatus interrupted only by the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971 (where he passed out on stage, was revived, and continued his performance).[17] In January 1973, The Who's Pete Townshend organised a comeback concert for Clapton at London's Rainbow Theatre, aptly titled the "Rainbow Concert", to help Clapton kick his addiction. Clapton would return the favour by playing 'The Preacher' in Ken Russell's film version of The Who's Tommy in 1975; his appearance in the film (performing "Eyesight to the Blind") is notable as he is clearly wearing a fake beard in some shots, the result of deciding to shave off his real beard after the initial takes in an attempt to force the director to remove his earlier scene from the movie and leave the set.[31]
In 1974, now partnered with Pattie (they would not actually marry until 1979) and no longer using heroin (although starting to drink heavily), Clapton put together a more low-key touring band that included Radle, Miami guitarist George Terry, keyboardist Dick Sims (who died in 2011 [37]), drummer Jamie Oldaker, and vocalists Yvonne Elliman and Marcy Levy (also known as Marcella Detroit). With this band Clapton recorded 461 Ocean Boulevard (1974), an album with an emphasis on more compact songs and fewer guitar solos; the cover version of "I Shot The Sheriff" was Clapton's first #1 hit and was important in bringing reggae and the music of Bob Marley to a wider audience. The 1975 album There's One in Every Crowd continued this trend. The album's original title, The World's Greatest Guitar Player (There's One In Every Crowd), was changed before pressing, as it was felt its ironic intention would be misunderstood. The band toured the world and subsequently released the 1975 live LP, E.C. Was Here.[38] Clapton continued to release albums and toured regularly. Highlights of the period include No Reason to Cry (a collaboration with Bob Dylan and The Band); Slowhand, which featured "Wonderful Tonight" (another song inspired by Boyd);[39] and a second J.J. Cale cover, "Cocaine". In 1976 he performed, alongside a string of notable guests, to pay tribute to the farewell performance of The Band, filmed in a Martin Scorsese documentary called the Last Waltz.
1980s[link]
In 1981 Clapton was invited by producer Martin Lewis to appear at the Amnesty International benefit The Secret Policeman's Other Ball. Clapton accepted the invitation and teamed up with Jeff Beck to perform a series of duets—reportedly their first-ever billed stage collaboration. Three of the performances were released on the album of the show, and one of the songs was featured in the film. The performances heralded a return to form and prominence for Clapton in the new decade. Many factors had influenced Clapton's comeback, including his "deepening commitment to Christianity", to which he had converted prior to his heroin addiction.[40][41]
After an embarrassing fishing incident, Clapton finally called his manager and admitted he was an alcoholic. In January 1982 Roger and Clapton flew to Minneapolis – St. Paul; Clapton would be checked in at Hazelden Treatment Center, located in Center City, Minnesota. On the flight over, Clapton indulged in a large number of drinks, for fear he would never be able to drink again. Clapton is quoted as saying from his autobiography, "In the lowest moments of my life, the only reason I didn't commit suicide was that I knew I wouldn't be able to drink any more if I was dead. It was the only thing I thought was worth living for, and the idea that people were about to try and remove me from alcohol was so terrible that I drank and drank and drank, and they had to practically carry me into the clinic."[42]
After being discharged, it was recommended by doctors of Hazelden that Clapton not partake in any activities that would act as triggers for his alcoholism or stress, until he was fully situated back at Hurtwood. A few months after his discharge, Clapton began working on his next album, against the Hazelden doctors' orders. Working with Tom Dowd, Clapton produced what he thought as his "most forced" album to date, Money and Cigarettes.
In 1984 he performed on Pink Floyd member Roger Waters' solo album, The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, and went on tour with Waters following the release of the album. Since then Waters and Clapton have had a close relationship. In 2005 they performed together for the Tsunami Relief Fund. In 2006 they performed at the Highclere Castle, in aid of the Countryside Alliance, playing two set pieces of "Wish You Were Here" and "Comfortably Numb". Clapton, now a seasoned charity performer, played at the Live Aid concert on 13 July 1985.[43] When offered a slot close to peak viewing hours, he was apparently flattered. As Clapton recovered from his addictions, his album output continued in the 1980s, including two produced with Phil Collins, 1985's Behind the Sun, which produced the hits "Forever Man" and "She's Waiting", and 1986's August.
August was suffused with Collins's trademark drum and horn sound, and became Clapton's biggest seller in the UK to date, matching his highest chart position, number 3. The album's first track, the hit "It's In The Way That You Use It", was featured in the Tom Cruise – Paul Newman movie The Color of Money. The horn-peppered "Run" echoed Collins' "Sussudio" and rest of the producer's Genesis/solo output, while "Tearing Us Apart" (with Tina Turner) and the unimpressed "Miss You" echoed Clapton's angry sound. This rebound kicked off Clapton's two-year period of touring with Collins and their August collaborates, bassist Nathan East and keyboard player/songwriter Greg Phillinganes. While on tour for August, two concert videos were recorded of the four-man band, Eric Clapton Live from Montreux and Eric Clapton and Friends. Clapton later remade "After Midnight" as a single and a promotional track for the Michelob beer brand, which had also marketed earlier songs by Collins and Steve Winwood. Clapton won a British Academy Television Award for his collaboration with Michael Kamen on the score for the 1985 BBC Television thriller serial Edge of Darkness. In 1989, Clapton released Journeyman, an album which covered a wide range of styles including blues, jazz, soul and pop. Collaborators included George Harrison, Phil Collins, Daryl Hall, Chaka Khan, Mick Jones, David Sanborn and Robert Cray.
In 1984, while still married to Pattie Boyd, Clapton began a year-long relationship with Yvonne Kelly. The two had a daughter, Ruth, who was born in January 1985, but her existence was kept a secret by her parents. She was not publicly revealed as his child until 1991.[44] Boyd criticised Clapton because he had not revealed the child's existence.[45]
At the 1987 Brit Awards in London, Clapton picked up the prize for Outstanding Contribution to Music.[46] Hurricane Hugo hit Montserrat in 1989, and this resulted in the closure of Sir George Martin and John Burgess's recording studio AIR Montserrat, where Kelly was Managing Director. Kelly and Ruth moved back to England, and stories about Eric's secret daughter began as a result of newspaper articles published at the time.[44] Clapton and Boyd divorced in 1988 following his affair with Italian model Lory Del Santo, who gave birth to their son, Conor, on 21 August 1986.[47] Boyd was never able to conceive children, despite attempts at in vitro fertilisation.[45][47] Their divorce was granted on grounds of "infidelity and unreasonable behaviour."[45]
Clapton was known to date a host of beautiful women, including Krissy Wood (ex-wife of Ron Wood), actress Charlotte Martin, socialite Alice Ormsby-Gore, Paula Boyd (the younger sister of his future wife Pattie), singer Janis Joplin, singer Marianne Faithfull, rock muses Catherine James, Cyrinda Fox, and Geraldine Edwards, the inspiration for Penny Lane in Almost Famous, singer Rosanne Cash, the First Lady of France and former model Carla Bruni, and actresses Patsy Kensit, Sharon Stone, and Alicia Witt.[48]
1990s[link]
The 1990s brought a series of 32 concerts to the Royal Albert Hall, such as the 24 Nights series of concerts that took place around January through February 1990, and February through March 1991. On 27 August 1990, fellow blues guitarist Stevie Ray Vaughan, who was touring with Clapton, and three members of their road crew were killed in a helicopter crash between concerts. Then, on 20 March 1991, Clapton's four-year-old son, Conor, died after falling from the 53rd-floor window of his mother's friend's New York City apartment at 117 East 57th Street. He landed on the roof of an adjacent four-story building. Clapton's grief was expressed in the song "Tears in Heaven", which was co-written by Will Jennings. At the 35th Grammy Awards, Clapton received six Grammy Awards for the single "Tears in Heaven" and his Unplugged album.[49] The album reached number one on the Billboard 200, and has since been certified Diamond by the RIAA for selling over 10 million copies in the United States.[50] On 9 September 1992, Clapton performed "Tears in Heaven" at the 1992 MTV Video Music Awards in Los Angeles, and won the award for Best Male Video.[51][52]
In October 1992 Clapton was among the dozens of artists performing at Bob Dylan's 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration. Recorded at Madison Square Garden in New York City, the live two-disk CD/DVD captured a show full of celebrities performing classic Dylan songs, before ending with a few performances from Dylan himself. Despite the presence of 10 other guitarists on stage, including George Harrison, Neil Young, Roger McGuinn, Steve Cropper, Tom Petty, and Dylan, Clapton played the lead on a nearly 7-minute version of Dylan's "Knockin' on Heaven's Door" as part of the finale.
While Unplugged featured Clapton playing acoustic guitar, his 1994 album From the Cradle contained new versions of old blues standards, highlighted by his electric guitar playing.[53] Clapton's 1996 recording of the Wayne Kirkpatrick/Gordon Kennedy/Tommy Sims tune "Change the World" (featured in the soundtrack of the movie Phenomenon) won the Grammy Award for Song of the Year in 1997, the same year he recorded Retail Therapy (an album of electronic music with Simon Climie under the pseudonym TDF). The following year, Clapton released the album Pilgrim, the first record featuring new material for almost a decade.[41] Clapton finished the twentieth century with collaborations with Carlos Santana and B. B. King.
In 1996 Clapton had a relationship with singer/songwriter Sheryl Crow. They remain friends, and Clapton appeared as a guest on Crow's Central Park Concert. The duo performed a Cream hit single, "White Room". Later, Clapton and Crow performed an alternate version of "Tulsa Time" with other guitar legends at the Crossroads Guitar Festival in June 2007.
In 1998 Clapton, then 53, met 22-year-old administrative assistant Melia McEnery in Columbus, Ohio, at a party given for him after a performance. He quietly dated her for a year, and went public with the relationship in 1999. They married on 1 January 2002 at St Mary Magdalene church in Clapton's birthplace, Ripley. As of 2005 they have three daughters, Julie Rose (13 June 2001), Ella May (14 January 2003), and Sophie Belle (1 February 2005).
