Clothing refers to any covering for the human body. The wearing of clothing is exclusively a human characteristic and is a feature of most human societies. The amount and type of clothing worn depends on functional considerations (such as a need for warmth or protection from the elements) and social considerations. In some situations the minimum amount of clothing (i.e. covering of a person's genitals) may be socially acceptable, while in others much more clothing is expected.

Functionality is the primary purpose of clothing. It can serve as a protector from the elements. Clothes also enhance safety during hazardous activities such as hiking and cooking, by providing a barrier between the skin and the environment. Further, clothes provide a hygienic barrier, keeping toxins away from the body and limiting the transmission of germs.

Clothing performs a range of social and cultural functions, such as individual, occupational and sexual differentiation, and social status. A uniform, for example, may identify civil authority figures, such as police and military personnel, or it may identify team, group or political affiliations. School uniforms are is another example of a function of a clothing. It distinguishes where a student goes to school and also limits individuality for control purposes. In many societies, norms about clothing reflect standards of modesty, religion, gender, and social status. Clothing may also function as a form of adornment and an expression of personal taste or style.

Clothing can and has in history been made from a very wide variety of materials. Materials have ranged from leather and furs, to woven materials, to elaborate and exotic natural and synthetic fabrics.

Not all body coverings are regarded as clothing. Articles carried rather than worn (such as purses), worn on a single part of the body and easily removed (scarves), worn purely for adornment (jewelry), or those that serve a function other than protection (eyeglasses), are normally considered accessories rather than clothing, as are footwear and hats.

Functions

wearing many items of winter clothing: headband, cap, fur-lined coat, shawl and sweater]]

It can be said that there are four primary factors in clothing comfort, identifiable as the '4 Fs of Comfort' (1) fashion; (2) feel; (3) fit; and (4) function. One of the primary purposes of clothing is to keep the wearer comfortable. In hot climates, clothing provides protection from sunburn or wind damage, while in cold climates its thermal insulation properties are generally more important. Shelter usually reduces the functional need for clothing. For example, coats, hats, gloves, shoes, socks, and other superficial layers are normally removed when entering a warm home, particularly if one is residing or sleeping there. Similarly, clothing has seasonal and regional aspects, so that thinner materials and fewer layers of clothing are generally worn in warmer seasons and regions than in colder ones.

Clothing protects people against many things that might injure the uncovered human body. Clothes act as protection from the elements, including rain, snow and wind and other weather conditions, as well as from the sun. However, if your clothes is too sheer, thin, small, tight, etc., the protection effect is minimized. Clothes also reduce the level of risk during activity, such as work or sport. Clothing at times is worn as protection from specific environmental hazards, such as insects, noxious chemicals, weapons, and contact with abrasive substances. Conversely, clothing may protect the environment from the clothing wearer, as with doctors wearing medical scrubs.

Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards. Some examples include: space suits, air conditioned clothing, armor, diving suits, swimsuits, bee-keeper gear, motorcycle leathers, high-visibility clothing, and other pieces of protective clothing. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut, since clothes designed to be fashionable often have protective value and clothes designed for function often consider fashion in their design.

Scholarship

Although dissertations on clothing and its functionality are found from the 1800s as colonising countries dealt with new environments, concerted scientific research into psycho-social, physiological and other functions of clothing (e.g. protective, cartage) occurred in the first half of the 20th century, with publications such as Flugel's Psychology of Clothes in 1930, By 1968, the field of environmental physiology had advanced and expanded significantly, but the science of clothing in relation to environmental physiology had changed little. While considerable research has since occurred and the knowledge-base has grown significantly, the main concepts remain unchanged, and indeed Newburgh's book continues to be cited by contemporary authors, including those attempting to develop thermoregulatory models of clothing development.

Cultural aspects

Gender differentiation

Condoleezza Rice and Turkish President Abdullah Gül both wearing Western-style business suits.]]

In most cultures, gender differentiation of clothing is considered appropriate for men and women. The differences are in styles, colors and fabrics.

In Western societies, skirts, dresses and high-heeled shoes are usually seen as women's clothing, while neckties are usually seen as men's clothing. Trousers were once seen as exclusively male clothing, but are nowadays worn by both genders. Male clothes are often more practical (that is, they can function well under a wide variety of situations), but a wider range of clothing styles are available for females. Males are typically allowed to bare their chests in a greater variety of public places. It is generally acceptable for a woman to wear traditionally male clothing, while the converse is unusual.

