This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a transliteration scheme that allows a lossless romanization of Indic scripts as employed by the Sanskrit language.

Popularity[link]

IAST is the most popular transliteration scheme for romanization of Sanskrit and Pāḷi. It is often used in printed publications, especially for books dealing with ancient Sanskrit and Pāḷi topics related to Indian religions. With the wider availability of Unicode fonts, it is also increasingly used for electronic texts.

The script is, however, insufficient to represent both Sanskrit and Pāḷi on the same page properly, owing to confusion of the vowel l sign in Sanskrit (here ḷ) and the need for the same sign for the retroflexive consonant ḷ, which is found in Pāḷi. Here it is better to follow Unicode and ISO 15919, which is in any case a more comprehensive scheme.

IAST is based on a standard established by the International Congress of Orientalists at Geneva in 1894.^[1] It allows a lossless transliteration of Devanāgarī (and other Indic scripts, such as Śāradā script), and as such represents not only the phonemes of Sanskrit, but allows essentially phonetic transcription (e.g. Visarga ḥ is an allophone of word-final r and s).

The National Library at Kolkata romanization, intended for the romanization of all Indic scripts, is an extension of IAST.

IAST sign inventory and conventions[link]

The sign inventory of IAST (both small and capital letters) shown with Devanāgarī equivalents and phonetic values in IPA, is as follows (valid for Sanskrit; for Hindi and other modern languages that use Devanagari script, some phonological changes have occurred):

Unlike ASCII-only romanizations such as ITRANS or Harvard-Kyoto, the diacritics used for IAST allow capitalization of proper names. The capital variants of letters never occurring word-initially (Ṇ Ṅ Ñ Ṝ) are only useful in Pāṇini contexts, where the convention is to typeset the IT sounds as capital letters.

Comparison with ISO 15919[link]

For the most part, IAST is a subset of ISO 15919. The following five exceptions are due to the ISO standard accommodating an extended repertoire of symbols to allow transliteration of Devanāgarī and other Indic scripts as used for languages other than Sanskrit.

See also[link]

• Devanagari transliteration
• Hunterian transliteration
• Harvard-Kyoto
• ITRANS
• National Library at Kolkata romanization
• ISO 15919
• Shiva Sutra
• International Phonetic Alphabet chart with pronunciation guide

References[link]

External links[link]

• Typing a macron - page from Penn State University about typing with accents
• IAST <==> Devanagari online converter (Transliteration tool)

Rakesh Singh (born 4 June 1962) is a member of the 14th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Jabalpur constituency of Madhya Pradesh and is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) political party.

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Arjun Singh
Union Human Resources Development Minister
In office 2004–2009
Preceded by	Murli Manohar Joshi
Succeeded by	Kapil Sibal
Union Human Resources Development Minister
Personal details
Born	(1930-11-05)5 November 1930 Churhat, Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh, India
Died	4 March 2011(2011-03-04) (aged 80)
Spouse(s)	Saroj Kumari
Occupation	Politician, former Union Minister

Arjun Singh (5 November 1930 – 4 March 2011) was an Indian politician from the Indian National Congress party. He was the Union Minister of Human Resource Development in the Manmohan Singh cabinet from 2004 to 2009. He died on 4 March 2011 due to a heart attack.

Family[link]

This unreferenced section requires citations to ensure verifiability.

Arjun Singh's father, Rao Shiv Bahadur Singh, also a Congress politician, was Minister of Industry under Jawaharlal Nehru prior to being convicted in 1950 of forging documents and subsequently dying in prison.

Arjun Singh was married to Saroj Devi of Pratapgarh near Amarpatan in Satna, M.P. and the couple have two sons and a daughter. Abhimanyu Singh, their first son, is a businessman in Bangalore. Their second son, Ajay Singh 'Rahul', is an Indian National Congress politician and presently leader of opposition of Madhya Pradesh state assembly, MP MLA and has been a minister in M.P. Government. Their daughter Veena Singh fought unsuccessfully as an independent candidate from Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency in 15th Lok Sabha elections. Young bollywood actor Arunoday Singh is his grandson.

Death[link]

Arjun Singh died on 4 March 2011, at the age of 80. He had been admitted in Delhi's All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) a few days previously with chest neurological problems and died of a heart attack.^[1] He was cremated at his home town of Churhat, Madhya Pradesh.^{[citation needed]}

Career[link]

Arjun Singh was a minister in the P.V. Narasimha Rao cabinet but he resigned after the Babri Masjid demolition. At the time, he formed the All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) along with Narayan Dutt Tiwari, former Union minister and ex-CM of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand (formerly Uttaranchal) as President, but he lost in the 1996 Loksabha elections from Satna in Madhya Pradesh and the Congress too lost power at the center. Later he returned to Congress and lost again from of Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh. He served as Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh three times, Union minister and Governor of Punjab once for a short period. As Governor of Punjab, he worked for the Rajiv-Longwal Accord for peace in Punjab. He was awarded the Outstanding Parliamentarian Award in 2000.