At the 41st Grammy Awards on 24 February 1999, Clapton received his third Grammy Award for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance, for his song "My Father's Eyes".[54] In October 1999, the compilation album, Clapton Chronicles: The Best of Eric Clapton, was released, which contained a new song, "Blue Eyes Blue", that also appears in soundtrack for the film, Runaway Bride.[55][56]
2000s[link]
Following the release of the 2001 record Reptile, in June 2002, Clapton performed "Layla" and "While My Guitar Gently Weeps" at the Party at the Palace concert in the grounds of Buckingham Palace.[57] On 29 November 2002, the Concert for George was held at the Royal Albert Hall, a tribute to George Harrison, who had died a year earlier of cancer.[58] Clapton was a performer and the musical director. The concert featured Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, Jeff Lynne, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Ravi Shankar, Gary Brooker, Billy Preston, Joe Brown and Dhani Harrison.[58] In 2004, Clapton released two albums of covers of songs by bluesman Robert Johnson, Me and Mr. Johnson and Sessions for Robert J. In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Clapton #53 on their list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".[59]
On 22 January 2005, Clapton performed in the Tsunami Relief Concert held at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff, in aid of the victims of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. In May 2005 Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce, and Ginger Baker reunited as Cream for a series of concerts at the Royal Albert Hall in London. Concert recordings were released on CD and DVD. Later, Cream performed in New York at Madison Square Garden. Back Home, Clapton's first album of new original material in nearly five years, was released on Reprise Records on 30 August. In 2006 he invited Derek Trucks and Doyle Bramhall II to join his band for his 2006–2007 world tour. Trucks is the third member of the Allman Brothers Band to tour supporting Clapton, the second being pianist/keyboardist Chuck Leavell, who appeared on the MTV Unplugged album and the 24 Nights performances at the Royal Albert Hall theatre of London in 1990 and 1991, as well as Clapton's 1992 U.S. tour.
On 20 May 2006, Clapton performed with Queen drummer Roger Taylor and former Pink Floyd bassist/songwriter Roger Waters at the Highclere Castle, Hampshire, in support of the Countryside Alliance.[60] On 13 August 2006, Clapton made a guest appearance at the Bob Dylan concert in Columbus, Ohio, playing guitar on three songs in Jimmie Vaughan's opening act.[61] A collaboration with guitarist J. J. Cale, titled The Road to Escondido, was released on 7 November 2006, featuring Derek Trucks and Billy Preston. The 14-track CD was produced and recorded by the duo in August 2005 in California. The chemistry between Trucks and Clapton convinced him to invite The Derek Trucks Band to open for Clapton's set at his 2007 Crossroads Guitar Festival. Trucks remained on set afterward, performed with Clapton's band throughout his performances, and later embarked on a world tour with him.
The rights to Clapton's official memoirs, written by Christopher Simon Sykes and published in 2007, were sold at the 2005 Frankfurt Book Fair for US$4 million.[62]
On 26 February 2008, it was reported that North Korean officials had invited Clapton to play a concert in the communist state.[63] Clapton's management received the invitation and passed it on to the singer, who agreed in principle and suggested it take place sometime in 2009.[64] Kristen Foster, a spokesperson, said, "Eric Clapton receives numerous offers to play in countries around the world," and "[t]here is no agreement whatsoever for him to play in North Korea."[65]
In 2007 Clapton learned more about his father, a Canadian soldier who left the UK after the war. Although Clapton's grandparents eventually told him the truth about his parentage, he only knew that his father's name was Edward Fryer. This was a source of disquiet for Clapton, as witnessed by his 1998 song "My Father's Eyes". A Montreal journalist named Michael Woloschuk researched Canadian Armed Forces service records and tracked down members of Fryer's family, and finally pieced together the story. He learned that Clapton's father was Edward Walter Fryer, born 21 March 1920, in Montreal and died 15 May 1985 in Newmarket, Ontario. Fryer was a musician (piano and saxophone) and a lifelong drifter who was married several times, had several children, and apparently never knew that he was the father of Eric Clapton.[66] Clapton thanked Woloschuk in an encounter at Macdonald Cartier Airport, in Ottawa, Canada.[67]
In February 2008 Clapton performed with his long-time friend Steve Winwood at Madison Square Garden and guested on his recorded single, "Dirty City", on Winwood's album Nine Lives. The two former Blind Faith bandmates met again for a series of 14 concerts throughout the United States in June 2009.
Clapton's 2008 Summer Tour began on 3 May at the Ford Amphitheatre, Tampa Bay, Florida, and then moved to Canada, Ireland, England, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, Poland, Germany, and Monaco. On 28 June 2008, he headlined Saturday night for Hard Rock Calling 2008 in London's Hyde Park (previously Hyde Park Calling) with support from Sheryl Crow and John Mayer.[68][69] In September 2008 Clapton performed at a private charity fundraiser for The Countryside Alliance at Floridita in Soho, London, that included such guests as the London Mayor Boris Johnson.
In March 2009, the Allman Brothers Band (amongst many notable guests) celebrated their 40th year, dedicating their string of concerts to the late Duane Allman on their annual run at the Beacon Theatre. Eric Clapton was one of the performers, with drummer Butch Trucks remarking that the performance was not the typical Allman Brothers experience, given the number and musical styles of the guests who were invited to perform. Songs like "In Memory of Elizabeth Reed" were punctuated with others, including "The Weight", with Levon Helm; Johnny Winter sitting in on Hendrix's "Red House"; and "Layla". On 4 May 2009 Clapton appeared as a featured guest at the Royal Albert Hall, playing "Further on Up the Road" with Joe Bonamassa.
Clapton was scheduled to be one of the performers at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 25th anniversary concert in Madison Square Garden on 30 October 2009, but cancelled due to gallstone surgery.[70] Van Morrison (who also cancelled)[71] said in an interview that he and Clapton were to do a "couple of songs", but that they would do something else together at "some other stage of the game".[72]
2010s[link]
Clapton performed a two-night show with Jeff Beck at London's O2 Arena on 13–14 February 2010.[73] The two former Yardbirds extended their 2010 tour with stops at Madison Square Garden,[74] the Air Canada Centre in Toronto, and the Bell Centre in Montreal.[75] Clapton performed a series of concerts in 11 cities throughout the United States from 25 February to 13 March 2010, including Roger Daltrey as opening act. His third European tour with Steve Winwood began on 18 May and ended 13 June, including Tom Norris as opening act. He then began a short North American tour lasting from 26 June to 3 July, starting with his third Crossroads Guitar Festival on 26 June at Toyota Park in Bridgeview, Illinois. Clapton released a new studio album, Clapton, on 27 September 2010 in the United Kingdom and 28 September 2010 in the United States. On 17 November 2010, Clapton performed as guest on the Prince's Trust rock gala held at the Royal Albert Hall, supported by the house band for the evening, which included Jools Holland, Midge Ure and Mark King.[76]
On 24 June 2011 Clapton was in concert with Pino Daniele in Cava de' Tirreni stadium, Italy, with an audience of 15,000 people before performing a series of concerts in South America from 6 to 16 October 2011. He spent the November and December 2011 touring Japan with Steve Winwood, playing 13 shows in various cities throughout the country. On 24 February 2012 Clapton, Keith Richards, Gary Clark Jr., Derek Trucks, Doyle Bramhall II, Kim Wilson and other artists performed together in the Howlin' For Hubert Tribute concert held at the Apollo Theater of NYC honoring blues guitarist Hubert Sumlin who died at age 80 in 4 December.
Influences[link]
Clapton cites Freddie King, B.B. King, Albert King, Buddy Guy, and Hubert Sumlin as guitar playing influences. Clapton stated blues musician Robert Johnson to be his single most important influence. In 2004 Clapton released CDs and DVDs entitled Sessions for Robert Johnson, featuring Clapton covering Robert Johnson songs using electric and acoustic guitars.[77]
Clapton co-authored with others the book Discovering Robert Johnson, in which Clapton said Johnson was[78]
"...the most important blues musician who ever lived. He was true, absolutely, to his own vision, and as deep as I have gotten into the music over the last 30 years, I have never found anything more deeply soulful than Robert Johnson. His music remains the most powerful cry that I think you can find in the human voice, really. ... it seemed to echo something I had always felt."
Legacy[link]
Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important and influential guitarists of all time.[2][79][80][81] Clapton is the only three-time inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame: once as a solo artist, and separately as a member of The Yardbirds and Cream.[82] He ranked second in Rolling Stone magazine's list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time"[3] and fourth in Gibson's Top 50 Guitarists of All Time.[4]
Guitarists influenced by Clapton include Richie Sambora, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Gary Moore, Duane Allman, Derek Trucks,[83] Eddie Van Halen, Brian May, Tony Iommi, Lenny Kravitz, Slash, Orianthi,Vince Gill, Brad Paisley, Jonny Buckland, Joe Don Rooney, Alex Lifeson, Jonny Lang, John Mayer, Joe Satriani, Joe Bonamassa, Davy Knowles, and George Harrison.
Guitars[link]
Clapton's choice of electric guitars has been as notable as the man himself; alongside Hank Marvin, The Beatles and Jimi Hendrix, Clapton exerted a crucial and widespread influence in popularising particular models of electric guitar.[84] With the Yardbirds, Clapton played a Fender Telecaster, a Fender Jazzmaster, a double-cutaway Gretsch 6120, and a 1964 Cherry-Red Gibson ES-335. He became exclusively a Gibson player for a period beginning in mid-1965, when he purchased a used sunburst Gibson Les Paul guitar from a guitar store in London. Clapton commented on the slim profile of the neck, which would indicate it was a 1960 model.[85]
Early during his stint in Cream, Clapton's first Les Paul Standard was stolen. He continued to play Les Pauls exclusively with Cream (one bought from Andy Summers was almost identical to the stolen guitar)[86] until 1967, when he acquired his most famous guitar in this period, a 1964 Gibson SG.[87] Just before Cream's first U.S. appearance in 1967, Clapton's SG, Bruce's Fender VI, and Baker's drum head were all repainted in psychedelic designs created by the visual art collective known as The Fool. In 1968 Clapton bought a Gibson Firebird and started using the 1964 Cherry-Red Gibson ES-335 again.[87] The aforementioned 1964 ES-335 had a storied career. Clapton used it at the last Cream show in November 1968 as well as with Blind Faith, played it sparingly for slide pieces in the 1970s, used it on "Hard Times" from Journeyman, the Hyde Park live concert of 1996, and the From the Cradle sessions and tour of 1994–95. It was sold for US$847,500 at a 2004 auction.[88] Gibson produced a limited run of 250 "Crossroads 335" replicas. The 335 was only the second electric guitar Clapton bought.[89]
In July 1968 Clapton gave George Harrison a 1957 'goldtop' Gibson Les Paul that been refinished with a red colour. The following September, Clapton played the guitar on the Beatles' studio recording of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps". His SG found its way into the hands of George Harrison's friend Jackie Lomax, who subsequently sold it to musician Todd Rundgren for US$500 in 1972. Rundgren restored the guitar and nicknamed it "Sunny", after "Sunshine of Your Love". He retained it until 2000, when he sold it at an auction for US$150,000.[87] At the 1969 Blind Faith concert in Hyde Park, London Clapton played a Fender Custom Telecaster, which was fitted with "Brownie"'s neck.