In some cultures, sumptuary laws regulate what men and women are required to wear. Islam requires women to wear more modest forms of attire, usually hijab. What qualifies as "modest" varies in different Muslim societies; however, women are usually required to cover more of their bodies than men are. Articles of clothing worn by Muslim women for purposes of modesty range from the headscarf to the burqa.

Men may sometimes choose to wear men's skirts such as togas or kilts, especially on ceremonial occasions. Such garments were (in previous times) often worn as normal daily clothing by men. Compared to men's clothing, women's clothing tends to be more attractive, often intended to be looked at by men. In modern industrialized nations, women are more likely to wear makeup, jewelry, and colorful clothing, while in very traditional cultures women are protected from men's gazes by modest dress.

Social status

's bemedaled robe sends a social message about his wealth, status, and power]] In some societies, clothing may be used to indicate rank or status. In ancient Rome, for example, only senators were permitted to wear garments dyed with Tyrian purple. In traditional Hawaiian society only high-ranking chiefs could wear feather cloaks and palaoa or carved whale teeth. Under the Travancore Kingdom of Kerala, (India), lower caste women had to pay a tax for the right to cover their upper body. In China, before the establishment of the republic, only the emperor could wear yellow. History provides many examples of elaborate sumptuary laws that regulated what people could wear. In societies without such laws, which includes most modern societies, social status is instead signaled by the purchase of rare or luxury items that are limited by cost to those with wealth or status. In addition, peer pressure influences clothing choice.

Religion

men traditionally wear white robes and a cap during prayers]] Religious clothing might be considered a special case of occupational clothing. Sometimes it is worn only during the performance of religious ceremonies. However, it may also be worn everyday as a marker for special religious status.

For example, Jains wear unstitched cloth pieces when performing religious ceremonies. The unstitched cloth signifies unified and complete devotion to the task at hand, with no digression. Sikhs wear a turban as it is a part of their religion.

The cleanliness of religious dresses in Eastern Religions like Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism is of paramount importance, since it indicates purity.

Clothing figures prominently in the Bible where it appears in numerous contexts, the more prominent ones being: the story of Adam and Eve, Joseph's cloak, Judah and Tamar, Mordecai and Esther. Furthermore the priests officiating in the Temple had very specific garments, the lack of which made one liable to death.

Jewish ritual also requires rending of one's upper garment as a sign of mourning. This practice is found in the Bible when Jacob hears of the apparent death of his son Joseph.

Origin and history

First recorded use

According to archaeologists and anthropologists, the earliest clothing likely consisted of fur, leather, leaves, or grass that were draped, wrapped, or tied around the body. Knowledge of such clothing remains inferential, since clothing materials deteriorate quickly compared to stone, bone, shell and metal artifacts. Archeologists have identified very early sewing needles of bone and ivory from about 30,000 BC, found near Kostenki, Russia in 1988. Dyed flax fibers that could have been used in clothing have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Republic of Georgia that date back to 36,000 BP.

Scientists are still debating when people started wearing clothes. Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking, anthropologists at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, have conducted a genetic analysis of human body lice that suggests clothing originated quite recently, around 107,000 years ago. Body lice is an indicator of clothes-wearing, since most humans have sparse body hair, and lice thus require human clothing to survive. Their research suggests the invention of clothing may have coincided with the northward migration of modern Homo sapiens away from the warm climate of Africa, thought to have begun between 50,000 and 100,000 years ago. However, a second group of researchers using similar genetic methods estimate that clothing originated around 540,000 years ago (Reed et al. 2004. PLoS Biology 2(11): e340). For now, the date of the origin of clothing remains unresolved.

Making clothing

Some human cultures, such as the various people of the Arctic Circle, make their clothing entirely of prepared and decorated furs and skins. Other cultures have supplemented or replaced leather and skins with cloth: woven, knitted, or twined from various animal and vegetable fibers.

Although modern consumers may take the production of clothing for granted, making fabric by hand is a tedious and labor intensive process. That the textile industry was the first to be mechanized — with the powered loom — during the Industrial Revolution attests to this fact.

Different cultures have evolved various ways of creating clothes out of cloth. One approach simply involves draping the cloth. Many people wore, and still wear, garments consisting of rectangles of cloth wrapped to fit — for example, the dhoti for men and the sari for women in the Indian subcontinent, the Scottish kilt or the Javanese sarong. The clothes may simply be tied up, as is the case of the first two garments; or pins or belts hold the garments in place, as in the case of the latter two. The precious cloth remains uncut, and people of various sizes or the same person at different sizes can wear the garment.