Controversies[link]

Bhopal Gas Tragedy[link]

Arjun Singh was the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh when the deadly gas leak from the Union Carbide factory occurred. It is widely alleged that on the fateful night between December 2, 1984 and December 3, 1984, when the gas leak occurred, Arjun Singh fled to his Kerwa Dam palace (outside Bhopal) to save himself from deadly effects of leaked gas and was not available to manage the crisis or lead the administration. Subsequently the Arjun Singh government's mishandling was criticized by the court in the 7 June 2010 verdict on Bhopal Gas Disaster pronounced by the Chief Judicial Magistrate, Bhopal. The media raised serious questions about his role in the release of Warren Anderson.^[2] In particular, the pilot of the aircraft in which Warren Anderson flew out of India after the gas leak, has recorded that the final sanction to permit the flight came from Arjun Singh's office.^[3]

Reservation controversy[link]

Additional controversy was created in 2005 by drafting the proposed 104th Amendment Bill to the constitution, which subsequently became the 93rd Amendment. According to this amendment, which has yet to pass the 'Basic Structure' test of constitutionality by the Supreme Court, all private unaided educational institutes could be asked by their State Governments to reserve seats for designated Other Backward Classes. In early 2006, Singh also sought to increase caste-based reservation quotas for the Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in the internationally reputed Indian Institutes of Technology and Indian Institutes of Management, along with other Indian central government run institutes of higher studies, from 22.5% to 49.5%. Arjun Singh planned to impose quotas not just in 32 Central institutions, but also in over 100 deemed universities.

He noted, in the context of Dalit Muslim reservations that "the UPA is entirely committed towards the cause of Muslims".These decisions were sighted by many intellectuals as a shameless move to garner the vote bank of the backward classes of Hindus as well as Muslims. Nationwide protests came out in the wake of these eccentric decisions. However the UPA-I government did not succumb to these protests. The opposition parties fearing losing their own vote banks agreed to the draft amendment too.

Churhat lottery case and Kerwa Dam palace[link]

While Arjun Singh was the Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh, he was involved in the scandal which was called by some the Churhat Lottery case. The Churhat Children Welfare Society was floated in 1982 by relatives of Singh, and permitted to raise funds via lottery, and also given tax relief as a charity.^[4] However, there were widespread allegations^[5] that a substantial sums were siphoned off and used to construct the lavish Kerwa Dam palace near Bhopal. The donations to the society included a Rs 150,000 donation from Union Carbide,^[3] whose chief Warren Anderson was permitted to leave the country after the gas leak, allegedly by Arjun Singh's office.

At a public litigation hearing the high court observed that "Arjun Singh owed an explanation to the nation about the costs and sources of construction of the palatial mansion in Bhopal".^[6] While Singh had claimed the value of the palace was Rs 18 lakh, the IT Department estimated the cost at above Rs one crore.^[7] However, a one-judge commission investigating the scandal gave a clean chit to Arjun Singh.^[8] The case was re-opened however, after the Jain Hawala case,^[6] and Singh was asked to submit fresh re-estimates of the palace cost. In court, the case was argued by Kapil Sibal and the order for re-examination was squashed on the grounds that it had been issued in a haste and "had not applied his mind".^[6]

Other controversies[link]

After the Mumbai train bombings of 2006, he reportedly quoted at a Cabinet meeting the statements of a former judge of the Maharashtra High Court that an earlier attempt on the headquarters of the Hindu revivalist Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh in Nagpur had been a plot set into motion by the Sangh itself. This followed his denouncement of the Ekal Vidyalayas, one-teacher schools run for the benefit of the tribals of India by the Vishwa Hindu Parishad.,^[9] as communal.^[10]

A case under the Anti-Dowry Act has been registered against Arjun Singh.^[11] Mayawati government has decided to seek CBI inquiry into dowry harassment case.^[12]

Arjun Singh was accused of irregularities and corruption in the grant of Deemed University status to private for-profit educational institutions which did not meet requisite educational standards, during his tenure as Minister for Human Resources Development. The Government of India initiated proceedings to repeal the "Deemed University" status of 44 such institutions in Jan 2010.^[13]

Positions held[link]

• 1957-85 Member, Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Member of the Legislative Assembly
• September 1963 - December 1967 Minister of State for Agriculture, General Administration Department (GAD) and Information & Public Relations, Government of Madhya Pradesh
• 1967 Minister of Planning and Development, Government of Madhya Pradesh
• 1972-77 Minister of Education, Government of Madhya Pradesh
• 1977-80 Leader of Opposition, Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
• 1980-85 Chief Minister, Madhya Pradesh
• March - November 1985 Governor of Punjab

• February 1988 - January 1989 Chief Minister, Madhya Pradesh
• June 1991 - December 1994 Minister of Human Resource Development, Government of India
• June 1991 - May 1996 Member from Satna, Tenth Lok Sabha
• June 1996 - Lost from Satna, Eleventh Lok Sabha
• April 1998 - Lost from Hoshangabad, Twelfth Lok Sabha
• April 2000 Elected to Rajya Sabha
• 15 May 2000 - February 2004 Member, Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Home Affairs
• 31 August 2001- July 2004 Member, Committee on Rules
• April 2002 - February 2004 Chairman, Parliamentary Standing Committee on Purposes Committee
• 22 May 2004 - May 2009 Minister of Human Resource^[14]

He was re-elected to the Rajya Sabha from Madhya Pradesh without opposition on March 20, 2006.^[15]

See also[link]

• 2006 Indian anti-reservation protests
• Reservation in India
• Forward caste

References[link]

External links[link]

• HRD Ministry's website
• Arjun Singh's Rajya Sabha webpage
• http://www.google.com/search?q=cache:VGLNctzi4tIJ:www.dailyexcelsior.com/00feb04/edit.htm+Churhat+Lottery&hl=en&gl=nz&ct=clnk&cd=18
• Arjun singh's recent interview with Karan Thapar on reservation issue
• Hindustan Times : Arjun Singh, always in the race but never the king

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