In late 1969 Clapton made the switch to the Fender Stratocaster. "I had a lot of influences when I took up the Strat. First there was Buddy Holly, and Buddy Guy. Hank Marvin was the first well known person over here in England who was using one, but that wasn't really my kind of music. Steve Winwood had so much credibility, and when he started playing one, I thought, oh, if he can do it, I can do it."[90] The first—used during the recording of Eric Clapton—was "Brownie", which in 1974 became the backup to the most famous of all Clapton's guitars, "Blackie". In November 1970 Eric bought six Fender Stratocasters from the Sho-bud guitar shop in Nashville, Tennessee while on tour with the Dominos. He gave one each to George Harrison, Steve Winwood, and Pete Townshend.
Clapton assembled the best components of the remaining three to create "Blackie", which was his favourite stage guitar until its retirement in 1985. It was first played live 13 January 1973 at the Rainbow Concert.[91] Clapton called the 1956/57 Strat a "mongrel".[92] On 24 June 2004, Clapton sold "Blackie" at Christie's Auction House, New York, for US$959,500 to raise funds for his Crossroads Centre for drug and alcohol addictions. "Brownie" is now on display at the Experience Music Project.[93] The Fender Custom Shop has since produced a limited run of 275 'Blackie' replicas, correct in every detail right down to the 'Duck Brothers' flight case, and artificially aged using Fender's 'Relic' process to simulate years of hard wear. One was presented to Eric upon the model's release and was used for three numbers during a concert at the Royal Albert Hall on 17 May 2006.[94]
In 1981 Clapton gave his signed Fender Lead II guitar to the Hard Rock Cafe to designate his favourite bar stool. Pete Townshend also donated his own Gibson Les Paul guitar, with a note attached: "Mine's as good as his! Love, Pete."[95]
In 1988 Fender honoured Clapton with the introduction of his signature Eric Clapton Stratocaster.[96] These were the first two artist models in the Stratocaster range. Since then, the artist series has grown to include models inspired by Clapton's contemporaries such as Rory Gallagher, Mark Knopfler, Jeff Beck, and Stevie Ray Vaughan, and by those who have influenced him, such as Buddy Guy. Clapton uses Ernie Ball Slinky and Super Slinky strings, gauge .10 to.46.[97] Clapton has been honoured with several signature-model 000-sized acoustic guitars made by the American firm of C.F. Martin & Company. The first, of these, introduced in 1995, was a limited edition 000-42EC Eric Clapton signature model with a production run of 461. As of December 2007, Martin had produced seven EC signature models.[98] His 1939 000-42 Martin that he played on the Unplugged album sold for US$791,500 at auction.[88] Clapton plays a custom 000-ECHF Martin these days.
In 1999, Clapton auctioned off some of his guitar collection to raise more than US$5 million for continuing support of the Crossroads Centre in Antigua, which he founded in 1997.[99] The Crossroads Centre is a treatment base for addictive disorders such as drugs and alcohol. In 2004 Clapton organised and participated in the Crossroads Guitar Festival to benefit the Centre. A second guitar auction, including the "Cream" of Clapton's collection – as well as guitars donated by famous friends – was held on 24 June 2004. His Lowden acoustic guitar sold for US$41,825. The revenue garnered by this auction at Christie's was US$7,438,624.[88]
In 2010 Eric Clapton announced that he would be auctioning off over 150 items at a New York auction in 2011. Proceeds will benefit his Crossroads Centre in Antigua. Items include Clapton's guitar from the Cream reunion tour in 2005, speaker cabinets used in the early 1970s from his days with Derek and the Dominoes, and some guitars from Jeff Beck, J.J. Cale, and Joe Bonamassa.[100] In March 2011 Clapton raised more than US$2.15 million when he auctioned off key items, including a 1984 Gibson hollow body guitar, a Gianni Versace suit from his 1990 concert at the Royal Albert Hall, and a replica of the famous Fender Stratocaster known as "Blackie", which fetched more than $30,000. All proceeds from the auction were donated to Clapton's Crossroads drug and rehabilitation centre in Antigua.
The "woman tone" is the informal term used by Clapton to refer to his distinctive mid- to late-1960s electric guitar sound, created using his Gibson SG solid body guitar (with Humbucker pick-ups) and a Marshall tube amplifier.[101] It is an overdriven sound that is articulate yet thick. It is characterised by being quite distorted (or even achieved with a fuzz) but muted, in contrast to the bright and twangy distortion that most guitarists were using at the time. Many players have tried to duplicate it, usually without success, in part because Clapton's playing technique had a lot to do with the tone.
Among the techniques used to replicate Clapton's sound is a technique by which the amplifier's volume is turned up to full, while the guitar's tone knob is turned down to zero or one.[102]
Perhaps the best example of the "woman tone" is Clapton's famous riff and solo from Cream's 1967 hit "Sunshine of Your Love". Clapton has explained that he obtained the tone with his Gibson's tone control rolled all the way down, switching to the neck pick-up (closest to the fretboard) and the volume all the way up, with his distortion turned all the way up. The treble, mids and bass controls on the amplifier were also maxed out. Some versions of the "woman tone" may also have involved strategic positioning of Clapton's wah-wah pedal.
Other media appearances[link]
Clapton frequently appears as a guest on the albums of other musicians. For example, he is credited on Dire Straits's Brothers in Arms album, as he lent Mark Knopfler one of his guitars. He played lead guitar and synthesiser on The Pros and Cons of Hitch Hiking, Roger Waters' debut solo album. Other media appearances include the Toots & the Maytals album True Love, where he played guitar on the track "Pressure Drop". He can also be heard at the beginning of Frank Zappa's album, We're Only in It for the Money, repeating the phrase, "Are you hung up?" over and over again. In 1985, Clapton appeared on the charity concert Live Aid in Philadelphia with Phil Collins, Tim Renwick, Chris Stainton, Jamie Oldaker, Marcy Levy, Shaun Murphy, and Donald 'Duck' Dunn. In 1988 he played with Dire Straits and Elton John at the Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute at Wembley Stadium and the Prince's Trust rock gala at the Royal Albert Hall. On 30 June 1990, Dire Straits, Clapton, and Elton John made a guest appearance in the Nordoff-Robbins charity show held at Knebworth.[103] In 1991 Clapton was featured on Richie Sambora's album, Stranger In This Town, in a song dedicated to him, called "Mr. Bluesman". He contributed guitar and vocals to "Runaway Train", a duet with Elton John on the latter's The One album the following year.
On 12 September 1996 Clapton played a party for Armani at New York City's Lexington Armory with Greg Phillinganes, Nathan East, and Steve Gadd. Sheryl Crow appeared on one number, performing "Tearing Us Apart", a track from August, which was first performed by Tina Turner during the Prince's Trust All-Star Rock show in 1986. It was Clapton's sole US appearance that year, following the open-air concert held at Hyde Park.[104] The concert was taped and the footage was released both on VHS video cassette and later, on DVD.[104]
Clapton was featured in the movie version of Tommy, the first full length rock opera, written by The Who. The movie version gave Clapton a cameo appearance as The Preacher, performing Sonny Boy Williamson's song, "Eyesight to the Blind". He appeared in Blues Brothers 2000 as one of the Louisiana Gator Boys. In addition to being in the band, he had a small speaking role. Clapton has appeared in an advertisement for the Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen. In March 2007 Clapton appeared in an advertisement[105] for RealNetwork's Rhapsody online music service. In 2010 Clapton started appearing as a spokesman for T-Mobile, advertising their MyTouch Fender cell phone.
Eric Clapton was compared to God's image in the episode "Holy Crap!" of season two of That '70s Show when characters Eric Forman and Steven Hyde are asked by their minister to draw a picture of God.
Political views and advocacy[link]
Clapton is a supporter of the Countryside Alliance, he has played in concerts to raise funds for the organisation and he publicly opposed the Labour Party’s ban on fox hunting. A spokesperson for Clapton said, "Eric supports the Countryside Alliance. He doesn't hunt himself, but does enjoy rural pursuits such as fishing and shooting. He supports the Alliance's pursuit to scrap the ban on the basis that he doesn't agree with the state's interference with people's private pursuits."[106]
In 2008, he donated a song to Aid Still Required's CD to assist with the restoration of the devastation done to Southeast Asia from the 2004 Tsunami.