Another approach involves cutting and sewing the cloth, but using every bit of the cloth rectangle in constructing the clothing. The tailor may cut triangular pieces from one corner of the cloth, and then add them elsewhere as gussets. Traditional European patterns for men's shirts and women's chemises take this approach.

Modern European fashion treats cloth much less conservatively, typically cutting in such a way as to leave various odd-shaped cloth remnants. Industrial sewing operations sell these as waste; home sewers may turn them into quilts.

In the thousands of years that humans have spent constructing clothing, they have created an astonishing array of styles, many of which have been reconstructed from surviving garments, photos, paintings, mosaics, etc., as well as from written descriptions. Costume history serves as a source of inspiration to current fashion designers, as well as a topic of professional interest to costumers constructing for plays, films, television, and historical reenactment.

Contemporary clothing

Spread of western styles

By the early years of the 21st century, western clothing styles had, to some extent, become international styles. This process began hundreds of years earlier, during the periods of European colonialism. The process of cultural dissemination has perpetuated over the centuries as Western media corporations have penetrated markets throughout the world, spreading Western culture and styles. Fast fashion clothing has also become a global phenomenon. These garments are less expensive, mass-produced Western clothing. Donated used clothing from Western countries are also delivered to people in poor countries by charity organizations.

Ethnic and cultural heritage

People may wear ethnic or national dress on special occasions or in certain roles or occupations. For example, most Korean men and women have adopted Western-style dress for daily wear, but still wear traditional hanboks on special occasions, like weddings and cultural holidays. Items of Western dress may also appear worn or accessorized in distinctive, non-Western ways. A Tongan man may combine a used T-shirt with a Tongan wrapped skirt, or tupenu.

Sport and activity

Most sports and physical activities are practiced wearing special clothing, for practical, comfort or safety reasons. Common sportswear garments include short pants, T-shirts, tennis shirts, tracksuits, and trainers. Specialized garments include wet suits (for swimming, diving or surfing), salopettes (for skiing) and leotards (for gymnastics). Also, spandex materials are often used as base layers to soak up sweat. Spandex is also preferable for active sports that require form fitting garments, such as wrestling, track & field, dance, gymnastics and swimming.

Fashion

There exists a diverse range of styles in fashion, varying by geography, exposure to modern media, economic conditions, and ranging from expensive haute couture to traditional garb, to thrift store grunge.

Future trends

The world of clothing is always changing, as new cultural influences meet technological innovations. Researchers in scientific labs have been developing prototypes for fabrics that can serve functional purposes well beyond their traditional roles, for example, clothes that can automatically adjust their temperature, repel bullets, project images, and generate electricity. Some practical advances already available to consumers are bullet-resistant garments made with kevlar and stain-resistant fabrics that are coated with chemical mixtures that reduce the absorption of liquids.

Political issues

Working conditions

Though mechanization transformed most aspects of human industry by the mid 20th century, garment workers have continued to labor under challenging conditions that demand repetitive manual labor. Mass-produced clothing is often made in what are considered by some to be sweatshops, typified by long work hours, lack of benefits, and lack of worker representation. While most examples of such conditions are found in developing countries, clothes made in industrialized nations may also be manufactured similarly, often staffed by undocumented immigrants.

Coalitions of NGOs, designers (Katharine Hamnett, American Apparel, Veja, Quiksilver, eVocal, Edun,...) and campaign groups like the Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) have sought to improve these conditions as much as possible by sponsoring awareness-raising events, which draw the attention of both the media and the general public to the workers.

Outsourcing production to low wage countries like Bangladesh, China, India and Sri Lanka became possible when the Multi Fibre Agreement (MFA) was abolished. The MFA, which placed quotas on textiles imports, was deemed a protectionist measure. Globalization is often quoted as the single most contributing factor to the poor working conditions of garment workers. Although many countries recognize treaties like the International Labor Organization, which attempt to set standards for worker safety and rights, many countries have made exceptions to certain parts of the treaties or failed to thoroughly enforce them. India for example has not ratified sections 87 and 92 of the treaty.

Despite the strong reactions that "sweatshops" evoked among critics of globalization, the production of textiles has functioned as a consistent industry for developing nations providing work and wages, whether construed as exploitative or not, to thousands of people.