Controversy over remarks on immigration[link]
On 5 August 1976 Clapton provoked an uproar and lingering controversy when he spoke out against increasing immigration during a concert in Birmingham. Visibly intoxicated, Clapton voiced his support of controversial political candidate Enoch Powell, and announced on stage that Britain was in danger of becoming a "black colony". Clapton was quoted as saying, "I think Enoch's right ... we should send them all back. Throw the wogs out! Keep Britain white!"[107] The latter phrase was at the time a British National Front slogan.[108] Clapton continued:
"I used to be into dope, now I’m into racism. It’s much heavier, man. Fucking wogs, man. Fucking Saudis taking over London. Bastard wogs. Britain is becoming overcrowded and Enoch will stop it and send them all back. The black wogs and coons and Arabs and fucking Jamaicans and fucking [indecipherable] don’t belong here, we don’t want them here. This is England, this is a white country, we don’t want any black wogs and coons living here. We need to make clear to them they are not welcome. England is for white people, man. We are a white country. I don’t want fucking wogs living next to me with their standards. This is Great Britain, a white country, what is happening to us, for fuck's sake? We need to vote for Enoch Powell, he’s a great man, speaking truth. Vote for Enoch, he’s our man, he’s on our side, he’ll look after us. I want all of you here to vote for Enoch, support him, he’s on our side. Enoch for Prime Minister! Throw the wogs out! Keep Britain white!"[109]
This incident, along with some explicitly pro-fascism remarks made around the same time by David Bowie as well as uses of Nazi-related imagery by Sid Vicious and Siouxsie Sioux, were the main catalysts for the creation of Rock Against Racism, which occurred on 30 April 1978.[110]
In response to the comments, rock photographer Red Saunders and others published an open letter in NME, Melody Maker, Sounds, and the Socialist Worker. It read "Come on Eric... Own up. Half your music is black. You're rock music's biggest colonist". It concluded, "P.S. Who shot the Sheriff, Eric? It sure as hell wasn't you!"[110]
In an interview from October 1976 with Sounds magazine, Clapton remarked, "I thought it was quite funny actually. I don't know much about politics. I don't even know if it would be good or bad for him to get in. I don't even know who the Prime Minister is now. I just don't know what came over me that night. It must have been something that happened in the day but it came out in this garbled thing... I thought the whole thing was like Monty Python. There's this rock group playing on-stage and the singer starts talking about politics. It's so stupid. Those people who paid their money sittin' listening to this madman dribbling on and the band meanwhile getting fidgety thinking 'oh dear'."[111]
In a 2004 interview with Uncut, Clapton referred to Powell as "outrageously brave", and stated that his "feeling about this has not changed", because the UK is still "... inviting people in as cheap labour and then putting them in ghettos." In 2004 Clapton told an interviewer for Scotland on Sunday, "There's no way I could be a racist. It would make no sense".[112] In his 2007 autobiography, Clapton called himself "deliberately oblivious to it all" and wrote, "I had never really understood or been directly affected by racial conflict ... when I listened to music, I was disinterested in where the players came from or what colour their skin was. Interesting, then, that 10 years later, I would be labelled a racist ... Since then, I have learnt to keep my opinions to myself. Of course, it might also have had something to do with the fact that Pattie had just been leered at by a member of the Saudi royal family."[113] In a December 2007 interview with Melvyn Bragg on The South Bank Show, Clapton reiterated his support for Enoch Powell and again denied that Powell's views were "racist".[114]
Wealth and assets[link]
In 2009 Surrey Life Magazine ranked Eric Clapton as number 17 in their list of richest Surrey residents, estimating Clapton's fortune at £120 million in assets. This was a compilation of property and income which include a £9 million yacht, "Va Bene" (previously owned by Bernie Ecclestone), his back music catalogue, his touring income, and his Marshbrook holding company, which had earned him £110 million since 1989.[115] In 2003, he purchased a 50 per cent share of gentleman's outfitters Cordings Piccadilly.[116] At the time, owner Noll Uloth was trying to save the shop from closure and thought 'I will go and talk to my best client". He is reported to have contacted Eric and within five minutes he had a reply saying 'I can't let this happen."[116]
Awards and honours[link]
| Year | Award / Recognition |
|---|---|
| 1983 |
|
| 1985 |
|
| 1993 |
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| 1994 | |
| 2000 |
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| 2004 |
|
| 2006 |
|
Football[link]
In 1982 he performed a concert before West Bromwich Albion player John Wile's testimonial game at the Hawthorns, and it is often reported by various sources that Clapton is an Albion supporter. Credence for this notion can be taken from the cover pictures to the "Backless" solo album, where he is seen on the front cover to be wearing a football scarf; the rear cover photograph reveals the slogan "ALBION" on the scarf. It has been reported that the club rejected his offer to invest cash in the club around this time, and that he has since expressed more of an interest in Chelsea.[124]
Clapton's music in film and TV[link]
- Mean Streets (1973) – "I Looked Away"
- Private Lessons (1981 film) (1981) – Next Time You See Her
- Purple Haze (1983) – "I Feel Free"
- The Hit (1984) – Score
- Miami Vice (1984–1989) – Four songs over the course of the show's five seasons: "Wonderful Tonight", "Knock On Wood", "She's Waiting", and "Layla"
- Back to the Future (1985) – "Heaven Is One Step Away"
- Edge of Darkness (1985) – Soundtrack
- The Color of Money (1986) – "It's In The Way That You Use It"
- SpaceCamp (1986 film) – "Forever Man" plays when Tate Donovan's character arrives at the Space Camp
- The German car manufacturer Opel and Vauxhall in the UK used the guitar riff of Clapton's "Layla" in its advertising campaign throughout in 1987–95.
- Lethal Weapon (1987) – Soundtrack with Michael Kamen
- Lethal Weapon 2 (1989) – "Knockin' On Heaven's Door"
- Goodfellas (1990) – "Layla" and "Sunshine of Your Love"[125]
- Rush (1991) – Clapton wrote the score
- Wayne's World (1992) – "Loving your Loving"
- Peter's Friends (1992) – "Give Me Strength"
- Lethal Weapon 3 (1992) – Clapton contributed to the score and co-wrote and co-performed the song "It's Probably Me" with Sting and "Runaway Train" with Elton John.
- True Lies (1994) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- The Simpsons episode "Mother Simpson" (1995) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- Twister (1996) – "Motherless Child"
- Phenomenon (1996) – "Change the World"
- The Van (1996) – Soundtrack
- Happy Gilmore (1996) – "Wonderful Tonight"
- Patch Adams (1998) – "Let It Rain"
- Lethal Weapon 4 (1998) – "Pilgrim"
- City of Angels (1998) – "Further On Up The Road"
- Buffy the Vampire Slayer episodes "Band Candy" and "Forever" (1998) – "Tales of Brave Ulysses"
- Runaway Bride (1999) – "Blue Eyes Blue"
- The Story of Us (1999) – "(I) Get Lost" (featured multiple times)
- Friends episode "The One with the Proposal, Part 2" (2000) – "Wonderful Tonight"
- Dancing At The Blue Iguana (2000) – "River of Tears"
- A Knight's Tale (2001) – "Further On Up The Road"
- Blow (2001) – "Strange Brew"
- Friends episode "The One Where Rachel Has a Baby, Part Two" (2002) – "River of Tears"
- Futurama episode "The 30% Iron Chef" (2002) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- The Sopranos episode "Whitecaps" (2002) – Tony Soprano is seen listening to "Layla" in his Suburban.
- School Of Rock (2003) – "Sunshine of Your Love"
- Starsky & Hutch (2004) – "Cocaine"
- Anger Management (2004) – "Strange Brew"
- Fahrenheit 9/11 (2004) – "Cocaine"
- Bad News Bears (2005) – "Cocaine"
- Lords of Dogtown (2005) – "Strange Brew"
- Lord of War (2005) – "Cocaine"
- United States of Tara episode – "Cocaine"
- Community episode – "Layla"
- The Good Guys Episode Silvio's Way – "Layla"
- Due Date (2010) – "White Room"
- Shameless (U.S. TV series) (2011) – "White Room"
Discography[link]
Main article: Eric Clapton discography
References[link]
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- ^ Rebel Rock by J. Street. First Edition (1986).Oxford Press Basil Blackwell.pp.74–75.
- ^ a b Manzoor, Sarfraz (20 April 2008). "The year rock found the power to unite". The Observer (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2008/apr/20/popandrock.race. Retrieved 18 January 2010.
- ^ Charone, Barbara (October 1976, (again, 1996)). "Eric Clapton: Farther On Up The Road". Reprint for the web, article from Sounds Magazine. Sounds Magazine. http://theband.hiof.no/articles/clapton_interview_sounds_oct_1976.html. Retrieved 19 October 2009.
- ^ "dead link". Scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com. http://scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com/review.cfm?id=408192004. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "The gospel according to God". The Guardian (London). 21 October 2007. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2195792,00.html. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- ^ "Eric Clapton". The South Bank Show. 2 December 2007. ITV.
- ^ Beresford, Philip (June 2009). "Surrey's Richest 50; The Top Ten". Rank of the wealthiest residents of Surrey, England. Surrey Life Magazine. http://surrey.greatbritishlife.co.uk/article/surreys-richest-50-the-top-ten-2497/. Retrieved 27 August 2011.
- ^ a b "Clapton rescues gentlemen's shop". BBC. 2 August 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/3528296.stm.
- ^ Michael Schumacher, Crossroads: The Life and Music of Eric Clapton. Consulted on 12 August 2007.
- ^ "Awards Database – The BAFTA site". BAFTA. http://www.bafta.org/awards-database.html?year=1985&category=Television&award=Original+Television+Music. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
- ^ "1993 Grammy Winners". Newspaper Article (New York Times). 26 February 1993. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE3DB133CF935A15751C0A965958260. Retrieved 20 August 2008.
- ^ "Eric Clapton: Blues guitar legend". BBC News. 31 December 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/music/3356959.stm. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Clapton's Hall of Fame hat-trick". BBC News. 8 December 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/555396.stm. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "CBEs – full list". BBC News. 31 December 2003. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3357011.stm. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Musician Clapton delighted by CBE". BBC News. 3 November 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/3977571.stm. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "BOING: The rich and famous celebrities who support West Bromwich Albion FC". Baggies.com. 12 June 2005. http://www.baggies.com/celebrities/. Retrieved 22 August 2010.
- ^ "Soundtracks for Goodfellas". Internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0099685/soundtrack. Retrieved 17 February 2007.
Further reading[link]
- On Eric Clapton's career:
-
- Robin Bextor, Eric Clapton: Now & Then, Carlton Books, 2006, 144 pp.
- Eric Clapton, Clapton, The Autobiography, 2007 and 2008, Broadway Books, 352 pp. / Arrow, 400 pages / Century, 384 pp.
- Eric Clapton, Derek Taylor and Peter Blake, 24 Nights, Genesis Publications, 2 volumes, 1992, 198 and 64 pp. Eric Clapton's signed limited edition books, in a Solander box with 2 live CD
- Ray Coleman, Clapton!: The Authorized Biography, Warner Books, 368 pp, or Futura, 336 pages, 1986; originally publ. as "Survivor: The Authorized Biography", Sidgwick & Jackson, 1985, 300 pp.
- Geoffrey Giuliano, Brenda Giuliano and Deborah Lynn Black, The Illustrated Eric Clapton, Sunburst Books, 1994, 96 pp.
- George Harrison, Eric Clapton & al, Live in Japan: A celebration of George Harrison’s ‘Rock Legends’ Tour with Eric Clapton Band, Genesis Publications, 1993, 274 pp. George Harrison's signed limited black leather edition book, in a box with 2 live CD.
- Christopher Hjort w/ a foreword by John Mayall, Strange brew: Eric Clapton and the British Blues Boom, 1965–1970, Jawbone, 2007, 352 pp.
- John Pidgeon, Eric Clapton: A Biography, Panther, 1976, ... pages; rev. & upd. Vermilion, 1985 or 1987, 123 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton: The Complete Recording Sessions 1963–1992, Blandford or St. Martin’s Press, 1993, 192 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Slowhand: The Life & Music of Eric Clapton, Octopus or Harmony, 1991, 176 pp; upd. ed. Crown, 1993, 192 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton in His Own Words, Omnibus Press, 1993, 96 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton: The New Visual Documentary, Omnibus Press, 1990, 128 pp.; rev. ed., 1994, ...pp.; originally publ. as Eric Clapton: A Visual Documentary, 1986, ... pp.
- Marc Roberty, Clapton: The Complete Chronicle, Pyramid, 1991, 176 pp. / Mitchell Beazley 1993, 192 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton: The Man, the Music and the Memorabilia, Paper Tiger-Dragon’s World, 1994, 226 pp.
- Marc Roberty, The Complete Guide to the Music of Eric Clapton, Omnibus Press, 1995, 152 pp. CD format; rev. ed., 2005, 128 pp.
- Marc Roberty, Eric Clapton, CD Books, Orion, 1994, ...pp or MBS (Miami), 1996, 120 pp. CD format
- Marc Roberty and Chris Welch, Eric Clapton: The Illustrated Disco/Biography, Omnibus Press, 1984, 80 pp. or Beekman (New York), 1990, ...pp.
- Christopher Sandford, Clapton: Edge of Darkness, Victor Gollancz, 1994, 322 pp.
- Michael Schumacher, Crossroads: The Life and Music of Eric Clapton, Hyperion, 1995, 388 pp.; rev. ed, Time Warner p'backs, 1998, 411 pp.; new ed. titled Eric Clapton, Sphere, 2008, 432 pp.
- Harry Shapiro, Eric Clapton: Lost in The Blues, Guinness Books or Muze, 1992, 256 pp.; rev. ed. Da Capo press, 1193, 225 pp.; originally publ. as Slowhand: The Story of Eric Clapton, Proteus Books, 1985, 160 pp.
- Dave Thompson, Cream: The World's First Supergroup, Virgin Books, 2005, 256 pp.; rev., upd. & illustr. ed. titled Cream: How Eric Clapton Took the World By Storm, 2006, 320 pp.
- Steve Turner, Conversations with Eric Clapton, London: Abacus, 1976, 116 pp.
- Fred Weiler, Eric Clapton, Smithmark-Penguin or Bison Books, 1992, ... pp.
- Chris Welch, Cream: Stange Brew, Castle Communications or Sanctuary or Penguin, 1994, 176 pp.; Backbeat Books, 2000, 192 pp.
- About Clapton's playing and sound:
-
- David M. Brewster (2003). "Eric Clapton". Introduction to Guitar Tone & Effects. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-634-06046-5.
- H. P. Newquist and Richard Maloof (2003). "Eric Clapton". The Blues-Rock Masters. Backbeat Books. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-87930-735-6.
- Pete Prown and Lisa Sharken (2003). "Eric Clapton". Gear Secrets of the Guitar Legends. Backbeat Books. p. 6. ISBN 0-87930-751-X.
External links[link]
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Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Eric Clapton |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Eric Clapton |
- Official website
- Eric Clapton discography at MusicBrainz
- Eric Clapton at the Internet Movie Database
- Works by or about Eric Clapton in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
- Eric Clapton collected news and commentary at The Guardian
- Eric Clapton collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Eric Clapton and Steve Winwood at Bucharest (review)
- An Interview with Eric Clapton guitar technician Lee Dickson
- Article on Bluesbreakers Les Paul[dead link]
- Gibson article on obtaining the "Woman Tone"
- Review: Eric Clapton at Floridita
- Eric Clapton FAQ[dead link]
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| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Clapton, Eric |
| Alternative names | Clapton, Eric Patrick; Slowhand |
| Short description | guitarist, singer, and composer |
| Date of birth | 30 March 1945 |
| Place of birth | Ripley, Surrey, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Eric_Clapton
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This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Clapton
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
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 |
This biographical article needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful. (January 2011) |
| Bruce Parry | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1969-03-17) 17 March 1969 (age 43) Hythe, Hampshire, England |
| Occupation | Television presenter |
Bruce Parry (born 17 March 1969, in Hythe, Hampshire, England) is a former Royal Marines officer who is now a TV presenter and adventurer, known particularly for the documentary programme series Tribe (known as Going Tribal in the United States), co-produced by the BBC and the Discovery Channel. He has most recently returned from the Arctic, creating a book and TV series for the BBC.
Contents |
Background[link]
Parry was born in to a devoutly Christian and military family from Dorset with his father being a retired Major in the Royal Artillery Regiment. He attended the Wells Cathedral School as a boarder between 1978 and 1987 and was Head of house and made the First Rugby XV.
After finishing at Wells, Parry was commissioned as a Second Lieutenant in the Royal Marines at the age of 18. He served in a humanitarian aid capacity in Kurdistan during and after the First Gulf War.[1] At 23 he became the youngest officer ever to be made Head of Fitness and Training for the Royal Marines Commando Training Centre. Bruce Parry left the service as a Lieutenant after six years.
He went on to become an expedition leader for Trekforce,[2] before obtaining a job as a location manager for pop music videos. Parry eventually founded his own company, Endeavour Productions.
Television career[link]
Parry first appeared on television in 2002 in an episode of BBC1's Extreme Lives series entitled "Cannibals and Crampons". Bruce planned, filmed, directed and presented the documentary with his friend Mark Anstice. The film was a first hand account of their successful journey to climb Puncak Mandala in the Indonesian part of New Guinea. This is the second highest mountain of Australasia, but is little known and rarely climbed (their ascent probably being only the second one). The film was made by Ginger Television (becoming SMG). Next Parry was chosen to lead the Children's BBC CBBC expedition Serious Jungle, taking four boys and four girls aged 11 to 15 to Borneo to work with orangutans.
Also in 2002 Parry appeared as the straight-faced instructor opposite the inept survivalist Nick Frost in three episodes of Danger! 50,000 Volts! The following year he made a return to the BBC1's Extreme Lives series making a programme with Debra Veal about a 700 km canoe race down the Yukon River in Canada entitled "Yukon Quest". The same year he returned to CBBC to lead Serious Desert taking a similar group of children, this time to Namibia's Skeleton Coast to work with the endangered Black Rhino. The following year Parry started filming the prime time BBC2 series Tribe in which he lived with various tribal groups exactly as they do in order to better understand their culture.
The first series of Tribe saw Parry living with indigenous peoples in Gabon, India, Indonesia, Ethiopia, Mongolia and Venezuela. Next Parry was chosen to lead a group of expeditioners across Greenland in the guise of Captain Robert Falcon Scott for a period remake of Scott's fateful last trip to the South Pole. Series two of Tribe was filmed wholly in Ethiopia as a journey between three different tribal groups. Series three of tribe was filmed in Brazil, Polynesia, Siberia, Bhutan, Tanzania and Malaysia. In 2008, Parry journeyed for seven and a half months through Peru and Brazil for his series entitled "Amazon" where he looked at such issues as cocaine, oil, logging, slavery, dams, soya, cattle ranching and disease epidemics amongst Indigenous Peoples. Awards for the work he has been involved in include BAFTA's, RTS Best Presenter and many Film Festival Awards.
In 2010, over the course of one bright Arctic summer, Parry immersed himself in the lives of people living in the Far North, and has recently released a book about his travels. From the Inuit of Greenland to Alaskan whalers and gold-diggers, Canadian oil-men, scientists, and bands of reindeer herders in the remote valleys of Siberia, Parry encountered first-hand the threats to culture, landscape and wildlife that are being felt there.
Campaigns for Survival[link]
See also: Survival International
Currently, his series, "Arctic" is being shown on BBC2. His previous series Amazon is also being re-run on British TV. To link in with this series and his last one, Tribe, he put together a double album of twenty exclusive new songs from KT Tunstall, Johnny Borrell, A-ha, Black-Eyed Peas, Hot Chip and more. The album is called Bruce Parry presents: Amazon/Tribe - Songs for Survival. The first track on the album 'Ferreting' by supergroup 'Apparatjik' (who are releasing their own album later on, the band is made up of members of Coldplay, MEW, and A-ha) is used as the theme music for Amazon. The record label is Kensaltown Records and all profits go to Survival International.
In a video for Survival about the recording of the album, Songs for Survival, Parry speaks on the importance of raising awareness for indigenous rights. He believes that if people understood the impact that our culture of greed and consumption has on the 'wonderful people' at the other end, they would act differently.[3]
Spirituality[link]
Parry was raised as a Christian but his experiences among the tribes have led him to believe in a sceptical form of pandeism:
| “ | When I came back from expeditions, I had some experiences that made me readdress all that. I'd pretty much known all along that Christianity wasn't for me. Ever since then, I've been on my own quest to find another truth. I can't read novels, but I do read books about cosmology, about astrophysics, about genetics. I'm interested in altered states of mind, and creation myths. It's all part of the same thing - I want to know why we think what we think. Now, I'd describe myself as pan-deist, reluctantly verging on atheist.[4] | ” |
Filmography[link]
- Extreme Lives (2002)
- Serious Jungle (2002)
- Extreme Lives (2003)
- Serious Desert (2003)
- Tribe (Three series - 2005, 2006, 2007)
- Blizzard-Race to the Pole (2006)
- Amazon (2008)
- Arctic (2011)
Publications[link]
- Tribe, by Bruce Parry (Penguin, 2007), ISBN 978-0-7181-4918-5
- Amazon, by Bruce Parry (Penguin, 2008), ISBN 978-0-7181-5434-9
- Arctic, by Bruce Parry with Huw Lewis-Jones (Conway, 2011), ISBN 978-1-84486-130-9
- Brazil by Bruce Parry with Mariah carter on the way
References[link]
- ^ BBC Knowledge Profile on Bruce Parry
- ^ http://www.trekforce.org.uk
- ^ Jason Mraz and Brett Dennen in Bruce Parry Songs For Survival - Survival International official youtube channel (video)
- ^ Bruce Parry, quoted in Ed Caesar, "Bruce almighty; He really has been there and done that." Saturday Magazine, August 11, 2007, "Bruce almighty: What drives Tribe's presenter-explorer Bruce Parry?" by Ed Caesar in The Independent (11 August 2007).