Fur

The use of animal fur in clothing dates to prehistoric times. It is currently associated in developed countries with expensive, designer clothing, although fur is still used by indigenous people in arctic zones and higher elevations for its warmth and protection. Once uncontroversial, it has recently been the focus of campaigns on the grounds that campaigners consider it cruel and unnecessary. PETA, along with other animal rights and animal liberation groups have called attention to fur farming and other practices they consider cruel.

Life cycle

Clothing maintenance

Clothing suffers assault both from within and without. The human body sheds skin cells and body oils, and exudes sweat, urine, and feces. From the outside, sun damage, moisture, abrasion and dirt assault garments. Fleas and lice can hide in seams. Worn clothing, if not cleaned and refurbished, itches, looks scruffy, and loses functionality (as when buttons fall off, seams come undone, fabrics thin or tear, and zippers fail).

In some cases, people wear an item of clothing until it falls apart. Cleaning leather presents difficulties, and bark cloth (tapa) cannot be washed without dissolving it. Owners may patch tears and rips, and brush off surface dirt, but old leather and bark clothing always look old.

But most clothing consists of cloth, and most cloth can be laundered and mended (patching, darning, but compare felt).

Laundry, ironing, storage

Humans have developed many specialized methods for laundering, ranging from early methods of pounding clothes against rocks in running streams, to the latest in electronic washing machines and dry cleaning (dissolving dirt in solvents other than water). Hot water washing (boiling), chemical cleaning and ironing are all traditional methods of sterilizing fabrics for hygiene purposes.

Many kinds of clothing are designed to be ironed before they are worn to remove wrinkles. Most modern formal and semi-formal clothing is in this category (for example, dress shirts and suits). Ironed clothes are believed to look clean, fresh, and neat. Much contemporary casual clothing is made of knit materials that do not readily wrinkle, and do not require ironing. Some clothing is permanent press, having been treated with a coating (such as polytetrafluoroethylene) that suppresses wrinkles and creates a smooth appearance without ironing.

Once clothes have been laundered and possibly ironed, they are usually hung on clothes hangers or folded, to keep them fresh until they are worn. Clothes are folded to allow them to be stored compactly, to prevent creasing, to preserve creases or to present them in a more pleasing manner, for instance when they are put on sale in stores.

Many kinds of clothes are folded before they are put in suitcases as preparation for travel. Other clothes, such as suits, may be hung up in special garment bags, or rolled rather than folded. Many people use their clothing as packing material around fragile items that might otherwise break in transit.

Mending

In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible. When the raw material — cloth — was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people buy a new piece of clothing rather than spend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems. Before, having your clothes mended by someone else cost a lot. Mending was an art may tailors/seamstress had respected

Recycling

Used, unwearable clothing was once used for quilts, rags, rugs, bandages, and many other household uses. It could also be recycled into paper. Today, used clothing is usually thrown out or donated to charity. It is also sold to consignment shops, dress agencies and flea markets and in online auctions.

There are many concerns about the life cycle of synthetics, which come primarily from petrochemicals. Unlike natural fibers, their source is not renewable (in less than millions of years) and they are not biodegradable.

See also

History of clothing and textiles

Naturism

Thermoregulation

References

Further reading

ebook ISBN 978-0-231-51273-2 Paperback ISBN 978-0-7456-3187-5 (see especially sections 5 - 'Clothing' - & 6 - 'Protective clothing').

External links

BBC Wiltshire Dents Glove Museum

International Textile and Apparel Association, scholarly publications

German Hosiery Museum (English language)

Molecular Evolution of Pediculus humanus and the Origin of Clothing by Ralf Kittler, Manfred Kayser and Mark Stoneking (.PDF file)

Cornell Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition, History (HEARTH)

Name	Salman Khan
Caption	Salman Khan at the Jaan-E-Mann and UFO tie-up party (2006).
Birthname	Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan
Birth place	Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
Birthdate	December 27, 1965
Occupation	Film actortelevision presenter
Yearsactive	1988–present

Salman Khan (, }}, pronounced ; born Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan on 27 December 1965) is an Indian film actor. He has appeared in more than 80 Hindi films.

Khan, who made his acting debut with a minor role in the drama Biwi Ho To Aisi (1988), had his first commercial success with the blockbuster Maine Pyar Kiya (1989), for which he won a Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut. He went on to star in some of Hindi cinema's most successful films of those times, such as Saajan (1991), Hum Aapke Hain Kaun (1994), Karan Arjun (1995), Judwaa (1997), Pyar Kiya To Darna Kya (1998) and Biwi No.1 (1999), having appeared in the highest earning films of seven separate years during his career.