External links[link]
- bruceparry.com
- Amazon at BBC Online
- Tribe at BBC Online
- Going Tribal on the Discovery Channel website
- Bruce Parry's Favourite Moments A collection of videos introduced by Bruce Parry on the BBC's Human Planet Explorer
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Parry, Bruce |
| Alternative names | |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | 17 March 1969 |
| Place of birth | Hythe, Hampshire, England |
| Date of death | |
| Place of death | |
http://wn.com/Bruce_Parry
This page contains text from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Parry
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, which means that you can copy and modify it as long as the entire work (including additions) remains under this license.
This article is about the Colombian drug lord. For the Colombian footballer, see Pablo Andrés Escobar. For the Paraguayan-Bolivian footballer, see Pablo Daniel Escobar.
This name uses Spanish naming customs; the first or paternal family name is Escobar and the second or maternal family name is Gaviria.
| Pablo Escobar | |
|---|---|
| Born | (1949-12-01)December 1, 1949 Rionegro, Antioquia, Colombia |
| Died | December 2, 1993(1993-12-02) (aged 44) Medellín, Colombia |
| Alias(es) | El Patrón, Don Pablo, El Señor, El Mágico |
| Conviction(s) | drug trafficking and smuggling, assassinations, bombing, bribery, racketeering, money laundering, murder, political corruption |
| Status | Deceased |
| Occupation | Head of the Medellín Cartel |
| Spouse | Maria Victoria Henao |
| Children | Juan Pablo, Manuela Escobar |
Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria (December 1, 1949 – December 2, 1993) was a Colombian drug lord. He was an elusive cocaine trafficker[1] and a rich and successful criminal.[2] In 1986, he had a short-lived career in Colombian politics.
Contents |
Early life[link]
Escobar was born in the village of Rionegro in Antioquia, Colombia, the third of seven children to Abel de Jesus Escobar, a farmer, and Hemilda Gaviria, an elementary school teacher.[3] As a teenager on the streets of Medellin, he would begin his criminal career, allegedly stealing gravestones and sanding them down for resale to smugglers. His brother, Roberto Escobar, denies this, claiming that the gravestones came from cemetery owners whose clients had stopped paying for site care and that they had a relative who had a legitimate monuments business.[4] He studied for a short time at the University of Antioquia.[5]
Pablo was involved in many criminal activities — running petty street scams, selling contraband cigarettes and fake lottery tickets, and stealing cars.[1] In the early 1970s, he was a thief and bodyguard, and he made a quick $100,000 on the side kidnapping and ransoming a Medellín executive before entering the drug trade.[6] His next step on the ladder was to become a millionaire by working for the multi-millionaire contraband smuggler Alvaro Prieto. Pablo's childhood ambition was to become a millionaire by the time he was 22.[7]
Rise to power[link]
In The Accountant's Story, Pablo's brother, Roberto Escobar, discusses how Pablo rose from poverty and obscurity to become one of the wealthiest men in the world. At the height of its power, the Medellín drug cartel was smuggling 15 tons of cocaine a day, worth more than half a billion dollars, into the United States. According to Roberto, Pablo's accountant, he and his brother's operation spent $2500 a month just purchasing rubber bands to wrap the stacks of cash—and since they had more illegal money than they could deposit in the banks, they stored the bricks of cash in their warehouses, annually writing off 10% as "spoilage" when the rats crept in at night and nibbled on the hundred dollar bills.[7]
In 1975, Escobar started developing his cocaine operation. He even flew a plane himself several times, mainly between Colombia and Panama, to smuggle a load into the United States. When he later bought 15 new and bigger airplanes (including a Learjet) and 6 helicopters, he decommissioned the plane and hung it above the gate to his ranch at Hacienda Napoles. His reputation grew after a well known Medellín dealer named Fabio Restrepo was murdered in 1975 ostensibly by Escobar, from whom he had purchased 14 kilograms. Afterwards, all of Restrepo's men were informed that they now worked for Pablo Escobar. In May 1976 Escobar and several of his men were arrested and were found in possession of 39 pounds (18 kg) of white paste after returning to Medellín with a heavy load from Ecuador. Initially, Pablo tried unsuccessfully to bribe the Medellín judges who were forming the case against him. Instead, after many months of legal wrangling Pablo had the two arresting officers bribed and the case was dropped. It was here that he began his pattern of dealing with the authorities by either bribing them or killing them.[8] Roberto Escobar maintains Pablo fell into the business simply because contraband became too dangerous to traffic. There were no drug cartels then and only a few drug barons, so there was plenty of business for everyone. In Peru, they bought the cocaine paste, which they refined in a laboratory in a two-story house in Medellín. On his first trip, Pablo bought a paltry £30 worth of paste in what was to become the first step towards the building of his empire. At first, he smuggled the cocaine in old plane tires and a pilot could earn as much as £500,000 a flight depending on how much he could smuggle.[9]
Soon the demand for cocaine was skyrocketing in the United States and Pablo organized more smuggling shipments, routes, and distribution networks in South Florida, California and other parts of the USA. He and Carlos Lehder worked together to develop a new island trans-shipment point in the Bahamas, called Norman's Cay. Carlos and Robert Vesco purchased most of the land on the Island which included a 3,300 foot airstrip, a harbor, hotel, houses, boats, aircraft and even built a refrigerated warehouse to store the cocaine. From 1978–1982, this was used as a central smuggling route for the Medellín Cartel. (According to his brother's account, Pablo did not purchase Norman's Cay. It was, instead, a sole venture of Carlos Lehder.) Escobar was able to purchase the 7.7 square miles (20 km2) of land, which included Hacienda Napoles, for several million dollars. He created a zoo, a lake and other diversions for his family and organization.[10] At one point it was estimated that 70 to 80 tons of cocaine were being shipped from Colombia to the U.S. every month. At the peak of his power in the mid-1980s, he was shipping as much as 11 tonnes per flight in jetliners to the United States (the biggest load shipped by Pablo was 23,000 kg mixed with fish paste and shipped via boat, this is confirmed by his brother in the book Escobar). In addition to using the planes, Pablo's brother, Roberto Escobar, said he also used two small remote-controlled submarines as a way to transport the massive loads (these subs were, in fact, manned and this is again documented in Roberto's book).[1]
In 1982, Escobar was elected as a deputy/alternative representative to the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia's Congress, as part of the Colombian Liberal Party.[11] During the 1980s, Escobar became known internationally as his drug network gained notoriety; the Medellín Cartel controlled a large portion of the drugs that entered into the United States, Mexico, Puerto Rico, and the Dominican Republic with cocaine brought mostly from Peru and Bolivia, as Colombian coca was initially of substandard quality. Escobar's product reached many other nations, mostly around the Americas, although it is said that his network reached as far as Asia.
Corruption and intimidation characterized Escobar's dealings with the Colombian system. He had an effective, inescapable policy in dealing with law enforcement and the government, referred to as "plata o plomo," (literally silver or lead, colloquially [accept] money or [face] bullets). This resulted in the deaths of hundreds of individuals, including civilians, policemen and state officials. At the same time, Escobar bribed countless government officials, judges and other politicians. Escobar was allegedly responsible for the murder of Colombian presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán, one of three assassinated candidates who were all competing in the same election, as well as the bombing of Avianca Flight 203 and the DAS Building bombing in Bogotá in 1989. The Cartel de Medellín was also involved in a deadly drug war with its primary rival, the Cartel de Cali, for most of its existence. It is sometimes alleged that Escobar backed the 1985 storming of the Colombian Supreme Court by left-wing guerrillas from the 19th of April Movement, also known as M-19, which resulted in the murder of half the judges on the court. Some of these claims were included in a late 2006 report by a Truth Commission of three judges of the current Supreme Court. One of those who discusses the attack is "Popeye", a former Escobar hitman. At the time of the siege, the Supreme Court was studying the constitutionality of Colombia's extradition treaty with the U.S.[12] Roberto Escobar stated in his book, that indeed the M-19 were paid to break into the building of the supreme court, and burn all papers and files on Los Extraditables - the group of cocaine smugglers who were under threat of being extradited to the US by their Colombian government. But the plan backfired and hostages were taken for negotiation of their release, so Los Extraditables were not directly responsible for the actions of the M-19.
Height of power[link]
Pablo Escobar said that the essence of the cocaine business was "simple - you bribe someone here, you bribe someone there, and you pay a friendly banker to help you bring the money back."[13] In 1989, Forbes magazine estimated Escobar to be one of 227 billionaires in the world with a personal net worth of close to US$3 billion[14] while his Medellín cartel controlled 80% of the global cocaine market.[15]
While seen as an enemy of the United States and Colombian governments, Escobar was a hero to many in Medellín (especially the poor people); he was a natural at public relations and he worked to create goodwill among the poor people of Colombia. A lifelong sports fan, he was credited with building football fields and multi-sports courts, as well as sponsoring children's football teams.[7]
Escobar was responsible for the construction of many hospitals, schools and churches in western Colombia, which gained him popularity inside the local Roman Catholic Church.[16] He worked hard to cultivate his "Robin Hood" image, and frequently distributed money to the poor through housing projects and other civic activities, which gained him notable popularity among the poor. The population of Medellín often helped Escobar serving as lookouts, hiding information from the authorities, or doing whatever else they could do to protect him.
Despite his popular image among Medellín's impoverished community, Escobar was well-known among his business associates to be a calm and sensible negotiator, that preferred to use money before the gun[citation needed]. Many of the wealthier residents of Medellín also viewed him as a threat. His brother said that Pablo knew that money generated more loyalty than fear, so violence was often unnecessary[citation needed]. At the height of his power, drug traffickers from Medellín and other areas were handing over between 20% and 35% of their Colombian cocaine-related profits to Escobar, because he was the one who shipped the cocaine successfully to the US.