In 1999, Khan won a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor for his extended appearance in Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (1998), and since then has starred in several critical and commercial successes, including Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999), Tere Naam (2003), Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004), No Entry (2005), Partner (2007), Wanted (2009) and Dabangg (2010), which has become the second highest-grossing Bollywood film of all-time. Khan has thus established himself as one of the most prominent, leading, and successful actors of Hindi cinema.

Biography

Career

1980s

Salman Khan made his acting debut in the 1988 film Biwi Ho To Aisi where he played a supporting role. His first leading role in a Bollywood movie was in Sooraj R. Barjatya's romantic family drama Maine Pyar Kiya (1989). The film went on to become one of India's highest grossing films. It also won him a Filmfare Best Male Debut Award, and a nomination for Filmfare Best Actor Award.

1990s

1990 saw only one film release starring Khan, , alongside southern actress Nagma. The film was a box office success, and was followed by another successful year in 1991 when he starred in three hit films, Patthar Ke Phool, Sanam Bewafa and Saajan. Despite these early successes, nearly all of his 1992-1993 releases resulted in box office failures. Apart from being a commercial success, the film was widely acclaimed and Khan was praised for his performance, earning his second nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare. Three more films released that year featured Khan, none of which making a significant impact on the box-office as was the case with the previously mentioned title. He did however win praise for his performance in Andaz Apna Apna, alongside co-star Aamir Khan, which has gained a cult status since its release. In 1995 he cemented his success with Rakesh Roshan's blockbuster Karan Arjun, co-starring alongside Shahrukh Khan. In 2002 he starred in the delayed release Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam which was semi-hit at the box office.

Khan's following releases failed at the box office until he made a comeback in 2003 with Tere Naam. The film was a major earner and his performance was praised by critics, with film critic Taran Adarsh noting, "Salman Khan is exceptional in a role that fits him to the T. He breathes fire in sequences that demand uneasiness. But beneath the tough exterior lies a vulnerable person and this facet in particular comes to the fore in the latter reels. His emotional outbursts are splendid..." He subsequently continued his success at the box office, with comedies like Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004) and No Entry (2005). He next appeared in his first Hollywood movie, opposite American actress Ali Larter. Telling the love story of an Indian man and an American woman, the film was a major failure, both commercially and critically.

Khan starred in three films throughout 2008, all of which underperformed, though his second film of the year, Heroes, met with praise from critics.

Khan hosted the second season of 10 Ka Dum in year 2009 which turned out to be even more successful than his first season as host of the game show in year 2008. The show got very high TRPs for Sony Entertainment Television and according to reports, the show helped Sony TV regain its third position in the Indian television ratings.

Khan's first film of 2009, Wanted directed by choreographer turned director Prabhu Deva was declared a smash hit in its first weekend of release itself. The action film turned out to be a huge success. The movie got more recognition for its slick action sequences performed by the actor himself. In the same year, he appeared in two other films, Main Aurr Mrs Khanna and London Dreams, both of which were failures at the box office.

His first release of 2010, Anil Sharma's Veer underperformed at the box office. Khan's recent film, Dabangg produced by his brother Arbaaz Khan, was released on September 10, 2010. It made a record opening at the box office and was declared an all time blockbuster and the second-highest grossing Indian movie of all-time.

Personal life

Khan is the eldest son of screenwriter Salim Khan and his first wife Salma Khan (maiden name Sushila Charak). His stepmother is Helen, a former Bollywood actress, who has co-starred with him in (1996) and Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam (1999). He has two brothers, Arbaaz Khan and Sohail Khan, and two sisters, Alvira and Arpita. Alvira is married to actor/director Atul Agnihotri.

Khan finished his schooling through St. Stanislaus High School in Bandra, Bombay, as did his younger brothers Arbaaz and Sohail. Earlier, he studied at The Scindia School, Gwalior for a few years along with younger brother Arbaaz.

In 2004, he was voted seventh best-looking man in the world and the best looking man in India by People magazine, U.S. Khan has been involved in several charities during his career.

On 11 October 2007, Khan accepted an offer from Madame Tussauds wax museum in London to have a wax replica made of himself. His life-size wax figure was installed there on 15 January 2008, making him the fourth Indian actor to have been replicated as a wax statue in the museum.