The Colombian cartels' continuing struggles to maintain supremacy resulted in Colombia quickly becoming the world’s murder capital with 25,100 violent deaths in 1991 and 27,100 in 1992.[17] This increased murder rate was fueled by Escobar's giving money to his hitmen as a reward for killing police officers, over 600 of whom died in this way.[18]
Personal life[link]
In March 1976 at the age of 26, Escobar married Maria Victoria who was 15 years old. Together they had two children: Juan Pablo and Manuela. Escobar created and lived in a luxurious estate called Hacienda Nápoles (Spanish for Naples Estate) and had planned to construct a Greek-style citadel near it. Construction of the citadel was begun but never finished. The ranch, the zoo and the citadel were expropriated by the government and given to low-income families in the 1990s under a law called extinción de dominio (domain extinction). The property has been converted into a theme park.[19]
La Catedral prison[link]
Main article: La Catedral
After the assassination of Luis Carlos Galán, a presidential candidate, the administration of César Gaviria moved against Escobar and the drug cartels. Eventually, the government negotiated with Escobar, convincing him to surrender and cease all criminal activity in exchange for a reduced sentence and preferential treatment during his captivity.
After declaring an end to a series of previous violent or terrorist acts meant to pressure authorities and public opinion, Escobar turned himself in. He was confined in what became his own luxurious private prison, La Catedral. Before Escobar gave himself up, the extradition of Colombian citizens had been prohibited by the newly approved Colombian Constitution of 1991. That was controversial, as it was suspected that Escobar or other drug lords had influenced members of the Constituent Assembly.
Accounts of Escobar's continued criminal activities began to surface in the media. When the government found out that Escobar was continuing his criminal activities within La Catedral, it attempted to move Escobar to another jail on July 22, 1992. Escobar's influence allowed him to discover the plan in advance and make a well-timed, unhurried escape.[20] He was still worried that he could be extradited to the United States.
Search Bloc and Los Pepes[link]
Main articles: Los Pepes and Search Bloc
In 1992, the United States Joint Special Operations Command and Centra Spike joined the manhunt for Escobar. They trained and advised a special Colombian police task force, known as the Search Bloc, which had been created to locate Escobar. Later, as the conflict between Escobar and the United States and Colombian governments dragged on and the numbers of his enemies grew, a vigilante group known as Los Pepes (Los Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar, "People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar") financed by his rivals and former associates, including the Cali Cartel and right-wing paramilitaries led by Carlos Castaño, who would later found the Peasant Self-Defense Forces of Córdoba and Urabá. Los Pepes carried out a bloody campaign fueled by vengeance in which more than 300 of Escobar's associates and relatives were slain and large amounts of his cartel's property were destroyed.
Rumors abounded[16] that members of the Search Bloc, and also of Colombian and the United States intelligence agencies, in their efforts to find and punish Escobar, either colluded with Los Pepes or moonlighted as both Search Bloc and Los Pepes simultaneously. This coordination was allegedly conducted mainly through the sharing of intelligence in order to allow Los Pepes to bring down Escobar and his few remaining allies, but there are reports that some individual Search Bloc members directly participated in missions of the Los Pepes death squads.[16] One of the leaders of Los Pepes was Diego Murillo Bejarano (also known as "Don Berna"), a former Medellín Cartel associate who became a drug kingpin and eventually emerged as a leader of one of the most powerful factions within the AUC.
Death and afterward[link]
The war against Escobar ended on December 2, 1993, amid another attempt to elude the Search Bloc. Using radio triangulation technology provided as part of the United States efforts, a Colombian electronic surveillance team, led by Brigadier Hugo Martinez,[21] found him hiding in a middle-class barrio in Medellín. With authorities closing in, a firefight with Escobar and his bodyguard, Alvaro de Jesús Agudelo AKA "El Limón," ensued. The two fugitives attempted to escape by running across the roofs of adjoining houses to reach a back street, but both were shot and killed by Colombian National Police.[22] Escobar suffered gunshots to the leg, torso, and the fatal one in his ear. It has never been proven who actually fired the final shot into his head, or determined whether this shot was made during the gunfight or as part of possible execution, and there is wide speculation about the subject. Some of the family members believe that Escobar could have committed suicide.[23][24] His two brothers, Roberto Escobar and Fernando Sánchez Arellano, believe that he shot himself through the ears: "He committed suicide, he did not get killed. During all the years they went after him, he would say to me every day that if he was really cornered without a way out, he would shoot himself through the ears."[25]
After Escobar's death and the fragmentation of the Medellín Cartel the cocaine market soon became dominated by the rival Cali Cartel, until the mid-1990s when its leaders, too, were either killed or captured by the Colombian government.
The Robin Hood image that he had cultivated continued to have lasting influence in Medellín. Many there, especially many of the city's poor that had been aided by him while he was alive, lamented his death.
Exhumation[link]
On 28 October 2006, Escobar's body was exhumed by request of his nephew Nicolás Escobar, two days after the death of mother Hermilda Gaviria (who opposed exhumation) to verify that the body in the tomb was in fact that of Escobar and also to collect DNA for a paternity test claim. According to the report by the El Tiempo newspaper, Escobar's widow Maria Victoria was present recording the exhumation with a video camera.
Virginia Vallejo's version[link]
See also: Virginia Vallejo, Alberto Santofimio, Alfonso López Michelsen, Ernesto Samper, and Álvaro Uribe
On July 4, 2006, Virginia Vallejo, a television anchorwoman who was romantically involved with Escobar from 1983 to 1987, offered her testimony in the trial against former Senator Alberto Santofimio, accused of conspiracy in the 1989 assassination of Presidential Candidate Luis Carlos Galán, to the Colombian Attorney General Mario Iguaran. Iguaran acknowledged that, although Vallejo contacted his office on the 4th, the judge had decided to close the trial on the 9th, several weeks before the prospective closing date and, in (Iguaran's) opinion, “too soon”.[26]
On July 16, 2006, Vallejo was taken to the United States in a special flight of the Drug Enforcement Administration.[27] According to the American Embassy in Bogotá, this was done for "safety and security reasons" because Vallejo’s cooperation was needed in high-profile criminal cases.[28] On July 24, 2006, a video in which Vallejo accused former Senator Alberto Santofimio of instigating Escobar to eliminate presidential candidate Luis Carlos Galán in her presence was aired on Colombian television. In 2007, Vallejo published her book Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar[29] (Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar),[30] where she describes her relationship with the drug lord during the early years of the cocaine boom, and his charity projects for the poor when he was a deputy congressman. She gives her account of Escobar’s relationship with Caribbean governments and dictators and his role in the birth of the M.A.S. (Death to Kidnappers) and Los Extraditables (The Extraditables). Vallejo also gives her account of numerous incidents throughout Escobar's political and criminal career, such as the assassination of Justice Minister Rodrigo Lara Bonilla in 1984, her lover’s feud with the Cali Cartel and the era of narcoterrorism that began after the couple's farewell in September 1987.
Among Escobar’s biographers, only Vallejo has given a detailed explanation of his role in the 1985 Palace of Justice siege and the atrocities that took place before, during and after the tragedy. (“Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar”, “Aquel Palacio en llamas”, pages 227-264). The journalist stated that Escobar financed the operation, committed by the rebel M-19 group, but blamed the army for the killings of the Supreme Court Justices and the detained after the coup. In 2008 she was asked to testify in the reopened Palace case,[31] and in 2009 most of the events that she had described in her book and testimonial were confirmed by the Commission of Truth.[32] In 2010 and 2011, a high-ranking former colonel [33] and a former general [34] were sentenced to thirty and thirty-five years in prison for forced disappearance of the detained after the siege.
In August 2009, Vallejo testified in the case of Luis Carlos Galán's assassination, which had also been reopened.[35] She also accused several politicians, including Colombian presidents Alfonso López Michelsen, Ernesto Samper and Álvaro Uribe of links to the drug cartels. Uribe denied Vallejo's allegations.[36] On June 3, 2010 Vallejo was granted political asylum in the United States of America.
Relatives[link]
Escobar's widow, Maria Victoria Henao (now Maria Isabel Santos Caballero), son, Juan Pablo (now Juan Sebastian Marroquín Santos), and daughter, Manuela, fled Colombia in 1995 after failing to find a country that would grant asylum.[37] Argentinian filmmaker Nicolas Entel's documentary Sins of My Father chronicles Marroquín's efforts to seek forgiveness from the sons of Rodrigo Lara Bonilla, Colombia's justice minister in the early 1980s, who was assassinated in 1984, as well as the sons of Luis Carlos Galán, the presidential candidate, who was assassinated in 1989. The film was shown at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival and premiered in the US on HBO on October 2010.[38]
Quotations[link]
Some of Pablo Escobar's memorable quotations are:
- "I prefer to be in the grave in Colombia than in a jail cell in the United States."[39]
- "I'm a decent man who exports flowers."[39]
- "All empires are created of blood and fire."[39]
- "I can replace things, but I could never replace my wife and kids."[39]
- "Everyone has a price, the important thing is to find out what it is."[39]
- "There can only be one king."[39]
- "Sometimes I am God, if I say a man dies, he dies that same day."[39]
- "There are two hundred million idiots, manipulated by a million intelligent men."[39]
- "You go hard or you go home."[39]
Popular depiction[link]
File:Pabloescopaint.png
Artist Fernando Botero, a native of Antioquia, the same region as Escobar, portrayed Pablo Escobar's death in one of his paintings about the violence in Colombia.
Two major feature films on the Colombian drug lord, Escobar and Killing Pablo, were announced in 2007,[40] around the same time. Escobar has been delayed due to producer Oliver Stone's involvement with the George W. Bush biopic W. The date of Escobar’s release is still unconfirmed.[41] Regarding the film, producer Oliver Stone said "This is a great project about a fascinating man who took on the system. I think I have to thank Scarface, and maybe even Ari Gold."[42]
Killing Pablo, in development for several years and directed by Joe Carnahan, is based on Mark Bowden’s book Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw.[43][44] The plot tells the story of how Escobar was killed and his cartel dismantled by US special forces and intelligence, the Colombian military and Los Pepes, controlled by the Cali cartel. The cast was reported to include Christian Bale as Major Steve Jacoby and Venezuelan actor Édgar Ramírez as Escobar.[45][46] In December 2008, Bob Yari, producer of Killing Pablo, filed for bankruptcy.[47]
Escobar has been portrayed in several films already. Played by Cliff Curtis, he is depicted in the 2001 George Jung biopic Blow. In the HBO television series Entourage, actor Vincent Chase (played by Adrian Grenier) plays Escobar in a fictional film entitled Medellin.
Escobar has also been the subject of several books, including photographer James Mollison's book The Memory of Pablo Escobar, which tells Pablo's story with over 350 photographs and documents. Gabriel García Márquez' book, News of a Kidnapping,[48] details the series of abductions that Escobar masterminded to pressure the then Colombian government into guaranteeing him non-extradition if he turned himself in.
In the 2010 ESPN broadcast 30 for 30, a series of sports-themed documentaries timed to coincide with the 30th anniversary of the Entertainment and Sports Network. The Two Escobars by directors Jeff and Michael Zimbalist looked back at Colombia's World Cup run in 1994 and the relationship of sports and the country's criminal gangs—notably the Medellín narcotics cartel run by Escobar. The other Escobar in the film title refers to former Colombian National Team defender Andrés Escobar (no relation to Pablo), who was shot and killed one month after an own goal that cost Colombia in the 1994 FIFA World Cup.
The 2008 film Pablo, Angel o Demonio (English title: Pablo of Medellin) by Jorge Granier explores the mixed legacy of a man hailed in the Barrio as a saint while despised elsewhere as a demon. It is the highest grossing documentary of all time in Colombia.
In 2010 ZORBA began Pablo Escobar tours in Medellin to cater for the hundreds of tourists who visit his grave each year.
In a popular 2002 video game, Grand Theft Auto: Vice City, the airport is named "Escobar International Airport" after Pablo Escobar.
In the 2009 on-rails shooter game, Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles, the main antagonist, Javier Hidalgo, seems to based on Pablo Escobar. Both were drug lords, both of them possessed a personal militia, and both also had "mini" zoo of exotic animals. Pablo had a collection of African animals and Javier had a "collection" of B.O.Ws (Bio Organic Weapons), and both of them had the population under their control and both shared the same fate (both of them were killed by US special forces). Both had a daughter called Manuela.
Caracol TV produced a television series, Pablo Escobar, the drug lord, which broadcasts since 28 May 2012.
In the 2009 episode of NCIS "Deliverance", it is implied that NCIS Special Agent Leroy Jethro Gibbs killed a Columbian drug lord in 1992-1993, and was wounded in Columbia. It is not mentioned that this drug lord was Escobar, but it is strongly implied that it was either the killing of Escobar, or a similar situation.
References[link]
- ^ a b c "Pablo Escobar Gaviria - English Biography - Articles and Notes". ColombiaLink.com. http://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_personajes/narcotrafico/escobar_gaviria_pablo_ing.html. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ Business (2011-01-17). "Pablo Emilio Escobar 1949 - 1993 9 Billion USD - The business of crime - 5 'success' stories". Businessnews.za.msn.com. http://businessnews.za.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=155873587&page=1. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ "Pablo Escobar by Marcela Grajales". Accents Magazine, Kean University. http://www.kean.edu/~eslprog/accents/2005/page2005_7.html. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- ^ "Escobar Seventh Richest Man in the World in 1989". Richest Person.org. http://www.richestperson.org/colombian-drug-lord-pablo-escobar/. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- ^ Fox, Ken. "The Private Archives Of Pablo Escobar: Review". Reviews. TV Guide. http://movies.tvguide.com/private-archives-pablo/review/137624. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
- ^ "Colombian Druglord Trying To Turn Wealth Into Respect - Page 2 - Orlando Sentinel". Articles.orlandosentinel.com. 1991-03-10. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1991-03-10/news/9103080293_1_pablo-escobar-medellin-cartel-cocaine/2. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ a b c "The Accountant's Story, Roberto Escobar, (9780446178921) Hardcover - Barnes & Noble". Search.barnesandnoble.com. http://search.barnesandnoble.com/The-Accountants-Story/Roberto-Escobar/e/9780446178921. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ "Pablo Escobar - The Medellin Cartel". Medellintraveler.com. http://www.medellintraveler.com/escobar.html. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ "Amazing story of how Pablo Escobar came to be the richest crook in history". The Daily Record. http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/editors-choice/2009/03/16/amazing-story-of-how-pablo-escobar-came-to-be-the-richest-crook-in-history-86908-21201734/. Retrieved 2011-03-16.
- ^ Frontline: The Godfather of Cocaine
- ^ "Así conocí a Pablo Escobar". Revista Semana. May 12, 2007.
- ^ El Pais - Cali Colombia nacional “Pablo Escobar financió la toma del Palacio de Justicia” “Escobar financió toma del Palacio de Justicia”
- ^ "Farmer's son who bribed and murdered his way into drugs: Neither government forces nor other drug traffickers were interested in taking Pablo Escobar alive. Patrick Cockburn reports". The Independent (London). December 3, 1993. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/farmers-son-who-bribed-and-murdered-his-way-into-drugs-neither-government-forces-nor-other-drug-traffickers-were-interested-in-taking-pablo-escobar-alive-patrick-cockburn-reports-1465001.html.
- ^ "Japan's Tsutsumi Still Tops Forbes' Richest List". LA Times. 10 July 1989. http://articles.latimes.com/1989-07-10/business/fi-2595_1_richest-people. Retrieved 22 February 2012.
- ^ Meade, Teresa A. (2008). A history of modern Latin America, 1800 - 2000. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 302. ISBN 1-4051-2050-9. http://books.google.se/books?id=actqzFAIIG0C&pg=PA302&dq=escobar+80%25+cocaine+market&hl=sv&ei=4GeNTrunGLDb4QTumpS8AQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&sqi=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=escobar%2080%25%20cocaine%20market&f=false. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
- ^ a b c Mark: The Hunt For The World's Greatest Outlaw." Atlantic Monthly Press, New York 2001
- ^ Inter-American Commission on Human Rights - Chapter II: The Violence Phenomenon
- ^ Karl Penhaul (05-09-2003). "Drug kingpin's killer seeks Colombia office". Boston Globe.
- ^ Ceaser, Mike (2 June 2008). "At home on Pablo Escobar's ranch". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7390584.stm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
- ^ Treaster, Joseph B. (23 July 1992). "Colombian Drug Baron Escapes Luxurious Prison After Gunfight". The New York Times: p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/1992/07/23/world/colombian-drug-baron-escapes-luxurious-prison-after-gunfight.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
- ^ Interview with Hugo Martinez - the man who 'got' Pablo Escobar D.Streatfeild. November 2000.
- ^ "Decline of the Medellín Cartel and the Rise of the Cali Mafia". U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency. http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/history/1990-1994.html. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- ^ (Spanish) EL TIEMPO - Pablo Escobar's body exhumed
- ^ Video of Escobar's exhumation (Spanish)
- ^ Zero Hour: Killing of the Cocaine King.Kenneth Roberts
- ^ Colombian Attorney General on Virginia Vallejo’s offer to testify against Santofimio
- ^ DEA special flight takes Escobar’s former lover to Miami
- ^ Pablo Escobar's Ex-Lover Flees Colombia
- ^ Amando a Pablo, odiando a Escobar
- ^ Loving Pablo, Hating Escobar
- ^ Virginia Vallejo habla sobre el narcotráfico en Colombia
- ^ Truth Commission Blames Colombian State for Palace of Justice Tragedy
- ^ Colombia ex-officer jailed after historic conviction
- ^ Colombian 1985 Supreme Court raid commander sentenced
- ^ Galán Slaying a “State Crime”, Colombian Prosecutors say
- ^ Romero, Simon (October 3, 2007). "Colombian Leader Disputes Claim of Tie to Cocaine Kingpin". New York Times. p. 1. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/03/world/americas/03colombia.html?ex=1349150400&en=5b0977a0af0df0c6&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink.
- ^ "Drug lord's wife and son arrested". BBC News. 17 November 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/524276.stm. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
- ^ "Drug lord's son seeks forgiveness". CNN. 12 December 2009. http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/12/11/colombia.escobar.son/index.html. Retrieved 13 February 2010.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "A talk with Colombian journalist Elizabeth Mora-Mass, by Juliet Paez Parada". New York University. http://www.nyu.edu/classes/keefer/ww1/paez.html. Retrieved 2010-02-13.
- ^ Sparring Partners Tribeca Film Festival. Accessed November 28, 2007
- ^ No Bardem for KILLING PABLO Obsessed With Film. Accessed August 14, 2008
- ^ Michael Fleming (October 8, 2007) Stone to produce another 'Escobar' Variety. Accessed November 28, 2007.
- ^ What is actor Christian Bale doing next? www2.journalnow.com. Accessed January 17, 2009.
- ^ Dave McNary (October 1, 2007) Yari fast-tracking Escobar biopic Variety. Accessed November 29, 2007.
- ^ Venezuelan actor Edgar Ramirez to Play PABLO ESCOBAR
- ^ Devin Faraci (August 14, 2008) JOE CARNAHAN IS GOING TO BE KILLING A NEW PABLO, AND WE KNOW WHO IT IS [Chud.com]. Accessed August 14, 2008.
- ^ Escobar's producer files for bankruptcy
- ^ Gabriel García Márquez (English paperback translation, 1998). News of a Kidnapping. Penguin. p. 304. http://books.google.com/books?id=3z04CDTT-U8C&q=news+of+a+kidnapping+gabriel+garcia+marquez&dq=news+of+a+kidnapping+gabriel+garcia+marquez&cd=1.
Books[link]
- Bowden, Mark (2002). Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw. Penguin Pub.
- Escobar, Roberto (2009). The Accountant's Story: Inside the Violent World of the Medellín Cartel. Grand Central Pub.
- McAleese, Peter (1993, 2001). No Mean Soldier. Cassell Pub.
External links[link]
Media related to Pablo Escobar at Wikimedia Commons
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| Name | Escobar, Pablo |
| Alternative names | El Doctor |
| Short description | |
| Date of birth | December 1, 1949 |
| Place of birth | Mexico, (El Cartel de los Sapos), Antioquia, Colombia |
| Date of death | December 2, 1993 |
| Place of death | Medellín, Colombia |
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