Controversies

Legal troubles

On 28 September 2002, Salman was arrested for rash and negligent driving. His car had run into a bakery in Mumbai; one person who was sleeping on the pavement outside the bakery died and three others were injured in the mishap. Charges of culpable homicide were laid against him, but later dropped, and he was found not guilty. However, he will still have to stand trial for a series of lesser charges pertaining to the incident.

On 17 February 2006, Khan was sentenced to one year in prison for hunting an endangered species, the Chinkara. The sentence was stayed by a higher court during appeal. On 10 April 2006, Salman was handed a five year jail term for hunting the endangered Chinkara. He was remanded to Jodhpur jail, and remained there until 13 April when he was granted bail. On 24 August 2007, the Jodhpur sessions court, upheld the 5 year jail term for Khan in the Chinkara poaching case by turning down his appeal against the 2006 judgement. At the time of the hearing, he was busy with a shooting elsewhere, while his sister attended the proceedings. The day after, he was placed under police arrest in Jodhpur after a Rajasthan court upheld a prison sentence passed upon him for poaching. On 31 August 2007, Khan was released on bail from the Jodhpur Central jail where he spent six days.

Relationship troubles

His turbulent relationship with actress Aishwarya Rai was a well publicised topic in the Indian media, and had constantly filled gossip columns. After their break-up in March 2002, Rai accused him of harassing her. She claimed that Khan had not been able to come to terms with their break-up and was hounding her; her parents lodged a complaint against him.

In 2005, news outlets released what was said to be an illicit copy of a mobile phone call recorded in 2001 by the Mumbai police. It appeared to be a call in which he threatened his ex-girlfriend, Aishwarya Rai, in an effort to force her to appear at social events held by Mumbai crime figures. The call featured boasts of connections to organized crime and derogatory comments about other actors. However, the alleged tape was tested in the government's Forensic lab in Chandigarh, which concluded that it was fake.

Fatwas

In September 2007, a Muslim organisation issued a fatwa against Khan for attending a Ganesh puja. Stating that Islam prohibits idol worship, the organisation stated that unless Khan reads the kalma — the declaration of faith — all over again, he will not be considered a Muslim. In addition to that, Khan celebrated the Ganesh Mahotsav with his family in Bandra; they brought a Ganesh idol for one day for the sake of his stepmother, Helen. Khan was among the group who danced in the procession. His father responded by criticising the fatwa and stated that Salman had done nothing wrong.

Another fatwa was raised against Khan by a Muslim cleric in India, mufti Salim Ahmad Qasmi, for allowing Madame Tussauds in London to make a wax model of himself. The mufti said the statue is illegal and the Sharia forbids depictions of all living creatures. This created speculation in the press, as no fatwa was released against fellow Muslim, Shahrukh Khan who also has a wax model in the museum. Salman responded by saying, "These fatwas are becoming a joke".

The fatwa was raised upon Khan again in September 2008, for celebrating the Ganeshotsav Hindu ceremony at his home with the family. The fatwa was raised by the member of the Advisory Council, Jama Masjid, in New Delhi. On this occasion, his father, Salim, again questioned the fatwa and criticised those who raise it.

Awards and nominations

Filmography

{| border="2" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin:1em 1em 1em 0; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; " |- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! Other notes |- | 1988 | Biwi Ho To Aisi | Vicky Bhandari | |- | 1989 | Maine Pyar Kiya | Prem Choudhary | Winner, Filmfare Best Male Debut Award Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award |- | 1990 | | Saajan Sood | |- |rowspan="5"| 1991 | Sanam Bewafa | Salman Khan | |- | Patthar Ke Phool | Inspector Suraj | |- | Kurbaan | Akash Singh | |- | Love | Prithvi | |- | Saajan | Akash Varma | |- |rowspan="4"| 1992 | Suryavanshi | Vicky/Suryavanshi Vikram Singh | |- | Ek Ladka Ek Ladki | Raja | |- | Jaagruti | Jugnu | |- | Nishchaiy | Rohan Yadav/Vasudev Gujral | |- | rowspan="2" | 1993 | Chandra Mukhi | Raja Rai | |- | Dil Tera Aashiq | Vijay | |- |rowspan="4"| 1994 | Andaz Apna Apna | Prem Bhopali | |- | Hum Aapke Hain Kaun...! | Prem Niwas | |- | Chaand Kaa Tukdaa | Shyam Malhotra | |- | Sangdil Sanam | Kishan | |- |rowspan="2"| 1995 | Karan Arjun | Karan Singh/Ajay | Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award |- | Veergati | Ajay | |- |rowspan="4"| 1996 | Majhdhaar | Gopal | |- | | Raj | |- | Jeet | Raju | Nominated, Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award |- | Dushman Duniya Ka |Special appearance | |- |rowspan="4"| 1997 | Judwaa | Raja/Prem Malhotra | |- | Auzaar | Inspector Suraj Prakash | |- | Dus | Captain Jeet Sharma | Incomplete film |- | Deewana Mastana | Special appearance as Prem Kumar | |- |rowspan="5"| 1998 | Pyaar Kiya To Darna Kya | Suraj Khanna | Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award |- | Jab Pyaar Kisise Hota Hai | Suraj Dhanrajgir | |- | Sar Utha Ke Jiyo | | Special appearance |- | Bandhan | Raju | |- | Kuch Kuch Hota Hai | Aman Mehra | Winner, Filmfare Best Supporting Actor AwardSpecial appearanceShort snippet seen in the 2006 movie Outsourced ( and ) |- |rowspan="6"| 1999 | Jaanam Samjha Karo | Rahul | |- | Biwi No.1 | Prem | Nominated, Filmfare Best Comedian Award |- | Sirf Tum | Special appearance as Prem | |- | Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam | Sameer Rafillini | Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award |- | Hello Brother | Hero | |- | | Prem | |- |rowspan="5"| 2000 | Dulhan Hum Le Jayenge | Raja Oberoi | |- | Chal Mere Bhai | Prem Oberoi | |- | Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega | Raj/Romi | |- | Dhaai Akshar Prem Ke |Special appearance as a truck driver | |- | Kahin Pyaar Na Ho Jaaye | Prem Kapoor | |- | 2001 | Chori Chori Chupke Chupke | Raj Malhotra | |- |rowspan="3"| 2002 | Tumko Na Bhool Paayenge | Veer Singh Thakur/Ali | |- | Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam | Suraj | |- | Yeh Hai Jalwa | Raj 'Raju' Saxena/Raj Mittal | |- |rowspan="4"| 2003 | Love at Times Square | | Special appearance (song) |- | Stumped | | Special appearance (song) |- | Tere Naam | Radhe Mohan | Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award |- | Baghban | Special appearance as Alok Raj | Nominated, Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award |- |rowspan="4"| 2004 | | Inspector Arjun Ranavat | |- | Mujhse Shaadi Karogi | Sameer Malhotra | |- | Phir Milenge | Rohit Manchanda | |- | Dil Ne Jise Apna Kahaa | Rishabh | |- |rowspan="4"| 2005 | | Aditya | |- | Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya? | Dr. Samir Malhotra | |- | No Entry | Prem | Nominated, Filmfare Best Comedian Award |- | Kyon Ki | Anand | |- |rowspan="4"| 2006 | Saawan... The Love Season | Special appearance as Bhagwan's Messenger | |- | Shaadi Karke Phas Gaya Yaar | Ayaan | |- | Jaan-E-Mann | Suhaan | |- | Baabul | Avinash Kapoor | |- |rowspan="5"| 2007 | | Rahul | |- | Partner | Prem Love Guru | |- | | Prem | English language film |- | Om Shanti Om | Special appearance as himself in song Deewangi Deewangi | |- | Saawariya | Imaan | |- |rowspan="4"| 2008 | God Tussi Great Ho | Arun Prajapati | |- | Hello | Special appearance as himself | |- | Heroes | Balkar Singh/Jassvinder Singh | |- | Yuvvraaj | Deven Yuvvraaj | |- |rowspan="4"| 2009 | Wanted | Radhe / Rajveer Shikhawat | |- | Main Aurr Mrs Khanna | Samir Khanna | |- | London Dreams | Mannu (Manjit Khosla) | |- | Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani | Special appearance himself | |- |rowspan="4"| 2010 | Veer | Veer | |- | Prem Kaa Game | Special appearance as The Sutradhaar (Narrator) | |- | Dabangg | Inspector Chulbul Pandey (Robinhood Pandey) | Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award |- | Tees Maar Khan | Special appearance in song "Wallah Re Wallah" | Special appearance |- |rowspan="3"| 2011 | Banda Yeh Bindaas Hai | | Post-production |- |Ready | Prem | Filming |- | My Love Story | | Pre-production |}

Television presenter

10 Ka Dum (Season 1 & 2)

Bigg Boss (Season 4)

See also

List of Indian Actors

List of people from Madhya Pradesh

References

Further reading

External links

Category:1965 births Category:Filmfare Awards winners Category:Indian actors Category:Indian film actors Category:Indian television presenters Category:Indian Muslims Category:People from Indore Category:Hindi film actors Category:Living people Category:Scindia School alumni Category:Bigg Boss

Name	Arya Babbar
Alt	Arya Babbar at XXX Energy Drink Launch.
Caption	Arya Babbar at XXX Energy Drink Launch.
Birth date
Death date
Nationality	Indian
Occupation	Actor

Arya Babbar born on may24th in India-Bombay

Aarya Babbar was born into the illustrious literary family of renowned actor Raj Babbar & a prominent theatre personality Nadira Zaheer Babbar in India on may 24th at Breach Candy hospital. Always wanting to be actor and with creativity in his genes, Aarya started with theatre at the age of 10 for the EKJUTE THEATRE GROUP which has been established and lead by his mother for over 30 years. Aarya Babbar made his entry into films at a very early age of 19 and that is what really went wrong for him but it is the fighting spirit that this versatile actor has that today his career is on an upswing. He has been nominated at the IIFA awards 2010 for the movie JAIL directed by Madhur Bhndarkar. He is right now busy shooting for the most awaited film of 2010 Farah Khan's "TEES MAAR KHAN" and Anees Bazmee's "Ready".

AARYA BABBAR’S FILMOGRAPHY:

Movie : AB KE BARAS

DIRECTOR: RAJ KANWAR The launch that marked Aarya Babbar’s debut in the Hindi film industry. A film based on the theme of reincarnation.

Produced by: Inderjit Films

Movie: MUDDA

DIRECTOR: SAURABH SHUKLA

The film deals with a family feud between two sons of two political rivals and a love triangle that takes another angle.

Produced by: Raju Mawani Productions

Movie: GURU (2007 WORLDWIDE RELEASE)

DIRECTOR: MANI RATNAM

A villager called Gurukant Desai accompanied by his brother-in- law, Jignesh Mehta (Aarya Babbar) to make it big as the biggest business tycoon in Bombay in 1958.

Produced by: Madras Talkies

Movie: PARTITION (2007 – CANADA 2008- INDIA)

Indo-Canadian Film (Language English)

DIRECTOR: VIC SARIN A period drama, at the time of partition. Featuring a variety of Hollywood and Bollywood actors. Aarya Babbar essays the main antagonist of the film. As the tagline goes: “A film bound by love and separated by history”

Produced by: Sepia Films

Movie: CHAMKU (2008)

DIRECTOR: KABIR KAUSHIK

A power –packed action film based on a covert Governmental program jointly conceived by RAW and Intelligence Bureau to carry out political assassinations. Aarya Babbar in a special appearance.

Produced by: Vijeta Films

Movie: A TUNE FOR HER (2008 CANADA)

Indo — Canadian Film (Language English)

TO BE RELEASED WORLDWIDE

DIRECTOR: SAMIT BRAR

A beautiful love story where destiny plays a vital role in the lives of Aman (Aarya Babbar), a music director and a Canadian girl. An accident, a coma and musical therapy becomes the cure. Destiny plays God when all hope dies down.

Produced by: Pritpal Shergil Productions

Movie: JAIL 2009 RELEASED

Director: Madhur Bhandarkar

A hard hitting social issue based film made by the eminent n national award winning director Madhur Bhandarkar This film got Aarya Babbar his nomination at the IIFA awards 2010.

Movie: VIRSA 2010 released

Indo – Pak Film (Language – Punjabi, English)

DIRECTOR: PANKAJ BATRA An Indo- Pak film, Virsa makes a strong statement about remaining true to one’s values, cultures. It explores ways of addressing the identity conflicts of immigrant Asians and new generation Asians born and brought up in western societies. Virsa is all about getting back to your roots. Aarya's debut Punjabi film.

Produced by: A Wizemindz Entertainment.

Movie: READY shootin is on in SRI LANKA

Director : Anees Bazmee

The film is an out n out family entertainor with Bazmee's ticket of mad comedy!

Movie: TEES MAAR KHAN slotted 2010 December worldwide release

Director: Farah Khan

The story revolves around a conman played by Akshay Kumar and his adventures or rather misadventures. This film marks Aarya's first hand at comedy and if everythin goes as it is bein said we have a STAR in the making!

After doing two international films; ‘Partition’ and ‘A Tune for her’, Aarya has goodwill with Canadian producers and has been recommended by them for more projects in 2009.

External links

Category:American film actors Category:1981 births Category:Living people Category:Punjabi people